,,..

ili{
t}j,$,ffi

t
''
i'i'lili
Probtems
'

Review Problems $ltt'

I Go to Appendix G for a setof review problems

tailed solutions can be found i"
with answers. De_
sn,i"nii"it,iiiilIii^
"ro
9:i!:!:f
rra (@ Fund.amentats of Ftuid Mechanics,
2009 John Wiley and Sons,
h".1.---
-*"'-"' Uu,\
-r 'runsou, et al.

t Problems

I lo{ote.:. Unless specific values of required

given in the statenrent of the pro6ler",
Iluid properties are
,ifues found
iront .""*"r.'if,.
in
where R.is the pipe radius,.Ap
fluid properry called
the pressure drop alc

r
4ire tables on the inside o{ the p. a
ir."lf .*s clesignated
rvith an ('iJ are intended to be solved
*i* tf-r" Jj"i a program- prpe what
pipe. dimen::i:':y,i:tj]i5 i'l::r:f-iii:r
whar are rhe dimension, oitr,l
matrle calculatoror a comput€r. eroliems a*sfiiated this equation as a general "o;J#;;rffi:T:,i;l
homog"n"o-us equatilni
are o,open-ended" protrlems and require-.;,il with a (r) ;ffn,?
that to il'ork them one must tnaL" ur"i"r, thinking in
l.l0

I
il
ursimptions and According to information found in
provirie the necessary dll'ra' There an old h
is not a unique ansver to
these pro6lems. :x:;;",:'rJff
Ansr.r,emto fhe even-nurnbered problems
}fi :H;";it*i$r#x'l*H::T':',:::[
end of the tiook. Access to rhe videos
are iisted at the :

t
r;;;;;;;;p""y 1' (0.0a to O.(D)(D/
probtems eaV2 /2g
cas be obtained through. rhe book's ;;;;;r.,';*"rwire"v--.conr,/ where ft is the enersv
college/munson, The lat_typ" p.oUt"*,
l":: q.,
unir weight, D the hose diarn^,^_
t]te " --*rrctgr,
";f;;,, i"";. ^
rip
-ordiamlier, V the fluid
"ur'"f." n. accessed on
dl
this weh site. 2ozzt9
acceierarion g'auirv.' oo fo;ilJil.'Jq;lxi."'il'i;,il1"-:t.

r
sYstem of units? Explain. .- {ry
Section 1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional
Homogeneity, 1.11 The pressure difference, Ap,
and Units across
*"ty i;;l[;; ;],ri,. uoo.o"imared
a partial
by,r,.
I
io *
).{n"force, F, of tlre wind.blowing against
: "q,?ll#8.
' F CopV2 A/2, where Vis_the winJsp-eed, p athebuilding
I
is given by
A the cross-sectionat area of rh".b"ift;;:;; Jensiry of the air,
6;;;."srant termed
u:K.#*r.(*-,)'or,
the drag coefEcienl Determine
Ae Am#sions A*g.r"fficient. w!er9 V is the blood velociry,
1.2 Verifu the dimensions, in-both "?rl" p me brooa aens irt
p the blood visco

I liL:;1rpfi"l"r.yat#"#;"ily"9;il1
the FLTand Mli.systems, of
the following quantities
ap;;;"-i;; i.,, trt volume, unobstructed artery, and A,
(b) acceleration, (c) mass, ),.lich
."."ilt
<al
1.3 Detennine the dimensions, in-both "ii""".i**1, and (e) work. ffi ji:ff :ffi
ilil the area of th" stenosis. #l
iq *d ;. w;;ilil;':';#
"TH'"h'.i;
the FLT system

I forc;i;;r;;;."tion, and
MLT system. for (a) the product-of the 1.I2. Assume that rhe speed of
(b) the sound, c, in a fluid d
producr of force times vetocity
di"id;Jl;;;;, i"i[l momentum
divided by volume.
ilii,;*?i*::i;j?;ifareir":{r,i':.l-;:r*{L*.""*u
1.4 Verify the dirnensions, in.both
il1':::H:#T:[ijii *; ilJ,",X"fl'J.1i.
the varues

I
the FLTsystem and rhe MLT
system, of the following quantities.
*t (s.. "'" sandard formula for the speed *".i
rrequency,(b) stress, (c) srain.
i"f, upp"u, io"fuUl" l.l : (a) d. i.l9,g.i"'' "f
i
ta) torque,lialJ*ort. 1.13 A. formula to estimate the
1.5 If a is a velocifv. x a length,-and

r
volume rate of flo\r r'
$ r a time, what are the over a dam .i i""g,h, i, i. given 0, flowin*
dimensions (in tteJitf sysrem) by the equarion
I lc)
of @) 6u/dr, (b) 02u/0xAt,and
g
[(au/at) dx?
Q : 1.7O aH3n
1.6 If p is a pressure, Vavelociry,
s
l wtd p afluid density, what are where.I{ is the depth or *_:.:lr"j

I
the dimensions (in the MLT above,rhe top of the dam
a
(c) p/pv2?
svstem) of (4 p/p, fti pvp, the head) This formula grves (callea
ilil
^i meter. Is rhe consranr. r.70, e in mj/s when B and H
"-^ .
-

1.7 It V is a velocirv. { a.lengr}, and y a fluid property (the be valid if units other than
ai,iensio"rl,rri w.r"r,r
meter and second.q
t; :oiliJl
were used?
*,tt visco.sirr).having oirn"i.ion,
ori,i:i,"*"*.6 of thekine_ iI.tJ

I fol_ cire an examole

are dimensionless ,
1"1 w),'ai wn, k) v2a, "f^r.:::q:"d homogeneous equation s6n_
tained in a technical article,found
i|Y'Xf;;^o^ations in un
field of inreresr. Define all "ngi-n-""ri,igiou_ul in you.
,..r ,
ii,"'!q"^,ionlr.*pruin
1.8 If y is a velocitv. determine rs a restricred equarion, and provide *tv i,
the dimension s of Z, a, a-.;;;i;;.];"rnal
-v"'Y:erv - rt citafion

I
which appear in the dimensiordly;;;;;"# and G, (htle, date, etc.).

v : 4" _ 1I,&&, "n""ura" l.l5 Warer flows from a larg^e drailage pipe
at a rate of 4500 L/min.
. What is rhis volume rate of-flow
1.9 The volume rate of flow, i",iy!i--'-''*"
*g"J-*pe containing

I
moving liquid is given by Lne ^r, a slowly 1,15 An important dimensionless
equatlon pammeter in certain types
fluid flow problems is rhe rroua" sg
,uiniuJ"i"#",
7is a velociry, g lhe acceleration of graviq)-,'."Ji vZVg{, where
()- - rfrAn
' Derer-
^L"g,t.
^:"'u"i';; Y: :t2,,
r l"I
8p(
frT#, f.'; :toffi.Froude

I
I
.l:,i
lri:j

Sl Ofiepterl llntroduction

Section 1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight t1.30 The presence of raindrops in the air during a heavy rain-
storm increases tbe average deniity of the air-water mixtur€. Esti-
1.17 Obtain a photograpMmage of a situation in which the den-
mate by what percent ihe average air-water density-is greater than
siry or specific weight of a fluid is important. Print this photo and
that of just still air. State all assumptions and show ealculations.
write a briefparagraph that describes the situation involved.
1.18 A tank contains 500 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is Section 1.5 Ideal Gas Law
2. Deterrnine the volume of the liquid in the tank.
1.31 Determine the mass of air in a 2 m3 tank if the air is at room
1.19 Clouds can weigh thousands of newtons due to their liquid temperah-rre, 20 'C, and the absolute pressure within the tank is
water content. Often this content is measured in grams per cubic 200 kPa (abs).
meter G/m3). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a volume of
one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m3. (a) L.32 Nitrogen is compressed to a density of 4 kg/ml under an ab-
What is the volume of this cloud in cubic kilometers? (tl) How solute pressure of 400 kPa. Determine the temperature in degrees
much does the water in the cioud weigh in newtons? Celsius.

1.33 The temperafure and pressure at the surface of Mars during

,.5'A' Atank of oil has a mass of 365 kg. (a) Determine its weight
lh newtons at the eanh's surface. (b) What would be its mass a Martian spring day were determined to be -50 "C and 900 Pa.
(in kg) and its weight (in newtons) if located on the moon's surface respectively. (a) Determine the density of the Martian atmosphere
where the gravitational attraction is approximately one-sixth that for tlese conditions if the gas constant for the Martian atmosphere
at the earth's surface? is assumed to be equivalent to that of carbon dioxide. (b) Compare
the answer from part (a) with the density of the earth's atmosphere
1,.21 A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface. Deter- during a spring day when the temperature is 18'C and the pres-
mine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in new- sure 101.6 kPa (abs).
tons) when located, on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal
to 1.2 m,/s2. 1.34 A closed tank having a volume of 0.06 m3 is hlled with
1.3 N of a gas. A pressure gage atkched to the tank reads 83 kPa
1.22 The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 775 kg,/m3. De- when the gas temperature is 27 "C. There is some question as ro
termine its specific gravity and specific weight. whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do you
1.23 A hydrometeris used to measure the specific gravity of liq- think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
uids. (See Video V2.8.) For a certain liquid, a hydromerer read- 1.35 A compressed air tank contains 5 kg of air at a temperature
ing indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid's den- of 80 "C. A gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the vol-
sity and specific weight? ume of the tank.
1.24 An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank conrains 0.1 m3 of
water at 4 oC. Over a 24-hour period of time the water tempera-
ry6 e rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 620 kPa (abs) and
a temperatue of 15 "C. By how much will the pressure increase
fiire varies from 4 to 32'C. Make use of the data in Appendix B as the temperature is increased to 43 "C?
to determine how much the volume-of water will change. For a
tank diameter of 0.6 m, would the corresponding change in water 1.37 The helium-filled blimp shown in Fig. P1.37 is used at var-
depth be very noticeable? Explain. ious athletic events. Determine the number of newtons of heliurn
within it if its volume is 1926 m3 and the tempemture and pres,
f1.25 Estimate the number of newtons of mercury it would take sure are TI "C wrd 98 kPa (ab$, respectively.
tofill your bathtub. List all assumptions and show all calculations.
7,26 A mountain climber's oxygen tank contains 4.45 N of oxy-
gen when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration
of gravity is 9.81 m/sz. What is the weight of the oxygen in the
tank when he reaches the top of Mt. Everest where the acceler-
ation of gravity is 9.78 m,/s2? Assume that no oxygen has been
removed from the tlnk; it will be used on the descent portion of
the climb.
1.21 The information on a can of pop indicates that the can con-
tains 355 mL. The mass of a tull can of pop is 0.369 kg while an
dFIGUFIE P1.37
empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, den-
sity, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with *1.38 Develop a computer program for calculating the densin'
the corresponding values for water at20"C. of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the tem-
*1,28 The variation in the density of water, p, with perature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg .K are
temperature, specified. Plot the densiry of helium as a function of temperature
7, in the tange 2O "C < T < 50 'C, is given in the following table. from 0 oC to 200 "C and pressures of 50, 100, 150, and 200 kP:
Density (kg,zmr) 1998.2 (abs).
| 99'1.1 | 99s.7 | 994.r I 992.2 | 990.2 | s8}.t
Temperaturel.c) I 20 | zs I :o I rs I 40 I +s I so
Section 1.6 Viscosity (Also see Lab Problems 1.98
Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form
p : c r * c2T * caT2 which can be used to predict the density over and 1.9.)
the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data 1.39 Obtain a photographr/image of a situation in which the vis-
given. What is the density of warer at 42.1 "C? cosity of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a brie:
paragraph that describes the situation involved.
7,29 Ifcup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m3 is turned
1
into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity and Ll40 For flowing water, what is the magnitude of the velocity gri-
specific weight of the whipped cream. dient needed to produce a shear stress of 1.0 N/mz?
 Chapter 1 I Infroducfion

available the constants canbe obtaiqed,.direc(1 fton\. l.t0 with-

out rewriting the equation)

yy'for^uparallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Fig.

f.4 it is found ttrat when the diitance berween'plates is 2 mm, a
shearing shess of 150 pa develops at lhe uooei olate when it is
pulled at a velocity of I m/s. Deiermine the'v'iscosity of the fluid
between the plates.

1,54 Two flat plates are oriented parallel above a fixed lower plate
as slown in Fig. P1.54. Th. top plate, located a distance 6 ibove F-0.5 m-__________l

the fixed_plate, is pulled along with speed V. The other thin plate IFIGURE P1.57
is located a distance cb, where 0 <;< 1, above the fixed plate.
This plate moves wirh speed V', which is determined by the vis_
cous imposed on it by the fluids on its top and bor
:t]ealfgr,ces
tom. The fluid on the top is twice as viscous as that on the bor 1.58 A 10-kg block slides down a smooth inclined surfacr
shown in Fig. P1.58. Determine the terminal velocity of the b.
tom. Plot the ratio Vr/V as a function of c for 0 < c < 1.
if the 0.1-mm gap between the block and the surface contains i
v
30 oil at 15 oC. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is
-----> ear, and the area of the block in contact with the oil is 0.1

i
b

lvt

!FIGURE P1.54
1.55 There are many fluids that exhibit non_Newtonian behavior
(see, for-exarnple, Video V1.6). For
a given fluid the distinction
between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior
is usually based
IFIGURE P1.58
on measurements of shear stress and rate of shearing strain. As_
sume that the viscosity of blood is to be determined
by measure_ 1.59 A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed surface
m9nt1 the velociry profile shown in Fig. P1.59. Determine the magni
9f shear stress, z, and rate of shearing strun,'du/dy, ob_
tained from a small blood sample tested in
a iuitable viscometer. and direction of the shearing stress that the water exerts on the I
Based on the dara given below determine
if the blood is a New_ surface for U : Zm/s and /r : 0.1 m.
non-Newtonian fluid. Explaia how you anived at your
l::#.:t
r(N/m2) | 0.04 | 0.06 i0.12 10.18 I 0.30 I 0.s2 I l.l2 I 2.10
du/dy (s-') I z.zs l+.so I rr.zs lzz.s I +s.o I qo.o I zzs I +so
L56 The sled-shovrn h Fig. p1.56 slides along on a thin horizontal
layer of water between the ice and the
_C,L
-'h-h2 T
runnerslThe horizontal force
that t]r9 water puts on the mnnen is equal to i.S N when ttre
sled,s
speed is 15 m,/s. The total area of both
runners in contact with the wa_
teris 0.007 m2, and the viscosity of the wateii, ;
16g i0-5 N:V;r.
Determine the thiclqpess of the water
tuy", unJ"i tt runners. Assume IFIGURE P1.59
a linear velociry distribution in the w#r "
Uyer. x1.60 Standard air flows past a flat surface and velocity mea
ments near the surface indicate the following disfribution:
y(m) | 15x t0-o l3 x l0-1 16x t0-4 lt2x l0-ol18x l0-ol 24 x
,(*/,)Io.z: Io.ou Io.n, It.no lr.tt Io,n
The coordinate y is measured normal to the surface and r i
velocity parallel to the surface. (a) Assume the velocity dist
tion is of the form

u:CJ*Czy3
and use a standard curve-fitting technique to determine the
IFIGUFIE P,I-56 stants Cr and C2. (b) Make use of the results of part (a) r
termine the magnitude of the shearing stress at the wall {-r
1.57 A 25-mm-diamerer shaft is pulled through a cylindrical bear_ and at Y : 0.015 m.
lnq as shown in Fig. p1.57. Tr," fi;;;-'that filts the 1.61 A new computer drive is proposed to have a disc, as sl
0.3-mm gap between the shaft and bearin!
i, * oif having a kine_ in Fig. P1.61. The disc is to rotate at 10,000 rpm, and the n
matic viscosity of 8.0 X i0-a m% unO u"*p""in" gravity
of O.lt. head is to be positioned 0.012 mm. above the surface of the
Determine the force p required to pu1 thJ;h;ft
;; a velocity of Estimate the shearing force on the reader head as a result of tt
3 m/s. Assume the velocity distribuion
in tf," gup1, fin"*. between the disc and the head.
 Problerns 35 ,7

For this viscometer & :

6.3S cm, R, :
6.22 cm, and ( -- 12-7 cm
Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to de-
c-
termhe the viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer.
nt
Fixed n-
outer el
cyl inder of
gs
0.012 mm

lg

I
i-
cf
te
4 v.
FFIGT-''FIE F1.61 1-

tr.62 The space between two 15 cm-1ong concentric cylinders is _l :d

fiiled with glycerin (viscosity : 407 x 10-3 N . s,/m2). The inner rs

)-
cylinder has a radius of 7.6 cm and the gap width between cylin-
TFIGUFIE P.I.64
ders is 0.25 cm. Determine the torque and the power required to
al
rotate the inner cylinder at 180 revlmin. The outer cylinder is fixed. 1.65 A 30 cm-diameter circular plate is placed over a fixed bor- Jt
Assume the veloc'ity distribution in the gap to be linear. tom plate with a 0.25 cm gap between the two plates filled with [1
1.63 A pivot bearing used on the shaft of an electrical instrument glycerin as shown in Fig. P1.65. Determine the torque required ro
is shon'n in Fig. P1.63. An oil with a viscosity of 1t : 9.479 N.s,/m2 rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rprn- Assume that tbe velocity
fills the 0.025 mm gap between the rotating shaft and the station- distribution in the gap is linear and that the shear stress on the edge
ary base. Determine the frictional torque on the shaft when it ro- ofthe rotating plate is negligible.
tates at 5,000 rpm.

0.25 cm gap
5,000 rpm

IFIGURE P1.65

11.66 Vehicle shock absorbers damp out oscillations caused by

road roughness. Describe how a temperature change may affect the
operation of a shock absorber.
1.67 Some measurements on a blood sarnple at 37 oC indicate a
shearing stress of 0.52 N/m2 for a corresponding rate of shear-
ing strain of 200s-r. Determine ttre apparent viscosity of the
blood and compare it with the viscosity of water at the same
temperature.
p=0.479N'Vm2
Section 1.7 Compressibility of Fluids
1.68 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the com-
pressibility of a fluid is important. Print this photo and write a brief
paragraph that describes the situation involved.
1.69 A sound wave is observed to travel through a liquid with a
EFIGURE P.t.63 speed of 1500 m/s. The specific gravity of the liquid is 1.5. De-
termine the bulk modulus for this fluid.
1.64 The viscosity of liquids can be measured through the use of a
rotaring cylinder viscometer of the [pe illustrated in Fig. P1.64. In 1.70 Estimate the increase in pressure (in kPa) required to de-
this device the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder is rotated unit volume of mercury by O.lVo.
crease a
with an angulm velocity, rr.r. The torque I required to develop ar is l.ll A 1-m3 volume of water is contained in a rigid container. Es-
measured and the viscosity is calculated from these two measrrements.
timate the change in the volume of the water when a piston applies
(a) Develop an equation reiating.p,u,g,(,R0, and R,. Neglect
a pressure of 35 MPa.
end effects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is lin-
ear. (b) The following torque-angular velocity data were obtained lf2 Oeterm:ne the speed of sound at 20 "Cin (a) air, (tr) helium,
with a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type discussed in part (a). and (c) natural gas (methane). Express your answer in m,/s.
1.73 Air is enclosed by a rigid cylinder conraining a piston. A
pressure gage ailached to the cylinder indicates an initial reading
of 172 kPa. Determine the reading on the gage when the piston
velocity (radls) has compressed the air to one-third its original volume. Assume
 36 Chapterl llntroduction

the compression process to be isothermal and the local atmospheric is zero,and the specific weight of the liquid is 1.2 x 104 N/rl
pressure to be 101.3 kPa. Determine the value of the surface tension for this liquid.
1.74 Repeat Problem 1.73 if &e compression process takes place @ Small droplets of carbon tetrachloride at zOeC are forrne.:
without friction and without h€at transfer (isentropic process). with a spray nozzle. lf the average diameter of the droplets r.
200 pm, what is the difference in pressure between the inside ar,;
1.75 Carbon dioxide at 30 "C and 300 kPa absolure pressure ex-
pands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 165 kPa. Determine
outside of the droplets?
the final density of the gas. 1.90 A l2-mm-diameter jet of water discharges vertically into tr
atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet u-|
1.76 Natural gas at 27 oC and standard atmospheric pressure of
be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. D:-
101.3 kPa (ab$ is compressed isentropically to a new absolute
termine this difference in pressure.
pressure of 483 kPa. Determine the final density and t€mperature of
the gas. 1.91 As shown in Video V1.9, surface tension forces can be strc: s
1.77 Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at l0l kpa (abs) enough to aliow a double-edge steei razor blade to "float" on ;.-
with that of water at the same pressure. ter, but a single-edge blade witl sink. Assume that the surface r:',
sion forces act at an angle 0 relative to the water surface as sho';:
*1,78 Develop a computer program for calculating the final gage
in Fig. P1-91. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade -"
pressure ofgas when the initial gage pressure, initiai and final vol- 0.64 X 10-3 kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. Dr,
umes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process (isothermal or termine the vaiue of 0 required to maintain equilibrium beru.e;:
isentropic) are specified. Check your program against the results the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force. (b) T::
obtained for hoblem 1.73. mass of the single-edge blade is 2.61 x 10-3 kg, and the tcr
1,79 An important dimensionless parameter concerned with very length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. S.:;-
high-speed flow ls the Ma ch numbe4 defined as V/c, where V is the port your answer with the necessary calculations.
speed of the object such as an airplane or projectile, and c is the
Surface tension
speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object. For a projectile
force
traveling at 1290 kmr/h through air at l0'C and standard atrnos-
pheric pressure, what is the value of the Mach number?
1.80 Jet airliners rypically fly at attitudes berween approximately 0
to 12,200 m. Make use of the data in Appendix C to show on a graph
how the speed of sound varies over this range.
IFIGURE P1.91

1.81 (See Fluids in the News article titled "This water jet is a 1,92 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with opaq-
blast," Section 1.7.1) By what percenr is the volume of water de- walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to tfie side of r.*
creased if its pressure is increased to 304 Mpa? tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then used ;:
a measure of the depth of water in the tank. (a) For a true s,a:::
Section 1.8 Vapor Pressure depth in the tank of 1 m, make use of Eq. 1.21 (with d - 0.: ::
determine the percent error due to capillarity as the diameter -:
1.82 During a mountain ciimbing trip it is observed that the wa- the glass tube is changed. Assume a water temperature of 30 'il
ter used to cook a meal boils at 90 oC rather than the standard Show your results on a graph of percent error versus tube dia:-
100 "C at sea level. At what altitude are the climbers preparing eter, D, in the range 0.25 cm < D < 2.5 cm. (b) If you wanr -_:j
their meai? (See Tables B.1 and C.l for data needed to solve thii error to be less than lVo, what is the smallest tube diam:::-
problem.) allowed?
9t'1 Wfr"n a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pressures may 1..93 Under the right conditions, it is possible, due to surface re:-
develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the minimum
absolute pressure,(in kPa) that can develop without causing cavi- sion, to have metal objects float on water. (See Yideo V1.9.) Cl:-
tation if the fluidls watei at 70 "C. sider placing a short length of a small diameter steel (sp. u.r. =
77 kN/m') rod on a surface of water. What is the maxim_r
1,84 Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that can diameter that the rod can have before it will sink? Assume rir;
be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitition if the fluid the surlace tension forces act vertically upward. Note: A stanC,:r
is carbon tetrachloride at20"C. paper clip has a diameter of 0.09 cm. Partially unfold a paper ;,:r
1.85 When water at 70'C flows through a converging section and see if you can get it to float on water. Do the results of :r.,
of ,pipe, the pressure decieases in the direction of flow.-Estimate experiment support your analysis?
the minimum absolute pressure that can develop without causing
1.94 An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mrr.. ,
cavitation.
inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 .C. tqo* 1s ;.iJ
1.86 At what atmospheric pressure will water boil at 35 .C? the colurnn of mercury in the tube be depressed?

1.95 An open, clean glass tube (0 : 0') is inserted verricall-r, :rLr

Section 1.9 Surface Tension a pan of water. What tube diameter is needed if the water 1eve. c
the tube is to rise one tube diameter (due to surface tension).1
1.87 Obtain a photograph/image of a situation in which the sur-
face tension of a fluid is important. print this photo and write a 1.96 Determine the height that water at 15 .C will rise due :i
brief paragraph that describes the sinration invoived. capillary action in a clean, 0.5 cm-diameter tube. What will be -rc
1.88 When a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in height if the diameter is reduced to 0.03 cm?
an
open tank, the liquid is bbserved to rise 10 mm above the free sur_ 1.97 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Walking on \ri'-::
face of the liquid. The contact angle between the liquid and the rube Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig. Pl.9- ,r