Applied Economics: Quarter 3 - Module 3
Applied Economics: Quarter 3 - Module 3
Applied Economics
Quarter 3 – Module 3
Analyze Market Demand,
Market Supply
and Market Equilibrium
Applied Economics - Grade 12
Self-Learning Mode (SLM)
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Analyze market demand. market supply and market
equilibrium
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.
Quarter 3 – Module 3
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
2
For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
3
skill into real life situations or concerns.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
4
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you learn the different concepts of Market Demand, Market Supply and
Market Equilibrium. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations.
5
What I Know
Instruction: Choose the best answer and write only the letter of your choice on your
answer sheet.
1. Another term used for equilibrium is .
a. balance b. static
c. stable d. common
2. The quantity of a product or service that consumers are willing to buy at a given
price in a given interval of time.
a. supply b. market
c. demand d. supply schedule
3. If the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, then there is
a. a shortage and the price is above the equilibrium price
b. a surplus and the price is below the equilibrium price
c. a shortage and the price is below the equilibrium price
d. a surplus and the price is above the equilibrium price
4. In a market equilibrium. A higher price will result to .
a. constant demand b. surplus
c. constant supply d. shortage
5. The equilibrium quantity of a good will increase and its equilibrium price might
rise, fall, or stay the same when _________________________.
a. its demand decreases and supply increases
b. its demand increases and supply decreases
c. its demand and supply both increase
d. its demand and supply both decrease
6. Which of the following is true?
a. The supplies of inputs used affect the supply of a good.
b. The lower the price of the good, the smaller the quantity that will be offered
by the supplier.
c. The lower the price of the good, the bigger the quantity that will be demanded
by the buyer.
d. All of the above.
7. The supply curve is positively sloped because .
a. any increase in the cost of production will result to a higher price
b. the lower the price, the larger supply the consumers are willing to buy
c. the higher the price, the higher the quantity that suppliers are willing to sell
6
d. the larger the quantity supplied, the lower the price
8. The demand curve is sloping down because .
a. any increase in the cost of production will result to a higher price
b. the lower the price, the higher the quantity the suppliers are willing to sell
c. the higher the price, the higher the quantity that suppliers are willing to sell
d. the larger the quantity supplied, the lower the price
9. An increase in demand combined with no change in supply causes
a. a decrease in demand because the supply curve does not shift.
b. the equilibrium price to fall.
c. a movement rightward along the demand curve.
d. the equilibrium price to rise.
10. People come to expect that the price of a gallon of gasoline will rise next week.
as a result .
a. next week's supply of gasoline decreases
b. the price of a gallon of gasoline falls today
c. today's supply of gasoline increases
d. today's demand for gasoline increases
11. A local grocery store orders 200 cases of Coca Cola each week and sells them at
a price of P150.00 per case. At the end of the first week, they have only sold 160
cases. What economic situation is the grocery store facing and what happen to
price in order for the equilibrium to be attained?
12. Which of the following can lead to an increase in the supply for good X?
a. a decrease in the number of sellers of good X
b. an increase in the price of inputs used to make good X
c. an increase in consumers' income, assuming good X is a normal
d. an improvement in technology used in production of good X
7
Lesson Analyze Market Demand,
3 Market Supply and Market
Equilibrium
It is a well-known phenomenon that production influences retail costs for
goods and services. Individuals who have knowledge on the nature of supply and
demand will be able to understand why there is shortage or excess of goods and
services in the market.
Now, let's start learning the fundamental concepts that will help you analyze
market demand, supply, and equilibrium.
What’s In
Instructions: Find 10 words in the box. Words appear straight across, backward
straight across, up and down, down and up, and diagonally.
E S U R P L U S A B E R
I Q M L C V S E U A J O
Z S U P P Y R E W H N B
O D C I N C O M E C B E
P E H K L U H U I Y G T
Q U A N T I T Y D A L X
A X N O V A B N T P Z A
L D G I X M A R K E T I
I P E V A M O Z I O G W
U A I X E H A B T U L J
C N J D S P L K Q U M S
8
2. From the 10 words listed, choose two words and say something about these
words.
9
What’s New
Excellent! You've done it! You are about to start the next part of our discussion.
This time let's do some warm up exercises to guide you to our new lesson.
1. You start your own "buko shake" shop. This means that you are a
and the "buko shake" is the that you are making and selling.
2. The people that buy "buko shake" from your shop are called .
3. The is how much "buko shake" that you have available.
4. The is how much "buko shake" that people want.
5. The of your "buko shake" tells consumers how much money they
will need to buy your "buko shake."
What is It
Market supply is the cumulative volume of an item that suppliers are willing
and able to sell at various rates for a given time span, example one month.
A. Meaning of Demand and Supply
In economics, demand should not refer to a simple need or desire that is not
accompanied by the opportunity to pay or a lack of buying power. Potential demand
10
is the expression for this form of demand. Effective demand is characterized as
demand that is backed up by the willingness to pay. We will still consider the
efficient market when discussing demand in the future. The actual procurement of a
product or service is then referred to as demand.
Supply, on the other hand is the availability or the amount of a product that
is on the market and available for purchase at a given price. To put it another way,
supply refers to the quantity of goods and services available for sale at a given price
in a given time and place. The desire and willingness of sellers to sell is referred to
as supply.
Example:
Table A
Hypothetical Demand of Mango in the Market
Price of Mango Quantity Demanded
(Per Kilo) In Kilos
P 200.00 10
P 150.00 30
P 100.00 50
P 50.00 70
A supply schedule displays the various amounts available for purchase at various
costs. The supply schedule may represent the individual schedule of a single
producer or the business schedule, which shows the combined supply of a group of
sellers or producers.
Example:
Table B
Hypothetical Demand of Corn in the Market
Price of Corn Quantity Supplied
(Per Sack) (P 100/Sack)
P 400.00 200
P 300.00 150
P 200.00 100
P 100.00 50
In Table A, it is shown that when the price is low consumers prefer to buy
more, than when the price is high. At P200.00, the quantity demanded by
consumers is 10 kilos, thus lowering the price to P 50.00 raises the quantity
demanded by consumers to 70 kilos.
11
Table B shows that a seller provides a large quantity of corn supply in the
market if the price is high, but only a few sacks of corn he is willing supply if the
price is low.
The law of supply states that the amount available for sale varies directly
with price. This implies that as the price rises, so does the quantity supplied; and as
the price falls, so does the quantity supplied. The law of supply is the direct
relationship between price and quantity supplied. Producers are eager and able to
manufacture and sell more products at better prices because they earn more. Such
seller or producer activity is a natural instinct. No merchant would manufacture
products if he does not make a profit.
1. Income
People consume more products and services as their income rises, but less as
their income falls, affecting the market for goods and services. Changes in people's
wages can affect their appetite for goods and services. Depending on the commodity,
an increase in wages would either increase or decrease the demand.
2. Population
Increased population means increased demand for goods and services. As a
result, we can see that there are more shoppers in city markets than in barrio
stores. Conversely, a decline in population means a decrease in demand for goods
and services. Clearly, industry in rural areas is inferior to business in urban areas.
4. Price Expectations
When people anticipate that the prices of products, especially simple
commodities such as rice, soap, cooking oil, or sugar, will rise tomorrow or next
week, they will purchase more of these goods. Similarly, they minimize their
demand for each commodity whether they expect the price to fall tomorrow or in a
few days. The aim of such consumer behavior is to save money. This is a common
buyer conduct.
12
rises. This suggests that if the price of one good rises, so will the market for another.
Price and quantity requested are closely linked for replacements.
1. Technology
Technological advancement allows for more effective processing of goods and
services. As a result, manufacturing prices are reduced and earnings are increased.
As a result, consumption grows and the supply curve shifts to the right. Since
technology seldom deteriorates in general, it goes without saying that degradation of
technology decreases supply.
2. Cost of Production
Climate patterns also have an effect on the production of products. During
the cold season, a businessman can make more sweaters, more umbrellas during
the rainy season, and light clothing fabrics and walking shorts during the summer.
3. Number of Sellers
The larger the number of sellers, the greater the amount of goods or services
available in the market and vice versa. Thus, an increase in the number of sellers
increases supply and shifts the supply curve to the right, while a reduction in the
number of sellers decreases supply and shifts the supply curve to the left.
5. Weather
Climate patterns also have an effect on the production of products. During
the cold season, a businessman can make more sweaters, more umbrellas during
the rainy season, and light clothing fabrics and walking shorts during the summer.
13
curve to the right, while a reduction in demand shifts the demand curve to the left.
Figure 1 represents the equilibrium price as P*, which is exactly where the demand
and supply curves converge. This makes sense–the demand curve gives the quantity
required at every price, and the supply curve gives the quantity provided at every
price, so they each have one price in general, which is the price at the intersection of
the two curves.
One method for determining the equilibrium price is to graph the supply and
demand curves and identify their intersection.
14
A. THE EFFECT OF A CHANGE IN SUPPLY ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND
QUANTITY
The supply curve turns to the right to indicate increase in supply as a result
of new technology adoption. It is worth noting that the market price has been
decreased from P30.00 to P20.00 while demad has remained constant. The
quantity of production, on the other hand, increased from 300 to 400.
Similarly, a difference in the demand curve with the supply curve held steady
would result in a transition in the equilibrium point, as seen in Figure 3.
15
What’s More
Amazing! Now let's do some drills to see how well you've progressed with the lesson.
2. Over the last three years, the tuition fees of ARTS University have increased by
10%. At the same time, the number of students enrolled in said school has
increased from 10,000 to 13,000.
Does this example demonstrate that the law of demand is not true? Explain
your answer.
Congratulations! This time, let's see if you can still recall the lesson presented in
this module. Read and follow the instructions carefully.
Activity 4. “Match It”
Instructions: Match the explanation with the terms correctly by writing the letter of
your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
a. The direct relationship between price and quantity supplied that is as the price increases
quantity supplied increases; and as price decreases, quantity supplied also decreases.
b. Represent the individual schedule of a single producer or the business schedule, which
shows the combined supply of a group of sellers or producers.
d. The point at which the quantity produced by suppliers and the quantity desired by
consumers are equal.
e. The cumulative amount that will be purchased by a given user category in a defined
geographical region within a specified time span in a defined marketing setting under a
1.marketing
defined Market demand
program
16
1. Demand schedule
2. Supply schedule
3. Market equilibrium
4. Law of supply
What I Can Do
You are doing great! Let's do another exercise that will help you apply what you've
learned in this module to a real-world situation.
Activity 5. “Let’s Graph”
Instructions: Using a graph, plot the following hypothetical market demand and
supply schedules for commodity A and answer the succeeding questions.
2. What happens to the Equilibrium Price (Pe) and Equilibrium Quantity (Qe) if
market supply increased by 5% at all price levels without any increase in demand?
Show your new demand and supply schedules and graphs.
17
Assessment
Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. A rise in the price of a good causes producers to supply more of the good. This
statement illustrates
a. the nature of an inferior good.
b. the law of demand.
c. the law of supply.
d. a change in supply
2. If both demand and supply increase, what will be the effect on the equilibrium
price and quantity?
a. The price will rise but the quantity could either increase, decrease or
remain the same.
b. The quantity will increase but the price could either rise, fall, or remain
the same.
c. Both the price and the quantity will increase.
d. The price will fall but the quantity will increase
18
5. The supply curve is positively sloped because .
a. any increase in the cost of production will result to a higher price
b. the lower the price, the larger supply the consumers are willing to buy
c. the higher the price, the higher the quantity that suppliers are willing to
sell
d. the larger the quantity supplied, the lower the price
6. Each point on the demand curve reflects
a. the highest price consumers are willing and able to pay for that particular
unit of a good.
b. the highest price sellers will accept for all units they are producing.
c. the lowest-cost technology available to produce a good.
d. all the wants of a given household.
7. The equilibrium quantity of a good will increase and its equilibrium price might
rise, fall, or stay the same when
a. its demand decreases and supply increases.
b. its demand increases and supply decreases.
c. its demand and supply both increase.
d. its demand and supply both decrease.
10. Which of the following can lead to an increase in the supply for good X?
a. a decrease in the number of sellers of good X
b. an increase in the price of inputs used to make good X
c. an increase in consumers' income, assuming good X is a normal
d. an improvement in technology used in production of good X
19
13. A local grocery store orders 200 cases of Coca Cola each week and sells them at
a price of P150.00 per case. At the end of the first week, they have only sold 160
cases. What economic situation is the grocery store facing and what will happen to
price in order for equilibrium to be attained?
15. Which of the following causes change in demand for a product or service?
a. preferences
b. the price of the good
c. income
d. all of the above
Additional Activities
Congratulations!
Finally! You've hit the end of this module! It's awesome that you've come this
far! Now, let's do one more activity to improve your ability to apply what you've
learned in this module in real-world situations.
Activity 6: Script Writing on Market Equilibrium
Instructions: Write a thirty (30) second TV advertisement script that display
customer’s loyalty in terms of quality and price of a certain commodity. Relate this
to our lesson on market equilibrium.
My Script
20
Answer Key
21
References
Leaño,Roman Jr. D. (2016). Applied Economics For Senior High School, Mindshapers
Co.,Inc.
22
DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd – Division of
General Santos City with the primary objective of preparing for and
addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary
material to be used by all learners in General Santos City in all public
schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The process of LR development was
observed in the production of this module. This is version 1.0. We highly
encourage feedback, comments, and recommendations.
23