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CHARGING FOR EV
BATTERY
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TOPIC 14
CHARGING FOR EV BATTERY
Purpose: In this topic, we learn about wireless charging for electric vehicles,
an important product for the future electric vehicle era.
Target: After learning through the topic, the reader is able to:
Presenting the operating principle and classification of wireless
charging systems for electric vehicles
Compared wireless charging with wired charging of electric cars
Understand infrastructure availability when using wireless charging and
market pricing
1. Introduction of wireless charging for electric vehicle
(EV)
o In a world where electric car charging is key in accelerating the energy
transition, other solutions could come with electric charging stations.
One of those solutions is wireless charging. Wireless car charger is an
enhanced version of smartphone charging with some differences.
Wireless inductive charging allows electric vehicles to automatically
charge without cables.
o Managing all the extras and technical challenges, we have inductive
charging that makes charging as easy as just parking your car. The
interesting fact is that wireless charging is 93% efficient, which is
almost final when compared to traditional refueling methods.
Everything comes with some difficulties and benefits, people are
accepting this technology but at the same time fearing the crash. But
experts have discussed the security of wireless charging and they are
very confident that it is as simple as cooking in the kitchen. In the
kitchen too, we must keep in mind some safety measures and the same
is the case with wireless charging.
o Even big car brands like BMW are using this technology. In 2018,
BMW launched their new model with wireless charging, citing that “
BMW makes charging easier than refueling ’’.
2. Charging time of wireless charger for electric vehicle
o This system uses electromagnetic waves to charge the battery. There is
usually a charging plate that connects to a wall outlet and a plate that
attaches to the vehicle. Current technologies are equivalent to level 2
charging sources and can deliver up to 11 KW of power.
o The capacity of the charger determines the fast or slow charging speed.
Level 1 and level 2 AC chargers are best suited for homes and
workplaces because of their longer parking times and lower costs: a
basic level 2 charger for an apartment can cost as much as $500 . The
DC fast charging source is most suitable for time-critical situations,
such as on highways and when fast charging in public places.
o Basic AC power levels 1 and 2 will continue to dominate charging
technology until 2030, providing 60 to 80% of energy consumption.
Most charging will take place at home, work, and through public slow
charging stations. One-way fast charging seems to play a bigger role in
China, requiring more public charging infrastructure.
3. Working principle and Classification of wireless
charging systems for electric vehicles
3.1 Working principle
Wireless charging technology for electric cars is a development step in the
process of charging electric car batteries. The basic principle of a car
charging system or a wireless charger is similar to the working principle
of a transformer. One of the advantages of wireless charging is that
charging electric cars becomes safer and more convenient for users.
However, wireless charging in electric cars changes the parameters of
alternating current (AC) from a low frequency of 50Hz to a high frequency,
which is not the case in a transformer. High frequency AC power is supplied
to the generator windings. The generator coil then forms an alternating
magnetic field. Based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, this
magnetic field passes through the receiver coil so that a certain voltage
appears on the receiver coil. This voltage is used to charge the vehicle battery .
The most important thing in a wireless or wireless charging station is to
maintain the resonant frequency between the transmitter and the receiver
effectively. In order for the resonant frequency to be maintained, circuits to
help compensate and maintain the high-frequency level are added on both the
transmitter and receiver sides .
3.2 Classification of wireless charging systems for electric vehicles
Based on its operation, we can classify the wireless charging station for
electric cars which can be classified into three types:
Wireless Charging Capacitive (CWCS) car charging station.
Wireless Charging Permanent Magnetic Gear (PMWC) wireless charging
station for electric cars.
Inductive Wireless Charging (IWC) car charging station.
3.2.1 Capacitive wireless electric car charging station
Wireless charging or CWCS electric car-style wireless charging is
accomplished by using a displacement current due to a variation of the electric
field. Instead of magnets or coils as transmitters and receivers , coupling
capacitors are used on the transmitter and receiver as wireless power
transmission.
First, AC voltage is supplied to the power correction circuit for the purpose of
increasing operational efficiency, maintaining voltage levels and reducing
transmission losses. It is then fed to the H-bridge circuit to generate a high
frequency AC voltage. This high frequency a.c. voltage applied to the
transmission plate causes diffusion of the oscillating electric field, which then
induces a displacement current on the receiving plate through electrostatic
induction.
The AC voltage of the receiver inside the car is converted to DC current and
then charged to the electric car battery through the BMS electric car battery
control system by a rectifier and filter circuit. Factors such as frequency,
voltage, the size of the capacitor, and the air gap between the transmitter and
the receiver affect the amount of energy transferred. The operating frequency
ranges from 100 to 600 kHz.
3.2.2 Wireless electric car charging station using permanent
magnet gears
o In this wireless charging technology for electric cars, each transmitter
and receiver also includes armature coils and permanent magnets
synchronized inside the coils. The principle of operation of the
generator side is similar to that of a conventional electric motor.
o When we put alternating current into the generator, it will create a
torque on the rotor magnet of the generator. Due to the changes in the
emitter's magnetic field, torque is generated on the rotor - also the
collector 's permanent magnet , resulting in synchronous rotation of
both the emitter and collector magnets.
o Now, the change in the magnetic field of the collector rotor on the
electric car causes the generation of alternating current in the coil. This
means that the on-board collector acts as a generator and the rotation of
the rotor which is the permanent magnet on the collector is converted
from the rotation of the rotor into electrical output at the collector coil.
o The rotation of the collector rotor is also known as the magnetic gear.
The AC power generated on the receiver side is fed to the battery after
fixing and filtering through the voltage converter.
3.2.3 Induction wireless electric car charging station
o The basic principle of wireless charging or wireless charging of electric
cars is Faraday's law of induction. Here, wireless transmission is
achieved by creating a magnetic field between the transmitter and
receiver coils . When the mains AC power is applied to the generator
coil, it creates an alternating magnetic field that passes through the
transmitter coil and this magnetic field moves the electrons in the
receiver coil causing AC power.
o The AC voltage output is rectified and filtered, and then fully charged
the electric car battery system. The power transferred to an electric car
charger depends on the frequency, inductance and distance between the
emitter and the receiver . The operating frequency of this electric car
wireless charger is from 19 to 50 kHz.
o Another variant of inductive wireless charging is the resonant inductive
wireless charging type. This electric car or wireless electric car charging
station is basically a resonator with a high quality element that transmits
energy at a much higher rate than normal inductive wireless charging.
Because it works in resonance, even with a weaker magnetic field, we
can still transfer energy using the same transmission capacity as in
conventional wireless charging.
o The maximum transmission of power in the air occurs when the emitter
and receiver coils are adjusted so that the frequencies of the two
resonant windings coincide.
o Therefore, to get a good resonant frequency, a combined compensator
circuit, in parallel or in series, is connected to the coils of both the
transmitter and the receiver . The additional compensation circuit on
this electric car charger must be able to adjust the increase of the
resonant frequency while reducing the loss of the transmission power
circuit of the charging station. Resonant inductive wireless charging
operating frequency From 10 kHz to 150 kHz.
4. Compare wired charging with wireless charging of
electric vehicles
o Power conversion systems are widely researched for transportation
electrification and the rise in electric vehicle (EV) development. More
than 5.1 million EVs were produced in 2018. In particular, charging
technology for batteries is important to expand the EV market, so
on-/off-board charging and fast-charging systems have been
investigated . this Figure shows a slow charging method that receives
alternative current (AC) input and a quick charging method that
receives direct current (DC) input. However, the prior approaches have
drawbacks such as galvanic isolation, the size and weight of the
charger, and user inconvenience. Wireless power transfer (WPT)
charging will be an alternative charging solution to address the
drawbacks of wired charging and give the consumers convenience .
Furthermore, it has inherent galvanic isolation, low weight, and reduced
cost for charging systems in EVs.
o In addition,the types of the WPT are inductive coupling wireless power
transfer (ICWPT) and capacitive coupling wireless power transfer
(CCWPT). ICWPT uses the magnetic field between a transmitting coil
and receiving coil under the EV as shown in Figure . The WPT
charging method exchanges information between the charger and the
electric vehicle through wireless communication to control charging.
While this technology has good efficiency and commercialization
techniques, there are disadvantages such as one position power transfer,
heat dissipation in the metal barrier, and large coil volume.
Furthermore, it fundamentally has power transfer interference by the
metal. CCWPT uses the displacement current in two capacitors with
four copper plates and a dielectric layer. Compared to the magnetic
coupling WPT system, the capacitive coupling WPT system does not
make significant eddy-current losses in nearby metals, and there is no
concern about the temperature rising in metal. In addition, metal plates
are used in a capacitive coupling WPT system to transfer power, which
can reduce the system’s cost and weight.
5. Infrastructure availability and Car charging cost
o Infrastructure availability: Instead of being refueled at a regular gas
station, electric vehicles (EVs) must be charged at home or at nearby
public chargers. Many EV owners charge their cars at home in their
garages using a ground-mounted charging plate. This arrangement is
suitable for most people as the average person drives 29 miles per day.
This distance is within the range of current electric vehicles, most of
which can travel between 150 and 250 miles on a single charge,
depending on the model. However, a great difficulty arose. For
motorists living in apartments, garages are rarely equipped with toll
infrastructure, and installing such infrastructure can be costly for
building managers.
o Car charging cost: Unlike gas stations, where fuel prices are regulated
per gallon, EV charging is now subject to a number of different pricing
schemes, which can lead to inconsistent pricing and at times high
charging cost. The home charge rate is a consistent rate per kilowatt-
hour (kWh) set by utility regulators. Public charging station pricing
used programs that include session fees, minute fees, and tiered pricing
based on the vehicle's maximum charging speed. Toll fees are usually
not displayed at toll booths. These contradictions and lack of
transparency are barriers to electric vehicle adoption as they can lead to
frustration and negative customer experiences.
