10 III March 2022

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41141
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

Power Generation Using Sea Tidal Waves

Nikhil Mangale1, Rushikesh Jadhav2, Meetkumar Kuvekar3, Vikas Gupta4, Abdul Bari5
1, 2, 3, 4
Student, 5Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Theem College of Engineering, Boisar 401501

Abstract: This project reports on how to generate electricity from ocean wave by using RACK AND PINION arrangement and
generators. The objectives of this project are to design and build a small scale power generator powered by ocean wave energy
that able to generate electricity in other words a WAVE ENERGY CONVERTOR. It is not easy to harness wave energy and
convert it into electricity in large amounts. So, the studies for this project include finding information and knowledge related to
the topic besides developing skill through enquiry and literature review. In this mechanism ELECTRICAL POWER is generated
simply by forced linear movement of rack and pinion by the waves. The rack will oscillates with the wave up and down which is
in mesh pinion hence it will turn the pinion mounted on pinion shaft. The rotational movement of the pinion is transferred to the
generator which results as electricity. To become a successful project, several things need to be reviewed like literature review on
linear generator, design and development of the generator, experiment of before gaining result and correct data.
Keywords: Rack and pinion, wave energy convertor, electrical power

I. INTRODUCTION
Wave energy can be considered as concentrated form of solar energy. Winds are generated by the differential heating of the earth
and, as they pass over open bodies of water, they transfer some of their energy to form waves. Energy is stored in waves as both
potential energy (in the mass of water displaced from the mean sea level) and kinetic energy (in the motion of the water particles).
The amount of energy transferred, and hence the size of the resulting waves, depends on the wind speed, the length of time for
which the wind blows and the direction over which it blows (the “fetch”). Power is concentrated at each stage in the transformation
process, so that the original average solar power levels of typically ~ 100 W/m² can be transformed into waves with power levels of
typically 10 to 50 kW per meter of wave crest length. Waves lying within or close to the areas where they are generated appear as a
complex, irregular “wind sea”. These waves will continue to travel in the direction of their formation even after the wind is no
longer acting on them. In deep water, waves lose energy only slowly, so they can travel out of the storm areas with minimal loss of
energy, becoming progressively regular, smooth waves or “swell”. These can persist at great distances (up to ten thousand
kilometers or more) from the point of origin. Therefore, coast with exposure to the prevailing wind direction and long fetches tend
to have the most energetic wave climates, for instance the west coast of the Americas, Europe and Australia/New Zealand. The
global wave power resource in deep water (i.e. ≥ 100 m water depths) is estimated to be ~ 1012 – 1013 W.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. A Review of Wave Energy Convertor
B drew, A.R.Plummer, M.N.Sahinkaya, The study shows that the Ocean waves are a huge, largely untapped energy resource, and the
potential for extracting energy from waves is considerable. Research in this area is driven by the need to meet renewable energy
targets, but is relatively immature compared to other renewable energy technologies. This review introduces the general status of
wave energy and evaluates the device types that represent current wave energy converter (WEC) technology, particularly focusing
on work being undertaken within the United Kingdom. The possible power take-off systems are identified, followed by a
consideration of some of the control strategies to enhance the efficiency of point absorber-type WECs. There is a lack of
convergence on the best method of extracting energy from the waves and, although previous innovation has generally focused on
the concept and design of the primary interface, questions arise concerning how best to optimize the powertrain. This article
concludes with some suggestions of future developments.

B. Characterizing the Wave Energy Resource

Pavol Bauer, Lenee-Bluhm, P.; Paasch, R.; Özkan-Haller, The study shows that the utilization of renewable energy sources is a
vital aspect for development of sustainability. Currently, an unexploited energy source is ocean waves. Various types of wave
energy converters (WECs) are able to transform the motion of the waves into electricity. During the last 30 years, a wide range of
prototypes was presented with different rates of success. The aim of this survey is to give an overview of how WECs are
categorized [operation principle and power takeoff (PTO) system] and show what are the most important criteria that have to be
kept in mind when designing a WEC. A few important WECs are described and evaluated.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2378
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

C. Estimating the Potential of Ocean Wave Power Resources.

Izadparast, A.H.; Niedzwecki, J.M, The study shows that the current state of the wave energy converters worldwide, introducing the
most promising devices to date and the governing processes behind their operation. This also includes an overview of existing and
potential power take-off (PTO) systems for wave energy converters.

D. Trial Test on Offshore Wave Energy Device

XiongboZheng, MingzeJi, Fengmei jing, Ye Lu, Wenhui Zheng, Shuanghong Zhou, Xialoe Li, Han Yan, The study shows that the
wave energy has not yet been commercialized due to its high cost and low efficiency. The combination of wave energy devices and
breakwaters can greatly improve the utilization of breakwaters and also reduce the cost of wave power generation devices. In this
paper, four oscillating buoy wave energy devices with different geometries are proposed, where a kind of dolphin buoy design
method with excellent energy harvesting mechanism is formed. And the integrated method of wave energy device and floating
breakwater is proposed and the integrated model is tested in the tank, and on the basis of that a one-year sea trial test of the
prototype was carried out in the real sea area, and the power generation performances of the wave energy device under different sea
conditions are analyzed. The sea trial results show that the average energy conversion efficiency of wave energy device can reach
more than 18% when the significant wave height is from 0.5 m to 2 m and an average period is from 2 s to 6 s, and that can even
reach 27.2% under the optimal sea state. The research and manufacturing process of sea trial prototype and the sea trial operation of
the prototype show that the combination of oscillating buoy wave energy device and floating breakwater can reduce the construction
cost of wave energy device and also improve reliability and energy conversion efficiency of that. The research results of this paper
are of great significance for the further commercialization of wave energy devices.

III. PROBLEM DEFINITION

Ocean wave energy is captured directly from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. Waves are caused by
the wind blowing over the surface of the ocean. In many areas of the world, the wind blows with enough consistency and force to
provide continuous waves. There is tremendous energy in the ocean waves. Wave power devices extract energy directly from the
surface motion of ocean waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. The problem is that it's not easy to harness this
energy and convert it into electricity in large amounts. Thus, wave power stations are rare. This project attempts to capture the
energy from wave and convert it into electricity.
1) Problems occurred before related to these technologies are:
2) Mostly the current technology are consist submerged or floating type structures. So they affected to limitations (like corrosion,
fouling) hence the special type of material required, Also design, operation quite complex; so they’re not economic feasible.
3) Affecting the marine ecosystems.
4) Generally located to deep sea, so the power distribution not reliable. In some of the cases chances of international conflict.
5) The limitations of working principle, the continuous power output not achieve. (Depending on Flood tide and ebb tide, Air
pressure difference.)
6) These unavoidable variations in wave parameters also impose changes in WEC outputs. When the WEC runs at wave
conditions below what it is designed for, it is called part-load operation. Similarly, wave conditions exceeding design
conditions impose overload operation. At these two operating conditions, WEC output is reduced (i.e., the energy conversion
efficiency drops). The overload could also lead to significant structural damage.
7) Current technologies does not make it available to coastal rural areas

IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Working Principle
This project works on the principle operation of aqua Wave energy convertor with certain modification The device consists of a
floater connected to rack and pinion arrangement with sprocket and freewheel to avoid the backward rotation. The sprocket teeth’s
are removed through machining such that it could be press fitted into the enlarged inner diameter of the pinion. A dc motor and a
flywheel is used. The pinion with sprocket is mounted on the flywheel which is connected to the dc motor with the help of open
belt. This way only either clockwise or anticlockwise rotational motion of pinion would be transfer to the dc motor. As wells as
flywheel helps to attain continuous power generation. A steel framework is use to support this mechanism. The floater functions as
a base to capture the movement of wave. As the float oscillates up and down, the rack oscillates too resulting in rotating the pinion
and the flywheel further the rotational power is transmited to the dc motor through the open belt drive.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2379
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

B. Flow chart

C. Components of Power Generation using Sea Tidal Waves

1) Rigid Frame: The rigid frame function as a strong hold to all the components the material which is used in making the frame is
mild steel. The MS is easily weldable and cost effective which gives a advantage in fabrication, The has appropriate dimensions
such that the float can easily reciprocate without any abstraction The frame is 90 degree angle frame which reduces the overall
weight of the project the dimensions of angle frame are 40 x 40 x 3 mm dimensions The overall dimension of frame is 1000 x
650 x 400 mm.
2) Rack and pinion: The rack and pinion are the principal components of this project. The linear harmonic motion of the rack is
converted into the electrical power with the help of pinion and a Dc motor. The force of the ocean waves lift the float and the
rack. Therefore the rack has to be rigid and should able withstand the sudden impact forces, as well as it has to be lighter in
weight so that it could lift. The rack dimensions are 30 x 30 x 800 mm and the pinion dimensions are 12dp 47 teeths
3) Dc motor: The rotating energy of the flywheel is converted into the electrical energy. The Dc motor is of 24 v, 150W dc
dynamo max rpm is between 2600-3000 rpm and the rated current is 14.3A . The belt drive is fitted to an 8mm d-cut shaft with
a circlip. It is also removable
4) Flywheel And Freewheel Sprocket: The function of the flywheel is to store the energy and provide when required. When the
freewheel sprocket is in free rotation The flywheel will keep rotating in one direction due to inertia from the previous stroke
thus providing the stored energy. The flywheel could be the medium of the continuous energy supply.The sprocket is mounted
inside the pinion by enlarging the inner diameter of the pinion and freewheel is press fitted in to the pinion. Freewheel helps to
restrict the oscillatory rotating movement of the Dc motor shaft and only allowing power transfer in one direction.
5) Float: Float selected here is on basis of weight, ability to float and should have a symmetrical shape the function of the float is
to capture the wave motion and transfer it to the rack and other elements.
6) Castor wheels: As one of our aim is to make the project easily portable to accomplish that four castor wheels are joint at the
bottom corners of the rigid frame. Hence giving access to all freedom of axis.
7) Belt: The function of the belt is .to drive the Dc motor. The belt is attached to the flywheel and the motor shaft with help of
small pulley mounted on the motor shaft

V. DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS

A. Solid Works Model

Figure 1: Assembly of Project using solid work

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

B. Analytical Part of Rack and pinion using Ansys

Figure 3: Analytical Part of Rack and pinion using Ansys

D. Estimated Power Generation

N -no of revolutions
P- power in watts
2
= ∗
60

= 120 ∗

The nominal frequency grid in india is of 50Hz

If we select a 2 pole generator motor
50
= 120 ∗
2
= 3000

Substituting this value in the power equation

The torque on the motor shaft

2 ∗ 3000
1000 = ∗
60
= 3.183

velocity of wave near shore = 1-3 m/s

near the shore power density is:
= =

=558 /

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2381
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

VI. RESULTS
During the practical performance of the project, we observed that the project is capable of generating power. we tested the project at
its fullest potential The time of testing was around 16.00, the total period of testing was 90 minutes. Wind speed was around 14km/h
the water level was 0.5 m and the average wave heigh was around 0.9 m the average wave period observed was approximately 4.5
seconds. And the wave frequency was approximately in between 0.2 to 0.4 waves per second. It was observed that the range of
voltage generated is about 8 to 19 volts, The maximum voltage generated was 19 volts. It was also observed that the wave height
plays a prominent role the more the wave height the more the deflection of the float from its mean position. The vertical velocity of
the float also a key to generate the higher voltages. The more the vertical velocity the more the flywheel will rotate and the dc motor
will produce higher voltages.
Sr. Wave height (m) Wave period (s) Peak voltage Peak current Peak
No. (V) (A) power (W)
1 0.9 3 16 1.4 22.4
2 0.85 3 13 1.2 15.6
2 0.8 3 19 1.6 30.4
3 0.75 4 16 0.6 9.6
4 0.7 3 12 0.7 8.4
5 0.65 4 10 0.6 6
6 0.6 5 9 0.5 4.5
7 0.55 4 11 0.5 5.5
8 0.5 5 10 0.4 4
9 0.45 5 9 0.3 2.7
10 0.4 6 8 0.3 2.4
Table 1: Output for different wave height

wave height vs output

35
30
wave height [m]

25
20
15
10
5
0
0.9 0.85 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45
Output
Peak voltage[v] Peak current[A] Peak power[W]

Graph 1: Wave height vs output

Wave Frequency Voltage [V]

[hz] Minimum Maximum Average
0.1 8 11 9.5
0.2 11 16 13.5
0.3 11 15 13
0.4 9 12 10.5
0.5 7 9 8
Table 2: Voltage output for different frequencies

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

voltage vs wave frequency

20

15

10

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
wave frequency
minimum voltage Maximum voltage Average voltage

Graph 2: Voltage vs Wave Frequency

VII. SUMMARY
Electricity generation is the leading cause of industrial air pollution. Most of our electricity comes from coal, nuclear, and other
non-renewable power plants. Producing energy from these resources takes a severe toll on our environment, polluting our air, land,
and water. Renewable energy sources can be used to produce electricity with fewer environmental impacts. It is possible to make
electricity from renewable energy sources without producing CO2, the leading cause of global climate change. One of the many
renewable resources is wave energy, this project proposed a devices that convert the kinetic and potential energy associated with a
moving ocean wave into useful electrical energy. The mechanism used falls under the category of point absorbers it uses a rack and
pinion arrangement, floater, flywheel and a dc motor. The device model is tested in real sea area and the results shows that the
device could generate power and the performance could increase under optimal sea conditions. The projects is environmental
friendly, compact in size, portable and cost effective.

VIII. CONCLUSION
As the conclusion, we can generate electricity from renewable sources of energy like ocean wave. Ocean wave energy is captured
directly from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the surface. One of the ways to generate electricity from it is by
using rack and pinion arrangement. It uses upward and downward motion of the float which drives the flywheel and the dc motor
and results in generating electricity. So, the model very suitable since it follows the vertical motion of the wave. This application
can only be done for offshore projects. Apart from that, we should also consider types of waves available because wave power is
determined by wave height, wave speed, wavelength, and water density. Wave power is important for floater movement which will
relate to rack movement. Some works had been done to calculate correct data to be used for this project. The experiment had been
done in the real sea area. The power output can be scaled up by either increasing the number of modules built or with certain
modifications.

IX. FUTURE SCOPE

The power generation depends on different factors such as wave height, speed and frequency More the height of the wave more the
displacement of the floater from its mean position results in more power output therefore the model’s height could be extended to
twice the current height. The weight of the rack also alter the result therefore more lighter material can be used to fabricate the rack
like nylon cast The model which we developed extract the energy only from the downward stroke of the rack due to the limitation of
single dc motor. The power generation could be doubled if instead of single dc motor two dc motors are used and the terminals are
connected in series. The flywheel used is of 0.4m in diameter, the flywheel can be used of bigger diameter and of more weight
because it will store more energy in one stroke which can be used later to produce continuous power output. The material and
dimensions of the float could also be modified, the height of the floater could be halved and the material could be of hard and light
in weight. The dc motor is used as dynamo which is useful at when the torque is low but for higher torques an alternator is an option
which can give considerable amount of power outputs.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2383
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue III Mar 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com

X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our deep sense of respect and gratitude toward our guide, Prof. Abdul Bari, who didn’t only guide the
academic project work but also stood as a teacher and philosopher in realizing the imagination in pragmatic way, we want to thank
him for introducing us to the field of Optimization and giving the opportunity to work under him. His optimism has provided an
invaluable influence on my career and outlook for the future. We consider it our good fortune to have got an opportunity to work
with such a wonderful person. He has been great source of inspiration to us and we thank him from bottom of our heart. We like to
express our gratitude to our workshop staff, our Head of the Department, Prof. M.A. Gulbarga and our Principal Dr. Aqueel Ahmed
Shah for their valuable advice and permission for carrying out project work inside the college premises. We are especially indebted
to our parents for their love, sacrifices and Support. They are our teachers after we came to this world and have set great example
for us about how to live, study and work.

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