Design BASIS Submittal Revb
Design BASIS Submittal Revb
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
DESIGN BASIS FOR CIVIL WORKS
REVISION B
JULY 10, 2016
DESIGN BASIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................... 1
1.2. SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................................................... 2
2. design codes, standards and references ................................................................................... 2
3. Design LIFE ................................................................................................................................ 2
4. GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................ 3
4.1. SITE CONDITIONS .............................................................................................................. 3
4.1.1. GEOLOGY AND GENERAL SITE GRADING ........................................................................... 3
4.1.2. ADJACENT STRUCTURES .................................................................................................... 3
4.2. GROUND INVESTIGATION ................................................................................................. 3
4.3. GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS .......................................................................................... 5
4.4. GROUND WATER ............................................................................................................... 6
4.5. SEISMIC DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 6
4.5.1. Site Specific Design Response Spectra ............................................................................... 6
4.5.2. Liquefaction Consideration ................................................................................................ 8
4.5.3. Lateral Spreading ............................................................................................................... 9
4.5.4. Down‐drag Effects (piled foundations) ............................................................................ 10
4.5.5. Kinematic Interaction Effects ........................................................................................... 11
4.6. FOUNDATIONS ................................................................................................................ 14
4.6.1. Foundation Types ............................................................................................................ 14
4.6.2. Foundation Capacity (compression, tension and uplift, lateral
– identifying design FOS) ............................................................................................................. 14
4.7. RETAINING WALLS AND EXCAVATION PROTECTION ...................................................... 30
5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA .............................................................................................. 31
5.1. MATERIAL STRENGHTS .................................................................................................... 31
5.1.1. CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH F’C ....................................................................... 31
5.1.2. Reinforcing bars ............................................................................................................... 31
5.1.3. PRESTRESSING STEEL ....................................................................................................... 32
5.1.4. ANCHORAGES .................................................................................................................. 32
5.1.5. Sheaths or Ducts .............................................................................................................. 32
5.1.6. Bolts and Anchorages ...................................................................................................... 32
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5.1.7. Welding and Galvanization .............................................................................................. 32
5.1.8. stainless steel ................................................................................................................... 33
5.1.9. Structural Steel ................................................................................................................ 33
5.1.10. Cold‐Formed Steel ........................................................................................................... 33
5.1.11. Masonry ........................................................................................................................... 33
5.2. MATERIAL DENSITIES ...................................................................................................... 33
5.3. MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER ......................................................................................... 34
5.4. MINIMUM AMOUNT OF REINFORCEMENT .................................................................... 34
5.5. DESIGN LOADINGS .......................................................................................................... 34
5.5.1. DEAD LOADS .................................................................................................................... 35
5.5.2. SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOADS ......................................................................................... 35
5.5.3. EQUIPMENT LOADS ......................................................................................................... 35
5.5.4. LIVE LOADS....................................................................................................................... 36
5.5.5. SOil, traffic surcharge loads ............................................................................................. 36
5.5.6. Wind loads ....................................................................................................................... 36
5.5.7. Earthquake loads ............................................................................................................. 37
5.5.8. HYDROSTATIC loads ......................................................................................................... 37
5.5.9. HYDRODYNAMIC loads .................................................................................................... 38
5.5.10. Earth Pressure loads ........................................................................................................ 38
5.5.11. Dynamic soil loads ........................................................................................................... 38
5.5.12. TEMPERATURE loads ....................................................................................................... 38
5.5.13. Impact loads..................................................................................................................... 40
5.5.14. vibration loads ................................................................................................................. 40
5.6. LOAD COMBINATION ...................................................................................................... 40
5.6.1. TANK STRUCTURES .......................................................................................................... 40
5.6.2. building STRUCTURES ...................................................................................................... 42
6. DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 44
6.1. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF LIQUID‐CONTAINING STRUCTURES ............... 52
6.1.1. CODES, STANDARDS AND REFERENCES ........................................................................... 52
6.1.2. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL DESCRIPTION ................................................................ 53
6.1.3. Earthquake load analysis ................................................................................................. 54
6.1.4. COMBINATION OF INERTIAL AND KINEMATIC LOADS ..................................................... 55
6.1.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DURABILITY FACTOR .......................................................................... 55
6.1.6. Crack width limitation ...................................................................................................... 56
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6.1.7. Serviceability check .......................................................................................................... 56
6.2. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES ................................. 56
6.2.1. CODES, STANDARDS AND REFERENCES ........................................................................... 56
6.2.2. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MODEL DESCRIPTION ................................................................ 56
6.2.3. WIND load analysis .......................................................................................................... 58
6.2.4. Earthquake load analysis ................................................................................................. 58
6.2.5. CHECK OF IRREGULARITIES .............................................................................................. 58
6.2.6. Seismic Design REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................... 59
6.2.7. Serviceability Checks ........................................................................................................ 59
7. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN .......................................................................................................... 60
7.1. CEMENT CONTENT .......................................................................................................... 60
7.2. CEMENT TYPE .................................................................................................................. 60
7.3. WATER CEMENT RATIO ................................................................................................... 60
7.4. AGGREGATES ................................................................................................................... 60
7.5. SULFATE RESISTANCE ...................................................................................................... 60
8. CIVIL ........................................................................................................................................ 61
8.1. SITE GRADING ................................................................................................................. 61
8.2. ROAD DESIGN METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 61
8.2.1. Design criteria .................................................................................................................. 61
8.2.2. materials .......................................................................................................................... 64
8.2.3. JOINTs .............................................................................................................................. 64
8.2.4. cONCRETE STRENGTH ...................................................................................................... 65
8.2.5. Crossfall............................................................................................................................ 65
8.2.6. SIDE SLOPES ..................................................................................................................... 65
8.2.7. PAVEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 65
8.2.8. SIDEWALKS ....................................................................................................................... 66
8.2.9. MANHOLES ...................................................................................................................... 66
8.3. SWEPT PATH ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 66
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1. INTRODUCTION
Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (the “Owner”) is the leading water service provider in Metro Manila.
It maintains and operates three world‐class water treatment plants in the Philippines. One of them
is the Putatan Water Treatment Plant. In its aim to have better service to its consumers, Putatan
Water Treatment plant expansion are selected.
Above: Figure 1 – Existing Putatan Water Treatment Plant
Below: Figure 2 – Proposed Putatan Water Treatment Plant 2
Maynilad’s goal for the expansion is to build a WTP (Phase 2) facility adjacent to the existing plant.
Phase 2 will have a current flow capacity of 100 MLD plant. Additional 50MLD capacity will be
added to have a 150MLD future flow capacity. Phase 2 includes all structures, buried pipelines, civil
works and other ancillary facilities shall be constructed for the 150 MLD treated water capacity.
Install all necessary process, mechanical and electrical facilities on phase 2 to provide 100 MLD of
treated water capacity and to have provisions to reach the future flow of 150 MLD capacity. At later
date additional 50 MLD will be constructed to produce the 150 MLD capacity, the upgrade or
modification shall be thoroughly considered and shall be easy to achieve without the need to shut
down or interfere with the plant operation.
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1.2. SCOPE OF WORK
It is the aim of this document to provide an overview of the criteria, guidelines and other factors,
which shall serve as the basis of the Civil work design of the proposed plant. Each discipline
presents its own codes and references, outline specifications and design loads based on Owner’s
requirements.
Frey‐Fil Corporation/ FFC of Manila (the “Designer”) prepared this document, essentially covering
the Design Development Documents taking off from the bid documents and bid bulletins.
The FFC study and analyses during this phase shall be at such a level of detail that all compiled data
were considered sufficient to commence with the Detailed Design documents.
3. DESIGN LIFE
Design life for the structures is 50 years.
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The site of the proposed development is in Brgy. Putatan, Muntinlupa approximately 200m from
the shoreline of Laguna Lake and is accessible by National Highway (Maharlika Highway). Regionally,
the National Capital Region (NCR) and the provinces comprising CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna,
Batangas, Rizal and Quezon) are underlain by rocks of various origins consisting of agglomerates,
pyroclastics, sandy tuff, and cinder beds.
Locally, Laguna Lake is centrally located inside the Pasig‐Marikina‐Laguna de Bay basin. The low‐
lying areas along the Laguna Lake are covered with unconsolidated alluvial deposits, reworked tuff
and volcanic ash favorable for recent deposition of undetermined thickness.
Based on the seismic map published by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS), the nearest seismic source that may potentially affect the site is the West Valley Fault,
which is approximately 1 kilometer from the project site.
Will provide discussion on these in the next update
As evident in the conducted geotechnical investigation, the site subsoil is characterized by
interspersed layers of clays, sands and silts with varying thicknesses, and varying relative condition
or consistency. Upper layers (depth up to 10 meters) are consisted of loose to medium dense sands
and soft to medium stiff clays.
The following chart presents the plot of SPT‐N values versus depth. Dense sand or hard clay layers
(Nv>30) are generally encountered at 30.0m depth below the existing ground level.
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Based on the results of field and laboratory testing, geotechnical assessment was carried out to
obtain the geotechnical parameters necessary for the analysis and design of foundation.
Shown in the figure below is the scatter diagram of SPT N‐values of the boreholes
Figure 1. SPT N Charts for BH‐1 to BH‐9
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4.3. GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
Relevant geotechnical parameters are presented in the following tables:
The following values are presented for the BAF structure; parameters for other structures will be
submitted progressively and on the next update of the design basis.
TABLE 1. GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS: BH‐1
Relative Geotechnical Parameters
Soil Condition / Pile Reduced kh
Depth, m c kh
Type Consistency Diameter (Liquefaction)
(Ndes) (kN/m3) (kPa) (o) (cm) (kN/m3) (kN/m3)
0.0 – 3.6 Clays Very soft (2) 13 12 ‐ 150 2,613 ‐
3.6 – 4.6 Clays Stiff (13) 17 72 ‐ 150 16,985 ‐
4.6 – 5.6 Clays Hard (44) 20 192 ‐ 150 57,487 ‐
5.6 – 11.1 Sands Dense (31) 19 10 35 150 40,502 675.04
11.1 – 14.1 Clays Stiff (10) 17 48 ‐ 150 13,065 ‐
Medium dense
14.1 ‐ 15.5 Sands 18 5 35 150 37,889
(29) ‐
Medium dense
15.5 ‐ 17.1 Sands 18 5 35 150 37,889
(29) 631.49
Medium stiff
17.1 – 19.5 Clays 17 48 ‐ 150 11,759
(9) ‐
19.5 – 35.6 Clays Hard (32) 20 192 ‐ 150 41,809 ‐
35.6 –
Rocks Very dense (50) 20 15 39 150 65,327
36.94 ‐
TABLE 3. GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS: BH‐3
Relative Geotechnical Parameters
Soil Condition / Pile Reduced kh
Depth, m c kh
Type Consistency Diameter (Liquefaction)
(Ndes) (kN/m3) (kPa) (o) (cm) (kN/m3) (kN/m3)
0.0 – 2.0 Sands Loose (5) 17 2 28 150 6,533 ‐
2.0 – 4.6 Clays Stiff (10) 17 48 ‐ 150 13,065 ‐
4.6 – 11.1 Sands Dense (32) 19 5 35 150 41,809 ‐
11.1 –
Sands Very loose (4) 16 ‐ 28 150 5,226 87.10
12.6
12.6 –
Clays Soft (4) 15 18 ‐ 150 5,226 ‐
14.7
14.7 –
Clays Hard (38) 20 192 ‐ 150 49,648 ‐
17.7
17.7 – Medium stiff
Clays 17 48 ‐ 150 11,759 ‐
20.7 (9)
20.7 –
Sands Very dense (59) 20 10 39 150 77,085 ‐
23.7
23.7 –
Clays Very stiff (22) 18 132 ‐ 150 28,744 ‐
35.4
35.4 –
Rocks Very dense (50) 20 15 39 150 65,327
40.05
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4.4. GROUND WATER
Design ground water level shall be based from the water table as observed during the geotechnical
investigation. Summary of the borehole data together with water level observed per location is
presented below. For the BAF Structure, BH‐1 and BH‐3 was utilized.
TABLE 10. SUMMARY OF BOREHOLES
Final Depth
Test Number Water Level (m) Date of Drilling
(m)
BH‐1 36.94 1.12 Apr. 29 – May 03, 2016
The site specific parameters were provided by the Maynilad and ARUP. The information was given
to the contractor to be used in the seismic analysis and design of the structures.
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HORIZONTAL RESPONSE SPECTRA AT DESIGN BASED EARTHQUAKE (DBE) LEVEL (ENVELOPE OF
475‐YR, 2/3 OF MCER) AT 5% DAMPING
Design Response Spectra_DBE Level (Envelope)
Period Pseudo Period Pseudo
Acceleration Acceleration
0.01 0.34 0.8 1.048
0.04 0.475 0.9 1.048
0.10 0.61 1.0 1.04
0.20 0.761 1.3 0.95
0.30 1.048 1.5 0.884
0.40 1.048 2 0.652
0.50 1.048 3 0.456
0.60 1.048 5 0.289
0.7 1.048 10 0.103
The above response spectra is for standard occupancy structures with importance factor of
1.0. The design response spectra for the water treatment plant shall consider an
importance factor of 1.5
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4.5.2. LIQUEFACTION CONSIDERATION
Considering the location of the area near the lake shore and the proximity of a seismic source
capable of generating high‐magnitude earthquakes, it is evident that the loose to medium dense
sands within the site subsurface are susceptible to liquefaction.
Liquefaction analysis considering SPT data was undertaken using LiquefyPro software. This is based
on the most recent methods recommended by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering
Research (NCEER) Workshop on Liquefaction and Special Publication 117 (Guidelines in Analyzing
and Mitigating Liquefaction in California). The results are appended to this report.
The Factor of Safety (FS) for liquefaction potential is calculated as the ratio of the Cyclic Resistance
Ratio (CRR) to the Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR).
FS = CRRM / CSRfs
Liquefaction‐induced settlements are based on the Ishihara and Yoshimine (1990).
Presented in Table 11 are the results of liquefaction analyses using LiquefyPro.
RESULTS OF LIQUEFACTION ANALYSIS
Liquefiable Estimated
Borehole No.
Depths, m Liquefaction‐induced Settlement, cm
5.6 – 11.1
BH‐1 3.2
14.1 – 17.1
2.0 – 3.0
BH‐2 8.9
7.5 – 15.0
0.0 – 2.0
BH‐3 11.0
4.6 – 12.6
0.0 – 3.0
BH‐4 7.5 – 13.5 10.1
18.0 – 19.5
BH‐5 0.0 – 4.0 10.4
0.0 – 1.0
BH‐6 3.3
4.0 – 5.0
0.0 – 9.0
BH‐7 9.2
15.0 – 16.5
0.0 – 2.0
BH‐8 4.0 – 15.0 14.2
19.5 – 20.0
BH‐9 0.0 – 2.0 4.8
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RESULTS OF LIQUEFACTION ANALYSIS
Liquefiable Estimated
Borehole No.
Depths, m Liquefaction‐induced Settlement, cm
4.0 – 6.0
10.5 – 13.5
Liquefaction‐induced lateral spreading is defined as the finite, lateral displacement of gently sloping
ground resulting from pore pressure build‐up or liquefaction in a shallow underlying deposit during
an earthquake. Liquefaction‐induced lateral spreading occurs on mild slopes ranging from 0.3 to 5%
underlain by loose sands and shallow water table (Bartlett and Youd, 1992). Such soil deposits are
prone to pore pressure generation, softening, and liquefaction during large earthquakes. In the
occurrence of liquefaction, the unsaturated overburden soil can slide as intact blocks over the
lower, liquefied deposit. As stated by Youd and Hoose (1976), the geological conditions conducive
to lateral spreading (gentle surface, shallow water table, liquefiable cohesionless soils) are
frequently found along streams and other waterfronts in recent alluvial or deltaic deposits, as well
as in loosely‐placed, saturated, sandy fills.
For the investigation of lateral spreading within the site, the estimation of the horizontal extent of
lateral spreading proposed from a multilinear regression model by Youd et.al. (2002) is used:
where:
DH = horizontal displacement (m)
M = moment magnitude of the earthquake
R = nearest horizontal distance to a seismic energy source (km)
W = ratio of height of free‐face to the horizontal distance to the free‐face base (%). Free‐
face is defined as the steep slope at the end of a gentle slope (e.g. embankment of a river)
S = slope of the ground (%)
T15 = cumulative thickness (m) of saturated sand deposits with corrected Standard
Penetration Test (SPT) blow counts, N1,60 ≤ 15
Where:
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Ce, Cn, Cr, Cb, and Cs are the correction factors for energy, overburden, rod length, bore‐hole
diameter, and liner, respectively.
F15 = average fines content (soil passing Sieve No. 200) of soils composing T15 (%)
D5015 = average of the mean grain size of soils composing T15 (mm)
For the value of α, as well as for W and S, consideration of two cases is necessary: the sloping‐
ground condition and the free‐face condition. The sloping‐ground condition usually governs for
cases where W > 5%, while the free‐face condition generally controls for W < 1%.
For sloping‐ground condition:
α = 0; W = 1; S = value on‐site
For free‐face condition:
α = 1; W = value on‐site; S = 1
The constants for the equation are as follows:
b0 = ‐16.213; boff = ‐0.500; b1 = 1.532; b2 = ‐1.406; b3 = ‐0.012; b4 = 0.592; b5 = 0.338; b6 =
0.540; b7 = 3.413; b8 = ‐0.795
Displacements and rotation of piles shall be the main input to pile capacity analysis to account for
the kinematic interaction effects on piles.
Sandy soil layers may undergo compression during liquefaction (Tokimatsu and Seed 1987, Ishihara
and Yoshimine 1992). This occurrence results to a downward movement of the overlying soil layers
leading to down‐drag. Down‐drag is defined as the downward movement of the pile due to
settlement of the surrounding ground.
Calculation of the magnitude of the negative skin friction is a complex problem which depends on
the following factors:
(1) The relative movement between the fill and the pile shaft
(2) The relative movement between any underlying compressible soil and the pile shaft
(3) The elastic compression of the pile under the working load and
(4) The rate of consolidation of the compressible layers.
Meyerhof advises that the negative skin friction on piles driven into soft to firm clays should be
calculated in terms of effective stress from the equation:
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s,neg = ’vo
where:
= skin friction factor; can be derived from the graph after Meyerhof (graph from Pile
Design and Contruction Practice, Tomlinson 5th ed.)
’vo = vertical effective overburden pressure
The book entitled, “Design of Pile Foundations in Liquefiable Soils” by Haigh et. al. provides a good
consolidation of various approaches from published journal articles and explains their weaknesses
and strengths.. The reference material explains that generally, a fully liquefied soil will induce
relatively small kinematic lateral forces on the pile due to the flowing nature of the liquefiable soil.
The soil resistance per unit area is estimated to be between 8.0 kPa to 20.0 kPa based on centrifuge
tests on flexible and rigid piles in laterally spreading soils and based on centrifuge tests in which
shear wave velocity measurements were made in liquefied soils. However, Haigh et. al. proposes a
value of 20.0 to 30.0 kPa.
However, significant passive pressures will be induced on the pile and the pile cap if there is a non‐
liquefiable crust above the liquefiable layer. The full passive pressures due to the non‐liquefiable
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 11
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crust will cause significant flexural bending in addition to moment brought by seismic behavior of
the superstructure (inertial loading).
To carry out analysis of piles subjected to kinematic lateral loads, it is possible to do a decoupled
approach. The soil will be displaced after being subjected to seismic loading even without the pile. If
the pile is present, this free‐field displacement of the soil will be restricted by the presence of the
pile, thus inducing kinematic forces on the pile depending on the degree of movement and stiffness
of the soil. Horizontal free‐field displacements are significant due to lateral spreading. To determine
the displacement field, the elastic continuum approach using Finite Element Analysis software can
be utilized but requires more time and greater effort in modeling, refinement, calibration, and
validation in a theoretical standpoint. There is also a risk for excessively conservative values for
forces especially if inaccurate free‐field displacements will be obtained.
Limit equilibrium analysis is most often used for design of geotechnical structures. It offers a more
rapid and reasonably conservative analysis approach in lieu of the more rigorous continuum
approach. This assumes a worst‐case loading scenario where the lateral spreading load is assumed
to reach a limiting lateral earth pressure (passive) eliminating the need to accurately calculate the
lateral spread displacement. This approach is supported by experimental data but is restricted to
certain soil configurations. The Japanese Highway Bridges Code (JRA) provides guidelines in
conducting limit equilibrium analysis but requires a specified set of conditions to be satisfied. For
structures to be supported by pile foundation, the kinematic loads due to lateral spread will be
based on section 8.3.2 of the Japanese Highway Bridges Code (JRA)2. The JRA approach is cited also
by Haigh. et. al.
It is anticipated that the presence of a non‐liquefiable layer will cause significant kinematic load in
the form of full passive pressures. The Japan Road Association (2002) mandates that kinematic
loading to be the full passive earth pressure in the non‐liquefiable crust; and 30% of the total
vertical overburden stress on the liquefiable layer below it. The reference material states that since
the lateral load will reach its maximum value at a relatively small displacement compared to large
magnitudes of lateral spreads, it is more logical to utilize forces/pressures based on a limiting lateral
earth pressure. Expected lateral forces due to kinematic interaction effects are best illustrated on
the figure below.
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Start
Non‐liquefiable crust
present on top of a
liquefiable layer? No
Yes
Apply full passive pressures on
the non‐liquefiable crust
Apply 30% of overburden
pressure from the non‐
liquefiable crust on immediate
succeeding liquefiable layer (as
kinematic lateral load), 2*Su, or
20 kPa, whichever is higher
Apply 20 kPa on succeeding
liquefiable layers
End
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4.6. FOUNDATIONS
Two types of foundation systems shall be considered depending on the structure to be supported.
The type of foundation is selected based on the weight and importance of the structure for the
plant operation. Deep foundations can be utilized for major structures while shallow foundations
can be used for ancillary structures.
4.6.2.1. Shallow Foundations (SBC, lateral resistance, subgrade modulus for static
and with transient load cases)
In general, Terzaghi’s bearing capacity (general shear failure) theory shall be used in the
computation of the ultimate bearing capacity, the equation of which is given as:
1
q ult q c q q q c ' N c 1 D f N q 2 BN
2
where:
qult = ultimate gross bearing capacity or soil bearing pressure
c’ = cohesion of the soil below foundation level
1 = effective unit weight of soil above foundation level
2 = effective unit weight of soil below foundation level
Df = depth of footing below lowest adjacent soil surface
N c , N q , Nγ soil‐bearing capacity factors, dimensionless terms, whose
values relate to the angle of internal friction, φ’
N q Nc
, and Nγ refer to the cohesion, overburden and weight multipliers, respectively and are
defined as follows:
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, where = passive pressure coefficient
The passive earth pressure would develop, for example against a vertical plow that is pushing
soil horizontally. is the ratio between the lateral earth pressure and the vertical earth
pressure.
Below is an example of values for different combinations of φ and δ/ φ. δ is the value of
wall friction angle.
A factor of safety of 3.0 shall be adopted to obtain the safe bearing pressure.
The choice of the foundation scheme mainly depends on the magnitude of the structural loads
that have to be transmitted by the foundations into the underlying ground. For relatively light
structures, shallow foundation systems (spread footings, combined footings or mats) are
feasible.
Settlements shall be considered to establish the allowable bearing capacities. Moreover, no
overload factor is recommended under transient loading due to the liquefaction susceptibility
of the site subsurface.
Shallow foundation shall be selected for the following auxiliary structures:
1) Substation building
2) Chemical building B
3) Treated water pumping station
4) Guard House
The allowable bearing capacity charts for the nine boreholes are presented in Figure 2 to Figure
10.
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FIGURE 2. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐1
FIGURE 3. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐2
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FIGURE 4. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐3
FIGURE 5. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐4
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FIGURE 6. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐5
FIGURE 7. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐6
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FIGURE 8. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐7
FIGURE 9. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐8
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FIGURE 10. SAFE BEARING CAPACITY CHART FOR BH‐9
Settlements shall be considered to establish the allowable bearing capacities. Figure 11 to
Figure 19 present the immediate settlement charts (after Meyerhof).
FIGURE 11. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐1
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FIGURE 12. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐2
FIGURE 13. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐3
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FIGURE 14. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐4
FIGURE 15. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐5
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 22
DESIGN BASIS
FIGURE 16. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐6
FIGURE 17. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐7
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 23
DESIGN BASIS
FIGURE 18. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐8
FIGURE 19. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT CHART FOR BH‐9
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 24
DESIGN BASIS
4.6.2.2. Deep Foundations (skin and end bearing, subgrade modulus for static and
with transient load cases)
Deep foundation (driven or bored piles) may be warranted for heavy structures and major
facilities in order to mobilize the high bearing capacities of the competitive strata.
Calculations of pile capacities (allowable axial, uplift and lateral) can be carried out considering
cast‐in‐place bored piles and driven piles.
Included in the parameters to be adopted for pile capacity analyses are the coefficient of lateral
or horizontal subgrade reaction (kh), used in lateral analysis of piles.
The calculation of soil spring coefficient or lateral subgrade reaction (kh) was based on the
paper of Uchida, A. and Tokimatsu, K., Comparison of current Japanese Design Specifications for
Pile Foundations in Liquefiable and Laterally Spreading Ground, Seismic Performance and
Simulation of Pile Foundations in Liquefied and Laterally Spreading Ground. ASCE Geotechnical
Special Publication No. 145.
The soil spring coefficient is given by
kh=56000∙N∙(D )^(‐3/4) (kN/m3)
Where kh = soil spring coefficient, N = SPT N‐value for the soil layer, and D = pile diameter in
cm.
All of the parameters derived shall be inputted to AllPile for the Pile Capacity Analyses. AllPile is
a geotechnical software that is capable of carrying out vertical and lateral capacity analysis for
both driven and bored piles. Vertical analysis is based on the approaches and methods
recommended by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), American Association of State and
Highway Transport Officials (AASHTO), and NAVY Design Manual‐07 Naval Facilities Engineering
Command (NAVFAC). Lateral analysis uses the finite‐difference method to model soil‐structure
interaction.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 25
DESIGN BASIS
Downward (Compression) Load Capacity Calculation
Axial capacity can be determined by the following equations:
Qdw = Q tip + Qside
Where Qdw = ultimate downward capacity
Q tip = ultimate tip resistance
Qside = ultimate side resistance
Ultimate tip resistance:
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 26
DESIGN BASIS
φ Nq Nq
(Internal friction) (Displacement pile) (Non‐Displacement pile)
26 11.0 5.6
28 15.2 7.6
30 21.0 10.3
31 24.6 12.1
32 29.1 14.2
33 34.5 16.9
34 41.3 20.3
35 49.9 24.6
36 60.9 30.1
37 75.0 37.1
38 93.0 46.1
39 116.1 57.7
40 145.4 72.3
Bearing Capacity Factor, Nc
z/B Nc
(Depth/Width)
0 6.3
1 7.8
2 8.4
3 8.8
4 9
>4 9
Ultimate side resistance:
Q side = Σ Sf Pi ∆l = Σ (f0 + Ca) Pi ∆l
Where Sf = side resistance
f0 = skin friction of cohesionless soil Ca
= adhesion of cohesive soil
Pi = Perimeter of pile section
∆l = segment of pile
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 27
DESIGN BASIS
Skin friction of cohesionless soil:
f0 = Sh tan(δ) = Kdown ∙ Sv ∙ tan(δ)
Where:
Sh = Kdown * Sv
Sv = vertical stress in soil
Sh = horizontal stress in soil
Kdown = ratio of Sh/Sv
δ = skin friction between soil and pile. It is a function of pile skin materials. For steel pile,
δ = 20o‐30o. For concrete pile, δ = Kf φ. Kf is friction factor ranging from 0.1 to 1.
Adhesion of cohesive soil:
Ca = Kc ∙ Ka ∙ C
Where C = shear strength of cohesive soil (cohesion)
Kc = adhesion factor ranging from 0.1 to 1
Ka = Adhesion ratio, Ca/C, which is a function of C shown in Figure 8‐1.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 28
DESIGN BASIS
Deep foundation shall be selected for the following Process buildings:
1) Biofilters (BAF)
2) Dissolved Air Floatation (DAF)
3) Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis (UF/RO)
4) Chemical building A
5) Sludge and raw water
6) Control Building
7) Generation room
8) Treated water tanks
Pile capacities (allowable axial, uplift, and lateral) were calculated for the BAF structure
considering 1500mm cast‐in‐place bored piles. Capacities for other structures will be provided
progressively in the next update of the design basis.
The following tables provide the summary of computed pile capacities considering the non‐
liquefaction, and liquefaction cases.
For the calculation of lateral capacities, fixed and free‐head conditions were considered, and a
tolerable vertical and lateral displacement of 25 mm.
To obtain the allowable pile service capacities, a factor of safety of 2.5 was adopted for axial
downward and 2.5 for the uplift. Ultimate capacities will be utilized for the seismic cases.
Estimated pile penetrations are reckoned from the existing ground level (EGL) / top of
boreholes.
PILE ANALYISIS RESULTS
Non‐liquefied Case
Pile
Pile Axial Pile Lateral
Axial Lateral
Allowable Load Ultimate Load
Pile Load Capacity
Borehole Pile Head Diameter Axial (Service Axial (Service
Length (Service (Allow. =
No. Condition Capacity Load w/ Capacity Load w/
Load 25mm)
EQ) EQ)
w/o EQ)
mm m kN kN kN kN kN kN
Free 1500 36 5957.94 6130 7777.94 15340 842.64 850
3
Fixed 1500 36 5957.94 6130 7777.94 15340 842.64 2200
Free 1500 35 5957.94 6315 7777.94 15790 842.64 540
1
Fixed 1500 35 5957.94 6315 7777.94 15790 842.64 1505
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 29
DESIGN BASIS
Liquefied Case (No lateral spreading)
Pile
Axial Pile Axial Pile Lateral
Lateral
Load Allowable Load Ultimate Load
Pile Capacity
Borehole Pile Head Diameter (Service Axial (Service Axial (Service
Length (Allow. =
No. Condition Load Capacity Load w/ Capacity Load w/
25mm)
w/o EQ) EQ)
EQ)
mm m kN kN kN kN kN kN
Free 1500 36 5957.94 6030 7777.94 15090 842.64 675
3
Fixed 1500 36 5957.94 6030 7777.94 15090 842.64 2000
Free 1500 36 5957.94 6055 7777.94 15140 842.64 470
1
Fixed 1500 36 5957.94 6055 7777.94 15140 842.64 1055
Will provide discussion and information in ASAP. Currently compiling and answering this item
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 30
DESIGN BASIS
Concrete compressive Modulus of
Structure Class /Type
strength elasticity
Biofilters (BAF), Dissolved Air Type II or Type I 35 MPa 27805 MPa
Filtration (DAF), Sludge and raw Modified.
water building, Box Culvert, Sulfate resistant
Ultrafiltration and Reverse
Osmosis (UF/RO), Chemical
building A, Water tank pads,
Automatic screens Intake,
Chemical building B
Generation room, Substation, Type I 35 MPa 27805 MPa
Product pumping station, Guard
house, Control Building
Concrete sheet piles 40 MPa 29725 MPa
Bored piles Type II or Type I 31 MPa 26168 MPa
Modified.
Sulfate resistant
Blinding concrete Type I 17.25 MPa 19520 MPa
All reinforcing steel bars follow ASTM A615 standard and conforming the requirements of 21.1.5.2
of ACI 318. The actual yield strength (fy) based on mill tests must not exceed by more than 125 MPa
and the ratio of the actual tensile strength to the actual yield strength must not be less than 1.25.
Yield strength of reinforcing bars with diameter 16 mm and above shall be 414 MPa and yield
strength of bars with diameter 12 mm and below shall be 276 MPa.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 31
DESIGN BASIS
5.1.3. PRESTRESSING STEEL
Prestressing Steel shall be seven‐wire uncoated low‐relaxation strands and conforming to AASHTO
M203 (ASTM A416) with minimum ultimate strength of Fu = 1862 MPa (270,000 psi). Prestressing
steel shall be free from kinks, notches and other imperfection that will tend to weaken its strength
or it’s bonding properties with concrete. The Manufacturer shall furnish stress‐strain test certifying
the physical properties of the prestressing steel delivered to the site. Certification shall be in
accordance with the latest edition of the DPWH Standard Specifications.
5.1.4. ANCHORAGES
Post‐Tension anchorage for bonded tendons shall develop at least 95 percent of the minimum
specified ultimate strength of the prestressing steel tested in an unbounded state without
exceeding anticipated set. Anchorages shall be kept free from mortar, rust, grease, tar, paint, oil,
mud or other concrete coatings which may affect bond with concrete.
Sheaths or ducts shall be approved by the Engineer and shall be strong enough to withstand the
placing and the vibration of the concrete without suffering any damage or deformation. The
sheaths or ducts shall be mortar‐tight. Steel sheath or duct shall be galvanized or HDPE.
1.1.6.1. Pre‐installed anchor rods or threaded rods shall conform to ASTM A449 or
F1554 standard.
1.1.6.2. For steel to steel connections ASTM A325 or A490 bolts shall be use.
1.1.6.3. Post installed anchor bolts shall have an approved certification for high
seismic use under the extensive testing of ACI 355.2. A certificate and/or
report from International Code Council Evaluation Service (ICC‐ES) from the
manufacturer/supplier shall be presented. Post installed anchor bolts
should be prequalified based on the acceptance criteria AC 193 for
mechanical anchors and AC 308 for chemical anchors and adhesives.
1.1.7.1. All welding shall conform to requirements of American Welding Society
(AWS). All welding shall use E70 electrode.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 32
DESIGN BASIS
1.1.7.2. All steel gratings shall be hot dipped galvanized and all GI pipes shall be
painted finish.
Stainless steel grade SS316 shall be used for ladder rungs and rails inside the tank and submerged to
liquid. As it is usually applied in high corrosive environment.
All structural steel shall conform to ASTM A36 or A36M standard with Yield Strength of 248 MPa
and Modulus of Elasticity of 200 GPa
All Cold‐formed steel members shall conform to ASTM A500 standard with Yield strength of 230
MPa and Modulus of Elasticity of 200 GPa
5.1.11. MASONRY
Non load bearing hollow blocks shall have a minimum compressive strength of 4.48 MPa
conforming to ASTM C129 and load bearing hollow blocks shall have a minimum compressive
strength of 8.28 MPa conforming to ASTM C90. Minimum compressive strength of grout shall be
17.60 MPa
Material Density
3
Reinforced Concrete 24.00 kN/m
Steel 77.00 kN/m3
Water (Liquid) 9.81 kN/m3
Soil 18.00 kN/m3
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 33
DESIGN BASIS
5.3. MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER
Member Minimum concrete clear cover
Cast‐in place concrete members
Concrete cast against and 75 mm
permanently exposed to earth
Concrete exposed to earth, liquid,
weather, or bearing on work mat or 50 mm
slabs supporting earth
Walls 50 mm
Top of footing and base slabs, formed 50 mm
surface and sides
Precast concrete members and prestressed concrete members
Concrete exposed to earth, liquid,
weather, or bearing on work mat or 40 mm
slabs supporting earth
Walls 40 mm
Minimum amount of reinforcement (As / bd)
Member
276 MPa 414 MPa
Columns 0.010 0.010
Slabs 0.006 0.005
Walls (vertical reinforcement) 0.003 0.003
Walls (Horizontal reinforcement) 0.006 0.005
Beams Based on minimum reinforcement of flexural
members
Design loading plan or civil reference drawings will be provided showing the dead load,
superimposed dead loads and live loads and equipment loads for each level of the structures
together with the structural calculation.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 34
DESIGN BASIS
5.5.1. DEAD LOADS
Dead loads are the weight of the material and components of the structure itself.
Superimposed dead loads are weights permanently attached to the structure or member such as
floor finishes, toppings, ceilings, mechanical ducts, electrical ducts, plumbing, movable partitions,
non‐load bearing hollow blocks and dry walls. Superimposed dead loads shall be loaded to the
member or structure according to the applicability and presence of the loads. Superimposed loads
from pipes including its supports and contents will also be shown in the loading plan provided
together with the structural calculation.
Description SDL
Load per square meter on plan
Floor finish/topping, ceramic or quarry tile (20mm), on 25mm mortar bed) 1.10 kPa
Ceiling and accessories, suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster 0.48 kPa
Roofing (long span corrugated sheet) 0.12 kPa
3
Roof insulation (Rockwool 32 kg/m ) 0.016 kPa
Mechanical/ electrical/plumbing allowance (at control building only) 0.40 kPa
‐For the main process building, SDL for pipes will be shown on loading plan
Movable partition 1.00 kPa
Load per square meter on elevation
CHB 150 mm, 19.6 kN/m3 (including plaster) 3.30 kPa
3
CHB 100 mm, 19.6 kN/m (including plaster) 3.17 kPa
Dry walls, Wood studs 50x100, plastered two sides 1.00 kPa
Equipment loads are the weight from mechanical and electrical equipment such us Blowers, Pumps,
Storage tanks, electrical panels and lifting systems like overhead cranes or mobile cranes if any. All
loads coming from equipment weights will be included in the civil reference drawing and to be
submitted together with the structural calculation. In case equipment weight is not available from
the time of analysis, the designer will conservatively assume a weight for certain equipment.
Equipment loads are usually loaded together with superimposed dead loads (SDL)
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 35
DESIGN BASIS
5.5.4. LIVE LOADS
Live loads are considered to be the loads that change over time, such as occupancy loads,
maintenance loads, movable objects.
Description LL
Office use 2.40 kPa
Maintenance loads 2.40 kPa
Roof live load (not accessible) 0.60 kPa
Roof deck 2.40 kPa
Construction live loads (workers) 1.20 kPa
Assembly area and exit facilities 4.80 kPa
Spare parts storage 12.0 kPa
Cat walk for maintenance 1.90 kPa
Traffic surcharge loads is equal to the load equivalent to 0.61 m height of soil equal to 11.96 kPa as
recommended in the AASHTO code. For the operation and maintenance works, mobile crane will be
used with a capacity of 80 to 100 tons. Since the crane loads will only imposed point loads on the
soil and will induced loads on a specific part of the wall and during maintenance only. The
recommendation from AASHTO will govern and to be use in the design. Soil loads and/or surchage
loads shall be considered as earth pressure loads (H) in the design.
Wind loads shall be considered in the design using the provision of NSCP 2010. General parameters
are shown below.
Wind zone II
Basic wind speed 200 kph
Importance factor 1.15
Exposure category C
Topographic factor, Kzt 1
Gust effect factor 0.85
Internal pressure coefficient NSCP Figure 207‐5
External pressure coefficient NSCP Section 207.5.11.2 or 207.5.11.3
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 36
DESIGN BASIS
5.5.7. EARTHQUAKE LOADS
Earthquake loads shall be considered in the design using the provision of ACI 350‐06 and ACI 350.3‐
06 for water retaining structure and. ASCE 2010 for building structures. See section 4.1.3 for the
discussion and analysis of earthquake loads.
The importance factor to be use in the design is 1.50
The seismic design category F is to be adopted.
Response modification
Structure Overstrength factor, Ω
coefficient, R
Water retaining structure
BAF, DAF, Sludge, chemical building A, Ri = 2.0
‐
Rc = 1.0
Underground tank of UF/RO Ri = 3.0
‐
Rc = 1.0
Building structure
Concrete building structure (SMRF)
8.0 3.0
‐ Control building, Generation room
Steel building structure
‐ UF/RO superstructure, Chemical bldg. B 6.0 2.0
‐ Steel special concentrically braced
frame 8.0 3.0
‐ Steel special moment frame
Note: framing system shall be verify during
the detailed design.
Hydrostatic loads shall be considered in the design using the provision of ACI 350‐06 and ACI 350.3‐
06 for water retaining structures. Hydrostatic loads are from liquid pressures. Civil reference
drawing or loading plan will be provided showing liquid levels and loading pattern conditions during
leak test. Several loading patterns will be considered in the design.
o Load pattern 1: Tank is full of liquid
o Load pattern 2: Tank is filled with liquid on every other chamber (alternate liquid on the
chambers).
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 37
DESIGN BASIS
5.5.9. HYDRODYNAMIC LOADS
Hydrodynamic loads, such as impulsive and convective component of liquid shall be considered in
the design using the provision of ACI 350‐06 and ACI 350.3‐06 for water retaining structures. When
ground water is present hydrodynamic pressure from ground water will also be considered.
Earth pressure loads shall be considered in the design using the provision of ACI 350‐06 and ACI
350.3‐06 for water retaining structures and NSCP 2010 or NSCP Vol. 2 1997 for building structures.
Rankine theory or Coulomb theory will be used to compute the lateral earth pressure for active,
passive soil at rest condition.
Dynamic soil loads shall be considered in the design using the Mononobe‐Okabe analysis as
recommended in NSCP Vol. 2 1997. The following parameters will be used in the design.
o Acceleration coefficient, A = 0.51g
o Horizontal acceleration coefficient, kh = 0.5A
o Vertical acceleration coefficient, kv = 0.35kh
Information for the maximum and minimum temperature were found in the PAGASA website as
shown below. Using Metro Manila as a reference temperature change was computed by subtracting
the average of maximum temperature and minimum temperature.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 38
DESIGN BASIS
Date May‐16 Jun‐17 Jul‐18 Aug‐19 Sep‐20 Oct‐21
Tmax‐Range Tmax‐Range Tmax‐Range Tmax‐Range Tmax‐Range Tmax‐Range
Tmax‐Avegare 36.0 38.5 33.4 37.6 34.8 36.4 32.4 35.1 32.0 36.2 32.7 38.1
37.25 35.50 35.60 33.75 34.10 35.40
Tmin‐Range Tmin‐Range Tmin‐Range Tmin‐Range Tmin‐Range Tmin‐Range
Tmin‐Avegare 22.9 25.1 22.5 25.2 18.2 25.8 21.3 24.4 22.2 25.2 21.7 25.0
24.00 23.85 22.00 22.85 23.70 23.35
Temperature
13.25 11.65 13.60 10.90 10.40 12.05
Diff.
From the above computation the maximum difference in temperature is 13.60 deg. Celsius.
Temperature loads are to be checked using the following parameters.
Coefficient of thermal expansion of Concrete 5.5x10‐6 per deg. Celsius
Temperature change 13.60 deg. Celsius
Walls and roof slabs exposed to direct sun radiation are to be assessed either utilizing a method of
transferring direct sun radiation into surface temperature or comparing to empirical data obtained
in the Philippines. In case the result leads to a higher value compared to the maximum temperature
difference of 13.6 deg. Celsius computed from PAGASA than the higher value shall be applied.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 39
DESIGN BASIS
The effects of temperature loads shall be added to the effects of other loads in the design of
structural members.
Impact loads shall be considered in the design by increasing equipment weights by 50% as
recommended in NSCP 2010.
Induced loads from the equipment vibration will be mitigated by providing vibration isolator on the
equipment that has a considerable amount of vibration.
Load combination for tank structures are based from the provision of ACI 350‐06 and ACI 350.3‐06.
During leak lest condition a pattern loading on alternate chamber will be done to determine the
maximum stresses on the member.
Legend:
D = Dead Load Pev = Vertical Seismic Load Coefficient
L = Live Load Pi = Impulsive Pressure
H = Hydrostatic, Soil Pressure and Surcharge Pc = Convective Pressure
F = Fluid Pressure Pwy = Inertial Force
BF = Buoyant force Pvy = Hydrodynamic Pressure of liquid
PAE = Dynamic Soil Pressure due to vertical acceleration
Pwd = Dynamic ground water pressure Ekin = Kinematic effect
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 40
DESIGN BASIS
Dead loads Live loads and Surcharge loads
Static Soil Pressure, Static liquid pressure, Ground water pressure, Uplift pressure,
Impulsive pressure at base slab Convective pressure at base slab
NOTE: Loads shown on the figure are for illustration only. Other loads are applied to the structure as shown on the civil
reference or loading plan. For design loadings see section 3.5
Notes:
‐ Horizontal seismic load effect shall be comnided using SRSS method, Py = E.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 41
DESIGN BASIS
Case 1
Case 2
‐ Vertical seismic load effect shall be the dead load plus or minus the factor PEV
Service Load Combination Factored Load Combination
S1: D + F (Tank Full) F1: 1.4 ( D + F ) (Tank Full)
S2: D + H (Tank Empty) F2: 1.2D + 1.6H (Tank Empty)
S3: D + L + F + H F3: 1.2 ( D + F ) + 1.6 ( L + H )
S4: D + 0.7E + F + H F4: 1.2D + 0.5L
S5: D + 0.75L + 0.75 ( 0.7E ) + F + H F5: 0.9D + 1.2F + 1.6H
S6: 0.6D + 0.7E + 0.6F + 0.6H F6: ( 1.2 + PEV ) D + 1.2F + 1.0E + 1.6H + 0.5L
S7: D + 1.5BF (Floatation check) F7: ( 0.9 ‐ PEV ) D + 1.2F + 1.0E + 1.6H
F8: 0.9D + 2.0BF (Floatation check)
Note: H shall be reduced to 0.6 where H reduces the effect of D, L, F
The effects of temperature loads shall be added to the service load combination with a
factor of 1.0. For factored load combination, the effects of temperature is not critical.
Since the combination with earthquake will govern in the design.
Load combination for tank structures are based from the provision of ACI 350‐06 and ACI 350.3‐06.
Legend: ρ = Redundancy Factor = 1.3
D = Dead Load Ωo = Overstrength Factor = See 3.5.7
L = Live Load EQX = Earthquake load at X direction
Lr = Roof Live Load EQZ = Earthquake load at Z direction
W = Wind Load
SDS = Design Spectral Response Acceleration
Parameter at Short Periods
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 42
DESIGN BASIS
Orthogonal effects
ORTHO1 : ρ ( 1.0 EQX + 0.3 EQZ ) ORTHO11 : Ωo ( 1.0 EQX + 0.3 EQZ )
ORTHO2 : ρ ( 1.0 EQX ‐ 0.3 EQZ ) ORTHO12 : Ωo ( 1.0 EQX ‐ 0.3 EQZ )
ORTHO3 : ρ ( ‐1.0 EQX + 0.3 EQZ ) ORTHO13 : Ωo ( ‐1.0 EQX + 0.3 EQZ )
ORTHO4 : ρ ( ‐1.0 EQX ‐ 0.3 EQZ ) ORTHO14 : Ωo ( ‐1.0 EQX ‐ 0.3 EQZ )
ORTHO5 : ρ ( 0.3 EQX + 1.0 EQZ ) ORTHO15 : Ωo ( 0.3 EQX + 1.0 EQZ )
ORTHO6 : ρ ( 0.3 EQX ‐ 1.0 EQZ ) ORTHO16 : Ωo ( 0.3 EQX ‐ 1.0 EQZ )
ORTHO7 : ρ ( ‐0.3 EQX + 1.0 EQZ ) ORTHO17 : Ωo ( ‐0.3 EQX + 1.0 EQZ )
ORTHO8 : ρ ( ‐0.3 EQX ‐ 1.0 EQZ ) ORTHO18 : Ωo ( ‐0.3 EQX ‐ 1.0 EQZ )
Service Load Combination Factored Load Combination
S1: D + L F1: 1.4D
S2: D + Lr F2: 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
S3: D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr F3: 1.2D + L + 1.6Lr
S4: D + 0.6W F4: 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.5W
S5: D + 0.75L + 0.45W + 0.75Lr F5: 1.2D + W + L + 0.5 Lr
S6: 0.6D + 0.6W F6: 0.9D + W
S7: (1.0 + 0.14SDS)D + 0.7(ORTHO1 to F7: (1.2 + 0.20SDS)D + L + (ORTHO1 to ORTHO 8)
ORTHO 8)
S8: (1.0 + 0.10SDS)D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr + F8: (0.9 ‐ 0.20SDS)D + L + (ORTHO1 to ORTHO 8)
0.525(ORTHO1 to ORTHO 8)
S9: (0.6 ‐ 0.14SDS)D + 0.7(ORTHO1 to F9: (1.2 + 0.20SDS)D + L + (ORTHO1 to ORTHO 8)
ORTHO 8)
S10: (1.0 + 0.14SDS)D + 0.7(ORTHO1 to F10: (0.9 ‐ 0.20SDS)D + L + (ORTHO1 to ORTHO 8)
ORTHO 8)
S11: (1.0 + 0.10SDS)D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr +
0.525(ORTHO1 to ORTHO 8)
S12: (0.6 ‐ 0.14SDS)D + 0.7(ORTHO1 to
ORTHO 8)
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 43
DESIGN BASIS
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 44
DESIGN BASIS
backfill and, with backfill and tank empty. Other load combinations are discussed in
section 3.6.1 of this document.
4C. STAADpro modelling and Analysis – All the geometrical information from civil reference
drawing and loading are entered to the STAAD program. See section 4.1.2 for structural
analysis model description.
4D. Design of Walls – The walls are designed using the provision of ACI‐350‐06
a. Design of vertical bars – The vertical bars are designed as a normal reinforced
concrete. Rebar stress at service level should be less than the maximum permissible
stress in rebar. Design moments shall be the maximum factored moments
multiplied by the environmental durability factor, except for load combinations that
include seismic. The required spacing and size of rebar are calculated following
code provisions. The rebar area and spacing should not be less than the
requirement for temperature reinforcement.
b. Horizontal prestressing arises from the requirement that precast vertical joints shall
be under full compression even after service load combinations. The wall being
unrestrained from the foundation mat assures transfer of prestress forces. Material
specifications used in the analysis is listed below. These parameters are used to
compute forces and losses that may occur during construction and service stages.
Table 1: Material Specifications
Prestressing Steel conforming to ASTM A416
Ultimate Strength (G270), fpu fpu 1860.00 MPa
Yield Strength (G270) , fps 0.85 fpu 1581.00 MPa
Jacking Force 0.75 fpu 1395.00 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity Eps 195000 MPa
Area of 12.70mmø HTS Aps 98.71 mm2
Stress Immediately after seating 0.7 fpu 1302.00 MPa
Stress at the End of Anchorage Influence Zone 0.83 fps 1312.23 MPa
Anchor Set 6 mm
Relative Humidity 80%
Using Ungalvanized strand and galvanized metal sheating
Friction wobble coefficient per meter of prestressing steel k 0.005 Per m
Friction Curvature coefficient μ 0.25
Stressing Jack
C250 Stressing Jack 380.00 mm2
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 45
DESIGN BASIS
Design Method
Initial Stage ‐ Construction
During Initial stages, the walls are analyzed for loads considering effects of pre‐
stressing alone. Appropriate boundary conditions (free sliding) at the time of
application of prestressing shall be used in the analysis. Hyperstatic actions
developed as a consequence of the restraints provided by transverse walls and
eccentricities due to construction errors are included in computing the net stresses
together with the reduced prestress forces considering short term losses described
below.
Short Term Losses
Short term prestress losses that occur during prestressing of tendons and transfer
of prestress to concrete
a.) Friction Loss
b.) Anchorage Set Loss
c.) Elastic Shortening of Concrete
Final Stage ‐ Service Condition
At service conditions, the wall shall be analyzed for the various load cases set forth
in section 3.6 (S1 to S7) including hyperstatic actions and temperature effects. The
effective prestressing forces shall be reduced considering the total losses (short
term + time dependent). The horizontal tendons assures the vertical cross section
on both cast in situ and precast element to be under full compression. Time
dependent losses are listed below. The required number of tendon is such that the
net stresses will not induce tension on the wall.
Time dependent Losses
Long term losses occur during service life of structure.
a.) Creep of Concrete
b.) Shrinkage of Concrete
c.) Relaxation of Prestressing Steel
Ultimate capacities are analyzed using strain compatibility approach. Limit on
strains on concrete and steel when calculating capacities are based on ACI 318‐08.
Factored loads set forth in Section 3.6 (F1 to F8) combined with unfactored
hyperstatic actions shall be less than ultimate capacities. Stress in the prestressing
steel are determined using the idealized stress‐strain equations presented below.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 46
DESIGN BASIS
Allowable Stresses
Service load stresses shall be limited to provide protection against leakage in and
out of tank and against corrosion of reinforcement. The allowable stresses in the
wall shall be as follows:
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 47
DESIGN BASIS
Table 2: Design Stresses
Allowable concrete stresses
After transfer of prestress (before time‐dependent loss)
Extreme fiber stress in compression, fc 0.55f`ci MPa
Extreme fiber stress in tension, ft 0 MPa
Service load condition (after time dependent losses)
Extreme fiber stress in compression due to prestress plus sustained load, fc 0.45f`c MPa
Extreme fiber stress in compression due to prestress plus total load, fc 0.60f`c MPa
Extreme fiber stress in tension due to prestress plus total load, ft 0 MPa
c. Design of shear bars ‐ Shear reinforcement are provided when the shear capacity of
concrete is not enough to carry the factored load from the analysis. Environmental
durability factor is multiplied with the excess shear forces (factored) carried by the
shear reinforcement except for combinations that includes seismic. The resulting
shear forces are use in the design of shear reinforcement. Maximum permissible
stress on rebar for shear is equal to 138 MPa.
4E. Design of Slab – The walls are design using the provision of ACI‐350‐06
a. Design of Top and bottom bars – The top and bottom bars are designed as a normal
reinforced concrete. Rebar stresses at service level should be less than the
maximum permissible stress in rebar. Design moments shall be the maximum
factored moments multiplied by the environmental durability factor, except for
load combinations that include seismic. The required spacing and size of rebar are
then calculated following code provisions. The rebar area and spacing should not be
less than the requirement for temperature reinforcement. Top slabs and roof
beams are not considered as propped support in the design.
b. Design of shear bars ‐ Shear reinforcement are provided when the shear capacity of
concrete are not enough to carry the factored load from the analysis.
Environmental durability factor is multiplied by the excess shear forces (factored)
carried by the shear reinforcement except for combinations that includes seismic.
The resulting shear forces are use in the design of shear reinforcement. Maximum
permissible stress on rebar for shear is equal to 138 MPa.
c. Design for punching shear – Punching shear requirements are checked in bored pile
and column location. Concrete shall carry the punching forces induced by the
factored load combination. The thickness of slab is increased to satisfy these
requirements.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 48
DESIGN BASIS
4F. Design of slab to wall connection – The wall panels embedded to the bottom slabs have
dowels to develop the vertical reinforcement from walls and to connect the top and
bottom slab reinforcement. The face of the wall that will be embedded to the slab will be
intentionally roughened to full amplitude based on ACI 318. Additional shear friction
reinforcement are added to ensure rigid connection. Reinforced concrete wall footing
directly below the walls are designed to provide temporary support for the wall panels
during construction. Bentonite strips or PVC water stops are also provided to ensure
water tightness on the top of foundation slab. Sufficient clear covering of 150 mm on
bottom slab, is provided to prevent corrosion of bottom bars.
The additional shear reinforcement are designed to the following forces.
‐ Out of plane shear from the bottom slab
‐ In plane shear from the wall
‐ The two forces are combined using SRSS
PERIMETER WALL TO SLAB CONNECTION DETAIL
Note:
‐ Thickness and SSL of the blinding layer will be strictly monitored, since this will play a
major role in the final top‐of‐wall elevations.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 49
DESIGN BASIS
INTERNAL WALL TO SLAB CONNECTION DETAIL
4G. Design of wall to wall connection (concrete stiches) – The face of the wall that are
connected to the cast‐in place portion will be intentionally roughened to full amplitude
based on ACI 318. Design force considered on the design of horizontal bars at stiches is
the out‐of‐plane and in plane shear that acts on the connection between the precast
panel and the in‐situ concrete. Note that crack are not expected at the joint or connection
because the concrete is designed to be in compression at service level.
The horizontal reinforcement at stiches are checked to the following forces.
‐ Out of plane shear from the wall at stiches
‐ In plane shear from the wall at stiches
‐ The two forces are combined using SRSS
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 50
DESIGN BASIS
CORNER WALL TO WALL CONNECTION DETAIL
INTERNAL WALL TO WALL CONNECTION DETAIL
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 51
DESIGN BASIS
4H. Design of bored piles – The design size of bored piles will be based on the structural and
geotechnical capacity requirements of the project. The following forces are considered in
the design:
a. Bored pile capacity and determination of pile length are determined using the
allowable and ultimate load combinations and is compared to the allowable and
ultimate pile capacities from Section 2.2.2.
b. Bored pile Size and reinforcement are determined using the ultimate load
combinations. The required number of reinforcement will be designed using the
SPColumn design program and the horizontal spiral reinforcement are design using
the provision of ACI318‐08. Spiral reinforcement requirements are designed using
Chapter 11. Minimum spirals reinforcement shall conform on Section 7.10 and
21.6.4 of the same code.
c. Design forces of bored piles.
i. First the structure will be analyse using the reduced soil springs provided by
the geotechnical consultant to get the earthquake (Hydrodynamic and
Inertial forces) forces from the superstructure.
ii. Second the structure will be analyse applying the kinematic loads on the
piles at the liquefiable layers. The soil springs at liquefiable layers will be
neglected.
iii. Earthquake forces (Hydrodynamic and Inertial forces) from superstructure
and kinematic forces are combined in the following manner:
100% EQ of Superstructure + 30% of Kinematic forces
30% EQ of Superstructure + 100% of Kinematic forces
‐ Design and Construction of Putatan Water Treatment Plant 2, Employers Requirement
‐ Site specific response study provided by the Client.
‐ Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7‐10
‐ National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume 2, 2ND Edition, NSCP 1997
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 52
DESIGN BASIS
‐ Seismic Design of Liquid ‐ Containing Concrete Structures, ACI 350.3‐06
‐ Code Requirements For Environmental Engineering Concrete Structure, ACI 350‐06
STAADpro V8i. is used in the structural modelling. All structures are in 3D model using finite
elements and beam elements. The following are the modelling approach used in the design.
‐ Geometry
o Walls – modelled as plate element
o Beams and Columns – Modelled as beam element
o Slabs – Modelled as plate element
o Bored piles – Modelled as beam element
‐ Properties – Initially the designer will input the assumed thickness and size of the member
from the loading analysis and this will be verified during the analysis. If the assumed
size is larger than what is required in the design, the designer will use the required
size and perform the analysis again until the size used in the model is the same with
the required size of the member.
‐ Materials.
o All concrete materials are assigned to the designed compressive strength.
o Bored piles, walls, slabs assigned as concrete material.
o Beams and columns ‐ either concrete or steel material depending on the civil
reference drawing.
‐ Loadings
o Dead loads, superimposed dead loads, equipment loads, live loads, hydrostatic
loads, ground water loads, fluid(liquid) loads, earthquake loads such as convective
pressure, impulsive pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, inertial force, dynamic soil
and, dynamic ground water are assigned as a primary load cases in the design. The
loads are applied to the plates as a linear distributed and linear varying pressures
on the plate walls and slabs accordingly. Load values are from the loading analysis
done in excel spreadsheet.
o Seismic loads induced by liquefaction are loaded to the bored piles in separate load
case. See section 4.1.5 for the forces due to kinematic effects.
o Earthquake loads (Hydrodynamic and Inertial forces) from superstructure are then
combine using SRSS method In STAAD.
o Earthquake loads (Hydrodynamic and Inertial forces) from superstructure are added
to the seismic loads from bored piles (kinematic effects) using the 100% and 30%
combination and vice versa.
o Load combinations are then created in STAAD as required.
‐ Supports
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 53
DESIGN BASIS
o Soil springs are assigned as support on bored piles. Consideration of the reduced
soil springs due to liquefaction is considered. See section 4.1.4.
‐ Analysis
o After all the modelling is finish, STAAD software is used to analyse the structure.
o Member forces are the extracted in the post processing mode.
Load analysis are done using Excel spreadsheet based on the provisions of ACI 350‐06 and ACI
350.3‐06. Earthquake loads are determined in the following manner.
‐ Determine the geometry of the tank, such as wall dimensions and thickness, height of liquid
inside the tank, height of ground water and soil outside.
‐ Calculate the following dynamic properties using the tank geometry, wall sizes and liquid
heights for Impulsive and convective components.
o Effective mass coefficient
o Flexural stiffness per unit width
o Equivalent weight of stored liquid
o Distances of center of gravity from the base of the wall:
Tank wall / shell
Tank roof
Impulsive force
Convective force
o Mass per unit width of wall, Tank wall and impulsive mass
o Natural period of vibration for Impulsive and convective component, Ti and Tc
respectively.
‐ Calculate SDS and SD1 using the site specific response spectra from section 2.3.1 using the
provision of ASCE/SEI 7‐10, and ACI 350.3‐06
Site specific values of SDS and SD1
5% damped, site specific spectral response acceleration = 0.943
parameter at DBE level at short periods, SDS
5% damped, site specific spectral response acceleration = 1.304
parameter at DBE level, SD1
‐ From the site specific response spectra in section 2.3.1, Determine the SaM and ScM. Since
the only available site specific response spectra is for 5% damping. ScM shall be taken as the
spectral response acceleration corresponding to Tc times 1.5.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 54
DESIGN BASIS
‐ Calculate the site specific seismic response coefficient Ci , Cc and Ct using the values of SaM
and ScM.
‐ Calculate impulsive, convective and inertial force using the governing values of Ci , Cc .
‐ The calculated impulsive, convective and inertial force shall be multiplied by the importance
factor of 1.5 for essential facility and divided by the appropriate response modification
coefficient R.
‐ Calculate the hydrodynamic pressure due to vertical acceleration using the governing value
of Ct. The ratio of vertical to horizontal acceleration of 2/3 shall be use.
‐ Calculate the dynamic soil by Mononobe‐Okabe analysis using the following constants. See
section 3.5.11 for acceleration, kh and kv values.
Generally, significant kinematic loads will be imposed by laterally spreading soil on the pile if a non‐
liquefiable crust is present. Due to the soil and the superstructure having different natural
frequencies, it is anticipated that peak kinematic loads from the laterally spreading soil will not
occur at the same time with peak inertial loads from the superstructure. Combination rules are
specified in codes; Eurocode 8 suggests the use of SRSS (square root of sum of squares) in the same
way this method are used to combine response from different modes in modal analysis. ARUP
however, proposed to use the principle being applied in orthogonality; 100% of kinematic response
will be combined with 30% of inertial response, and vice versa. The more critical response will be
utilized for design.
COMBINATION CASES
CASE1 : ( 1.0 Ekinematic + 0.3 Einertial )
CASE2 : ( 0.3 Ekinematic + 1.0 Einertial )
Environmental durability factor Sd are considered in the design of tank structure using the provision
of ACI‐350‐06. To simply the calculation of Sd a conservative value for the ratio of factored/
unfactored load, γ = 1.4 is assumed.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 55
DESIGN BASIS
6.1.6. CRACK WIDTH LIMITATION
Crack width limitations are considered using the provision of ACI 224R‐01. The maximum crack
width for water retaining structure is 0.10 mm.
2.1.6.1. Uplift / Floatation / Buoyancy
Safety for the effect of uplift / floatation / buoyancy is checked using the load
combination S7 in section 3.6.1 for stability. Structural member capacities are
checked using the load combination F8 in section 3.6.1. The assumed flood level
for the uplift check is the structure height.
2.1.6.2. Settlement
Allowable differential settlement for the structures shall be 25 mm. This values
will be confirmed/verified during the detailed design phase as per the
requirements on the process design.
‐ Design and Construction of Putatan Water Treatment Plant 2, Employers Requirement
‐ Site specific response study provided by the Client.
‐ Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7‐10
‐ National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition, NSCP 2010
‐ National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume 2, 2ND Edition, NSCP 1997
‐ ACI Standard on Building Code Requirements for Structural Design, ACI 318M‐08
‐ AISC Standard Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, AISC 360‐10
‐ Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, AISC 341‐10
STAADpro V8i. is used in the structural modelling. All structures are in 3D model using frame models
and beam elements. The following are the modelling approach used in the design.
‐ Geometry
o Beams and Columns – Modelled as beam element
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 56
DESIGN BASIS
o Bored piles – Modelled as beam element
‐ Properties – Initially the designer will input the assumed thickness and size of the member
from the loading analysis and this will be verified during the analysis. If the assumed
size is larger than what is required in the design, the designer will use the required
size and perform the analysis again until the size used in the model is the same with
the required size of the member.
‐ Specification – Cracked section will be considered. The following reduction on the gross
inertia will be use.
Columns 0.70 Ig
Walls Uncracked 0.70 Ig
Cracked 0.35 Ig
Beams 0.35 Ig
Flat plates and flat slabs 0.70 Ig
‐ Materials.
o All concrete materials are assigned to the designed compressive strength.
o Bored piles, walls, slabs assigned as concrete material.
o Beams and columns ‐ either concrete or steel material depending on the civil
reference drawing.
‐ Loadings
o Dead loads, superimposed dead loads, equipment loads, live loads, earthquake
loads. Load values are from the loading analysis done in excel spreadsheet.
o Seismic loads induced by liquefaction are loaded to the bored piles in separate load
case. See section 4.1.5 for the forces due to kinematic effects.
o Earthquake loads from superstructure are then combine using load combination In
STAAD. Orthogonal effects including redundancy factor and overstrength factor are
considered. See Section 2.6.2
o Earthquake loads from superstructure are added to the seismic loads from bored
piles (kinematic effects) using the 100% and 30% combination and vice versa.
o Load combinations are then created in STAAD as required.
‐ Supports
o Soil springs are assigned as support on bored piles. Consideration of the reduced
soil springs due to liquefaction is considered. See section 4.1.4.
o Fixed support are assigned as a support for shallow foundation of light structures.
‐ Analysis
o After all the modelling is finish, STAAD software is used to analyse the structure.
o Member forces are the extracted in the post processing mode.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 57
DESIGN BASIS
6.2.3. WIND LOAD ANALYSIS
Load analysis are done using Excel spreadsheet based on the provisions of NSCP 2010 and the
parameters provided in section 3.5.6.
Wind loads are applied on the roofing and/or main wind resisting system on wind ward and lee
ward side using tributary area method. Pressures and coefficients are based on the provisions of
NSCP 2010.
Load analysis are done using Excel spreadsheet based on the provisions of ASCE/SEI 7‐10 and ACI
318‐08. Earthquake loads are determined in the following manner.
‐ Generally the earthquake load analysis are done using STAAD response spectrum
capabilities. The following parameters are input in the STAAD:
o Combination method = Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC)
o Spectrum type = Acceleration
o Interpolation type = Linear
o Damping = 0.05
o Spectrum(Period and Acc) = Section 2.3.1
o Direction = Two cases: X and Z direction
o Scale = 9.81 * I / R
Note:
‐ Scale is multiplied to I / R in order to incorporate the importance factor (I = 1.5) and
Response modification factor (R = See section 3.5.7).
‐ Vertical earthquake effects are to be added as a factor of dead load in the load
combination. Vertical earthquake effects = 0.2 SDS
‐ Seismic forces are combined using the load combinations provided in section 3.6.2
2.2.1.1. Horizontal Structural irregularities is checked based from Table 13.3‐1 of
ASCE/SEI 7‐10
2.2.1.2. Vertical Structural irregularities is checked based from Table 13.3‐2 of
ASCE/SEI 7‐10
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 58
DESIGN BASIS
6.2.6. SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
2.2.2.1. SMRF RC Structures – Shall follow the requirements of Chapter 21 of ACI
318‐08.
2.2.2.1.1. Joint Shear Check – Shall conform to the provision of Chapter 21.7
of ACI 318‐08 Joints of special moment frames.
2.2.2.1.2. Strong Column‐Weak Beam Check ‐ Shall conform to the provision
of Chapter 21.6.2 of ACI 318‐08 Minimum flexural strength of columns.
2.2.2.2. Steel Structures – Shall follow the requirements of AISC 360‐10 and AISC
341‐10 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. Special Moment Frames
shall conform to Section E3 of AISC 341‐10 and for Steel special concentrically
braced frame shall follow the requirements of Section F2 of AISC 341‐10.
2.2.3.1. Deflection Criteria – Shall follow the requirements of Chapter 9.5 of ACI
318‐08. Including the long‐term deflection consideration of section 9.5.2
Maximum permissible computed deflection
‐ Immediate deflection due to live load = L/360
‐ Sum of long‐term deflection due to all sustained loads and immediate
deflection due to any additional live load = L/240
2.2.3.2. Drift Limitation
‐ Earthquake drift ‐ Shall follow the requirements of Chapter 12.12 of
ASCE/SEI 7‐10. Allowable story drift, Δa shall be equal to 0.010hsx as defined
in Table 12.12‐1 of ASCE/SEI 7‐10. Where hsx is equal to the story height
below level x.
‐ Wind drift – shall be 1/500 of the building or story height.
2.2.3.3. For Moment frame structures story drift limit shall not exceed, Δa/ρ for any
story.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 59
DESIGN BASIS
The minimum cement content per cubic meter of concrete are the following:
Concrete Compressive Strength Minimum Weight of Cement (kg)
13.80 MPa (2000 psi) 280 kg
17.25 MPa (2500 psi) 320 kg
20.70 MPa (3000 psi) 360 kg
28.00 MPa (4000 psi) 400 kg
35.00 MPa (5000 psi) 440 kg
41.40 MPa (6000 psi) 480 kg
Cement to be used in the concrete mix for water retaining structures shall be Type I OPC with C3A
(tricalcium aluminate) content of 8% maximum and Pozzolan (Fly Ash) of not exceeding 25% by
weight of Type I cement, Moderate Sulfate resistant. For non‐water retaining structures cement
Type I shall be used.
Maximum water cement ratio for water retaining structures shall not exceed 0.42 and for non‐
water retaining structures it shall not exceed 0.45.
7.4. AGGREGATES
For water retaining and building structures, the maximum size of aggregate shall be 3/4 inch. For
concreting on pavement maximum of 1 inch is used.
Concrete are ensured to be sulphate resistant following the water cement ratio and cement type
for water retaining structures.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 60
DESIGN BASIS
8. CIVIL
The proposed construction site has a total lot area of about 7500 square meter. Since almost the
whole area will be occupied by vertical structures needed for the proposed treatment plant, the
only portion that needs to be considered for site grading will be along the roadway only.
The site grading will be based on the proposed finish floor level of the structures along the road and
the site should be graded in order to facilitate the flow of surface runoff. Grade all areas to drain
water away from structures. Initial data gathered indicates that the outfall is located at the north‐
eastern side therefore the grading shall be designed match with this situation.
The road is not that complex in order to be designed as that of a highway. It does not even
categorized to the lowest level of road network. The design of the road does not need to conform
to any design criteria set by any codes or manual. Just for the purpose of providing access to service
the plant operation, the primary concern is the movement of the vehicle servicing the area. Thus,
the recommended design parameters are the following:
4.2.1.1. Design Vehicle – The anticipated large vehicle to the facility is a three (3)
axle heavy goods truck as shown below.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 61
DESIGN BASIS
4.2.1.2. Typical Cross Section – Though the width of the design vehicle is 2.60m, the
overall carriageway width will be set to 5.0m. This is to cater light vehicles in a 1‐
way opposite direction for them to flow smoothly in the assumption that they
are the frequent user of the road.
Curb and gutter are to be provided to facilitate the flow of runoff into the water
inlet.
The desirable sidewalk width is 1.50m where applicable. Sidewalk is not
necessary for this project and can only be provided where there is enough space
to accommodate it.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 62
DESIGN BASIS
4.2.1.3. Design Speed – The maximum design speed shall be limited to 25KPH only.
4.2.1.4. Superelevation – A 2.0% cross slope will be carried out all throughout the
road.
4.2.1.5. Horizontal Alignment – Since the space provided for the road is constricted
by the proposed structure in the area, the geometric requirements of standard
road cannot be applied. However, the geometry shall be checked specially on
curves so that it can accommodate the required turning movement of the design
vehicle. A swept path analysis shall be done for checking.
4.2.1.6. Vertical Alignment – The design profile of the road is dictated by the
surrounding proposed structures. Whenever possible, a minimum of 0.30%
gradient shall be used.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 63
DESIGN BASIS
8.2.2. MATERIALS
Material Location
1. Earthworks All areas affected by earthwork.
a. General site fill and embankment material shall
be free of debris, roots, wood, scrap material,
vegetative matter, soft unsound particles,
deleterious, or objectionable materials.
b. Topsoil shall be free of sub‐soil, stumps, rocks
larger than 25mm dia., brush, weeds, toxic
substances, and other substance detrimental to
plant growth.
2. Clearing and grubbing All areas to be cleared.
a. Clearing shall consist of the filling, trimming, and
cutting of trees into sections and the satisfactory
disposal of the trees and other vegetation
designated for removal, including down timber,
snags, brush, and rubbing including down
timber, snags, brush, and rubbing occurring in
the areas to be cleared.
b. Grubbing shall consist of the removal and
disposal of stumps, roots larger than 75mm dia.,
and matted roots from designated grabbing
areas.
8.2.3. JOINTS
Joints shall be constructed of the type and dimensions, and at the locations required by the Plans or
Special Provisions. All joints shall be protected from the intrusion of injurious foreign material until
sealed. Such joints are: Longitudinal Joint, Transverse Expansion Joint, Transverse Contraction Joint/
Weakened Joint, and Transverse Construction Joint.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 64
DESIGN BASIS
8.2.4. CONCRETE STRENGTH
Material Location
1. Concrete shall have the following compressive
strengths:
a. 25 MPa (3,500psi) at 28 days cylinder a. slab‐on‐fill/grade, bedded slabs,
compressive strength sidewalks, and pavements,
b. dd manholes and other sanitary
structures
2. Aggregates shall be clean, washed, graded crushed All cast‐in‐place concrete mixtures.
stones conforming to ASTM C33.
3. Sand shall be river sand, clean and washed, All cast‐in place concrete mixtures.
conforming to ASTM C778‐12.
4. Portland cement, Type 1, shall conform to ASTM All cast‐in‐place concrete mixtures.
C150.
5. Form works for reinforced concrete works
a. Wood, oiled a. For surfaces exposed to view in
b. Type I, grade A or better surfaces plywood, oiled the finished structure.
/ steel b. For surfaces requiring smooth
finish.
6. Reinforced steel bars shall be weldable and shall
comply with ASTM A‐615; with minimum yield
strength of:
a. 276 MPa (Gr. 40) c. For 12 mm and smaller bars.
b. 414 MPa (Gr. 60) d. For 16 mm and larger bars
8.2.5. CROSSFALL
A 2.0% cross slope will be carried out all throughout the road.
Whenever applicable, side slope on cut and fill are 1.5H:1V and 2H:1V respectively.
8.2.7. PAVEMENT
The minimum road pavement is 230mm thick laid on 200mm thick aggregate sub‐base course.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 65
DESIGN BASIS
8.2.8. SIDEWALKS
The space for the road in this project is very constricted that it is only enough to accommodate the
carriageway and the curb and gutter so sidewalk will unlikely be provided. Just in case sidewalks are
to be provided, it shall confirm with the requirements stated in section 2.1.b and also in the table
above
8.2.9. MANHOLES
See table above on section 2.1.3.
In order to verify that the road layout can accommodate the movement of the design vehicle, it
must be checked using swept path analysis using auto turn or any applicable method of checking. A
three (3) axle heavy goods truck shall be used as design vehicle.
‐ This should be done during the early stages of the design and the results be agreed with all
parties to identify limitations on over‐all plant arrangement.
‐ Consideration of vehicular load requirements including crane / truck for maintenance and
operations
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF PUTATAN WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2 66