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Applied Electronics II Chapter One Final Lecture

Feedback amplifiers use negative feedback to improve amplifier performance. Negative feedback reduces gain but increases gain stability, bandwidth, and lowers distortion. There are four basic feedback topologies: voltage-series, current-series, current-shunt, and voltage-shunt. Voltage-series feedback creates high input and low output impedance, making it ideal for voltage amplification. Negative feedback improves amplifiers by reducing gain sensitivity to component variations and increasing signal-to-noise ratio. The amount of feedback is determined by the loop gain, with more feedback provided by higher loop gains.

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254 views

Applied Electronics II Chapter One Final Lecture

Feedback amplifiers use negative feedback to improve amplifier performance. Negative feedback reduces gain but increases gain stability, bandwidth, and lowers distortion. There are four basic feedback topologies: voltage-series, current-series, current-shunt, and voltage-shunt. Voltage-series feedback creates high input and low output impedance, making it ideal for voltage amplification. Negative feedback improves amplifiers by reducing gain sensitivity to component variations and increasing signal-to-noise ratio. The amount of feedback is determined by the loop gain, with more feedback provided by higher loop gains.

Uploaded by

Fanuel Olkeba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied electronics II

Chapter one
Feedback amplifiers
contents
• Introduction of feedback system
• Basic feedback concept
• Sensitivity
• Loop gain and stability of feedback system
• Feedback topologies
1.1 introduction of feedback system
• Feedback is the process where by a portion of the output is returned
to the input to form part of the system excitation.
• In a feedback system, a signal that is proportional to the output is fed
back to the input and combined with the input signal to produce a
desired system response.

Basic configuration of a
feedback amplifier
Basic types of feedback
• There are two basic types of feedback: negative feedback & positive
feedback.
I. Negative feedback: In this case the feedback signal is out of phase
with the input signal. The amplifier introduces a 180 degree phase
shift into the circuit, while the feedback network does not.
 In negative feedback, a portion of the output signal is subtracted from the
input signal.
II. Positive feedback: In this case the feedback signal is in phase with the
amplifier input signal.
 in positive feedback, a portion of the output signal is added to the input signal
Advantages of negative feedback
Negative feedback circuits bring a number of improvements with some
reduction of the gain, among them being:
1 Better stabilized voltage gain: variations in the gain as a result of
change in transistor parameter are reduced by feedback. This reduction
in sensitivity of gain is one of the most attractive features of negative
feedback.
2. Increase in bandwidth: the bandwidth of the circuit that
incorporates negative feedback is larger than the basic amplifier.
Negative feedback continued
3. Reduction of non-linear distortion: negative feedback reduces the
large signal distortion that could arise due to the non-linear response
of the transistor.
4. Minimize noise sensitivity: negative feedback may increase signal to
noise ratio if noise is generated with the feedback loop.
5. Control of impedance level: the input and output impedances can
be increased or decreased using the appropriate type of negative
feedback circuit.
Disadvantage of negative feedback
1. Circuit gain. The overall amplifier gain, with negative feedback, is
reduced
compared to the basic amplifier used in the circuit.
2. Stability. There is a possibility that the feedback circuit may become
unstable (oscillate) at high frequencies.
Ideal closed loop signal gain

• The closed loop transfer function of ideal feedback system (Af)


• Or

• Where T =BA called loop gain


• If the loop gain is large so that BA >> 1 then
Gain Sensitivity
• As previously stated, if the loop gain T = β A is very large, the overall
gain of the feedback amplifier is essentially a function of the feedback
network only. We can quantify this characteristic.
• Assuming β is constant and taking derivative of Af with respect to A
Gain sensitivity continued ……..
• The above Equation shows that the percent change in the closed-loop
gain Af is less than the corresponding percent change in the open-
loop gain A by the factor (1 + β A). The change in open-loop gain may
result from variations in individual transistor parameters in the basic
amplifier.
Basic Topologies of feedback amplifiers:
• There are four basic ways of connecting the feedback signal. Both
voltage and current can be feedback to the input either in series or
parallel. Specifically, there can be:
1. Voltage-series feedback (Fig. 1.2a)
2. Current-series feedback (Fig. 1.2b).
3. Current-shunt feedback (Fig. 1.2c).
4. Voltage-shunt feedback (Fig. 1.2d).
Voltage-series feedback (voltage amplifier)
• The ideal topology
Input impedance
Output impedance
• The output impedance is determined by Appling a voltage V, resulting
a current I, and shorting the input terminal, Vs=0 in the last figure
Reading assignment
I. Current-series feedback
II. Current-shunt feedback
III. Voltage-shunt feedback
Summery on basic feedback topologies
• Effect on input and output impedance
SUMMARY OF EFFECT OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

 Gain reduction
 Change in Input and output impedance
 gain stability
 reduction in frequency distortion
Bandwidth extension

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