WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

STATISTICS AND GRADE

PROBABILITY 11

3
LEARNING QUARTER

MODULE WEEK 6

1
 MODULE IN
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

QUARTER 3
WEEK 6

Sampling and Sampling

Distribution
Development Team

Writers: Jerick S. Paltong Michael G. Calipjo

Ma. Teresa R. Pascual
Editors/Reviewers: Gerson Jeremy C. Antonio Myla Fei Q. Martinez
Gregorio C. Agatep, Jr.
Illustrator: Jeshimon C. Patoc
Layout Artist: Vanessa Miguel
Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Marlyn S. Ventura

2
 What I Need to Know
In this lesson, you will learn how to describe the sampling distribution of the sample
means by computing its means and variance. You will also make a general conclusion
regarding the mean, variance, and shape of the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs)

The learner:
1. finds the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
2. defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean for a normal population when
the variance is: (a) known; (b) unknown

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, the student must be able to:
1. find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means; and
2. define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for a normal population when
the variance is: (a) known; (b) unknown

What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on
a separate sheet of paper.
For numbers 1 and 2, consider the following set of data: 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
1. What is the population variance?
A. 2 B. 2.5 C. 3 D. 3.5

2. What is the population standard deviation?

A. 1.41 B. 2 C. 3.21 D. 4

3. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is less than the population
mean.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is greater than the
population mean.
C. The means of the samples drawn from a population are always equal to the
population mean.
D. The means of the samples drawn from a population may be equal, greater than or
less than the population mean.

3
 4. A certain population has a mean of 15.4 and a standard deviation of 5.6. If the random
samples of size 5 is taken from this population, which of the following statements is
correct?
A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to 15.4.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than 15.4
C. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 5.6
D. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 15.4.

5. How many possible samples of size n = 3 can be drawn from a population of size 12?
A. 36 B. 144 C. 220 D. 1728

6. What is the finite population correction factor if the population size is 250 and the sample
size is 10?
A. 0.96 B. 0.97 C. 0.98 D. 0.99

For numbers 7-10, refer to the problem below.

A teacher gave a 10-point quiz to a small class of four students. Their scores were 2,
5, 7, and 8.

7. What is the population mean?

A. 4.0 B. 4.5 C. 5.0 D. 5.5

8. What is the population variance?

A. 5.0 B. 5.25 C. 5.50 D. 5.75

9. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of means?

A. 4.0 B. 4.5 C. 5.0 D. 5.5

10. How many possible samples of size n = 4 can be drawn from a population of 8?
A. 50 B. 60 C. 70 D. 80

4
 MEAN AND VARIANCE
Lesson
OF THE SAMPLING
1 DISTRIBUTION OF
MEANS

What’s In

ACTIVITY 1. Recall

Find the variance and the standard deviation of the following set of data 1, 4, 6, 8, and 9.
Complete the table below to compute the variance and standard deviation.

𝑿 ̅
𝑿 ̅
𝑿−𝑿 ̅ )𝟐
(𝑿 − 𝑿
1
4
6
8
9

Σ𝑋
Σ𝑋 = ____ 𝑋̅ = Σ(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2 = __
𝑁

= ____

To find the variance, use the formula:

Σ(𝑋−𝑋̅ )2
𝜎2 =
𝑁

where, 𝜎 2 = standard deviation

𝑋 = score or value
𝑁 = number of scores or values
To find the standard deviation, use the formula:

Σ(𝑋−𝑋̅ )2
𝜎=√
𝑁

5
 What’s New

ACTIVITY 2. Mean and Variance of the Probability Distribution

Find the mean and variance of the following probability distribution.
X P(X)
0 0.100
1 0.150
2 0.250
3 0.140
4 0.090
5 0.080
6 0.060
7 0.050
8 0.040
9 0.025
10 0.015

To find the mean, use: Σ[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]

To find the variance, use: 𝜎 2 = Σ[𝑋2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)] − 𝜇2

What is It

Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution of Sample

Example 1.
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2
are drawn from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means.
a. What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
b. Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.

6
 Steps Solution
Σ𝑋
1. Compute mean of the 𝜇=
𝑁
population (𝜇). 1+2+3+4+5
= = 3.00
5

𝑿 𝑿−𝝁 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
2. Compute the variance of 𝚺(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎
the population (𝜎).
Σ(𝑋 − 𝜇)2
𝜎2 =
𝑁
10
=
5

= 2
So, the variance of the population is 2.

Use the formula NCn. Here, N = 5 and n = 2.

3. Determine the number of 5 C2 = 10
possible samples of size
So, there are 10 possible samples of size 2
𝑛 = 2.
that can be drawn.

Samples Mean
1, 2 1.50
1, 3 2.00
1, 4 2.50
4. List all possible samples 1, 5 3.00
and their corresponding 2, 3 2.50
means. 2, 4 3.00
2, 5 3.50
3, 4 3.50
3, 5 4.00
4, 5 4.50

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Sample Probability
̅ Frequency ̅)
Mean 𝑿 P(𝑿
5. Construct the sampling
1
distribution of the sample 1.50 1
means. 10
1
2.00 1
10
1
2.50 2
5

7
 1
3.00 2
5
1
3.50 2
5
1
4.00 1
10
1
4.50 1
10

Total 10 1.00

Sample Probability ̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿

̅)
̅ ̅) 𝑿
Mean 𝑿 P(𝑿
1
1.50 0.15
10
1
2.00 0.20
10
1
2.50 0.50
6. Compute the mean of the 5
sampling distribution of the 1
3.00 0.60
sample means (𝜇𝑋̅ ). Follow 5
these steps: 1
3.50 0.70
a. Multiply the sample 5
mean by the 1
4.00 0.40
corresponding 10
1
probability. 4.50 0.45
10
b. Add the results.
Total 1.00 3.00

𝜇𝑋 = 𝑋̅ ∙ P(𝑋̅)
= 3.00
So, the mean of the sampling distribution
of the sample means is 3.00.

̅) ∙
P(𝑿
7. Compute the variance ̅
𝑿 ̅)
P(𝑿 𝑿- 𝝁 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
(𝑿
(𝜎 2 𝑋̅ ) of the sampling
1
distribution of the sample 1.50 -1.50 2.25 0.225
10
means. Follow these steps: 1
a. Subtract the 2.00 -1.00 1.00 0.100
10
population mean (𝜇) 1
from each sample 2.50 -0.50 0.25 0.050
5
mean (𝑋̅). 1
3.00 0.00 0.00 0.000
Label this as 𝑋̅ − 𝜇. 5
1
3.50 0.50 0.25 0.050
5

8
 b. Square the 1
4.00 1.00 1.00 0.100
difference. Label this 10
as (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 . 1
4.50 1.50 2.25 0.225
c. Multiply the results by 10
the corresponding
Total 1.00 0.750
probability. Label this
asP(𝑋̅) ● (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 .
𝜎 2 𝑋 = Σ𝑃(𝑋̅) ∙ (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2
d. Add the results.
= 0.75
So, the variance of the sampling distribution
is 0.75.

Try to think about the answers to these questions:

a. How do you compare the mean of sample means and the mean of the population?
b. How do you compare the variance of the sample means and the variance of the
population?

Sample Means from a Finite Population

Example 2.

Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 3 are

drawn from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means. What is
the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means? Compare these
values to the mean and variance of the population.

Steps Solution
1. Compute the mean of the population Σ𝑋
𝜇=
𝑁
1+2+3+4+5
=
5
= 3.00
So, the mean of the population is 3.00

2. Compute the variance of the population. 𝑋 𝑋−𝜇 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2

1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
Σ(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 = 10

Σ(𝑋 − 𝜇)2
𝜎2 =
𝑁

9
 10
=
5
=2
So, the variance of the population is 2.

3. Determine the number of possible Use the formula NCn.

sampes of size n =3 Here, N = 5 and n = 3
5C3 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples of size 3
that can be drawn.

4. List all possible samples and their Samples Mean

corresponding means. 1, 2, 3 2.00
1, 2, 4 7
=2.33
3
1, 2, 5 8
3
= 2.67
1, 3, 4 8
=2.67
3
1, 3, 5 3.00
1, 4, 5 10
=3.33
3
2, 3, 4 3.00
2, 3, 5 10
=3.33
3
2, 4, 5 11
=3.67
3
3, 4, 5 4.00

5. Construct the sampling distribution of Sampling Distribution of Sample

the sample means. Means
Sample Frequency Probability
Mean 𝑿̅ 𝑷(𝑿 ̅) ̅)
𝑷(𝑿
2.00 1 1
10
7 1 1
3 10
8 2 1
3 5
3.00 2 1
5
10 2 1
3 5
11 1 1
3 10
4.00 1 1
10
Total 10 1.00

6. Compute the mean of the sampling Sample Probability ̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿

𝑿 ̅)
distribution of the sample means (𝜇𝑋̅ ). ̅
Mean 𝑿 ̅)
𝑷(𝑿
Follow these procedures. 2 1 1
10 5

10
 • Multiply the sample mean by the 7 1 7
3 10 30
corresponding probability.
8 1 8
• Add the results
3 5 15
3 1 3
5 15
10 1 2
3 5 3
11 1 11
3 10 30
4 1 2
10 5
Total 1.00 3.00

𝜇𝑋̅ = 𝑋̅ ∙ 𝑃(𝑋̅)
= 3.00
So, the mean of the sampling distribution of
the sample means is 3.00

7. Compute the variance (𝜎 2 𝑋̅ ) of the 𝑋̅ 𝑃(𝑋̅) 𝑋̅ − 𝜇 (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑋̅)

sampling distribution of the sample ∙ (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2
means. Follow these steps: 2 𝟏 -1 1 𝟏
a) Subtract the population mean (𝜇) from 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
each sample mean (𝑋̅). Label this as 𝟕 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏𝟎
−𝟑 𝟗 𝟒𝟓
𝑋̅ − 𝜇.
𝟖 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
b) Square the difference. Label this as −
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟗 𝟒𝟓
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 . 3 𝟏 0 0.00 0
c) Multiply the results by the 𝟏𝟎
corresponding probability. Label this as 𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑃(𝑋̅) ∙ (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 . 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑 𝟗 𝟒𝟓
d) Add the results. 𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝟗 𝟒𝟓
4 𝟏 1 1 𝟏
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
Total 1.00 𝟏
=𝟎.𝟑𝟑
𝟑

𝜎 2 𝑋̅ = Σ𝑃(𝑋 ̅ − 𝜇)2
̅ ) ∙ (𝑋
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
So, the variance of the sampling distribution of
the sample means is 0.33.

11
 Let us summarize what we have done for the preceding examples by comparing the
means and variances of the population and the sampling distribution of the means.

Example 1 Example 2
Population Sampling Population Sampling
(N = 5) Distribution of (N = 5) Distribution of
the Sample the Sample
Means Means
(n = 2) (n = 2)
Mean 𝜇 = 3.00 𝜇𝑋̅ = 3.00 𝜇 = 3.00 𝜇𝑋̅ = 3.00
2
Variance 𝜎 = 2.00 𝜎 2 𝑋̅ = 0.75 2
𝜎 = 2.00 𝜎 2 𝑋̅ = 0.33
Standard 𝜎 = 1.41 𝜎𝑋̅ = 0.87 𝜎 = 1.41 𝜎𝑋̅ = 0.57
Deviation

Observe that the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is always equal
to the mean of the population. The variance of the sampling distribution is obtained by using
𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛
the formula, 𝜎 2 𝑋̅ = ∙ . This formula holds when the population is finite. The examples
𝑛 𝑁−1
shown in the preceding examples are all finite populations.

A finite population consists of a finite or fixed number of elements, measurements,

or observations, while an infinite population contains, hypothetically at least, infinite
elements.

Describing the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means from an Infinite Population

Example 3:

A population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 5. A random sample of

16 measurements is drawn from this population. Describe the sampling distribution
of the sample means by computing its mean and standard deviation.

We shall assume that the population is infinite.

Steps Solution

Here,
1. Identify the given information.
𝜇 = 60, 𝜎 = 5 and 𝑛 = 16

2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution. 𝜇𝑋̅ = 𝜇

Use the property that 𝜇𝑋̅ = 𝜇. = 60

𝜎
𝜎𝑋̅ =
√𝑛
5
3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling =
𝜎 √16
distribution. Use the property that 𝜎𝑋̅ = . 5
√𝑛 =
4
= 1.25

12
 What’s More

ACTIVITY 3. Know Me More!

Directions: Do what is asked in each number.

Random samples of size 𝑛 = 2 are drawn from a finite population consisting of 5, 6, 7,
8, and 9.
1. Compute the mean 𝜇 , and the variance (𝜎 2 ) of the population.
2. List all samples of size 2 and compute the mean (𝑋̅) for each sample.
Sample Mean

3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

̅
Sample Mean 𝑿 Frequency ̅)
Probability P(𝑿

4. Calculate the mean (𝜇𝑋̅ ) of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Compare this to the mean of the population.
5. Calculate the standard deviation (𝜎𝑋̅ ) of the sampling distribution of the sample
means. Compare this to the standard deviation of the population.

13
 What I Have Learned

We summarize the properties of the sampling distribution below.

Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

If all possible samples of size 𝑛 are drawn from a population of size 𝑁 with mean 𝜇
and variance 𝜎 2 , then the sampling distribution of the sample means has the following
properties:
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to to the
population mean 𝜇. That is, 𝝁𝑿̅ = 𝝁.
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means 𝜎 is given by:
𝝈𝟐 𝑵−𝒏
• 𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = ∙ for finite population, and
𝒏 𝑵−𝟏

𝝈𝟐
• 𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = for infinite population
𝒏

3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
𝝈 𝑵−𝒏 𝑁−𝑛
• 𝝈𝑿̅ = ∙√ for finite population where √ is the finite population
√𝒏 𝑵−𝟏 𝑁−1
correction factor, and
𝝈
• 𝝈𝑿̅ = for infinite population
√𝒏

What I Can Do

Written Works

Directions: Below is a step-by-step procedure in solving the mean and variance of a sampling
distribution of a sample means involving the mean and variance of a discrete
random variable, which is already answered for you. Your job is to check for errors
in each step of the solution. If there are errors, do the following in the table after
the test sample and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper:

1. Identify the errors.

2. Correct the errors.
3. Then explain why your correction is right.

14
ANSWERED TEST WITH ERRORS:

A population consists of the five measurements 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8.

1. Compute the mean 𝜇 , and standard deviation (𝜎) of the population.
2. How many different samples of size n = 4 can be drawn from the population? List
them with their corresponding means.

Step 1:

Σ𝑋
𝜇=
𝑁
1+3+4+6+8
=
4
= 5.5
So, the mean of the population is 5.5

Step 2:

𝑋 𝑋−𝜇 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2
1 -4.5 20.25
3 -2.5 6.25
4 -1.5 2.25
6 0.5 0.25
8 2.5 6.25
Σ(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 =35.25

Σ(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 35.25

𝜎2 = =
𝑁 4
= 8.81
So, the variance of the population is 5.84
Step 3
Determine the number of possible samples of Use the formula NCn.
size n =4 Here, N = 5 and n = 4
5 C4 = 5
So, there are 5 possible samples of size 4
that can be drawn.

Step 4: Samples Mean

List all possible samples and their 1, 3, 4, 6 3.5
corresponding means. 1, 3, 4, 8 4
1, 3, 6, 8 4.5
1, 3, 4, 8 4
3, 4, 6, 8 5.25

15
Step 5: Sampling Distribution of Sample
Construct the sampling distribution of the Means
sample means. Sample Frequency Probability
Mean 𝑿̅ 𝑷(𝑿 ̅) ̅)
𝑷(𝑿
3.5 1 1
5
1
4 1
5
1
4.5 1
5
5.25 2 2
5
Total 5 1.00

Step 6: Sample Probability ̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿

𝑿 ̅)
Compute the mean of the sampling distribution Mean 𝑿̅ ̅)
𝑷(𝑿
of the sample means (𝜇𝑋̅ ). Follow these 3.5 1 1
procedures. 5 5
4 1 7
• Multiply the sample mean by the
5 30
corresponding probability. 1 8
4.5
• Add the results 5 15
5.25 2 3
5 15
Total 1.00 3.00

𝜇𝑋̅ = 𝑋̅ ∙ 𝑃(𝑋̅)
= 5.5
So, the mean of the sampling distribution of
the sample means is 5.5

Step 7: 𝑋̅ 𝑃(𝑋̅) 𝑋̅ − 𝜇 (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 𝑃(𝑋̅)

Compute the variance (𝜎 2𝑋̅ ) of the sampling ∙ (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2
distribution of the sample means. Follow these 3.5 𝟏 -2 4 𝟒
steps: 𝟓 𝟐𝟎
a) Subtract the population mean (𝜇) from 4 𝟏 -1.5 2.25 𝟐
𝟓 𝟐𝟎
each sample mean (𝑋̅). Label this as
4.5 𝟏 −1 1 𝟏
𝑋̅ − 𝜇.
𝟓 𝟓
b) Square the difference. Label this as 5.25 𝟐 -0.25 0.0625 𝟒
(𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 . 𝟓 𝟐𝟎
c) Multiply the results by the Total 1.00 𝟏
=𝟎.𝟎𝟓
corresponding probability. Label this as 𝟐𝟎
𝑃(𝑋̅) ∙ (𝑋̅ − 𝜇)2 .
d) Add the results. 𝜎 2 𝑋̅ = Σ𝑃(𝑋 ̅ − 𝜇)2
̅ ) ∙ (𝑋
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
So, the variance of the sampling distribution of
the sample means is 0.05.

16
 Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully. Select the correct answer among the choices given and
write the letter of your choice. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
For nos. 1 and 2 refer to the problem below.
The heights of male senior students are normally distributed with a mean of 68 inches
and a standard deviation of 3 inches. If 80 samples consisting of 25 students each are
drawn from the population. (Assume that the population is infinite)
1. What would be the expected mean?
A. 60 B. 68 C. 76 D. 84

2. What is the standard deviation?

A. 0.6 B. .68 C. .76 D. .84

3. What is the finite population correction factor if the size of the population is 200
and the sample size is 25?
A. 0.979 B. 0.879 C. 0.938 D. 0.856

4. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is less than the
population mean.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is greater than
the population mean.
C. The means of the samples drawn from a population are always equal to
the population mean.
D. The means of the samples drawn from a population may be equal, greater
than, or less than the population mean.

5. If the sample size is n = 2 and the population variance is 𝜎 2 = 7.75, what is the
variance of the sampling distribution of means equal to?
A. 3.875 B. 2.875 C. 1.875 D. .875

For numbers 6-10, refer to the problem below:

A population consists of four values (3, 4, 8, 9). A sample size of 2 is taken from this
population.
6. What is the population mean?
A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10

17
7. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
A. 3.25 B. 1.80 C. 5.25 D. 2.9

8. What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
A. 3.25 B. 1.80 C. 5,25 D. 2.9

9. A certain population has a mean of 15.4 and a standard deviation of 5.6. If the
random samples of size 5 is taken from this population, which of the following
statements is correct?
A. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to
15.4.
B. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than
15.4
C. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
5.6
D. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
15.4.

10. How many possible of size 𝑛 = 3 can be drawn from a population of size 12?
A. 36 B. 144 C. 220 D. 1728

18
Answer Key:

19
20
21
22
References:
Jose M. Ocampo and Wilmer G. Marquez. 2016. Conceptual Math and Beyond Statistics and
Probability. Edited by Mary Fe Ramos-De Armas. Quezon City. Brilliant Creations
Publishing Inc.

Jesus P. Mercado and Fernando B. Orines.2016. Next Century Mathematics Statistics and
Probability. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House.

George A. Alonzo. 2017. Statistics and Probability. Makati City. Salinlahi Publishing House

23
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City
Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City 2900
Contact Number: (077) 771-3678
Email Address: [email protected]