Topic A

Princilples of prestressing
Prestressing involves the application of an initial compressive load to eliminate (or reduce) the
internal tensile stresses and thereby control cracking. This is achieved by the tensioning of high
strength steel strands.(混凝土可以是完全预应力或者部分预应力，内部允许出现部分的张力)

The compressive force is applied to the concrete by tensioning high strength steel tendons. （张拉高
强度钢筋来对混凝土施加压应力）
Prestressing:

 Pre-tensioning: steel tendons are tensioned before the concrete casting(先张法)

先张拉钢筋在浇筑混凝土
 Post-tensioning: steel strands are stressed after the concrete has hardened（后张法）先浇筑混凝
土，待达到设计强度的 75%以上后再张拉预应力钢材

Pre-tensioning（process）：

 Prestressing tendons are initially tensioned between fixed abutments using hydraulic jacks and
anchored.
 A formwork is constructed and the concrete is cast around the highly stress steel tendons.
 When the concrete has reached the required strength, wires are cut or released and concrete is
compressed

High elastic shortening and subsequent creep strains will determine the relatively loss of pre-
stresses with time
Post-tensioned concrete (process):
With the formwork in position, the concrete is cast around hollow ducts, which are deployed
according to any desired profile,

Topic A
When tension strain increases, the concrete below the neutral axis will crack and the stell bar will
continue to bear the tension forces, the concrete which is over the neutral axis continue to bear the
compressive force(中性轴以上部分混凝土手压，以下部分开裂不受力，钢筋承担全部拉力)

已知：equilibrium equation: Fsc = Fcc

1 1
Fcc = σ ∗Ac= ∗σ c∗bx
2 c 2
Fsc = As*σ s

compatibility equation：
ε cc εs
=
x d−x
σc σs
=
EC∗x Es∗(d −x)

又：Es = mEc ( m is referred to as the modular ratio.)

σ c∗d −x
σ s=m
x

1 σ c∗d−x
σ c∗bx= As∗m
2 x
C25 =25Mpa

1Mpa = 1N/mm2 0.1 被的钢筋强度 fct=σ cc =2.5Mpa

Es= 200 000Mpa Ec= 20 300Mpa

m∗σc∗( d−x )
σs=
x

q 中间跨 ql^2/8
 Topic B
Draped cable profiles are often used in prestressed concrete members(two parameters)

 The eccentricity, which is variable throughout the beam and typically zero at the beam ends.
 The slope along the member.

这个直线的斜率

由预应力引起的内部弯矩在梁端为零，在跨中最大（拱形）。这将导致向上偏转

4 Pe
F P=2 P sinθ ≈ 2 Pθ=
l
引入一个抛物线 Consider a prestressed beam with a parabolic cable profile
2
y=a x +bx +c Boundary condition:

4e 2 4e
y= x− x
l
2
l

8e
可以求出曲率 curvature k p= 是恒定的 (求二阶导)
l2
4e
这个曲线的斜率是（一阶导数）：θ=±
l

wp = w
wp < w

Prestress Losses(预应力损失)
 Short-term (or immediate) losses: occur during the tensioning and anchoring operation and
include elastic shortening, friction and anchorage draw-in.( The magnitude of short-term loss is
taken as the sum of these three components.):
 long-term (or immediate) losses: include shrinkage and creep of the concrete and relaxation of
the steel.
short-term Losses: Elastic Shortening , Friction Anchorage Draw-in

1. Elastic Shortening Losses:

In post-tensioned members, elastic shortening losses are induced by the elastic deformation of
concrete.
对于具有一根钢筋束的构件，弹性缩短损失为零，因为混凝土的弹性缩短发生在钢筋束
锚固之前
n is the number of cables, σ c,mean is average concrete stress = P/A
Ep is modules of elasticity of prestressing steel
Ecm,0 is the short-term modulus of elasticity of concrete

2. Friction Losses:
are due to the friction between the tendon and the duct during the tensioning operation

magnitude of the friction losses depends on the tendon length x and the total angel change θtot of the tendon
over that length

μ is the coefficient of friction

between the tendon and the duct
K is the wobble factor (unintentional imperfections)

total angel change θ = sum of the angels change 用弧度 角度*π/180

To calculate the total angular change of a curved cable, this can be subdivided into sagging and hogging
regions

θtot = Σ θi

3.Anchorage Draw-in
In post-tensioned members, some slip or draw-in occurs when the prestressing force is transferred from the jack
to the anchorage. 在后张拉构件中，当预应力从千斤顶传递到锚固装置时，会发生一些滑动或拉 入.
 Δ pu
P= Ap ,
L
Δ pu : Prestress Losses due to friction, L
P: The slope of the friction line loss

δ p slip
E p The modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel
Long-term Losses: Creep ,Shrinkage,Relaxation of the tendons

Creep:徐变 应力不变应变随时间增加
Shrinkage 松弛：
Concrete also shrinks over a period of years after casting due to moisture loss and long-time chemical processes

The total shrinkage strain ε cshas two components

ε cs=ε ca + ε cd

ε ca ： autogenous shrinkage ε cd ： drying shrinkage .

Relaxation of the tendons 肌腱松弛

Design for Serviceability：

The following assumptions are made：
 Concrete is post-tensioned.
 The strands are bonded to the concrete.
 The concrete section remains uncracked when supporting SLS loads (fully prestressed members).

在服务极限状态 (SLS) 的设计中，目的是防止由于拉伸应力导致的开裂和由于过大的压缩应

力导致的压碎

• Short-term (or immediate) losses occur during the tensioning and anchoring operation (before
transfer) and include friction, elastic shortening and anchorage draw-in
• Long-term (or time-dependent) losses (before full SLS loads) are from shrinkage and creep of the
concrete and relaxation of the steel.
α is the short-term loss factor
应检查混凝土应力是否开裂（顶部纤维）和压碎（底部纤维）

β is the total loss factor：

应检查混凝土应力是否被压碎（顶部纤维）和开裂（底部纤维）

所以 P 的范围

通过等式等式的右侧，获得 有 关
最小尺寸横截面的截面模量的信息：

Mdl 自重 Msls 所有荷载

W=I/Y

找到关键的肌腱位置 tendon position

挠度限制
total deflection < span/250 (Eurocode 2)

The maximum deflection need to be calculated at two design stages：

 At transfer: short-term Young’s modulus and α -factor

 Under full SLS loading: long-term Young’s modulus and β -factor
The uplift due to upward transverse forces in the beam.
Downwards deflection (sag) due to gravity loads

As for continuous beam

As for propped cantilever
 PART C
1.钢筋混凝土 RC 在极限状态 (ULS) 下，按照当前顺序进行设计：钢筋在混凝土压
碎之前屈服。这是为了确保横截面的延展性 ductile behaviour

不希望出现因混凝土压碎而导致钢筋没有屈服的非延性破坏。因此，我们需要检
查钢中的应变 > ε y

2.对于 RC 截面，钢筋和混凝土中钢筋的应变在每个加载阶段都是相同的。这不是 PSC 部分

的情况。我们需要检查钢中的应变 > ε y =fyd/Es= fyk*B/Es
在计算钢总应变时，需要考虑 2 个主要加载阶段

 The external applied moment is zero.

 Ultimate load condition

过大的集中载荷
可能会导致混凝
土梁出现对角线裂缝。这些是由于剪切应力。
 这些裂缝会导致梁的脆性剪切破坏。brittle shear failure

( σ n−
2 )
σ x+ σ y 2 2
+τ n=R
2

R=
√( 2 )
σ x −σ y 2 2
+ τ xy

(正正应力向外作用于作用平面
正切应力沿顺时针方向旋转单元 莫尔圆的角度是二倍的)

顺时针为正，找到 A 的位置。看出 A 为右边的面 是顺时针为正和 第一主应力在莫尔圆上逆

时针转了 270 度就是转了 135 度在二维图上

正剪应力使单元沿顺时针方向旋转当最大应力 σ1 超过混凝土强度时，即混凝土受到过大的拉
力，就会开始开裂。裂纹将在垂直于 σ1 方向的方向上形成，即与梁的水平轴成 45°。
3 预应力梁的破坏形式

Flexural cracking 弯曲破坏 M/V--HIGH

Flexural cracking 弯曲剪切破坏 M/V-moderate

Shear-tension cracks 剪切破坏 M/V—small