Add Maths Formulae (Ver 2.

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ADD MATHS

FORMULAE BOOKLET

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QUADRATIC EXPRESSION/ FUNCTION

1. Completing the square: convert !" ! + $" + % => !(" + ))! + +

Type #1: ! = 1 Type #2: ! ≠ 1

Eg 1: Eg 2:
" ! + 4" + 3 −2" ! − 6" + 5
4 ! 4 ! 5
= 0" + 2 − 0 2 + 3 = −2 0" ! + 3" − 2
2 2 2
3 ! 3 ! 5
= −2 70" + 2 − 0+ 2 − 8
= (" + 2)! − 4 + 3 2 2 2
3 !
9 5
= (" + 2)! − 1 = −2 70" − 2 − − 8
2 4 2
3 ! 19
= −2 0" − 2 +
2 2

2. Determine the maximum or minimum point

:(") = !(" + ))! + +

! > 0, =>?>@A@ BC>?D (−), +)

! < 0, =!">@A@ BC>?D (−), +)

Greatest/maximum value or least/minimum value, ie F

Corresponding value of G = −H

3. Sketching graph => Find (i) Minimum/Maximum Point (ii) y-intercept

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ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

To Solve Quadratic Equation:-

Method 1: Factorization Method 2: Formula

(when equations cannot be factorized
(" − !)(" − $) = 0 completely)
−$ ± √$! − 4!%
" = ! IJ " = $ "=
2!

QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
Type #1: >0 Type #2: <0
(" − !)(" − $) > 0 (" − !)(" − $) < 0

a b a b

! < # %& ! > ( #<!<(

INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A CURVE

(! − *#+ > , (! − *#+ ≥ ,

• 2 real and different/ distinct roots • 2 real roots

• Intersect/ Meet at 2 points
• Meet

(! − *#+ = , (! − *#+ < ,

• 2 real and equal roots • No real roots

• Tangent • Not intersecting at any points
• Touching/ Meet at 1 point • Graph is always positive/ negative
• Graph is above/ below "-axis

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FUNCTIONS
Concept of Function and Inverse Function
Function:- Inverse Function:-

One-to-one and many-to-one relation are Only one-to-one function has inverse
considered function function

To examine if a graph is a function:- To examine if a graph has inverse function:-

Vertical line Test, touching more than 1 point Horizontal Line Test, touching more than 1
is not considered function point does not have an inverse

*Make sure the graph is a function before

using Horizontal Line Test

To explain why :(") has an inverse:-

Ans: :(") is one-one function for domain " ≥ N.

To explain why :(") does not have an inverse:-

Ans: :(") is not one-one function for domain " ≥ N

Absolute Valued Function / Modulus Function

(a) Linear Modulus Function
Sketching Graph Solving Equation

O = |!" − $| + % Example 1: One side modulus

Technique: Move modulus to another side ±
"
Step 1: Find Vertex: (# , %)
|2" − 3| + 2 = 7
Step 2: Find O-intercept when " = 0
|2" − 3| = 5
2" − 3 = 5 OR 2" − 3 = −5
Example: O = |3" − 2| − 1
" = 4 IJ " = −1
!
Vertex: ($ , −1)
O-intercept= 1 Example 2: Both side modulus
Technique: Square both side
|" − 2| = |" − 3|
Square both side
(" − 2)! = (" − 3)!
" ! − 4" + 4 = " ! − 6" + 9
2" = 5
5
"=
2

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(b) Quadratic Modulus Function

Sketching graph:
Step 1: Find "-intercept when O = 0
Step 2: Find O-intercept when " = 0
Step 3: Find midpoint of "-intercept, hence find corresponding O
[Remarks: G-coordinate of stationary point is the midpoint of G-intercept]
Step 4: Draw “ W ” shape

Example:
(a) Sketch the graph of O = |(" − 1)(" − 4)|.
Step 1: "-intercept = 1 , 4
Step 2: O-intercept = 4
%&' (
Step 3: midpoint of "-intercept= ! = 2.5, O = |(2.5 − 1)(2.5 − 4)| = '
Step 4:

(b) (i) Find the values of N for which |(" − 1)(" − 4)| = N has exactly 3 solutions.
9
N=
4
(ii) Find the range of non-zero values of N for which |(" − 1)(" − 4)| = N has exactly 2
solutions.
9
N>
4
(iii) Find the range of values of N for which |(" − 1)(" − 4)| = N has exactly 4 solutions.
9
0<N<
4

The graph of a Function and its Inverse

-Graph of S(G) is reflecting against T = G to get S)* (G)

Domain of "
#>%

Range of "
"(#) > (

Domain of "!"
#>(

Range of "!"
"!" (#) > %

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SURDS
Rationalizing Surds

#1: Denominator with 1 term #2: Denominator with 2 terms

Multiple the numerator and denominator by the Apply concept (! + $)(! − $) = !! − $! for
denominator denominator
3 √2 3 √2 − 1
× ×
√2 √2 √2 + 1 √2 − 1

Solving Equations involving Surds

1. Pythagoras Theorem
2. SOH CAH TOA/ Sine rule & cosine rule
3. Area and Volume
4. Similarity

INDICES AND LOGARITHMS

Law of Indices Law of Logarithms
! > 0, $ > 0, @ > 0
1. !+ × !, = !+&,
1. log + ! + log + $ = log + (!$)
2. !+ ÷ !, = !+), ln ! + ln $ = ln(!$)

3. (!+ ), = !+, #
2. log + ! − log + $ = log + W"X
#
4. !+ × $+ = (!$)+ ln ! − ln $ = ln W"X

# + 3. log # @, = ? log # @
5. !+ ÷ $+ = W"X
Be careful: (log # @), ≠ ? log # @
Definition of Logarithms ./0 "
4. log # $ = ./0! #
!
log # $ = % ó $ = !-

ln ! = $ ó ! = ] "

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Exponential Graph & Logarithmic Graph

Sketching Exponential Graph Graph of ^5 and _` G
O = ]1

Example 1: O = ] !1 + 3
Step 1: Determine shape and asymptote O = ln "
Step 2: Find O-intercept when " = 0 Sketching ln graph

O = 3 is asymptote, it means that the curve will

never touch at O = 3 but only approaching it.

O-intercept = ] !(3) + 3 = 4

O = a? (!" − $)
Step 1: Find " when (!" − $) = 0, therefore
O=3 "
" = # as asymptote
Step 2: Find "-intercept when O = 0

Example 3: O = ln(2" − 1)
%
Example 2: O = −] )1 − 2 Step 1: 2" − 1 = 0, therefore " = !
Step 2: O = 0, " = 1
O = −2 is asymptote
O-intercept = −3

O = −2

1
6=
2

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FACTORS AND POLYNOMIALS

3 Important Concepts
#1 Remainder Theorem #2 Factor Theorem
When B(") is divided by (" − !), When B(") is divided completely by (" − !),
remainder equals to zero.
Remainder, b = c(d)

c(d) = e
When B(") is divided by (!" + $),

: Keywords:-
Remainder, b = c W− ;X
Factor/ Root/ Divisible/ Completely divided/
Exactly divisible

#3 Solve/ Factorize Cubic Equations – FDF/ FCF

Step 1: Show a Factor

Step 2: Long Division OR Comparing Coefficient/Constant

Step 3: Factorize/ Formula

Quadratic Formula:-

−$ ± √$! − 4!%
"=
2!

*To show cubic equation has only one real root:-

Solution: Show f< − gdh is < e

To find 2 unknowns in polynomials => Simultaneous Equations

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EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

1. Solving Equations in form |!" − $| = |%" − i| => square both side

2. Solving Equations in form |!" − $| > |%" − i| or |!" − $| < |%" − i| => square both side

3. Solving Equations in form of

(a) |)| > + or |)| ≥ + (b) |)| < + or |)| ≤ +

CUBIC EQUATIONS

Sketching Cubic Graphs in factorized form O = N(" − !)(" − $)(" − %) or O = N(" − !)(" − $)!

ü Identify the shape " $ or – " $

ü Identify repeated roots
ü Find "-intercept
ü Find O-intercept (if applicable)

1. + = (- − 3)(- − 2)(- + 1) 2. O = (" − 2)(" − 3)(4 − ")

3. O = (" + 1)! (" − 1) 4. O = " ! (2 − ")

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COORDINATE GEOMETRY
8 Formula/Concepts You Need to Remember
#1 Distance/ Length/ Magnitude #2 Midpoint

l(G< − G* )< + (T< − T* )< G + G< T* + T<

(G, T) = 0 * , 2
m m
*Show isosceles triangle *Normally used for Square/ Rectangle/
*Find perimeter Rhombus/ Parallelogram

#3 Equation of Straight Line #4 Parallel Perpendicular

To form equation, you need
1. 1 coordinate
!! "!"
2. 1 gradient, ! =
#! "#"

T = nG + h
OR
T − T* = n(G − G* )

" − !">o, O = 0 O − !">o, " = 0

#5 Area of Triangle/ Quadrilateral #6 Division of Line Segment in Ratio n: `

%"% "! "$ "%
Area of Triangle= ! pO O O O p
% ! $ %
1
= |"% O! + "! O$ + "$ O% − ("! O% + "$ O! + "% O$ )|
2

% "% "! "$ "' "%

Area of Quadrilateral = ! pO O O O O p
% ! $ ' %
1
= |"% O! + "! O$ + "$ O' + "' O%
2
− ("! O% + "$ O! + "' O$ +"% O' )|
!"! #$"" !%! #$%"
q
!= ,#=
|nr_stH_T uvw` − nr_stH_T rH| !#$ !#$
m

#7 Intersection Point #8 Perpendicular Bisector

=> Simultaneous Equations Step 1: Find midpoint of
AB

Step 2: Find n=> , convert

to n<

Step 3: Form equation:

T = nG + h

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LINEAR LAW

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CIRCULAR MEASURE

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TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Ratio Quadrant
%
1. sec | =
?/@ A

%
2. %Co]% | = @BC A

% ?/@ A
3. cot | = DEC A = @BC A

@BC A
4. tan | = ?/@ A

Basic Identities Special Angles

1. sin! | + cos ! | = 1
I I I
| 30°/ 45°/ 60°/
J ' $
2. tan! | + 1 = sec ! | o>? | 1 1 √3
! ! 2 √2 2
3. cot | + 1 = %Co]% |
provided in formula sheet %Co | √3 1 1
Right-angled Triangle
2 √2 2
F
1. sin | = G D!? | 1 1 √3
H
√3
2. cos | = G

F
3. tan | = H

3 Types of Trigonometric Equation

Amplitude and Period

For sine and cosine graph, For tan graph

O = ! o>? $" + % OR O = ! %Co $" + % O = ! D!? $" + %

! = amplitude %L3° I
Period = "
OR "
$J3° !I
Period = " OR "

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O = ! o>? $" + % O = ! %Co $" + %

a
a

c c

! − @>iia] DC @!">@A@ Å!aA]

% − Ç]ÉC DC @>iia]
$ − ?C C: %O%a] >? 360°/2Ö
! − @>iia] DC @!">@A@ Å!aA]
% − Ç]ÉC DC @>iia]
$ − ?C C: %O%a] >? 360°/2Ö

PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

Permutations (Arrangement) Combinations (Selection/ Choosing)
/ /
02 12
-order matters (eg. Security code, password) -order does not matter

BINOMIAL THEOREM
General Formula:-

`
#1: Finding Specific Term #2: ÜM Formula

/ / /!
2234 = 12 #562 (2 12 =
(/ − &)! &!
`
Ü* = `
` `(` − q)
Ü< =
m!
` `(` − q)(` − m)
ÜN =
à!

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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS

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DIFFERENTIATION
8 Techniques of Differentiation
Technique #1: Sum Rule Technique #2: Chain Rule

O = !" , O = !($" + %),

iO iO
= ?!" ,)% = ?!($" + %),)% ($)
i" i"

Technique #3: Product Rule Technique #4: Quotient Rule

O = AÅ A
O=
iO iA iÅ Å
=Å +A
i" i" i"
iA iÅ
iO Å i" − A i"
=
i" Å!

Technique #5: Surd Technique #6:

* Derivative of Trigonometric Function
T = √dG + f = (dG + f)< i
sin(!" + $) = ! cos(!" + $)
i"
uT q *
i
= (dG + f))< (d) cos(!" + $) = −! sin(!" + $)
uG m i"
i
q tan(!" + $) = ! sec ! (!" + $)
= (d) i"
m√dG + f

Technique #7: Technique #8:

Derivative of Exponential Function Derivative of Logarithmic Function
u 5 u q
^ = ^5 _` G =
uG uG G
u ;5&: u q
^ = d ^;5&: _` (dG + f) = ×d
uG uG dG + f

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6 Concepts of Differentiation

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INTEGRATION

4 Techniques of Integration
Technique #1: Technique #2:
Integrals of Algebraic Expressions Integrals of expressions in the form (!" + $),

dGO&* d(fG + h)O&*

â dGO uG = +h â d(fG + h)O uG = +h
`+q (` + q)(f)

% %
Technique #3: Integrals of expressions in the form 1 and #1&"

Technique #4: Technique #5:

Integrals of Trigonometric Function Integrals of Exponential Function

cos(!" + $)
â sin(!" + $) i" = − +% â ^5 uG = ^5 + h
!
sin(!" + $)
â cos(!" + $) i" = +% ^;5&:
! â ^;5&: uG = +h
tan(!" + $) d
â sec ! (!" + $) i" = +%
!

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KINEMATICS
Key #1 Understanding Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
Displacement & Distance Velocity & Speed Acceleration

Key #2 Knowing the Concept and Keywords

Displacement Velocity Acceleration
If a particle moves along a The instantaneous velocity of The instantaneous
straight line from a fixed point a particle is its velocity at a acceleration of a particle is its
O and the movement to the particular time. If the acceleration at a particular
right side of O is taken as movement of a particle to the time.
positive, then right side is assumed as
o = 0, positive, then ! = 0,
at point I/ return to point O Constant velocity/ maximum

o > 0,
$ = %, velocity/ minimum velocity

The particle is at the right side at rest/ momentarily stop/

of O reverse direction/ maximum ! > 0,
o < 0, displacement/ minimum The particle is accelerating/
The particle is at the left side displacement increasing acceleration
of O
Å > 0, o < 0,
Particle is 5m to the right of O The particle moves from left to The particle is decelerating
=> o = 5 right
Particle is 3m to the left of I
=> o = −3 Å < 0,
The particle moves from right
to left

Other keywords:-
1. initial, D = 0

2. displacement at the 4th second => oPQ' − oPQ$

3. displacement for first 4 seconds => oPQ' − oPQ3

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VECTORS

VELOCITY VECTOR

1. Conversion of Velocity to Speed

2. Conversion of Speed to Velocity

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