Electricity 12

Objective Section  (1 mark each)

Q. 1. A cylindrical conductor of length ‘l’. Q. 3. At the time of short circuit, the electric
and uniform area of cross-section ‘A’ has current in the circuit :
resistance ‘R’. The area of cross-section (a) vary continuously
of another conductor of same material (b) does not change
and same resistance but of length ‘2l’ is (c) 
reduces substantially
A 3A (d) increases heavily
(a) (b)
2 2 [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
(c) 2A (d) 3A Ans. (d) Increases heavily
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020]
Q. 4. Two bulbs of 100 W and 40 W are
Ans. (b) 2A
connected in series. The current through
Q. 2. The maximum resistance which can be
the 100 W bulb is 1 A. The current
made using four resistors each of resist-
1 through the 40 W bulb will be :
ance W is : (a) 0.4 A (b) 0.6 A
2
(c) 
0.8 A (d) 1 A
(a) 2 W (b) 1 W
(c) 2.5 W (d) 8 W [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020] Ans. (d) 1A
Ans. (a) 2 W

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q.  1. Why are the heating elements of electric The resistance of heating element of an
Ans. 
toasters and electric irons made of an electric oven is very high. As the current
alloy rather than a pure metal? flows through the heating element it
 [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019] becomes too hot and glows red. On the
other hand cord of an electric oven low
The resistivity of an alloy is generally
Ans.  resistance hence it does not become red
higher than that of its constituent metals. during the flow of current.
Alloys do not oxidise (burn) readily at
higher temperatures. Therefore, conduc- Q.  4. Name and define the SI unit of current.
tors of electric heating devices, such as  [CBSE Delhi, Set 2, 2019]
toasters and electric irons, are made up of Ans. ‘Ampere’ is the SI unit of current.
an alloy rather than pure metal. 1 Ampere current can be defined as a unit
Q.  2. Should the resistance of a voltmeter be charge flowing per second in the circuit.
low or high? Give reason. 1 Coulomb
∴ 1 Amp =
 [CBSE OD, Set 2, 2019] 1 Second
The resistance of a voltmeter should be
Ans.  Q.  5. Write the function of voltmeter in an elec-
high, because voltmeter is connected par- tric circuit. [CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2019]
allel to the component of a circuit and it
Voltmeter measures the potential
Ans. 
also takes negligible current from the cir-
difference across two points in a circuit.
cuit in order to measure the potential dif-
It is always connected in parallel in the
ference accurately.
circuit.
Q.  3. Why does the cord of an electric oven not
Q.  6. To find the equivalent resistance of two
glow while its heating element does?
resistors connected in series, the connec-
 [CBSE OD, Set 3, 2019] tion of ammeter is correct in the circuit:
 (a) 2 V (b) 3 V
(c) 5 V (d) 10 V
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
Ans. (d) 10 V
Q.  10. What is the shape of the graph between
(a) Circuit A V and I, where V is the potential diffe-
(b) Circuit B rence applied between the ends of a wire
(c) Both the circuits and I is the current flowing through it?
(d) Neither of the two circuits  [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016] The graph between the potential difference
Ans. 
Ans. (c) Both the circuits (V) and the corresponding current (I) is a
Q.  7. A student found that when a resistance straight line passing through the origin.
of 3 Ω was joined with 3 V battery as per
figure shown below, the current flowing
through it was 1 A. He then joined
another resistance of 6 Ω in parallel
with 3 Ω resistance. The reading in the
ammeter will now be:

Q.  11. A teacher demonstrated the experiment

‘‘To find the equivalent resistance of
two resistors when connected in series’’.
(a) 9 A (b) 1.5 A Rahul and Raghav after observing the
(c) 1 A (d) 6 A experiment concluded that:
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016] Rahul: The current passing through the
Ans. (b) 1.5 A resistors in series combination is same.
Q.  8. Two resistances are connected in series Raghav: The potential difference across
as shown in the diagram. The potential the combination of resistors is the sum of
potential differences across each of them.
difference across 12 Ω resistor will be:
Out of the options given below which
+V– one is correct?
(a) Rahul is right, Raghav is wrong.
(b) Raghav is right, Rahul is wrong.
13 Ω 12 Ω (c) Both Rahul and Raghav are wrong.
A (d) Both Rahul and Raghav are right.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
5V K Ans. (d) Both Rahul and Raghav are right.
(a) 6 V (b) 2.4 V Q.  12. The resistances R1 and R2 are connected
(c) 2.8 V (d) 12 V in parallel. The equivalent resistance of
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015] the combination is:
Ans. (b) 2.4 V (a) R1 + R2
(b) R1 – R2
Q.  9. Three resistances of 2 Ω, 3 Ω and 5 Ω are
(c) R1 R2/R1 + R2
connected in parallel to a 10 V battery
(d) R1 + R2/R1 R2
of negligible internal resistance. The
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
potential difference across the three
Ans. (c) R1 R2/R1 + R2
resistances will be:
 Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)
Q. 1. The current flowing through a resistor 1
connected in a circuit and the potential ∴ R=
Slope of V − I graph
difference developed across its ends are
as shown in the diagram by milliamme- Q.  3. The values of current (I) flowing through a
ter and voltmeter readings respectively: given resistor of resistance (R), for the cor-
(a) 
What are the least counts of these responding values of potential difference
meters? (V) across the resistor are given below:
(b) What is the resistance of the resistor?
V (volts) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0
I (amperes) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0
Plot a graph between current (I) and
potential difference (V) and determine
the resistance (R) of the resistor.
 [CBSE, 2018]
Ans. We know that, V = IR
 [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
Ans. (a) 10 mA and 0.1 V
(b) V = 2.4 volt, I = 250 mA = 0.25 A
From Ohm’s law,
V 2.4
R= = = 9.6 Ω.
I 0.25
Q.  2. While studying the dependence of poten-
tial difference (V) across a resistor on the
current (I) passing through it, in order to
determine the resistance of the resistor, From the graph,  V = 0.5
a student took 5 readings for different  I = 0.1
values of current and plotted a graph bet-
⇒  0.5 = 0.1 × R
ween V and I. He got a straight line graph
0.5
passing through the origin. What does the ⇒ =R
0.1
straight line signify? Write the method
of determining resistance of the resistor ⇒  R = 5 Ω.
using this graph.[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019] Q.  4. Find the least count of a miliammeter in
The straight line in the graph signify
Ans.  which there are 20 division between 400
that potential difference and current are mA and 500 mA marks.
directly proportional to each other. [CBSE, Term I, Set I, 2016]
The method of determining resistance of Range
resistor using the graph is by Ohm’s law, Least count =
Ans. 
No. of division
V = IR and by calculating the slope from
the points mentioned on the graph 500 − 400
⇒ =
20
100
⇒ = = 5 mA
20
Q. 
5. In an experiment, to study the
dependence of potential difference
(V) on the electric current (I) across a
conductor (resistor), if the circuit is on
 for long time, then–select two correct + – – +
A
options from the following:
(i) Zero error of an ammeter will be
Key
changed.
(ii) Zero error of a voltmeter will be R
changed.
(iii) Value of a resistance will be +V–
changed. (III)
(iv) Resistor will be heated.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015] Key
+ –
Ans. (iii) Value of resistance will be changed.
(iv) Resistor will be heated. –
A
Q.  6. To study the dependence of potential dif- +
R
ference (V) on current I across Resistor
(R), four circuit diagrams are prepared.
+V–
Key
+ – (IV)
(i) Select the circuit diagrams which
+ are correct.
A
– (ii) Give reason for the circuit diagrams
R which are not correct.
 [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]
+V–
(I)
Ans. (i) Circuit diagrams (I) and (III) are correct.
(ii) Circuit diagram (II) is incorrect because
Key ammeter is always connected in series
+ – with the resistor and voltmeter is
always connected in parallel to the
+ resistor.
V
– Circuit diagram (IV) is incorrect
R because the negative (–ve) terminal
of the ammeter is connected to the
+A– positive (+ve) terminal of the battery.
(II)

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q.  1. A V-I graph for a nichrome wire is given From the graph, we infer that as the
Ans. 
below. What do you infer from this graph? current in the nichrome wire increases,
Draw a labelled circuit diagram to the potential difference across it increases
obtain such a graph. linearly. Thus, the graph follows the
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020] ohm’s law.

Q. 2. (a) Write the mathematical expression

for Joule’s law of heating.
 (b) 
Compute the heat generated while
transferring 96000 coulomb of
charge in two hours through a
potential difference of 40 V.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. (a) According to the Joule’s law of
heating, heat produced in a resistor is
directly proportional to the :
(i) square of current (I) for a given Circuit Diagram
resistance.
According to ohm’s law; V ⇒ I
(ii) resistance (R) for a given current.
(iii) t he time (t) for which the current. Mathematically; V = IR
flows through the resistor. where, V = Voltage applied in volts
 Mathematical form of Joule’s I = Current flowing in circuit in
law of heating is: amperes.
H = I2Rt R = Resistance of conductor (propor-
(b) Given, charge (q) = 96000 C tionality constant)
Time (t) = 2 hrs =120 min = 7200 s Graphically; slope of will determine
Potential difference (V) = 40 volt resistance of conductor.
We know that,
Heat (H) = V It, where I is current
...(1)
Also,
I = q/t, where q is charge and t is time
in seconds. ...(ii)
Volt

.
. . By putting I = q/t in eqn. (1) we get,
H = (V × q/t) × t = Vqt/t = Vq
⇒ H = 40 × 96000 joule

Current
⇒ H = 3840000 joule

Given, current flowing through
(b) 
Q. 3. (a) State the relation correlating
conductor (I) = 0.35 A
the electric current flowing in a
 Potential difference across conductor
conductor and the voltage applied
(V) = 1.4 V
across it. Also draw a graph to show
We know, according to Ohm’s law,
this relationship.
V = IR
(b) Find the resistance of a conductor if
⇒ 1.4 V = (0.35 A) × R
the electric current flowing through
 1.4 V 
it is 0.35 A when the potential ⇒
R =  0.35 A  = 4 W
difference across it is 1.4 V.  
[CBSE Delhi, Set 2, 2020] Therefore, resistance of conductor is
4 ohms.
Ans. (a) The Ohm’s law states that the currect
carrying in a conductor is directly Q. 4. Show how would you join three
proportional to the voltage applied resistors, each of resistance 9 Ω so
across the ends of the conductor, that the equivalent resistance of the
keeping the resistance constant. combination is (a) 13.5 Ω (b) 6 Ω?
[CBSE, 2018]
Topper’s Answers
Ans. (a) To get an equivalent resistance of Q. 5. (a) Write Joule’s law of heating.
13.5 Ω, the resistances should be (b) Two lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 V,
connected as shown in the figure and the other 60 W; 220 V, are connec-
given below:
ted in parallel to electric mains sup-
9Ω ply. Find the current drawn by two
bulbs from the line, if the supply vol-
A B tage is 220 V. [CBSE, 2018]
9Ω

9Ω Ans. (a) According to Joule’s law of heating,

the heat produced in a wire is directly
1 1 1 proportional to
So, = +
R P R1 R 2 (i) square of current (I2),

1 1
(ii) resistance of wire (R),
= +
9 9
(iii) t ime (t) for which current is
1+1 2 passed.
= =
9 9 Thus, the heat produced in the wire
1 2 by current I in time ‘t’ is
⇒ =
RP 9 H ∝ I2 Rt
9 or H = K I2 Rt
⇒ RP = = 4.5 Ω
2
But K = 1, H = I2 Rt
Now, RS = R3 + 4.5 Ω
= 9 Ω + 4.5 Ω (b) We know that, P = VI

= 13.5 Ω P
⇒ I= V
(b) To get an equivalent resistance of 6 Ω, First lamp: P1 = 100 W, V = 220 volt
the resistances should be connected
as shown in the figure: P1 100
I1 = = = 0.45 A
9Ω 9Ω
V 220
Second lamp: P2 = 60 W, V = 220 volt
A B
9Ω P2 60
I2 =
= = 0.27 A
V 220
RS = R1 + R2 So, Total current = I1 + I2
=9+9 = 0.45 + 0.27
= 18 Ω = 0.72 A
Now both the reistors are in parallel with Q. 6. (a) 
List the factors on which the
each other so,
resistance of a conductor in the
1 1 shape of wire depends.
RP = +
18 9
(b) 
Why are metals good conductors
1+2 3 of electricity whereas glass is a bad
= =
18 18 conductor of electricity? Give reason.
1 (c) Why are alloys commonly used in
=
6 electrical heating devices? Give
So, RP = 6 Ω reason. [CBSE, 2018]
 Topper’s Answers

Ans. (a) Resistance of a conductor depends electrons which can flow freely to
directly on its length, inversely conduct electricity.
proportional to the area of cross- (c) The resistivity of an alloy is generally
section, directly proportional to the higher than that of pure metal. Alloys
temperature and it depends on the do not oxidise (burn) readily at higher
nature of the conductor. temperatures. Therefore, conductors
(b) Metals have free electrons which of electric heating devices, such as
can move and conduct electricity, toasters and electric irons, are made
whereas glass does not have free of an alloy rather than pure metal.
Q.  7. You have three resistors of R Ω each and Electric circuit: A continuous conduction
Ans. 
a battery of E volts. How would you path consisting of wires and other
connect these resistors with the battery resistances (like bulb, fan, etc.) and a
to obtain maximum current? Draw a switch between the two terminals of a
circuit diagram to illustrate your answer cell or a battery along which an electric
and also calculate the current drawn current flows, is called an electric circuit.
from the battery. Voltmeter
+ –
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016] V
Ans.  These resistances should be connected
in parallel with the battery to obtain the Resistor
maximum current. –
Ammeter A Closed switch
+
+ –
Cell
  Q. 10. Find the current drawn from the battery
by the network of four resistors shown
in the figure.
Let its equivalent resistance be R Ω. 10 Ω
1 1 1 1 10 Ω
∴ = + +
R r r r
10 Ω
1 1+1+1 3 10 Ω
= =
R r r
r
⇒ R=
3
By Ohm’s law, 3V
V = IR  [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
V E
Ans.
⇒ Current (I) = =
R r/3
3E
=
r
Q.  8. Explain the use of an electric fuse. What
type of material is used for fuse wire
and why? [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016] Resultant resistance of R1, R2 and R3:
Ans. A fuse is a safety device made up to R’ = R1 + R2 + R3
wire which melts and breaks an electric
= 10 + 10 + 10 = 30 Ω
circuit, if current exceeds a safe level.
Resultant resistance of the circuit:
It is inserted in the electric circuit, if
1 1 1
current in the circuit exceeds the = +
maximum value, the fuse wire gets R R′ R 4
overheated and melts, thus breaks 1 1 1+ 3 4
= + = =
the circuit connection, which would 30 10 30 30
otherwise may cause short circuit. It is 30 15
made of special material like alloy of R = = = 7.5 W
4 2
lead & tin, as it has low melting point.
Here, V= 3 V, I =?
Q.  9. Define an electric circuit. Draw a labelled, By Ohm’s law,
schematic diagram of an electric circuit
V = IR
comprising of a cell, a resistor, an ammeter,
a voltmeter and a closed switch. V 3 30
⇒ I = = = = 0.4 A
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015] R 7.5 75
Q.  11. In the given electric circuit if the current I2 = 1A (Current flowing through R2)
flowing through 3 Ω resistor is 1 A, find V2 = I2R2 = 1 × 3 = 3 volts
the voltage of the battery and the current
I drawn from it. Resultant resistance of R2 and R3 is R’.
1 1 1 1 1 2+1 3 1
= + = + = = =
R’ R 2 R1 3 6 6 6 2
I
R’ = 2 Ω
V’ = V2 = 3 volts (Voltage across R’)
I’ = ?
V' 3
I’ = = A = 1.5 A
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015] R' 2
Ans. I’ = I = 1.5 A
Resultant resistance in the circuit = R
R = R1+ R’ = 2 + 2 = 4 Ω
3
I= A
2
V=?
3
V = IR = × 4 = 6 volts
E =? 2
I=? ⇒ E = V = 6 volts
R2 = 3Ω

Long Answer Type Questions  (5 marks each)

Q. 1. (a) For the combination of resistors H = I2Rt
shown in the following figure, find where
the equivalent resistance between M I = Current
& N. R = Resistance
T = Time taken
(c) For an electric iron which consumes
1 kW electric power when operated
at 220 V, a current of (1000/220) A,
i.e., 4.54 A will flow in the circuit. In
this case, a 5 A fuse must be used.
(b) State Joule’s law of heating. (d)  In a series circuit the current is con-
(c) 
Why we need a 5 A fuse for an electric stant throughout the electric circuit.
iron which consumes 1 kW power at Thus, it is obviously impracticable
220 V? to connect an electric bulb and an
(d) Why is it impracticable to connect an electric heater in series, because they
electric bulb and an electric heater in need currents of widely different val-
series? [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020] ues to operate properly.
Ans. (a) (R3 × R4/R3 + R4) + R1 + R2 Q. 2. (a) Define power and state its SI unit.
(b) Joule’s law of heating implies that (b)  A torch bulb is rated 5 V and 500 mA.
heat produced in a resistor is (i) Calculate its
directly proportional to the square (i) Power
of current for a given resistance, (ii) (ii) Resistances
directly proportional to resistance for (iii)  Energy consumed when it is
a given current and (iii) directly pro- lighted for 2½ hours.
portional to the time for which the [CBSE OD, Set 2, 2020]
current flows through the resistor.
Ans. (a) Power is defined as the rate of doing = 90 kWh
work, it is the work done in unit time. = 90 unit
The SI unit of power is Watt (W) (c) Cost of 90 units of electric energy
which is joules per second (J/s). = 90 × 6.50 = `585.
(b) Given: Potential difference = V = 5 V Q. 4. (a)  What is meant by the statement,
500 “The resistance of a conductor is
Current = I = 500 mA = 1000 A = 0.5 A one Ohm”?
(b)  Define electric power. Write an
(i) Power = V × I = 5 × 0.5 expression relating electric power,
5
=5× = 2.5 W potential difference and resistance.
10 (c) How many 132 W resistors in para
(ii) Resistance = R = ? llel are required to carry 5 A on a 220
By Ohm’s law: V = IR V line? [CBSE OD, Set 3, 2020]
V Ans. (a)  Ohm’s law states that current
R =
I flowing through a conductor is
5 directly proportional to the potential
R = difference maintained across the
0.5
two ends of a conductor at constant
50
= 10 ohms
R = temperature and pressure.
5 Let current flowing through a con-
Energy consumed when it is
(iii) ductor is I, V is the potential differ-
1 ence maintained across the two ends
lighted for 2 hours
2 of a conductor.
Energy = Power × Time As per Ohm’s law, V ∝ 1
t = 2.5 × 60 × 60 sec. Thus, V = IR
So, Energy = 2.5 × 2.5 × 60 × 60
Here R is a proportionality constant
= 22500 Joules/sec. called resistance.
Q. 3. (a) An electric bulb is rated at 200 V; As per the question, the resistance of
100 W. What is its resistance? a conductor is 1 Ohm.
(b) Calculate the energy consumed by Let V = 1 volt and I = 1 A, then R = 1
3 such bulbs if they glow conti- Ohm Hemce, the ressistance is said to
nuously for 10 hours for complete be 1 Ohm if 1 ampere of current flows
month of November. through a circuit due to the potential
(c) Calculate the total cost if the rate is difference of 1 volt.
6.50 per unit. [CBSE OD, Set 3, 2020]
(b) Electric power is the rate at which
Ans. (a) Here, potential difference across the work is done of energy is transformed
bulb, V = 200 V in an electrical circuit.
Power of the bulb, P = 100 W  The formula for electric power is
V2 V2 (200 V)2 given by :
As P = ,R= =
R P 100 W P = VI
Where,
4 × 10 4
= W = 400 W P is the power
100 V is the electric current
(b) Electric energy consumed by 1 bulb Power can also be written as,
in 10 hours for 30 days, i.e. P = I 2R
W = Pt
V2
= 100 W × 10 × 30 ⇒ P=
R
= 30000 Wh
Electric energy consumed by 3 bulbs The above two expression are given
by using Ohm’s law, where voltage,
= 30000 × 3
current and resistance are related by
= 90000 Wh
the following relation.
 Where, When key is closed, the current starts flow-
R is the resistance in the circuit. ing through the circuit. Take the reading
V is the potential difference in the circuit of ammeter. Now change the position of
I is the electric current ammeter to anywhere in between the resis-
(c) For x number of resistors of resistance tors and take its reading. We will observe
132 W that in both the cases reading of ammeter
Supply voltage, V = 220 V will be same showing same current flows
Current, I = 5 A through every part of the circuit above.
Equivalent resistance of the combina- (b) Given,
tion = R, given as R1 = 5 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω, R3 = 15 Ω, V = 30 V
1  1  Total resistance, R = R1 + R2 + R3
=x×  
R  132  [... 5 Ω, 10 Ω and 15 Ω are connected in
132 series]
R=
x = 5 + 10 + 15
From Ohm’s law: = 30 Ω
120 Potential difference, V = 30 V
132x =
5 Current in the circuit, I =?
⇒ 132x = 44 From Ohm’s law.
⇒ 132 = 44x
132 I = V = 30 V = 1 A
⇒ x= R 30W
44
∴ Current flowing in the circuit = 1 A
⇒ x=3
So, 3 resistors are having resistance  Potential difference across 15Ω
132 Ω resistors = IR3
Q.  5. (a) How will you infer with the help of = 1A × 15Ω
an experiment that the same current = 15 V
flows through every part of a circuit Q. 6. (a) Three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are
containing three resistors in series connected in parallel and the
connected to a battery? combination is connected to a
(b) Consider the given circuit and find battery, ammeter, voltmeter and
the current flowing in the circuit key. Draw suitable circuit diagram
and potential difference across and obtain an expression for
the 15 Ω resistor when the circuit is
the equivalent resistance of the
closed.
combination of the resistors.
(b) Calculate the equivalent resistance
of the following network:

 [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]

Ans. (a) Let three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are  [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
connected in series which are also
connected with a battery, an ammeter Ans. (a) Let R1, R2 and R3 are three resistance
and a key as shown in figure. connected in parallel to one another
and R is the equivalent resistance of
the circuit. A battery of V volts has
been applied across the ends of this
combination. When the switch of the
key is closed, current I flows in the
circuit such that,
 Now, equivalent circuit becomes,

10 Ω and 10 Ω are connected in series.

∴ Equivalent resistance of the circuit
= 10 Ω + 10 Ω
= 20 Ω
Q. 7. (a) With the help of a suitable circuit
diagram prove that the reciprocal of
From Ohm’s law, the equivalent resistance of a group
V of resistances joined in parallel is
 I= ...(i) equal to the sum of the reciprocals
R
of the individual resistances.
V (b) In an electric circuit two resistors of
I1 =  ...(ii)
R1 12 Ω each are joined in parallel to a
V 6 V battery. Find the current drawn
I2 =  ...(iii) from the battery.
R2  [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]
V Ans. (a) It is observed that total current I is
I3 =  ...(iv)
R3 equal to the sum of separate currents.
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ...(v) I = I1 + I2 + I3 ...(i)
Putting the values of I, I1, I2 and I3 in Let Rp be the equivalent resistance of
equation (v), the parallel combination of resistors.

V V V V
= + +
R R1 R 2 R 3

1  1 1 1 
V  = V + + 
R  R1 R 2 R 3 

1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R 2 R 3 So, by applying ohm’s law
Let RP is the equivalent resistance of
(b)  I = V/Rp
resistors connected in parallel. I1 = V/R1, I2 = V/R2 and I3 = V/R3
So, now from equation (i), we have
V/Rp = V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3
1 1 1 1
and = + +
Rp R1 R 2 R 3
∴ 
Equivalent resistance of resistors in
Hence, if n resistors are connected
parallel:
in parallel, then the equivalent resis-
1 1 1 tance of the circuit is given by –
= +
Rp 20 20 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ........ +
1 1+1 2 1 R eq R1 R 2 R 3 Rn
⇒ = = =
RP 20 20 10 (b) Given, two resistors of 12 Ω connected
⇒ RP = 10 Ω. in parallel.
V=6V
 1 1 1 = 24 Ω
= +
R eq R1 R 2 (b) Current through circuit:

1 1 1 V = 6V, R = 24 Ω
∴ = +
R eq 12 12 According to Ohm’s law

1 2 V = IR
⇒ = V
R eq 12 So, I=
R
12 6
⇒ Req = =6Ω ⇒ I=
2 24
According to Ohm’s law V = IR 1
⇒ I = = 0.25 ampere
6=I×6 4
6 (c) (i) Potential difference across conduc-
=I
6 tion:
⇒ I = 1 ampere. 1
I= , R = 20Ω
Q. 8. An electric lamp of resistance 20 Ω 4
and a conductor of resistance 4 Ω are V1 = IR1
connected to a 6 V battery as shown in
the circuit. Calculate: 1
⇒ V1 = × 20
4
⇒ V1= 5V

(ii) Potential difference across lamp:
V2 = IR2
1
= ×4
4

(a) the total resistance of the circuit, ⇒ V2 = 1V

(b) the current through the circuit, (d) Power of lamp:
(c) the potential difference across the (i) p = I2R
electric lamp and (ii) conductor, and 2
1
(d) power of the lamp. ⇒ =   × 20
 [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019] 4
Ans. (a) Given, R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω 1 1
⇒ = × × 20
4 4
Since, in Series
5
R = R1 + R2 ⇒ = watt
4
∴ Total resistance of circuit:
or P = 1.25 watt
R = 20 + 4

Q.  9. Compare the power used in 2 Ω resistor in each of the following circuits: [CBSE, 2019]

Topper’s Answers
Q. 10.
(a)  Write two points of difference V2
between electric energy and electric (b) Power (P) =
R
power.
 i.e., At same voltage, power (P) is inversely
(b) Out of 60 W and 40 W lamps, which
proportional to resistance (R).
one has a higher electrical resistance
when in use. \ 40 W lamp has higher resistance.
(c) What is commercial unit of electric (c) The commercial unit of electrical
energy? Convert it into Joules. energy is kWh.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016] 1 kWh = 1000 W × 1 hr
Ans. (a) = 1000 W × 3600s
= 36 × 105 Ws
S.
No.
Electric energy Electric power ⇒ = 3.6 × 106 J.
Q.  11. (a) What is meant by heating effect of
1. Electrical energy con- It is the rate at
electric current? Give two applicati-
sumed by an electri- which electrical
ons of heating effect of current.
cal appliance is given energy is con-
(b) State the law relating heat dissipated
by the product of its sumed.
in an electric circuit with the current,
power rating and time
potential difference and time.
for which it is used.
(c) 50 J of heat is produced each second
2. It is measured in kWh. It is measured in in a 2 Ω resistor. Find this potential
watt or kilowatt. difference across the resistor.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
Ans. (a) When conductor offers resistance to Let R be the combined resistance, then
the flow of current, then the work
done by the electric current in over- V = IR
coming this resistance is converted Also, V1 = IR1, V2= IR2, V3 = IR3
into heat energy. This is called V = V1 + V2 + V3
heating effect of current.
∴ IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Application of heat energy:
(i) This effect is used in electric fuse ⇒ IR = I(R1 + R2 + R3)
wire for protecting household ∴ R = R1 + R2 + R3
wiring.
Now, R1 = 6 Ω, R2 = 9 Ω, R3 = 18 Ω
(ii) It is also used in electric iron, water
heaters etc. In parallel combination,
(b) Joule’s law of heating states that the 1 1 1 1
heat produced in a wire is directly = + +
R R1 R 2 R 3
proportional to the square of the
current, resistance of wire and time 1 1 1 1
for which current is passed. ⇒ = + +
R 6 9 18
H ∝ i2 RT
3+ 2+1
=
V2 18
(c) We have, P =
R 1 6 1
⇒ = =
H V 2 R 18 3
⇒ =
T R 1 1
⇒ =
H R 3
⇒ V2 = × R
T ⇒ R=3Ω
. .
[ . H = 50 J, R = 2 Ω, T = 1 sec] Q. 13.
State Ohm’s law. Draw a labelled
50 circuit diagram to verify this law in
⇒ × 2 = 100 V
= the laboratory. If you draw a graph
1
between the potential difference and
⇒ V = 10 V.
current flowing through a metallic
Q. 12. For the series combination of three conductor, what kind of curve will you
resistors establish the relation: get? Explain how would you use this
R = R1 + R2 + R3 graph to determine the resistance of the
where the symbols have their usual conductor. [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
meanings. Ohm’s law states that the electric current
Ans. 
Calculate the equivalent resistance of flowing through a conductor is directly pro-
the combination of three resistors of 6 Ω, portional to the potential difference across
9 Ω and 18 Ω joined in parallel. its two ends, when other physical condi-
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015] tions like temperature etc., remain constant.
Same current (I) flows through differ-
Ans.  i.e., V ∝ I
ent resistances, when these are joined in V
series, as shown in the figure. or = Constant = R
I
A R1 B R2 C R3 D or V = IR
I
V1 V2 V3 Thus, the ratio V : I is a constant. This con-
I stant is called the resistance (R) of the con-
ductor.
V
 Circuit diagram for Ohm’s law: heating. How will the heat produced in
an electric circuit be affected, if the resi-
stance in the circuit is doubled for the
same current?
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
Ans. When an electric current is passed
through a conductor, it becomes hot. This
is called heating effect of current. The
heating effect of current is obtained by the
transformation of electrical energy into
heat energy. A battery of a cell is a source
Graph: of electrical energy. The chemical reaction
within the cell generates the potential
difference between its two terminals that
sets the electrons in motion to make the
current flow through a resistor. The source
has to keep expending its energy. A part
of the source energy in maintaining the
current is consumed into useful work and
rest of the source energy is wasted in heat.

The heat produced in a wire is directly
proportional to:
Explanation: If a graph is drawn (i) square of current (I2)
between the potential difference (V) and (ii) resistance of wire (R)
current (I), the graph is found to be a (iii) time (t), for which current is passed.
straight line passing through the origin.
Joule’s Law of heating states that when a
This shows that the current is directly
current of ‘I’ amperes flows in a wire of
proportional to the potential difference.
resistance ‘R’ ohms for time ‘t’ seconds,
V then the heat produced in the conductor
Thus, the ratio remains constant.
I is equal to the product of the square of the
This constant is called the resistance current, resistance of the wire and time
of the conductor. The gradient of the for which current is passed. Joule’s Law
straight line graph is related to the of heating gives the formula:
resistance (R) of the conductor. H = I2 × R × t
Q.  14. When an electric current flows through a Since, H ∝ R, therefore if the resistance in
conductor it becomes hot. Why? List the the circuit is doubled then heat produced
factor on which the heat produced in a will also get doubled.
conductor depends. State Joule’s law of