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English
Language
SALIENT FEATURES:

� Chapterwise Discussion
� Topicwise Rules and Examples
� Exercise based on previous papers.
� Easy and comprehensible language

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4 ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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PREFACE
This gives us immense pleasure to present you the latest edition of this book. We thank you from the depth
of our hearts, for the love and affection given by you just from the beginning. Dear friends, change is the law
of nature. We must learn to tolerate the blows of time with patience and learn not only to endure, but also
to expect, welcome, and enjoy both the joys as well as the sorrows of life. We must do what we can to "get
success." We have to operate with the information and skills that are necessary for winning.
Today’s era is governed by technology. The technology has increased the pace of changing the world we see
day by day, and so the pattern of examination and criteria of selection has also changed. As we are aware
that interview is a part of the various examinations and the written/objective exams are going to be tougher
than earlier.
Every choice you make — including the thoughts you have — has consequences. When you start choosing
the right behaviour and thoughts — which will take a lot of discipline — you'll get the right outcomes.
Be aware of the factors that influence the way you see the world, so that you can deal with them and react
against them. You are your own most important resource for making your life work. Success is a moving
target that must be tracked and continuously pursued.
In this context we have completely updated this book keeping the forthcoming examination pattern in mind.
This edition caters to need of English Language that is asked in Preliminary and Mains stages of most of
the Banking and Insurance examinations for various posts. This book is thoroughly based on the latest pat-
tern in which time limit is given for each section. Every chapter in this book describes the concept with the
help of various examples and at the end gives miscellaneous examples to clear the concepts. Examples have
been solved with standard as well as short methods. At the end of each chapter exercises has been given to
master the topic by solving variety of exam oriented question. So we have now given a complete focus on
concept building and mastering each topic through this book.
We are truly dedicated to provide you the best among the rest. This book is an initiative from our side to
make you perfect in this subject.
We will be highly gratified, if this book helps students in getting selection.
Any suggestions related to the this book shall always be welcomed and we shall endeavor to incorporate
them in our upcoming issues.

Research Team

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CONTENTS
S.No. TOPICS Pg. No.

1. Introduction 7-9

2. Noun 10-16

3. Pronoun 17-22

4. Verb 23-33

5. Conjunction 34-38

6. Time and Tense 39-43

7. Rearrangement of Sentences 44-54

8. Preposition 55-65

9. Adjective 66-76

10. Cloze Test 77-85

11. Articles 86-91

12. Adverb 92-99

13. Error Detection 100-107

14. Vocabulary 108-115

15. Reading Comprehension 116-124

16. Fill in the Blanks 125-139

17. Phrase Replacement 140-147

18. Mis-Spelt and Inappropriate Words 148-153

19. Spotting Similar and Dissimilar words 154-162

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CHAPTER

1 introduction
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Why is learning English important? How to prepare English for competitive exams?
Today, English Language has a very significant role in For doing well in the paper of English language we have
banking and other competitive exams. This is one of the most worked on all the three sections: Reading Comprehension,
important facets conducted where a candidate is judged by Vocabulary and Grammar.
committees in all possible ways to stand him/her out from Here are the tips to improve the above-mentioned sections:
the crowd.
Besides this learning English will assist you to follow and
Improving reading comprehension
achieve more career goals.  These days, the job market is Remove distractions from your surroundings:  The first
global— a lot of industries require employees who are expert thing towards improving your reading comprehension is to
in communicating with customers and clients across the read in a place where you’ll be able to concentrate. Remove
nation and the world as well. any kind of distraction from your environment and turn off TV,
Music, etc. to prevent unexpected distractions from appearing.
In competitive exams, English Language
Read numerous books and articles: Regular reading
includes three important sections:
enables you to understand words automatically and at a
certain speed. In order to improve fluency and comprehension
and to learn various new words and phrases read the number
of books, newspapers, etc.
Grammar Vocabulary Reading
Comprehensive Be with someone superior if you’re reading something
above your level: You should be with someone who can
All these three sections make the board/committee which assist you in understanding while reading tough topics or
conducts the examinations understand candidate’s capability articles; that helper may be a teacher, a friend, a parent or
of understanding, speaking, writing, analyzing, and listening whoever you're comfortable talking to and asking questions.
English Language.
Read aloud: Reading the articles aloud is a very good way
In today’s competitive era, almost all the exams have a to slow down while reading and give you more time to process
mandatory test for English Language and are conducted what you're reading, thereby improving comprehension.
in English medium as well. It is absolutely necessary for
Read the text again and again as necessary to improve
a candidate to understand English to finish his/her exam
your comprehension:  Sometimes when you’re reading,
successfully. The skill to analyse very new words from both
and likely to finish a paragraph or page and realize that you
the context and structure shows the ability to make ways
don’t remember any of what you have just read. In such case
through some of the advanced writing on different topics.
go back and re-read what you’ve just read to refresh your
Why does English Language hold an memory and improve your comprehension.
important place in competitive exams? Prefer the books at or below your level: Instead of initiating
The section of English Language is given aiming with books that are very difficult, or not of your interest,
at evaluating the language skills of the candidates. read the books you’re comfortable with first and develop a
It is a way to judge the mental attention, the quick baseline of reading comprehension.
analytical power, presence of mind of the students. Improve the vocabulary: If you are unable to understand
In most of the parts of work, the variety of vocabulary what a word means, it's going to be tough to improve your
is highly required to express some of the ideas concisely reading comprehension. So in order to comprehend a passage,
and effectively. A large vocabulary correlates well with you must have a rough idea of what vocabulary has been
the capability of handling complex ideas. That is why, used in the particular passage.
English Language holds significance in competitive Try to understand the theme: To understand the central idea
exams. or theme of the article, your reading will help you improve

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your comprehension by getting you truly involved in the (C) Perceptual experiences depend on stimuli.
story. Most of the exams ask a question based on the theme (D) Some of the puzzles have confronted
or idea of the passage. epistemologists.
Go through important sections first instead of reading a Answers:
book linearly: If you are going through factual information,
such as a textbook or a newspaper, use the structure of Q.1.(B)
the piece to guide you. You must read the sections like Q.2.(C)
summaries, introductions, and conclusions first to get a
Improving Vocabulary
better sense.
Read again and again: ‘The more you read, the more you
Where it helps:
learn’ is suitable in case of improving vocabulary. Reading
Read the following passage carefully and answer the various things especially novels, literary works, magazines
given questions. and newspapers enables you to learn more words. As you read
The mind-body problem concerns the explanation of and uncover new words, derive the meaning from the context
the relationship that exists between  minds, or mental of the sentence as well as from looking up the definition in
processes, and bodily states or processes. The main aim of a dictionary.
philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature Always keep a dictionary: When you find a new word,
of the mind and mental states/processes, and how—or search it in the dictionary to get both its pronunciation and
even if—minds are affected by and can affect the body. its meaning(s). If you always keep a dictionary with you,
Human perceptual experiences depend on  stimuli  which you will be able to check the meaning instantly and reduce
arrive at one’s various  sensory organs  from the external the chances of missing it.
world and these stimuli cause changes in one’s mental
Use a diary or notes: It's one of the good ideas to maintain
state, ultimately causing one to feel a sensation, which
the list of the new words you find so that you can go back
may be pleasant or unpleasant. Someone’s desire for a
to the list easily and slowly build them into your everyday
slice of pizza, for example, will tend to cause that person to
vocabulary. Keeping the notes of all your new words can
move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific
provide a positive approach for learning even more words
direction to obtain what he or she wants. The question,
-- especially when you observe how many new words you've
then, is how it can be possible for conscious experiences
already learnt.
to arise out of a lump of grey matter endowed with
nothing but electrochemical properties. A related problem Learn a word every day: Make a rigid habit of learning
is to explain how someone’s  propositional attitudes  (e.g. at least one new word daily to improve the list of words.
beliefs and desires) can cause that individual’s neurons to Initially, it will not look effective but after a month or two,
fire and his muscles to contract in exactly the correct you will have a good piece of vocabulary.
manner. These comprise some of the puzzles that have Understand the root words: This is one of the most
confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from powerful ways to learn new words and understand the
at least the time of René Descartes. meaning of other new words based on the root. Just by seeing
Q.1. “The main aim of philosophers working in this the suffix or prefix you will be able to comprehend the word.
area is to determine the nature of the mind”. Prefer the word games: This is also one of the effective ideas
Which area is being talked about in the statement, in order to increase word power. Such games that challenge
given above? you and help you find new meanings and new words. This is
a fun tool in your quest for enhancing the vocabulary.
(A) Neurons and stimuli
Engage in conversations: Talk to other people in English
(B) Bodily and mental relationship
can help you find new words. If you are engaged in various
(C) Conscious State of mind conversation you will encounter some of the words you are
(D) Propositional attitudes. not aware of, note down the words; and simultaneously the
words you have learnt will also be used by you which makes
Q.2. Which of the following is NOT true according to you confident.
the passage.
Where it helps:
(A) The main aim of philosophers is to determine
the nature of the mind. Q.1. In the given question, choose the word most
similar in meaning to the given word and mark
(B) Conscious experiences arise out of a lump of your answer.
grey matter.
Carousal
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(A) Noisy (B) Callous Prefer the children’s books: These books are well designed
(C) Brawl (D) Calm to teach the basics of language, including fundamental words
and spellings, regular and irregular nouns and verbs, simple
Q.2. In the question given below, choose the word most usage, and sentence structure.
opposite in meaning to the given word and mark
your answer. Practice writing every day: In order to improve grammar,
writing and practicing new rules plays a vital role. To check
Wary your grammar regularly; maintain a notes of learned things,
(A) vigilant (B) careful write short stories or write letters, mails and messages to
friends or family. Pay attention to improving any problem
(C) oblivious (D) leave
areas you might have or mistakes you often repeat.
Q.1.(A) Noisy
Where it helps:
For other options – 
Q.1. In the question given below, a part of the sentence
Brawl(n) – small fight is underlined. Below are given alternatives to
Callous(Adj.) – Unfeelingly. the underlined part at (A), (B) and (C) which
may improve the sentence. Choose the correct
Q.2.(C) For other options: vigilant(Adj.)- watchful
alternative. In case no improvement is needed
Improving Grammar your answer is (D).
Strengthen the knowledge of the parts of speech: It My younger sister is seeing television.
is very essential to make a correct sentence. They are
(A) looking (B) watching
nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions,
conjunctions, interjections, and sometimes articles.  If you (C) observing (D) No Improvement
want to put sentences together in a proper manner, you Q.2. In the following question, find out which part of
must understand what the parts of speech are and how they a sentence has an error and mark the answer to
function in sentences. the appropriate letter (A), (B) and (C). If there
Pay attention to proper word order: Generally, almost is no error, mark your answer as (D).
every English sentence is framed following the subject– Sagar sat down opposite him (A)/ and offer (B)/
verb–object order. You might be aware of some rules like a packet of cigarettes. (C)/ No error (D)
articles come before adjectives, and adjectives come before
(A) A (B) B
the nouns they qualify. Modifiers should always be placed
as close to their nouns as possible. By learning the order of (C) C (D) D
the words and parts of speech you will be able to get the Q.1.(B) Solution: ‘Watch’ is used for Television.
mistakes done in a sentence.
Q.2.(B) Solution
Learn the rules of Verb and Tense properly: For expressing
and distinguishing the sentences in a perfect manner, you use ‘offered him’ instead of ‘offer’, sat is used in
must be aware of the rules of verbs and tenses. A slight past tense so after conjunction 'and' another verb
change in the verb or tense can highly impact the meaning should also take the same form.
you want to express. Consistency is the key to learning. If you keep practicing,
Know the rules of Punctuation:  It is well known reading, and writing, your knowledge and application
that ‘Punctuation’ is an essential element of language of grammar, vocabulary as well as comprehension will
because it indicates starts, stops, pauses, and relationships. keep improving. You will become successful in obtaining
Capitalization of the first letter of every sentence, and the first new opportunities and scoring well in competitive
letter of all proper nouns (the names of people and places).  examinations.

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CHAPTER

2 nOUN
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

##Sohan is a smart boy.

Introduction
##Mr. Siddhartha is an intelligent teacher.
Name of anything: person, animal, place, thing, idea,
action, state or quality is called Noun. ##He is a well-known doctor.
Rahul, Boy, India, Chair, Teacher, Oil, Honesty, Happiness, Some Common Nouns are:
Family, Sleep, Death, etc. People: teacher, student, man, father, baby, child, etc.
##A person is coming to us. Things: pen, pencil, book, table, computer, etc.
##Rajiv is a handsome boy. Animals: bird, dog, cat, cow, goat, wolf, tiger, etc. 
##The moon shines in the evening time. Place: capital, beach, forest, city, country, state, etc.
##Honesty is the best policy. Collective Noun:
##Poverty is a curse. A collective noun represents a collection or number or
Classification of nouns: group of things or persons.
##The army is ready for retaliation.
##The class was not aware of the test.
Countable Noun Un-countable Noun ##The issue was complained by the committee.

Proper Noun Abstract Noun Some Collective nouns are:

Common Noun Material Noun Cabinet, group, company, society, troupe, corporation,
class, army, mob, gang, team, jury, family, herd, committee,
Collective Noun
audience, council, public, navy, board, etc.
A noun can broadly be classified into two categories:
List of some Collective Nouns
(1) Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted.
(group names):
Person, Box, House, Pen, Boy, etc.
� a cloud of flies � a cloud of insects
Since countable nouns can be counted, they can be both
singular and plural. � a cloud of locusts � a colony of gulls

We can say person (singular) or persons (plural), and they � a drove of cattle � a drove of horses

both make sense. � a flight of birds � a flight of doves
It is further classified into: � a flight of swallows � a flock of birds
Proper Noun: � a flock of sheep � a gaggle of geese
Proper noun is the name (used for calling) of a particular � a haul of fish � a herd of buffaloes
person, place or thing. � a group of singers � a pack of rascals
##Delhi is the capital of India. � a pack of thieves � a party of friends
##Radha is a beautiful girl. � a patrol of policemen � a regiment of soldiers
##Arjun is a clever boy. � a staff of employees � a staff of servants
Note: Proper noun always starts with a capital letter. � a staff of teachers � a team of players
Common Noun: � a tribe of natives � a troop of scouts
Common noun is not the name of a particular thing or � a troupe of artists � a troupe of dancers
class but represents one or all of the members of that class.

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� a troupe of performers � a party of friends � a string of horses � a stud of horses
� a band of musicians � a band of robbers � a swarm of ants � a swarm of bees
� a board of directors � a body of men � a swarm of insects � a swarm of locusts
� a bunch of crooks � a caravan of gypsies � a team of horses � a team of oxen
� a choir of singers � a class of pupils � a train of camels � a tribe of goats
� a class of students � a company of actors � a troop of lions � a troop of monkeys
� a company of soldiers � a zoo of wild animals � a bouquet of flowers
� a congregation of worshippers � a bunch of grapes � a clump of trees
� a crew of sailors � a crowd of spectators � a collection of coins � a deck of cards
� a crowd of people � a dynasty of kings � a set of teeth � a shelf of books
� a galaxy of stars � a gang of crooks � a string of pearls � a pack of cards
� a band of soldiers � a circle of friends � a fleet of ships � an album of photographs
� a gang of thieves � a group of people � an album of stamps � an anthology of poems
� a horde of children � a mass of people � a bundle of hay � a catalogue of goods
� a mob of hooligans � a panel of experts � a chain of mountains � a chest of drawers
� a party of visitors � an army of soldiers � a cluster of coconuts � a cluster of grapes
� a bevy of beauties � a gang of labourers � a cloud of dust � a clump of bushes
� a gang of prisoners � a gang of robbers � a clump of trees � a collection of coins
� a horde of savages � a host of angels � a collection of curiosities � a collection of stamps
� a line of kings/rulers � a mob of rioters � a column of smoke � a comb of bananas
� a group of dancers � a colony of ants � a compendium of games � a constellation of stars
� a drove of cattle � a plague of locusts � an outfit of clothes � an orchard of fruit trees
� a school of fish � a hive of bees � a pack of cards � a pack of lies
� an army of ants � a bevy of quail � a packet of cigarettes � a packet of letters
� a brood of chickens � a catch of fish � a pair of shoes � a pencil of rays
� a herd of cattle � a herd of deer � a quiver of arrows � a range of hills
� a herd of elephants � a herd of goats � a range of mountains � a ream of paper
� a herd of swine � a host of sparrows � a reel of thread � a roll of film
� a kindle of kittens � a litter of cubs � a rope of pearls � a row of houses
� a litter of piglets � a litter of kittens � a series of events � a set of clubs
� a litter of puppies � a set of tools � a sheaf of arrows
� a menagerie of wild animals � a sheaf of corn � a sheaf of grain
� a muster of peacocks � a nest of ants (2) Uncountable nouns are nouns that can’t be counted. 
� a nest of mice � a nest of rabbits Water, scenery, knowledge, homework, luggage, etc.
� a pack of hounds � a pack of wolves Uncountable nouns do not have their plural form because
� a plague of insects � a plague of locusts we can’t count them.

� a pride of lions � a school of herrings It is further classified into:

� a school of porpoises � a school of whales Material Noun:

� a shoal of fish A material noun is the name of material, substance or

ingredient of which is used to prepare something.
� a skein of wild geese in flight
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##The bangles are made of gold. 4. If a singular noun ends in ‑y and the letter before the
##A cow gives us milk. -y is a consonant, change the ending to ‑ies to make the
noun plural.
##Give me a piece of wood.
city – cities
Some material nouns are:
puppy – puppies
Iron, Steel, Copper, Gold, Coal, Silver, Milk, Water, Sugar,
Wheat, etc. 5. If the noun ends with ‑f or ‑fe, the f is changed to ‑ve
before adding the -s to form the plural .
Abstract Noun:
wife – wives
An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action,
state or concept and it is generally defined as the noun wolf – wolves
which can’t be seen or touched but felt. Exceptions:
##Honesty is the best policy. roof – roofs
##We want the days of childhood back. belief – beliefs
##The soldiers’ bravery is highly appreciated. chef – chefs
Some abstract nouns are: chief – chiefs
Quality- heroism, stupidity, darkness, kindness, goodness, 6. If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the
brightness, honesty, beauty, bravery, wisdom, etc. -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to make it plural.
State- Poverty, slavery, sickness, sleep Childhood, boyhood, ray – rays
youth, death, etc. boy – boys
Action- Judgement, movement, laughter, hatred, theft, etc. 7. If the singular noun ends in ‑o, add ‑es to make it plural.
Noun and Number potato – potatoes
There are two numbers in Noun-Number: Singular and Plural.  tomato – tomatoes
1. Singular: When we speak about one person and one thing, Exceptions:
we use the noun in singular form. 
photo – photos
2. Plural: When we speak about more than one person and
piano – pianos
one thing, we use the noun in plural form. 
halo – halos
List of some regular words.
volcano - volcanos
1. In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require
that you double the -s or -z prior to adding the -es for 8. Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.
pluralization. sheep – sheep
fez – fezzes series – series
gas –gasses species – species
2. If the singular noun ends in ‑s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, deer –deer
add ‑es to the end to make it plural.
List of some irregular singular-plural form.
truss – trusses
bus – buses Singular Plural
louse lice
marsh – marshes mouse mice
lunch – lunches die dice
tax – taxes ox oxen
child children
blitz – blitzes
person people
3. To make regular nouns plural, add ‑s to the end. focus foci (also focuses)
cat – cats radius radii (also radiuses)
fungus fungi
house – houses
nucleus nuclei
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cactus cacti @ My friend has purchased two pair of sandals.
alumnus alumni @ I have pairs of shoes.
axis axes
@ Hundreds of persons are watching the match.
analysis analyses
crisis crises Rule: A plural noun is used after One of, Neither of, Either
thesis theses of, and Each of.
phenomenon phenomena @ One of my best friends is a doctor.
criterion criteria @ Either of my friends is coming.
Imporatnt Rules of Noun: Rule: Some nouns look plural but have singular meaning. A
Rule:  Some nouns are always written in plural form and singular verb is used with them.
don’t have singular form. Summons, News, Politics, Physics, Economics, Mechanics,
A plural verb is used with these nouns. Mathematics, Ethics, Rickets, Billiards, Draughts, Innings, etc.
Goggles, Belongings, Breeches, Braces, Binoculars, Dregs, @ We all have good news.
Entrails, Embers, Fireworks, Lees, Odds, Scissors, Gentry, @ Economics is his favorite subject.
Trousers, Pants, Clippers, Shambles, Bellows, Gallows,
@ It was really a good innings by Australia.
Fangs, Eyeglasses, Tidings, Proceedings, Riches, Bowels,
Remains, Shears, Spectacles, Surroundings, Tactics, Tongs, Rule: Some nouns look singular but have plural meaning. A
Vegetables, Valuables, etc. plural verb is used with them.
@ These belongings are mine. Infantry, Children, Cattle, Cavalry, Poultry, Peasantry,
Gentry, Police, Clergy, Etc.
@ Where are my goggles?
@ Children are dancing on the floor.
Rule: Some nouns are always written and used in singular
form. They are generally uncountable nouns. @ People are not allowed to enter the ground.
Articles A/An are not used with these nouns. @ Police are coming soon.
Money, Language, Business, Mischief, Knowledge, Bread, Rules for using Apostrophe‘s’ (’s)
Stationery, Crockery,  Baggage, Postage, Wastage, Jewellery, For all singular nouns add apostrophe “s” at the end.
Breakage, Machinery, Work, Wood, Dust, Traffic, Electricity,
@ Radha’s book
Scenery, Poetry, Furniture, Advice, Information, Luggage,
Hair, etc. @ Kavita’s pet
@ My teacher gave me information. @ Cat’s home
@ Rahul sent his furniture by Truck. For plural nouns add apostrophe ‘s’ at the end.
@ Kavita has good knowledge of Mathematics. @ Children’s school
Rule: Some nouns have the same form in singular as well @ People’s vote
as in plural form. For plural nouns which end with ‘s’ add apostrophe
Trout, Deer, Aircraft, Counsel, Swine, Vermin, Species, after‘s’.
Sheep, Fish, Crew, Family, Team, Carp, Pike, etc. @ Girls’ hostel
@ A deer is grazing in the field. @ Students’ mess
Deer are grazing in the field. @ Kids’ school
@ A sheep is there. For joint possession add apostrophe‘s’ at the end of the
I have many sheep. last word.
Rule:  Some nouns like Hundred, Pair, Stone, Dozen, @ Shyam and Radha’s house.
Thousand, Million, Billion, Gross, Score, etc. are used in @ Teacher and Student’s relation.
singular with numerical adjectives and without numerical
adjective they can be written in plural form, if required. For individual possession over different objects add
apostrophe‘s’ with all the words.
@ My father bought four dozen apples for me.
@ Shyam’s and Radha’s houses.
@ Her sister got five hundred rupees.
@ Teacher’s and Student’s lives.
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exercise
Q.1-40. In each of the following questions, read each the petitioners, led by historian, (3)/ have questioned
sentence and find out whether there is an error the motivation for the police raids on the residences
in it. The error, if any will be one of the parts of of these activists and a few others in a coordinated
the sentence which are marked as 1, 2, 3 and 4. If operation across several States.(4)/No error(5)
there is no error, the answer will be (5) i.e. No error. Q.12. I have my own standards for what (1)/ I want in my
Q.1. Men after men are earning (1)/an honest buck in country and how (2)/ I want to be treated and i bring
mines for (2) the wages, who are migrated (3)/from a lot to the table for my country’s development (3)/
their villages in the search of employment. (4)/ No and loyal is the key to it. (4)/No error (5)
error (5) Q.13. The rising angry mob violence, the political class and
Q.2. A pair of oxes are used (1)/to pull extremely large bureaucracy (1)/continued to remain a silent spectator
(2)/and heavy projects and (3)/ it is also used for and the human rights observers,(2)/ feel political class
ploughing the fields. (4)/No error (5) is behind the rise in mob lynching since most of the
Q.3. The peasantries takes shape as a (1)/ distinct social people(3)/ who are ruling the country retained or
class as the (2)/ primitive communal system which captured the power through political system which
was (3)/ dependent on the ruling class of feudal lords. is aggressive and violent. (4)/ No error (5)
(4) / No error (5) Q.14. Four of the five judges on a Constitution Bench
Q.4. Indian armed forces are the military (1)/ forces ruled that the law enabling the implementation of
of the Republic of India (2)/ consisting of three the programme does not (1)/ violate the right to
professional uniformed service (3)/the Indian Army, privacy of citizens; instead, the project (2)/ empowers
Indian Navy and Indian Air Force.(4)/ No error (5) marginalized sections and procures dignity for them(3)/
along with service, benefits and subsidies by leveraging
Q.5. The doctor advised me (1)/ to have healthy diet and the power of technology. (4)/ No error (5)
(2)/ I am a vegetarian and thankfully (3)/I love fruits
and vegetables. (4)/ No Error (5) Q.15. Number of books is placed in the (1)/ library for
different subjects as (2)/ intellectual objects that
Q.6. It is a pity that even (1)/ 6 years old boys are engaged consist of drawings, (3)/ engravings or such things
in (2)/ hazardous factories to (3)/ earn livelihood as crossword puzzles. (4)/ No error (5)
for their family even after many restrictions.(4)/ No
error (5) Q.16. Whenever you buy articles, the (1)/shopkeeper
weighs it, that’s how (2)/ we use the metric system
Q.7. The government is launching (1)/many schemes for the (3)/ of weighing articles. (4)/ No error (5)
poors (2)/to cope up with poverty and illiteracy (3)/to
move towards developed nation. (4)/No error (5) Q.17. A unique identity number, that could be availed on
(1)/ a voluntary base and was conceived to eliminate
Q.8. I have baked countless (1)/ loaves of breads as a (2)/ the rampant (2)/ fraud in the distribution of benefits,
baker and saved the world from hunger (3)/ during had threatened to morph — with the Centre’s (3)/
the floods. (4)/No error (5) tacit acceptance — into things that was mandatory
Q.9. A failure in either of the two States in Central India for various aspects of life.(4)/ No error (5)
on account (1)/of a divided opposition will make Q.18. These persons will have many levels of appeal
the party (2)/efforts to put together a broad-based as next resort (1)/ but India needs to officially
front against the rival (3)/that much more difficult. give the assurance that it will not (2)/ condemn
(4)/ No error (5) undocumented immigrants, who lack wherewithals
Q.10. A day before the killing of the BSF jawan, (1)/a (3)/ & are the most unfortunate victims of poverty
statement by the Defence Minister that the Indian and South Asia’s complicated history, to their own
Army (2)/ is “also cutting heads, (3)/but not devices. (4)/ No error (5)
displaying them” only highlights the needs to stop Q.19. It’s high time we adopted ‘jobs, education, health,
the retaliatory cycle. (4)/ No error (5) (1)/ security’ as a mantra for independent (2)/ that can
Q.11. The story so far has thrown up a legal tussle between empower and is personally meaningful (3)/ to India’s
the Centre contention that it is probing a terrorist burgeoning young population. (4)/No error (5)
conspiracy (1)/ involving Maoist insurgents and their Q.20. The boy lives in the boarding where lodgers rent one or
urban supporters and the counter-argument that (2)/ this more (1)/ rooms for one or more nights, and sometimes
is a thinly disguised crackdown on political dissent, for extended (2)/ periods of weeks, months, and years
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and the common parts of the (3)/ house are maintained, lake; but the building(3)/ to have much architectural
and some services, such as laundry and cleaning, may merit apart from its ornamentation.(4)/No error (5)
be supplied. (4)/ No error (5) Q.30. The Sensex and the Nifty were down 279 and 91
Q.21. There is little doubt that provocations from Pakistan, points, respectively, (1)/at the end of trading after a
and the (1)/ serious of the attacks launched by groups significant recovering, (2)/but the day-end figures
based there (2)/ warrant a firm signal from India but failed to capture (3)/ the panic that struck investors
a credible position also (3)/ requires consistency, during the day. (4)/ No Error (5)
which the government has not brought to bear on Q.31. As things stand, great transparency is the only way to
its Pakistan policy thus far. (4)/ No error (5) clear the air (1)/ and the decision to reject the formation
Q.22. Allowing private players to use Aadhaar will lead (2)/ of a Joint Parliamentary Committee(3)/ to examine
to profiling, (1)/ which could be used to ascertain the deal should be reconsidered. (4)/No error (5)
the political views of citizens, the judge, (2)/ who Q.32. Private briefings to Opposition leaders and the enclosure
pronounced his separate verdict, said. (3)/the Justice also (1)/ of all information that doesn’t jeopardize (2)/
held that deny of social welfare measures was violation national security or impact the aircrafts’ (3)/ operational
of fundamental rights of citizens. (4)/ No error (5) capability are good starting points. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.23. Justice said it was now impossible to live in India Q.33. The trainer asked everyone to drink (1)/ spoonsful of
(1)/ without Aadhaar but it was violative to Article honey to a (2)/ glass of water that will not only (3)/make
14 (2)/ and if Aadhaar is seeded with every database, us healthy but also energetic whole day (4)/ No error (5)
(3)/ there is chance of infringing of the right to
privacy, he said. (4)/No error (5) Q.34. The book’s cover is used as a promotional (1)/ feature
in the launch of the book (2)/ which is the is first
Q.24. The protocol included provisions to adopt "Optimal edition of the author and it is announced (3)/ that the
Pricing of Spectrum" to (1)/ ensure sustainable and book is for astrologers and surveyors. (4)/No error (5)
affordable access to digital communication,(2)/ high
spectrum price and related charge have been main (3)/ Q.35. I met with an accident last night (1)/ I lost my senses
concern of telecom services segment, which is reeling but there were many evidences(2)/ who were present
under a debt of around Rs7.8 trillion. (4)/ No error (5) there and some of them (3)/ are prime witness of the
mishappening. (4)/No error (5)
Q.25. A sharp raise in retail prices of petrol and diesel
(1)/ in the last five months has exposed the political Q.36. It was a two-hundred-pages diary (1)/which I read
(2)/ vulnerability of the Party (3)/ that leads the and got to know about (2)/ the ups and downs in that
government at the Centre. (4)/ No error (5) mysterious man’s life,(3)/ how a company owner
went to the mental asylum.(4)/No error (5)
Q.26. Alm involves giving to others as an act of virtue,
(1)/ either materially or in the sense of providing Q.37. The manager first clarified what the agendum (1)/
capabilities (2)/ (e.g. education) free which exists for the meeting would be before (2)/ the CEO rose to
in a number of religions and (3)/ regions and the speak and it should be at the (3)/ priority to remove the
concept of charitable giving is generally divided barriers for free trade in the country. (4)/No error (5)
into voluntary giving (4)/No error (5) Q.38. The Himalayas’s snow cap is melting which (1)/
Q.27. There was such acrimony between Egypt and Israel (1)/ separates the plain of the Indian sub-continent from
heading into the talks at Camp that Carter reportedly the Tibetan plateau (2)/ and it is distinct from the
had to speak (2)/ with each of the leaders separately other great ranges of (3)/Central Asia which includes
in their respective cabins (3)/at Camp on several over fifty mountains. (4)/No error (5)
occasions to reach consensus. (4)/ No error (5) Q.39. This could in principle be dealt with a golden
Q.28. With the civil aviation minister flagging off his handshake (1)/, however the insuring that the
new airlines, (1)/ he was making a comeback to the government sector jobs offer (2)/is often a key
aviation circuit as the chief executive of Zoom Air, attractive feature of these jobs (3)/, given the lack of
Dhar had been (2)/ at the helm of an airline thrice significant upside financial rewards. (4)/No error.(5)
before — one was (3)/shut down, another sold, and Q.40. The requirements of worker safety and provision
the third failed to take off. (4)/No error (5) of safety gear for rare instances (1)/ when human
Q.29. The Golden Temple of Amritsar is so called on intervening is unavoidable, are often ignored (2)/and
account of its copper dome, (1)/covered with gold mere assertions by the Centre that (3)/it is pressing
foil, which shines brilliantly in the rays of the State governments to prosecute violators, therefore,
sun,(2)/ and is reflected back from the water of the ring hollow. (4)/ No error (5)
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explanation
Q.1.(1) Man after man is used (When there is Noun+ Q.22.(4) ‘Deny’ is a verb here and we should use noun
Preposition + Noun, Noun should be singular). ‘denial’ (the action of denying something) of
Q.2.(1) Pair of oxen should be used (Plural of ox is oxen). social welfare measures.
Q.3.(1) Peasantry (singular noun) should be used with Q.23.(4) Infringement (noun-the action undermining
singular verb (takes). something) should be there in place of
Q.4.(3) ‘services’ should be used as it is talking about infringing(verb).
three types of services. Q.24.(3) ‘Charges’ should replace ‘charge’ as ‘charges’ for
Q.5.(4) Fruit should be used because here the usage of more than one service is given.
fruits is not correct. Q.25.(1) ‘Rise’ (noun) should replace ‘raise’(verb) as
Usually fruit is an uncountable noun. You can adjective qualifies a noun.
count fruit by saying 1 piece of fruit, 2 pieces of Q.26.(1) (Alms) should be used here as it is a singular
fruit, or a bowl of fruit. Use fruit when you are (noun) generally used in the plural form.
talking about the entire group in general. Q.27.(4) ‘Occasions’ (plural noun) should be used here as
Q.6.(2) ‘Years’ should be replaced by year as ‘Six year ‘several’ is given.
old’ is used as an adjective. Q.28.(1) Airline (an organization providing a regular public
Q.7.(2) Poors should not be used, the poor (plural) service of air transport on one or more routes)
represents the whole community. should be used here as the name of the specific
Q.8.(2) ‘Loaves of bread’ should replace ‘loaves of breads’ airline is given.
as ‘loaves of bread’ is already plural. Q.29.(3) ‘Waters’ should be used as ‘water’ is uncountable
Q.9.(2) Party’s efforts should be used as it is talking about noun and waters is used as specific body of water.
the efforts made by the party. Q.30.(2) ‘Recovering’ verb is used here but instead of that
Q.10.(4) ‘Need’ (singular) should replace ‘needs’ as ‘there ‘significant recovery (noun)’ should be used as it
is a need (necessity) to stop the retaliatory cycle’. is talking about an event.
Q.11.(1) ‘Centre’s contention’ should be used as we are Q.31.(1) ‘greater’ should be used in place of ‘great’ as
talking about the disagreement of the central we are emphasizing on the need of transparency
government in particular. which needs to be increased.
Q.12.(4) ‘Loyalty should replace ‘loyal’ as loyalty means Q.32.(1) Enclosure is not correct in context with the
‘the quality of being loyal’. sentence, it should be disclosure i.e. to reveal
something.
Q.13.(1) ‘angry’ should be removed as mob itself defines
angry group of people. Q.33.(2) ‘Spoonsful’ should be replaced by ‘spoonfuls’
(plural noun).
Q.14.(4) According to the law of parallelism ‘services’
should be used. Q.34.(1) It should be cover of the book as only living things
can be used with apostrophe like table of the leg
Q.15.(1) It should be ‘a number of books are placed’
is correct but table’s leg is wrong.
because a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Q.35.(4) ‘Witnesses’ should be used as evidence refers to
Q.16.(1) ‘Buy an article’ should be used as a singular
non-living things (paper, document) and witness
subject takes a singular verb.
refers to living beings or an individual.
Q.17.(4) Instead of ‘things’ there should be ‘a thing’ as in
Q.36.(1) ‘It was a two hundred page diary’ is correct as noun
the sentence ‘was’ is given.
indicating numerals must be used in singular form.
Q.18.(3) ‘Wherewithal’ is an example of a noun which can
Q.37.(1) As ‘Agenda’ expresses a list of items to be
be used either as a singular or plural noun.
discussed at a formal meeting so, collectively we
Q.19.(2) ‘Independent’ should replace ‘independence’ (the should use the word 'agenda'.
fact of being independent) as a noun is required
Q.38.(1) The words which end with s sound or hiss sound
here.
they take only apostrophe without ‘s’ so it will be
Q.20.(1) It should be ‘boarding house’ (compound noun) (The Himalayas’).
which means ‘a private house providing food and
Q.39.(2) ‘Insurance’ (noun) should replace ‘insuring’ as
lodging for paying guests’.
we are talking of the surety that insurance offers.
Q.21.(2) ‘Serious’ should be replaced by ‘seriousness’ (the
Q.40.(2) ‘Intervention’ (noun) should replace ‘intervening’
quality of being serious) which is used for the
(verb) to make it correct.
attacks.
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CHAPTER

3 pRONOUN
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Introduction Nominative Objective

Possessive Case
‘Pronouns’ are used in place of a noun that has already been Number Poss. Poss.
Case Case
mentioned in the sentence or that is already known, often Adj. Pro.
to avoid repeating the ‘noun’. His/
Him/Her/ His/
Kishor was tired so he went to bed. Singular He/She/It Her/
It Hers
Its
Radhika took the children with her.
Plural They Them Their Theirs
Teacher’s face was close to mine.
They have a pen that was stolen last week. Rules of Personal Pronouns:
Rule: When more than one Persons are used in a sentence,
Types of Pronoun the order should be:
1. Personal Pronoun 2. Possessive Pronoun
3. Demonstrative Pronoun 4. Distributive Pronoun When all Personal Pronouns are singular : 231
5. Indefinite Pronoun 6. Reciprocal Pronoun When all Personal Pronouns are plural : 123
7. Reflexive Pronoun 8. Emphatic Pronoun If the sentence refers about accepting 123
9. Interrogative Pronoun 10. Relative Pronoun error or mistake or guilt feeling
Personal Pronoun
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily He and I are going to see the magic Both pronouns
with a particular person, in the grammatical sense. show. are singular
Personal pronouns are divided into two groups:  You and he have worked hard for Both pronouns
Subjective A pronoun which acts as the subject in our family. are singular
Pronoun: the sentence (he, she, it, I, we, you, they) I, you and he will have to apologize. Sense of guilt
Objective A pronoun which acts as the object in the
Pronoun: sentence (him, her, it, me, us, you, them) We and They are responsible for Both pronouns
failure are plural
Persons Singular Number Plural Number Rule: The pronoun is used in the subjective case when it is
First Person I We placed after the verb ‘to be’ (is, am, are, was, were) and the
Second Person You You verb ‘to be’ comes after the subject.
Third Person He, She, It They
It is he.
Possessive Case It is I.
Nominative Objective
Number Poss. That is she.
Case Case Poss. Pro.
Adj. It was she there.
Singular I Me My Mine
If he were she, he would have been very successful.
Plural Me Us Our Ours
Rule: In comparative sentences after ‘as’ or ‘than’, pronoun
Possessive Case case should be subjective or objective depends on whether
Nominative Objective
Number Poss. Poss. the comparison is between the subjects or objects.
Case Case
Adj. Pro. She is more intelligent than he. (He is)
Singular You You Your Yours
She is taller than I. (I am)
Plural You You Your Yours
You are as honest as she. (She is).

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He praises me as much as her. (He praises her) anybody everybody nobody somebody
You love me more than she. (She loves me) anyone everyone no one someone
Rule: If two nouns are joined with ‘as well as’ ‘in addition
anything everything nothing something
to’ ‘besides’ ‘and not’ ‘like’ ‘unlike’ etc. the pronoun is used
as per the first subject. Indefinite pronouns are used to refer to people or things
without saying exactly who or what they are. 
His friends as well as I are now completing their work.
@ Is there anything to eat?
She in addition to her brothers is doing her work.
The girl with her parents is trying hard to finish her task. @ Did you meet anyone last night?

The first chapter along with the last ones is correct in @ Is everyone here?
its format. @ Have you looked at anything?
Possessive Pronoun: Reciprocal Pronoun:
Possessive pronouns are the words that demonstrate owner- There are only two reciprocal pronouns.
ship. These are mine, ours, its, his, hers, theirs, and yours. If @ Each other
the book belongs to me, then it is mine. If the book belongs
to her, then it is hers. @ One another
@ The books are yours and mine. To refer to two people, we should use “each other.”
@ The car is theirs and its paint is fading. To refer to more than two people, we should use “one another.”
@ The money was really theirs for the taking. @ Govind and Rajiv hate each other.
@ Their mother gets along well with yours. @ The ten thieves were all blaming one another.
Demonstrative Pronouns: @ They can’t see each other.
A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things: @ The robbers were fighting one another.
  Near Far Reflexive Pronoun:
Singular this that A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun ending in self or selves that
Plural these those is used as an object to refer to a previously named noun or
@ This sweet tastes good. pronoun in a sentence.
@ Have you seen this movie? Reflexive pronouns usually follow verbs or prepositions.
@ These are my choices. The reflexive pronouns are:
@ Did he like those boys? Singular: myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself
Distributive Pronoun: Plural: ourselves - yourselves - themselves
Distributive pronoun is used in order to refer to persons or
things one at a time. They are always singular – When the subject and the object refer to the same person
or thing.
Either means the one or the other of the two. 
Neither is the negative of either. He accidentally cut himself while he was chopping the
vegetables.
@ Each of the wrestlers is strong.
She bought a present for herself.
@ Either of the boys behaves badly.
We helped ourselves to the free drinks at the launch party.
@ Neither of the students was late.
They injured themselves during the rugby match.
The pronoun each is used at three positions:
@ Each of the candidates received a prize. We can use a reflexive pronoun as a direct object with most
transitive verbs, but these are the most common:
@ These girls each received a prize.
@ These boys received ten rupees each. amuse avail cut dry enjoy help
Indefinite Pronoun: hurt introduce kill prepare satisfy teach
The indefinite pronouns are: pride cheat resign apply acquit assert

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@ Did you hurt yourself when you fell? o You should think whom to invite.
@ We blamed ourselves for the mistake. o Whom do you think smart?
@ We enjoyed ourselves there. What – It is used to ask questions about people or objects.
o What do you bring for lunch?
@ The new teacher introduced himself to the class.
o I think what we’re doing is not correct.
@ He presented himself before the king.
o What is your friend’s name?
Some below given verbs are used intransitively hence
Which – It is used to ask questions about people or objects.
reflexive pronoun is not used:
(In case of limited choices)
adapt complain concentrate stay o Which color do you prefer?
hide lie down meet move o Which of these options is your choice?
shave bathe make relax o They asked which food to take.
remember shower stop gather Whose – it is used to ask questions about people, animals
or objects, it is always related to possession.
You stayed yourself away from my class. (Incorrect) o Whose pen is this?
You stayed away from my class. (Correct) o They wonder whose dog is barking so loudly.
We qualified ourselves in the test. (Incorrect) o Whose selection is possible this year?
We qualified in the test. (Correct) Relative Pronoun: 
She kept herself away from the shower there. Relative pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses. Some
common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, that.
(Incorrect)
We use relative pronoun considering what we are referring
She kept away from the shower there. (Correct)
to and the type of relative clause.
Emphatic Pronoun: Who
(i) Emphatic Pronoun is used to explain the action done (i). We use ‘who’ in relative clauses to refer to people.
by the noun without anyone’s help.
@ There’d be a lot of boys who don’t like going to school.
(ii) An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is @ That’s the girl who doesn’t like milk. 
used to emphasize its referent. 
@ There’s is the man at work, who’s one of my friends.
(iii) Emphatic Pronoun looks similar to Reflexive Pronoun.  (ii). ‘Who’ can act as the subject or the object of the
@ I myself carried his lunchbox and gave him. relative clause:
@ They’re going out with a man who’s in the Navy. 
@ You yourself can write that article. 
@ The boy who I saw yesterday was a teacher. 
@ He  himself  attended that lecture.  (‘himself ’
(iii). ‘Who’ is as the complement of a preposition:
emphasizes ‘he’)
@ It was Rahul who Vikas gave the keys to. It wasn’t
@ The building itself is very tall. (‘itself’ emphasizes Shivam. 
‘building’)
(iv). A preposition is used at the end of the relative
Interrogative Pronoun: clause, and not immediately before ‘who’:
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. @ Correct: Of all my friends, Ram’s the one who I
The main interrogative pronouns are:  know I can rely on.
@ Incorrect: Of all my friends, Ram’s the one on who
who, whom, what, which, whose
I know I can rely.
Who – It is used to ask questions about people. Whom
o Who was playing the match? (i). ‘Whom’ is used to refer to people when the person
o I’m discussing who will inaugurate the event. is the object of the verb.
o Who is coming to take the cloth? @ The action of those doctors whom I have consulted
has been very effective.
Whom – it is generally used to ask questions about people.
@ Kapil was a celebrated actor whom they had known
o Whom do you call at dinner? and loved.
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(ii) We put the preposition before whom. (iv). That  should be used after the interrogative
@ Extra activities in schools are good for students for pronouns what, which and who.
whom these are allowed. @ What is the issue that worries you the most?
Whose @ Which is the friend that you would like to invite?
(i). ‘Whose’ is generally used as a relative pronoun to @ Who is the player that you like the most?
indicate possession by people, animals and nonliving
Some important rules of Pronouns
things.
Rule: A pronoun placed before a verb should be in the
@ I know Rahul whose father is a doctor.
nominative case
@ They have the card whose envelope is missing.
A pronoun placed after a verb should be in the
@ This is the dog whose colour is black.
objective case.
(iii).  Whose  + noun is used as the complement of a
@ I am scolding him.
preposition:
@ We have seen him.
@ John, whose father used to talk to me, has won a
contest.  Rule: The pronoun must be used according to
its antecedent in number, gender and person.
Which
@ The boy loves his Mother.
(i).  ‘Which’ is used in relative clauses to refer to animals
and things. @ Everyone should take one’s responsibility towards
cleanliness.
@ They need to choose the box which is mandatory to
be filled. Rule: When two or more nouns are joined by ‘and’ and
refer to the same person, Singular Pronoun should
@ They won’t have much time to prepare for  the
be  used for them but If they refer to  different
function, which is to be held tomorrow.
persons, Plural Pronoun should be used for them.
(ii). ‘Which’ is used to introduce a relative clause when
@ The Clerk and cashier of the college told their vision
it refers to a whole sentence.
statement. (Incorrect)
@ My brother had to get up and walk all the way to the
The Clerk and cashier of the college told his vision
park, which isn’t an easy task. 
statement. (Correct)
(iii). ‘Which’ can be used  as the complement of a
@ The Clerk and the cashier are boasting about his rich
preposition:
father. (Incorrect)
@ I have a surprise for you at which you can’t believe. 
The Clerk and the cashier are boasting about their rich
That: (We should be very careful while using ‘that’) father. (Correct)
(i). Any preposition can’t be used immediately before Rule: Objective Case of pronoun is used after Let, But/
‘that’, if it is necessary, it can be used at the end of except, Between, Prepositions and Like.
the sentence.
@ Let him open the window. 
The train is well known that the passengers get in.
@ We’ve received replies from every candidate but him.  
They were not able to get the point that you were
@ They’ve received compliments from everybody
talking about.
except her. 
(ii). That  should be used after superlative degree and
Rule: In case of Each or Every, if two singular nouns are
other words like all, same, any, none, nothing, only,
joined by and, we should use Singular Pronoun only.
everything, little, much and no.
@ Every boy and teacher has lost his wallet.
@ You are the same guy that met me yesterday.
@ Every elephant and horse has lost its tail.  
@ This is the best game that is ever played by me.
Rule: If two singular nouns that are joined by either …
@ None that participated in the contest won the gold
or, neither … nor, or, we should use Singular
medal.
Pronoun.
(ii). After Indefinite Pronouns like everyone, everybody,
@ Either My friend or Madhav has submitted his report.  
no one, nobody both that and those should be used.
@ Neither Sita nor her friend has brought his report.
@ Everyone that  participated in the competition
performed well. Rule: If a singular noun and a plural noun are joined by
or / nor then we should use Plural Pronoun.
@ Everything that was written in the exam made him
a topper. Either Ravi or his friends submitted their report.
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exercise
Q.1-19. The sentences given below, have four parts, indicated always be true (2) so we will have to look for the
by (1), (2), (3) and (4). Read each sentence to find (3) answer hidden in the universe. (4) No error (5)
out whether there is an error. If you find an error Q.11. The person whom you were recommending (1) of
in any part [(1), (2), (3) or (4)] of a sentence, then turned down the offer as he thought (2) he might
choose the corresponding option. If a sentence has get better earning prospects though (3) he was
no error, mark your answer as (5), i.e. ‘No error’. underqualified for the job in reality.(4) No error (5).
Q.1. The majority held that devotees of Lord do not Q.12. Everybody was eagerly waiting for the launch day
constitute (1) a separate religious denomination and but (1) when the book was in the hands ,it was a
(2) that the prohibition on women is not an essential sheer disappointment for the readers (2)as the book
part of Hindu religion (3) and all these years she hid was written in bad English (3) with illogical words
herself behind the religious wall. (4) No error (5) who need to be replaced.(4) No error (5)
Q.2. Unnecessary thoughts and self-doubt that keep (1) Q.13. By starving millions of girls so (1) that her brothers
you awake in the night is nothing but a figment of can eat marginally better, and by taking them out of
your (2) imagination and you must rise above (3) school (2) we have condemned each new generation
yourself to hold you in higher light and accept you (3) to a fresh cycle of malnutrition. (4)No error (5)
as you are. (4) No error (5) Q.14. The charges were a fresh blow (1) to the embattled
Q.3. The case in which the poor woman (1) poisoned her Silicon Valley entrepreneur (2) and its company, which
and her own children is being investigated (2) and we has been buffeted in recent months (3), struggling to
suspect that their death is related (3) to the pressure reach production targets. (4) No error (5)
of having to repay a huge debt. (4) No error (5) Q.15. It is not difficult to believe that a man (1) who has
Q.4. According to the complaint(1), the lift operator took lived in this city for a long time (2) / he will never
the victim to isolated places in the apartment (2), such feel at home anywhere else in the world (3) /as there
as the basement, the public washroom, terrace and is no place like home.(4) No error (5)
the gym, and killed her(3)but being a minor, it was Q.16. The dispute has gone through dark political (1) phases
admitted to a rehabilitation centre.(4) No error(5) and been more than a mere legal issue (2) and the crowd
Q.5. The Ganga is a river whose importance has (1) been who awaits the verdict (3) belongs to the sensitive
mentioned even in the Vedas that its waters will religious group of the nation. (4) No error (5)
ultimately depend on (2) the actions of millions of Q.17. The renowned Justice strikes a (1) poignant note
Indians (3) who depend on it for nutrition, electricity, what she says the (2) history owes an apology to
and spiritual fulfilment (4). No error. (5) the community (3) for the delay in providing the
Q.6. I must love my enemy and I must apply the same redress. (4) No error (5)
rules to (1) the wrongdoer whom is my enemy or a Q.18. It was a big question (1) if any of the two brothers
stranger to me (2) as I do to my wrongdoing father (2) could get his share of property (3) as the will has
or son (3) and this act necessarily includes truth and been challenged in a court of law.(4) No error (5)
fearlessness.(4) No error (5)
Q.19. Graduates have experience in the IT industry (1) are
Q.7. Our relationship is between the image (1) we have in great demand in the finance sector and this report
about someone and someone has (2) about us and had been flagged (2) more than a decade ago when
each one carries this image (3) and every one goes it said just a quarter (3) of engineers in India were
in his own direction (4). No error (5) actually employable.(4) No error (5)
Q.8. When the action is not very offensive but it cannot be Q.20-24. In the following question, two sentences divided
disregarded too, (1) it demands appropriate reaction into three parts are given. Choose the option which
(2)but if the reaction borders the extremes (3) it is contains the initials of incorrect parts.
a potential danger and finally you will get the same
Q.20. I. If crude oil prices surge (A)/ on tensions in West
which you have given. (4) No error (5)
Asia, (B)/ ours import bill could soar. (C)
Q.9. As the water level rose, a jeep came to rescue her but the
II. I was entirely aware of his capabilities (P)/ which
woman refused, (1) saying "God will save me. I have
made me do the changes (Q)/ and make them the
faith."(2) but as the water level rose further, she went up
chief manager. (R)
to the second storey and (3) a boat came to help her and
she now needs your favour. (4) No error (5) (1) C and R (2) B and Q
Q.10. Education is not about what to think but how to think (3) A and R (4) B and P
(1) because whatever our have concluded may not (5) All correct
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Q.21. I. Having walked out of (A)/ the RCEP, India should Q.23. I. It seems more a function of (A)/ foreign inflows
up it’s (B)/ efforts to strike bilateral trade deals. (C) into our capital markets (B)/ than of trade dynamics.
II. Blunting the competitiveness of Indian (P)/ (C)
exports is something which can be done (Q)/ only II. What needs to be (P)/ addressed as soon as
by the Chinese market. (R) possible (Q)/ is the sustained fall in exports. (R)
(1) C and R (2) B and Q (1) C and R (2) B and Q
(3) A and R (4) B and P (3) A and R (4) B and P
(5) All correct (5) All correct
Q.22. I. Between you and I, (A)/ you are the one with Q.24. I. My mother and myself (A)/ are very religious and
bigger (B)/ moustache and longer hair. (C) we (B)/ generally visit the temple together. (C)
II. I clearly stated that it was (P)/ only me that was at II. He advised me that one (P)/ must not reveal their
the door (Q)/ but still he did not open the door. (R) goals (Q)/ and career planning to anyone. (C)
(1) C and R (2) B and P (1) C and R (2) B and P
(3) A and Q (4) B and R (3) A and Q (4) B and R
(5) All correct (5) All correct
EXPLANATION
Q.1.(4) Few words like hide, stop, turn, rest etc. does not Q.15.(3) Exclude ‘he’ from the sentence as the pronoun
take reflexive pronoun. ‘who’ is already used for the man.
Q.2.(4) ‘accept yourself’ should be used in place of ‘accept Q.16.(3) ‘that/which’ should be used in place of ‘who’ as
you’ to get the proper meaning of the sentence. ‘crowd’ is a non-living entity.
Q.3.(2) ‘herself’ should be used in place of ‘her’ after the Q.17.(2) ‘what’ is the incorrect relative pronoun here, it
word ‘poisoned’ to get the proper meaning. should be ‘when’ to express the point of time.
Q.4.(4) ‘he/she’ should be used in place of ‘it’, according Q.18.(2) As ‘two’ is mentioned in the sentence, we should
to ‘the lift operator’ a human being. use ‘either’ in place of ‘any’.
Q.5.(1) ‘whose importance’ should be replaced with ‘the Q.19.(1) After graduates ‘who’ needs to be added, to get
importance of which because ‘whose’ is not used the proper meaning.
for non-living things.
Q.20.(1) In part C: ‘our’ should replace ‘ours’ as no
Q.6.(2) ‘who’ should be used in place of ‘whom’ as the possession has been depicted here, so objective
subjective case is required here to get the proper pronoun will be used.
meaning.
In part R: ‘him’ should replace ‘them’ as singular
Q.7.(3) ‘every’ will be used in place of ‘each’ as ‘everyone’
pronoun ‘his’ has already been used in the
expresses ‘all’.
reference of the person.
Q.8.(4) Words like the same, the few, the little, such etc. are
Q.21.(2) In part B: ‘its’ should replace ‘it’s’ as ‘it’s’ means
used with the relative pronoun ‘that’ not ‘which’.
‘it is’ whereas ‘its’ shows ‘association with a thing
Q.9.(4) It should be “she needs favour from you” previously mentioned’.
possessive pronouns are not used with words like
In part Q: ‘that’ should replace ‘which’ as
‘report, pardon, sight, favour, separation, etc.’
indefinite pronoun takes 'that' not 'which'.
Q.10.(2) ‘our’ does not have any meaning here, so it should
be changed into ‘we’. Q.22.(3) In part A: ‘me’ should replace ‘I’ as ‘I’ is a
subjective pronoun which is not the doer here.
Q.11.(1) Replace ‘whom’ with ‘who’ as the ‘subject’ is
The doer is ‘you’. So, ‘me (objective pronoun)’
required here to connect with the verb ‘turned
is correct.
down’.
In part Q: ‘I’ should replace ‘me’ as ‘it + Verb (to
Q.12.(4) ‘who’ should be replaced with ‘which’, according
be) + subjective case’ is the correct structure.
to ‘words’ a non-living entity.
Q.13.(2) It should be ‘their’ brothers not ‘her’ brothers as Q.23.(5) All correct.
a pronoun must agree with its antecedent, ‘girls’ Q.24.(3) In part A: ‘I’ should replace ‘myself’ as subjective
a plural noun here. case is required in the subject of the sentence.
Q.14.(3) ‘its company’ should be changed into ‘his In part Q: ‘one’s’ should replace ‘their’ as ‘one’
company’, according to ‘entrepreneur’. is given in the sentence.

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CHAPTER

4 VERBS
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Stative Verbs:
Stative verbs describe a status of something not an action.
These are avoided to be used in continuous tense.
Stative Verbs of Perception:
Approve/Disapprove, Suppose, Suspect, Know, Believe, Understand, Recognize, Prefer and Agree/Disagree.
@ I’ve known my teacher since last year. (Correct)
I’ve been knowing my teacher since last year. (Incorrect)
@ I agree with my father. (Correct)
I am agreeing with my father. (Incorrect)
Stative Verbs of Emotion:

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Want, Need, Desire, Wish, Love, Hate and Like, Auxiliary Verb is classified into two parts:
@ I love my brother. (Correct) (1) Primary Auxiliary verbs
I’m loving my brother. (Incorrect) Have Do Be
@ We need some help. (Correct) @ These are used before the main verb.
We’re needing some help. (Incorrect) @ Their purpose is to change time or emphasis.                   
Stative Verbs of Possession: @ Mr. Mathur is a very cooperative colleague.
Possess, Include, Owe, Have, Own and Belong @ He has never complained about his struggle.
@ My friend fails to pay attention.
@ I have my own car. (Correct)
(2) Modal Auxiliary Verbs
I’m having my own car. (Incorrect)
The modal verbs are:
@ This book includes a very important topic. (Correct)
@ Can
This book is including a very important topic. (Incor-
@ Could
rect)
@ May
Stative Verbs of Senses:
@ Might
Hear, Smell, See, Feel, Appear, Seem and Resemble
@ Must
@ We hear some noise around me. (Correct)
@ Ought to
We’re hearing some noise around us. (Incorrect)
@ Shall
@ They seemed sad last night. (Correct) @ Should
They were seeming sad last night. (Incorrect) @ Will
Auxiliary verb: @ Would
Auxiliary verbs are well known as helping verbs. They add They are used with main/action verbs to express ability,
functional or grammatical meaning to the clauses in which obligation, possibility, and so on.
they are used. Below is a detailed description of usage provided.

Infinitive (base) Present

Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle
form Participle
to park park, parks (-s) Parked (ed) Parking (ing) Parked (-ed)

to sing sing, sings (-s) sang singing (-ing) sung

to carry carry, carries (-ies ) Carried (-ed) carrying (ing) carried (-ied)

to write write, writes (-s) wrote writing (drop e before - ing) written

to take take, takes (-s) took taking taken

(drop e before - ing)

to be am, is (singular), are was (3rd person being (-ing) been

(plural) were

to set set, sets(-s) set setting (double T, add- ing) set

to think think, thinks (-s) thought thinking (-ing) thought

to drink drink, drinks (-s) drank drinking (-ing) drunk

to have have, has had having (drop e before-ing) had

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Modal Example Uses
Can They can control their own budgets. Ability / Possibility
We can’t fix it. Inability / Impossibility
Can I smoke here? Asking for permission
Can you help me? Request
Could Could I borrow your dictionary? Asking for permission
Could you say it again more slowly? Request
We could try to fix it ourselves. Suggestion
I think we could have another Gulf War. Future possibility
He gave up his old job so he could work for us. Ability in the past
May May I have another cup of coffee? Asking for permission
China may become a major economic power. Future possibility
Might We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be Present possibility
eating their dinner now.
They might give us a 10% discount. Future possibility
Must We must say good-bye now. Necessity / Obligation
They mustn’t disrupt the work more Prohibition
than necessary.
Ought to We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or
correct
Shall Shall I help you with your luggage? Offer
Shall we finalise 2.30 then? Suggestion
Shall I do that or will you? Asking what to do
Should We should sort out this problem at once. Saying what’s right or correct
I think we should check everything again. Recommending action
Profits should increase next year. Uncertain prediction
Will I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. Instant decisions
I'll do that for you if you like. Offer
I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. Promise
Profits will increase next year. Certain prediction
Would Would you mind if I bring a colleague with me? Asking for permission
Would you pass the salt please? Request
Would you mind waiting a moment? Request
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine." Making arrangements
Would you like to play golf this Friday? Invitation
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" Preferences
- "I’d like tea please."

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Dynamic/Action/Main Verbs: @ laugh
Main verbs or action verbs are used to express action that @ sit
an animal, a person or a thing does. In each of the following
@ rise
sentences the highlighted word is.
@ excel
@ The sun shines.
@ arrive
@ The child cries.
@ continue
@ The man shouts.
@ die
There are two types of main verbs:
@ go
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
1. If my friend continues to be late for the office, he will
Transitive Verbs have to face the trouble. (Continues has no direct object
Transitive verbs always have a direct object: here.)
1. R i s h a b h i r r i t a t e s   h i s f a t h e r   s o m u c h . 2. The bomb  exploded  at various places. (Here, ex-
(His father is the direct object of irritates) ploded  is followed by a preposition with no direct
2. M y   d a u g h t e r b r i n g s   m e   l u n c h e v e r y d a y . object.)
(‘me’ is the direct object of brings). Participles
Here’s a list of some common transitive verbs: A participle is a word which is formed from a verb and it is
@ check @ get used as an Adjective.
@ wash @ finalize Present Participles
@ annoy @ lay Present participles end in -ing. Examples:
@ lend @ offer @ struggling boy
@ bring @ send @ caring mother
@ owe @ contain @ deserving candidate
@ buy @ show Some other examples:
@ take @ tell @ A laughing person is stronger than a suffer-
@ verify @ edit ing one.
@ make @ phone @ If you feed a  starving  child and make him
Intransitive Verbs happy, he will love you forever.
Intransitive verbs do not require any direct object. Here is a @ I found a sleeping man in my room.
list of common intransitive verbs: Past Participles
@ respond Past participles generally end with -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n.
@ run @ broken door
@ cough @ painted house
@ swim @ destroyed road
@ emigrate Perfect Participles
@ smile
The structure of perfect participle is:
@ act
“Having” + Verb IIIrd form”
@ cry
 Having taken
@ immigrate
@ Having heard  the news, I suddenly informed
@ lie my father.
@ come @ Having been beaten by the teacher, he left the
@ explode school.
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Forms of Some Regular Verbs
Base Form Past Form Past s / es/ ies ‘ing’ form
Participle
Form
abash abashed abashed abashes abashing
abate abated abated abates abating
abide abode abode abides abiding
bang banged banged bangs banging
banish banished banished banishes banishing
bash bashed bashed bashes bashing

call called called calls calling

canvass canvassed canvassed canvasses canvassing
capture captured captured captures capturing
damage damaged damaged damages damaging
damp damped damped damps damping
dance danced danced dances dancing
earn earned earned earns earning
eat ate eaten eats eating
educate educated educated educates educating
face faced faced faces facing
fail failed failed fails failing
faint fainted fainted faints fainting
gag gagged gagged gags gagging
gain gained gained gains gaining
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsays gainsaying
handle handled handled handles handling
hang hung hung hangs hanging
happen happened happened happens happening
illuminate illuminated illuminated illuminates illuminating
illumine illumined illumined illumines illumining
illustrate illustrated illustrated illustrates illustrating
join joined joined joins joining
jump jumped jumped jumps jumping
justify justified justified justifies justifying
keep kept kept keeps keeping

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kick kicked kicked kicks kicking

kid kidded kidded kids kidding
lade laded laden lades lading
land landed landed lands landing
last lasted lasted lasts lasting
marry married married marries marrying
mash mashed mashed mashes mashing
match matched matched matches matching
nail nailed nailed nails nailing
nap napped napped naps napping
need needed needed needs needing
obey obeyed obeyed obeys obeying
oblige obliged obliged obliges obliging
observe observed observed observes observing
part parted parted parts parting
partake partook partaken partakes partaking
participate participated participated participates participating
qualify qualified qualified qualifies qualifying
quarrel quarrelled quarrelled quarrels quarrelling
question questioned questioned questions questioning
race raced raced races racing
rain rained rained rains raining
rattle rattled rattled rattles rattling
sabotage sabotaged sabotaged sabotages sabotaging
sack sacked sacked sacks sacking
sacrifice sacrificed sacrificed sacrifices sacrificing
tee teed teed tees teeing
tell told told tells telling
tempt tempted tempted tempts tempting
undo undid undone undoes undoing
uproot uprooted uprooted uproots uprooting
upset upset upset upsets upsetting
value valued valued values valuing
vanish vanished vanished vanishes vanishing
vary varied varied varies varying

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weep wept wept weeps weeping
weigh weighed weighed weighs weighing
welcome welcomed welcomed welcomes welcoming
yawn yawned yawned yawns yawning
yell yelled yelled yells yelling
yield yielded yielded yields yielding
Gerund NOTE: The trick is in knowing whether the subject is
The verb ending in “-ing” and used as a noun is called singular or plural. The next trick is recognizing a singular
Gerund. or plural verb.

I read a book every day. Hint: Verbs do not form their plurals by adding an
‘s’ as nouns do. In order to determine which verb is
In the sentence, “read” is used as a verb. I am “doing” the singular and which one is plural, think of which verb
action “to read.” you would use with he or she and which verb you would
I like reading a book every day. use with they.
In the sentence, “reading” is used as a gerund (noun) and Example:
“like” is the verb.
talks, talk
Functions of Gerund:
Which one is the singular form? Which word would you use
Gerunds as a Subject
with he? We say, “He talks.” Therefore, talks is singular. We
@ Cooking makes my mother happy. say, “They talk.” Therefore, talk is plural.
Gerunds as a Direct Object Rule 1.
@ Rahul enjoys singing. Two singular subjects connected by or require a singular
Gerunds as an Indirect Object verb.
@ The professor made teaching a priority. Example:
Gerund as a Subject Complement My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
@ It was commanding that made Kohli happy.
Rule 2.
Gerund as an Object of Preposition
Two subjects connected by either, or; neither, nor require
@ Besides singing, he likes dancing. the verb according to the second subject.
Infinitives
Example:
An infinitive is a form of verb functions as a noun, an adjec-
Neither Ajay nor Aman is available.
tive, or an adverb.
It is formed by using “to” + the verb. Either Karishma or her friends are helping today with stage
decorations.
@ He likes to run.
Rule 3.
@ I wanted to cook dinner for my parents.
When I is one of the two subjects connected by either/or or
@ The fair is the place to go.
neither/nor, put it second and follow it with the singular
@ I have some jeans to wash. verb am/or a verb that is suitable with I.
@ To complete the math problem, you divide by x. Example:
@ I bought paint to finish the picture for my mom.
Neither she nor I am going to the festival.
Subject Verb Agreement Rule 4.
Basic Rule.
When a singular subject is connected by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ to a
The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular plural subject, put the plural subject last and use a plural
verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. verb.
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Example: Example:
The serving bowl or the plates go on that shelf. The number of people we need to hire is thirteen. A number
of people have written about this subject.
Rule 5.
Rule 10.
When a singular and plural subject are connected by either/
or or neither/nor, put the plural subject last and use a When either and neither are subjects, they always take
plural verb. singular verbs.

Example: Example:
Neither Tina nor the others are available. Neither of them is available to speak right now.

Rule 6. Either of us is capable of doing the job.

Rule 11.
As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects
when they are connected by and. The words here and there have generally been labelled
as adverbs even though they indicate place. In sentences
Example: beginning with here or there, the subject follows the verb.
A car and a bike are my means of transportation.
Example:
Rule 7. There are four hurdles to jump.
Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words There is a high hurdle to jump.
such as along with, as well as, besides, and not. Ignore these
expressions when determining whether to use a singular or Rule 12.
plural verb. Use singular verb with sums of money or periods of time
when these are taken as/compared to a single unit/amount
Example:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Example:
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her
shaking. Five years is the maximum imprisonment for that offence.
Rule 8. Rule 13.
The pronouns each, everyone, every one, everybody, Sometimes the pronoun who, that, or which is the subject
anyone, anybody, someone, and somebody are singular of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The pronouns who,
and require singular verbs. Examples: that, and which become singular or plural according to the
noun directly before them. So, if that noun is singular, use a
Each of the girls sings well. singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.
Each student was present in the class.
Example:
Rule 9. Salma is the scientist who writes the reports.
The expression the number is followed by a singular verb The word before who is scientist, which is singular.
while the expression a number is followed by a plural verb. Therefore, use the singular verb ‘writes’.

30 ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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exercise
Q.1-20. The sentences given below, have four parts, indicated Q.15. A burned paper (1)/ from the street (2)/ was picked
by (1), (2), (3) and (4). Read each sentence to find up by the child (3)/ as he was willing to make paper
out whether there is an error. If you find an error boat with it. (4)/ No error (5).
in any part [(1), (2), (3) or (4)] of a sentence, then Q.16. Your English teacher was angry (1)/ when she found
choose the corresponding option. If a sentence has that (2)/ you are not there (3)/ along with all your
no error, mark your answer as (5), i.e. ‘No error’. friends. (4)/ No error (5).
Q.1. Many a loyalist (1)/ were filled with loyalism (2)/ Q.17. Manisha would like you (1)/ to complete this project
and gallantry, they were the epitome of valour during (2)/ before you will leave for Bengaluru (3)/ in order
(3)/ the World War II. (4)/ No error (5). to work freely. (4)/ No error (5).
Q.1. There are a dozen (1)/ of Sanskrit books lying (2)/ Q.18. One of his many (1)/ good characteristics that come
in the shelf (3)/ and you can use them whenever you to my mind (2)/ was Suhan’s integrity (3)/ and the
like. (4)/ No error (5). honesty he had. (4)/ No error (5).
Q.3. The number of amendments (1)/ to the constitution Q.19. When the therapist came in (1)/ my body was stopped
of India (2)/ have been very wide (3)/ during the last aching (2)/ out of fear that I might feel more pain
fifty years of independence. (4)/ No error (5). (3)/ and end up returning home with terrible pain.
Q.4. Just to the North of India (1)/ is the Himalayas (2)/ (4)/ No error (5).
that were once unassailable (3)/ and the symbol of Q.20. A simple notion behind any common type of tourer
great strength and mettle. (4)/ No error (5). (1)/ is to see as many objects of interest (2)/ as he
Q.5. According to the sources, a young veterinary doc- possibly could (3)/ and use them for his convenience.
tor was missing (1)/ and the next day she (3)/ found (4)/ No error (5).
burnt (2)/ near a toll plaza. (4)/ No error (5). Q.21-25.In the following question, a word has been given
Q.6. I had been (1)/ to London last month (2)/ to visit and there are three ways in which the word has been
my friends (3)/ and family moreover, I also had an used, in similar or different forms. Choose which of
urgent piece of work to do. (4)/ No error (5). the sentences has/have the given word correctly used
and mark your answer accordingly.
Q.7. When Ram entered (1)/ the room, he found the (2)/
child sleeping peacefully and (3)/ the fan move Q.21. BURST
slowly. (4)/ No error (5). I. Broad beans are positively bursting with health
Q.8. It were the infants (1)/ that caused a lot of (2)/ and promise a bumper crop any minute now.
problem to their parents (3)/ during long trekking II. No sooner had the child seen his mother than
experience. (4)/ No error (5). he burst into tears.
Q.9. He will be likely (1)/ to leave for the United States III. She leaned against her mother and bursted into
(2)/ last year to visit (3)/ his brother. (4)/ No error (5). such a loud, ringing fit of laughter that even the
Q.10. The soldiers along with the lieutenant (1)/ was prim visitor could not help joining in.
court-martialled (2)/ for flouting the orders (3)/ (1) Only I (2) Only II
and for disrespecting the uniform. (4)/ No error (3) Only III (4) Both I and II
(5).
(5) All I, II and III
Q.11. The rest (1)/ of the team-members is (2)/ still work-
Q.22. FORECAST
ing on the project (3)/ but Radhika decided to quit.
(4)/ No error (5). I. Yields of up to four tonnes an acre had been
forecasted before weather broke.
Q.12. No one in this world (1)/ can be able to do work (2)/
continuously for twenty hours (3)/ so do you, said II. The announcer on the radio this morning had
Avantika. (4)/ No error (5). forecasted that the storm would last until late
this evening.
Q.13. The period of twenty-five years (1)/ have passed
(2)/ and still Anam is without a job (3)/ what do you III. The weather forecast predicts a sunny start on
think she can do now. (4)/ No error (5). Sunday but showers arriving later in the day.
Q.14. The citizens of India have a right to criticise (1)/ (1) Only I (2) Only II
but at the same time (2)/ each of them (3)/ have to (3) Only III (4) Both I and II
remember his duty also. (4)/ No error (5). (5) All I, II and III
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Q.23. DELUGE Q.29. Parliament was stalled for the 2nd consecutive (1)
I. Even a little stream can cause a deluged when day due to ruckus by the party opposition which were
it rains heavily for a long duration. demands (2)/ in Lok Sabha a debate on monetisation
and(3)/ subsequent voting.(4)/No Error(5)
II. At the back window, the oaks and the steep
brown hill looked wonderfully romantic in the Q.30. Although a huge amount of funds have been doled
deluge. out (1)/ for widen some of the major city roads,
the municipal corporation (2)/ has never made any
III. Your savings are being eroded by the deluging
efforts (3)/ to clear the encroachment on footpaths.
of bills that arrive every month.
(4)/ No error (5)
(1) Only I (2) Only II (3) Only III
Q.31. Every (1)/ insect, leaf, bird and animal (2)/ has the right
(4) Both II and III (5) All I, II and III to living (3)/ like the human beings. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.24. EBB Q.32. Computer revolution is driving (1)/ new ideas
I. He listened intently to the ebb and flow of these and changes (2)/ in compute by creating (3)/ large
sounds. volumes of data. (4)/ No error (5)
II. After frequent failures my enthusiasm was Q.33. A close look at India’s merchandise exports (1)/ show
ebbed away. that the share of European Union(2)/ has declined
III. They had been there for a while and kept on from 21.2% to 17% (3)/ during the six-year period.
swimming till the tide began to ebbed. (4)/ No error (5)
(1) Only I (2) Only II (3) Only III Q.34-40. The sentences given below, have four parts,
indicated by (1), (2), (3) and (4). Read each
(4) Both I and II (5) All I, II and III
sentence to find out whether there is an error. If
Q.25. TEETER you find an error in any part [(1), (2), (3) or (4)] of
I. She was so mad at him that she teetered after a sentence, then choose the corresponding option.
him in her high-heeled sandals. If a sentence has no error, mark your answer as
II. The aircraft continued to teeter absurdly on the (5), i.e. ‘No error’.
edge of the sky. Q.34. Most Indian states provide (1)/ unmetered farm
III. Cows wander the streets, ragged children powered (2)/ to farmers. (3)/ Often, that power is
pester dogs with sticks and tailors teeter past of low quality. (4)/ No error (5).
on bicycles balancing bolts of fabric. Q.35. The continuing impasse over Brexit (1)/ has brought
(1) Only I (2) Only II (3) Only III an entire continent (2)/ to a standstill. (3)/ It has also
(4) Both I and II (5) All I, II and III strained the very unity of the United Kingdom. (4)/
No error (5).
Q.26-33.The sentences given below, have four parts,
indicated by (1), (2), (3) and (4). Read each Q.36. To stop the mother tongue from (1)/ being used across
sentence to find out whether there is an error. If the curriculum as a (2)/ medium is like changes the (3)/
you find an error in any part [(1), (2), (3) or (4)] of architecture of the collective mind. (4)/ No error (5)
a sentence, then choose the corresponding option. Q.37. This is an opportunity to catapult (1)/ India to
If a sentence has no error, mark your answer as the next phase of (2)/ economic development and
(5), i.e. ‘No error’. creating new jobs (3)/ for hundreds of millions of
Q.26. The Commerce Ministry has launched (1)/ an online our youth. (4)/ No error (5)
certification programme to reach out (2)/ to potential Q.38. Technology start-ups, an important new engine (1)/
exporters and mentors them (3)/ through orientation, of economic growth and jobs (2)/ seems to live
counselling sessions, and individual facilitation. (4)/ under a shadow (3)/ of constant surveillance and
No error (5) deep suspicion. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.27. The government of India have drafted (1)/ a manual Q.39. Mutual trust and self-confidence (1)/ are the bedrock
for municipal solid waste management (2)/ to help of social (2)/ transactions among people (3)/ that
municipal bodies (3)/ to manage their waste (4) / No fosters economic growth. (4)/ No error (5)
error (5) Q.40. Controversies have bring out (1)/ severe churning
Q.28. With arrival of monsoon, Raipur, which has (1)/ within Supreme Court (2)/ on issues like collegium
considerably high population of snakes (2)/ has deliberations, and CJI's powers (3)/ as a master of
witnessed a spurt (3)/ in its sight in residential areas the roster in charge of setting up benches. (4)/ No
and households. (4)/ No error (5) error (5)
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EXPLANATION
Q.1.(2) Replace ‘were’ by ‘was’, because ‘many a’ takes Q.22.(3) In sentence III, forecast (n) – a calculation or
‘v1’. estimate of future events.
Q.2.(1) Replace ‘are’ by ‘is’, because ‘a dozen’ takes In sentence I and II , forecast (predict or estimate)
singular helping verb. is used as a verb and it is used in its base from
Q.3.(3) Replace ‘have’ by ‘has’, because ‘the number of’ only.
takes ‘singular helping verb’. Q.23.(2) In sentence I and II, deluge (n) – a severe flood,
Q.4.(2) Replace ‘is’ by ‘are’, because ‘Himalayas’ is the it should be ‘deluge’ as a noun is required and
range of mountain. ‘deluge’ is a noun.
Q.5.(2) Add ‘was’ after ‘she’, because a passive structure In sentence III, it should be ‘deluge’ (n) – a
is required here. great quantity of something arriving at the
Q.6.(1) Replace ‘had been’ by ‘went’, because ‘last week/ same time.
day/month/year’ shows the presence of the simple Q.24.(1) In Sentence II: ‘ebbing’ is the correct form.
past tense. In Sentence III: ‘ebb’ is the correct form, according
Q.7.(4) Replace ‘move’ by ‘moving’ as when two verbs to ‘to+v1’.
are joined using ‘and’, they are used in the same Q.25.(5) Teeter (v) – move or balance unsteadily; sway
form. back and forth.
Q.8.(1) Replace ‘were’ by ‘was’, because ‘it’ is a ‘singular
Q.26.(2) ‘mentor’ (v1) in place of ‘mentors’ as it is used
pronoun’ which takes a ‘singular verb’.
here as a verb, ‘to reach out …………….and
Q.9.(1) Replace ‘will be’ by ‘was’, because ‘last week/ mentor’.
day/month/year’ shows the presence of the simple
Q.27.(1) ‘Has’ should replace ‘have’- ‘the government’ is
past tense.
a singular noun.
Q.10.(2) Replace ‘was’by ‘were’, because ‘along-with/ together
Q.28.(4) ‘Sighting’ should replace ‘sight’- ‘sighting’ means
with’ takes the verb according to the first subject.
‘viewing’.
Q.11.(2) Replace ‘is’ by ‘are’, because team members is
the plural subject. Q.29.(2) Replace 'demands' with 'demanding', was/were
takes V (ing) form.
Q.12.(2) Replace ‘can be’ by ‘is’, because ‘able to do’ is
making the sentence superfluous, so use ‘is able Q.30.(2) ‘widening’ should replace ‘widen’ as gerund form
to do work’. is required here.
Q.13.(2) Replace ‘have’ by ‘has’, because the subject is Q.31.(3) 'live' should replace 'living', because 'to' takes 'v1'.
‘the period’, which is singular. Q.32.(3) ‘Computing’ should be used – gerund is to be used
Q.14.(4) Replace ‘have’ by ‘has’, because ‘each of’ takes after a preposition.
‘singular helping verb’. Q.33.(2) Replace show with shows. A singular verb is
Q.15.(1) Replace ‘burned’ by ‘burnt’, because a participle required here for the subject.
‘burnt’ is required to qualify a noun ‘paper’. Q.34.(2) ‘powered’ will be replaced by ‘power’, because a
Q.16.(3) Replace ‘are’ by ‘were’, because the main clause noun is required here.
is in the past tense hence ‘were’ will be correct. Q.35.(2) ‘had’ should replace ‘has’ because Brexit took
Q.17.(3) Delete ‘will’, because conditional statements are place before 2 years and still the effect is there.
not written in the future tense. Q.36.(3) ‘Changing’ should replace ‘changes’ as ‘gerund’
Q.18.(3) Replace ‘was’ by ‘is’, because the main clause is is required here.
in present tense hence ‘is’ will be correct. Q.37.(3) ‘create’ will be correct due to the rule of
Q.19.(2) Replace ‘was’ by ‘had’, because the sentence is parallelism.
in active voice, as the subject is given. Q.38.(3) ‘seem’ (plural verb) will be correct as ‘start-ups’
Q.20.(3) Replace ‘could’ by ‘can’, because the main clause is a plural noun.
is in present tense hence ‘can’ will be correct.
Q.39.(4) ‘foster’ will be correct as it is referring to ‘transactions’
Q.21.(4) In sentence I, burst means eruption. which is a plural.
In sentence III, Burst (v) – issue suddenly and Q.40.(1) Replace ‘bring out’ with ‘brought out’, because
uncontrollably. It is used only in its basic form. has/have/had take ‘v3’.

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CHAPTER

5 conjunction
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A conjunction is a word that connects words or group of if ... then If that is true then what
words. happened is not surprising.
Kinds of Conjunctions :- no sooner ... than No sooner had I reached
Co-ordinating Conjunctions the corner than the bus came.
Co-ordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect not only ... but also She is not only clever but also
two equal parts of a sentence .The most common ones are hard-working.
and, or, but, and so these are used in the following ways. rather ... than I would rather go swimming
than go to the library.
And is used to join or add words together in a sentence.
scarcely ... when Scarcely had we left home
##They ate and drank. when it started to rain.
Or is used to show choice or possibilities in a sentence. whether ... or I am going, whether she likes
## He will be here on Monday or Tuesday. it or not.
But is used to show opposite or conflicting things in a Subordinating conjunctions
sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by
## She is small but strong. making one into a subordinating clause. The subordinating
So is used to show result in a sentence. clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions
“when” or “why” about the main clause, or imposing
## I was tired so I went to sleep. conditions or opposition on it.
Correlative conjunctions Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in
the relationship between the ideas expressed in different parts different ways:
of a sentence. ## I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam.
For instance, in the following example, the expression either (when)
... or is used to indicate that the ideas expressed in the two ## Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take
clauses represent two alternative choices of action. a walk. (why)
## You should either study harder or take a different course. ## I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition)
The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are both ## Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on
... and, either ... or and neither ... nor. In the table below, her way out the door. (opposition)
each pair of correlative conjunctions is accompanied by an
Note: The subordinating conjunction does not always come
example of its use. Note in the construction if ... then, the
between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the
word then can usually be omitted.
beginning of the first clause.
Correlative Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
both ... and He is both intelligent and good-
Because: As he is my friend, I will help him.
natured. As
When: We watched as the plane took off.
either ... or I will either go for a walk or read
a book. After Later in time: After the train had left, we
went home.
neither ... nor He is neither rich nor famous.
Although In spite of the fact that: Although it was after
hardly ... when He had hardly begun to work
or though midnight, we did not feel tired.
when he was interrupted.

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Before Earlier than: I arrived before the stores were open. At the time when: While it was snowing,
Because For the reason that: We had to wait, because we played cards.
we arrived early. On the other hand: He is rich, while his
While
For For, because: He is happy, for he enjoys his work. friend is poor.
If On condition that: If she is here, we will see her. Although: While I am not an expert, I will
do my best.
Lest For fear that: Work hard, lest you should fail.
Note: The use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with In addition, the following phrases are often used at the
lest. beginning of subordinate clauses.

On condition that: All will be well, provided In a similar way: She talks as if she knows
Provided As if
you are careful. everything.
From a past time: I have been here since the If: As long as we cooperate, we can finish
Since sun rose. the work easily.
As, because: Since you are here, you can help me. As long as
While: He has lived there as long as I have
Consequently: It was raining, so we did not known him.
So or so go out.
that Immediately when: Write to me as soon as
In order that: I am saving money so that I can As soon as
you can.
buy a bicycle.
Note: When used with the meaning in order that, so is In a similar way: It looks as though there
As though
usually followed by that in formal English. will be a storm.

## I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle. In spite of a possibility: I am going out even
Even if
if it rains.
Suppose If: Suppose that happens, what will you do?
Because of a possibility: Take a sweater in
Than Used in comparisons: He is taller than you are. In case
case it gets cold.
Unless Except when, if not: Unless he helps us, we
Otherwise: Please be careful, or else you may
cannot succeed. Or else
have an accident.
Until or till Up to the time when: I will wait until I hear
from you. So as to In order to: I hurried so as to be on time.
Because: Whereas this is a public building, Certain words, such as after, before, since and until
it is open to everyone. may function either as prepositions or subordinate
Whereas
On the other hand: He is short, whereas conjunctions. However it should be noted that in some
you are tall. cases different words must be used as prepositions and
Whether If: I do not know whether she was invited. subordinate conjunctions, in order to express similar
meanings.
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exercise
Q.1-10. Read each part of the sentence to find out if there Q.13. Preet told everybody (1)/ that either he keeps the
is any error in it. The error, if any, will be in one keys (2)/ himself or leaves them (3)/ with his wife.
part of the sentence. The number of that part (4)/ No Error (5)
is the answer. If there is no error, mark your Q.14. The PR team of an actor (1)/ told the press that he will
answer as (5). (2)/ neither come here or send (3)/ a representative
Q.1. Chasing animals is a sport (1)/ in Papua New Guinea, because he is very busy. (4)/ No Error (5)
and boys (2)/ are trained for the (3)/ hunt as sooner Q.15. She could not keep back her tears (1)/ and the chief,
as they can walk. (4)/ No Error (5) because of her pain, (2)/ seemed to be afraid lest
Q.2. Although he was bad with calligraphy, (1)/ but he people (3)/ should not doubt her truthfulness. (4)/
tried his best (2)/ to write a letter (3)/ to her on her No Error (5)
birthday. (4) / No error (5) Q.16. He actually smiled, (1)/ because it was so brief (2)/
Q.3. No sooner had the match gone into (1)/ the that she questioned whether (3)/ she had imagined
second period then the moans (2)/ were replaced it. (4)/ No Error (5)
by smiles and (3)/ later by hysterical laughter. Q.17. According to Siddhant, (1)/ Nisha and Raman were
(4)/ No Error (5) (2)/ close siblings despite of (3)/ their age difference.
Q.4. Hardly had they spoken (1)/ these words than the (4)/ No Error (5)
door (2)/ opened and Pratyush himself (3)/ stood Q.18. Pratyush was told that (1)/ his younger brother
before them. (4)/ No Error (5) neither (2)/ attends the class regularly (3)/ or learns
Q.5. No sooner is an asylum (1)/ built when it is filled his lessons. (4)/ No Error (5)
with maniacs, (2)/ suicidal melancholics, or senile Q.19. Shanu told me that, (1)/ he doesn't know (2)/ the
dements in (3)/ need of care and treatment. (4) / No difference between astronomy (3)/ as well as
Error (5) astrology. (4)/ No Error (5)
Q.6. Hardly had he done so before (1)/ then he felt the Q.20. Prashant washes either (1)/ the clothes himself (2)/
bed rocking backwards (2)/ and forwards beneath or asks Mandira (3)/ to wash them. (4)/ No error (d)
him as if it were (3)/ breathing heavily and jolting.
(4)/ No Error (5) Q.21-30. Read each part of the sentence to find out if
there is any error in it. The error, if any, will be
Q.7. Hardly the team had unpacked and (1)/ assembled in one part of the sentence. The number of that
their equipment than (2)/ the Inspector reported on part is the answer. If there is no error, mark your
the radio (3)/ that the dell was clear. (4)/ No error answer as (5).
(5)
Q.21. During the summerbreak, (1)/ Nishank had no other
Q.8. Scarcely a day goes by as (1)/ they don't see or talk business (2)/ but to play (3)/ with computers. (4)/
to each other (2)/ now even whole society has started No error (5)
(3)/ talking about them. (4)/ No Error (5)
Q.22. The war caused (1)/ not only destruction (2)/ and
Q.9. Barely had she finished (1)/ one project than (2)/ she death and also generations (3)/ of hatred between
started working (3)/ on the next. (4)/ No Error (5) the two communities.(4)/ No error (5)
Q.10. No sooner did we (1)/ hear the noise (2)/ then we Q.23. Scarcely had the police (1)/ seen the culprit (2)/
rushed (3)/ to the spot and caught the thief. (4)/ No where he started (3)/ fleeing away. (4)/ No error (5)
Error (5)
Q.24. Parag was acutely meticulous student (1)/ of our
Q.11-20 Read each part of the sentence to find out if college as he left home (2)/ two years ago and has
there is any error in it. The error, if any, will be (3)/ till become a soldier. (4)/ No error (5)
in one part of the sentence. The number of that
part is the answer. If there is no error, mark your Q.25. The board of director and Chairperson of the bank
answer as (5). (1)/ was engaged somewhere else (2)/ so I was told
to pay a visit to him (3)/ between four to five in the
Q.11. Mahesh either washes (1)/ the clothes himself (2)/ evening. (4)/ No error (5)
nor asks her to (3)/ wash them, but she never helps
him. (4) / No Error (5) Q.26. No sooner had he given his supporters (1)/ real hope
when (2)/ an adamant approach came cantering in
Q.12. Raghav may attend (1)/ the function or (2)/ his wife (3)/ behind on the bridle. (4)/ No error (5)
may attend (3)/ the function. (4)/ No Error (5)
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Q.27. Because Kushagra (1)/ is mentally strong (2)/ Q.33. They were all preaching and (1)/ telling the moral
therefore he was selected (3)/ for the Maths lessons (2)/ so he asked (3)/ that who I was. (4)/ No
olympiad. (4)/ No error (5) error (5)
Q.28. The reason his conclusion concerning your argument Q.34. Kritika likes to read a lot (1)/ hence she is interested
(1)/ seemed plausible at that time was because (2)/ (2)/ in such books (3)/ that are interesting. (4)/ No
his propositional constituents are entities (3)/ rather error (5)
than the names of those entities. (4)/ No error (5) Q.35. Ashu is quite a superstitious man (1)/ and once he
Q.29. Couple of foreigners asked (1)/ the Rickshaw said that (2)/ there’s been nothing than (3)/ trouble
puller (2)/ that which was the way (3)/ to the bada since he came. (4)/ No error (5)
Imambara. (4) / No error (5) Q.36. As per the news (1)/ not Italy not France got
Q.30. Ordinarily I assume that (1)/ things are as they look, (2)/ to the quarter finals (3)/ last year. (4)/ No
(2)/ unless it does not occur to me that my vision error (5)
(3)/ is being affected abnormally. (4)/ No error (5) Q.37. According to the Dean,(1)/ neither the teacher (2)/ or
Q.31-40. Read each part of the sentence to find out if the students (3)/ were in the classroom this morning.
there is any error in it. The error, if any, will be (4)/ No error (5)
in one part of the sentence. The number of that Q.38. Everybody was saying (1)/ that Anuj had gone for
part is the answer. If there is no error, mark your river rafting (2)/ so we are not sure (3)/ if he is
answer as (5). coming to the party (4)/ No error (5)
Q.31. Let's go to the cinema (1)/ early because we can (2)/ Q.39. The machine crushes (1)/ the cans because they (2)/
get good seats and moreover (3)/ we don’t have to can be stored until they (3)/ are recycled. (4)/ No
face the difficulty in finding them. (4)/ No error (5) error (5)
Q.32. It was such a cold afternoon (1)/ as we stopped Q.40. Manish is a skinflint and (1)/ thus he use gave him
playing (2)/ and went to our homes (3)/ and sat near (2)/ no money (3)/ nor he did help him in any way.
the fireplace. (4)/ No error (5) (4)/ No error (5)
eXPLANATION
Q.1.(4) Replace ‘as sooner as’ with ‘as soon as’. As Q.11.(3) 'Either …. or' is used to show a choice between
+ positive degree of an adj. + as is the correct two alternatives, so replace ‘nor’ with ‘or’.
structure as the conjunction 'as soon as' is used
Q.12.(1) Formula 2: ‘Either….Or’; (Two persons – one
to denote simultaneous actions i.e. two things/
action - at least one does have that quality)
actions taking place at the same time.
Q.13.(2) Replace ‘either he keeps’ with ‘he either keeps’,
Q.2.(2) Replace ‘but’ by ‘yet’, because ‘although’ takes
because of ‘law of parallelism’ which means after
‘yet’ with it.
both ‘either’ and ‘or’ similar part of speech is
Q.3.(2) 'No sooner…..than’ is correct not ‘then (at that required.
time)’ as ‘no sooner’ takes ‘than’ with it.
Q.14.(3) Replace 'or' with ‘nor’, because either…or is a
Q.4.(2) 'Hardly' is always followed by 'when', and not different pair and ‘neither …. nor’ is different.
'than'.
Q.15.(4) Remove 'not’ after ‘should’ as 'Lest...should'
Q.5.(4) Replace 'when' with 'than'. 'No sooner' is always
already conveys a negative sense.
followed by 'than'
Q.6.(2) 'Hardly' is always followed by 'when', and not by Q.16.(2) Replace 'because' with 'though'. The conjunction
‘then’. ‘because’ gives the reason while ‘though’ means
‘despite the fact that’.
Q.7.(1) Hardly takes 'inversion’ so hardly + had + 'third'
form of verb. Q.17.(3) Remove ‘of’ after ‘despite’ because despite does
not take ‘of’ with it, while ‘in spite of’ can also
Q.8.(1) ‘When’ should replace ‘as’. 'Scarcely' is always be used in its place.
followed by 'when'.
Q.18.(4) Replace 'or' after 'nor', because ‘neither…..nor’ is
Q.9.(2) Replace 'than' with 'when', because the correct
co-relative conjunction and used in pair.
pair is ‘barely….when’.
Q.10.(3) 'No sooner…..than’ is correct not ‘then (at that Q.19.(4) Replace 'as well as' with 'and', because ‘between…..
time)’ as ‘no sooner’ takes ‘than’ with it. and’ is co-relative conjunction and used in pair.

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Q.20.(1) Replace ‘washes either’ by ‘either washes’, Q.31.(2) Replace ‘because’ by ‘so that’, because ‘so that’ is
because same part of speech is required after a used as a subordinate clause to show purpose or to
conjunction. give an explanation. It is used to show an action
Q.21.(3) Replace ‘but to play’ by ‘than playing’, because, producing an intended result or a cause producing
the correct structure is no other +‘noun’….than an effect.
+‘gerund’….. Q.32.(2) Replace ‘as’ by ‘that’, because such….that… is a
Q.22.(3) Replace ‘and also’ by ‘but also’. ‘Not only………… correlative conjunction. It is used to give reason.
but also’, is a correct pair of conjunction. Q.33.(4) Delete ‘that’, because conjunction and relative
Q.23.(3) Replace ‘where’ by ‘when’. ‘Scarcely/ hardly…. pronoun can’t come simultaneously.
when’ is a correct pair of conjunction. Q.34.(4) Replace ‘that’ by ‘as’, such…as is a correlative
Q.24.(4) Replace ‘till’ by ‘since’, because ‘since’ means conjunction, which should be used here.
‘from the time in the past when’. Q.35.(3) Replace ‘than’ by ‘but’, because ‘nothing but’
Q.25.(4) Replace ‘to’ by ‘and’, because ‘between…and’ is means only.
a correct pair of conjunction. Q.36.(2) Replace ‘not Italy not France’ by ‘neither Italy
Q.26.(2) Replace ‘when’ by ‘than’, because ‘no sooner….. nor France’
than’ is a correct pair of conjunction. Q.37.(3) Replace ‘or’ by ‘nor’, because ‘neither…nor’ is a
Q.27.(3) Delete ‘therefore’, because it is superfluous here. correct pair of conjunction.

Q.28.(2) Delete ‘because’, because it is superfluous here Q.38.(4) Replace ‘if’ by ‘that’, because ‘that’ is used to
due to the presence of ‘the reason’ in the first part. introduce a subordinate clause expressing a
statement.
Q.29.(3) Delete ‘that’, because it is superfluous here.
Q.39.(2) Replace ‘because’ by ‘so that’, it is used before
Q.30.(3) Delete ‘does not occur’, because ‘not’ does not the clause which indicates the purpose.
come after ‘unless’, so the correct sentence will
be ‘unless it occurs to me’. Q.40.(4) The correct form is ‘and also he did not help him’.

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CHAPTER

6 time and tense

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A Tense is a form of a verb that is used to show the time of an action. For example: when an action happened.
Types of Tense
There are 3 types of tense.
1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3. Future Tense
Each tense is further divided into 4 sub types.
Present Tense
1. Simple Present/Present Indefinite Tense
S + V1(s, es) + O 
It is used for expressing established facts and things in @ The Sun rises in the East.
general. @ Two and two make four.
It is used for habitual activities or routines. @ I wake up early in the morning at 6.
@ My boss calls me Sachin.
It is generally used with verbs of perception: sound, seem, @ The sugar tastes sweet.
appear, smell, taste, look and feel. @ The rose smells nice.
It is also preferred in newspaper headlines. @ India wins the series.
@ Iran attacks Afghanistan.
2. Present Continuous Tense
S + is/am/are + V1 + ing + O
It is used for temporary actions or events going on at the @ You are not listening to me.
time of speaking. @ She is denying being there.
It is used with adverbs of (high) frequency to express @ The new candidate is always complaining.
disproval of annoying habits. @ We're never denying the facts.
3. Present Perfect Tense
S + has/have + V3 + O
It links the recent past to the present. It explains @ We all have missed our train.
the impact of a recent activity or occurrence on pres- @ They have not created the problem for us.
ent moment.
It can be is used with already, just and yet. @ I have not completed the paper yet.
@ He has just reached the office.
It is also used to quantify something completed, or @ I have saved Rs. 20000 so far.
progress made so far. @ The engineers have finished one-third of the as-
signed task so far.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
S + has/have been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
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It is used for emphasizing activities that were in prog- @ My boss has been using a computer all day.
ress right up to or shortly before the time of speaking. @ My elder brother has been eating my sandwich-
es.
It is also used to express how long an ongoing or con- @ Rahul has been dancing for three hours.
tinuing activity has been in progress with for or since. @ Jawahar has been trying hard for a BMW since
last summer.

Past Tense
1. Simple Past/Past Indefinite Tense
S + V2 + O
It is used for activities or events completed at a specific @ The teacher declared holiday.
time in the past. @ You did not mention the reason.
It is used with adverbs of frequency to talk about re- @ He never came late to the class.
peated actions or events in the past. @ I used to complete the task before scheduled time.
It is also used to talk about past habits and routines.
2. Past Continuous Tense
S + was/were + V1 + ing + O
It is used for temporary actions or events that were @ The teacher was continuously delivering the
going on at a specific time in the past. lecture.

@ He was not discussing any hard topic.

It is also used for two activities of similar duration that @ While he was waiting for the auto-rickshaw, I was
were going on in parallel. observing him continuously.
3. Past Perfect Tense
S + had + V3 + O
It is used to talk about the activities or events completed @ They had just prepared a dinner for guests before
before relevant to subsequent activities or events re- they received the information.
ferred to in the Past Indefinite.
@ Keshaw who had climbed on the top of house, got
quite breathless."
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
S + had been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
This tense is used to express an activity that was still in @ They had not been working since morning.
progress up until or immediately prior to a particular @ The new person had been designing the pamphlets
moment in the past.   for the last two days.
It is expressed by using ‘since’ or ‘for’ with time.

Future Tense
1. Simple Future/Future Indefinite Tense
S + will/shall + V1 + O
WILL: is used to express definite action. @ The sun will rise tomorrow morning.
WILL: is used for expressing surety. @ My brother will help you, I'm sure.
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WILL: is used for informal requests, as well as orders @ Raghav, will you post this letter for me?
given to subordinates.
WILL/SHALL: is used for spontaneous plans made at the @ If she decides to purchase this car model,
time of speaking, or to agree to something. sir, we'll include this satellite navigation
system.
WILL/SHALL: is used to express promises. @ I will never let my mother down.
SHALL: It is used in more formal style to express futu- @ I shall be late this evening."
rity, especially in cases where the element of willpower is
involved. @ We shall not go that nightclub anymore;
their prices are exorbitant.
SHALL: is used while seeking permission of others.   @ Shall I buy you a watch on this birthday?

@ Shall we all go out for dinner?

2. Future Continuous Tense
S + will be/shall be + V1 + ing + O
It is used for actions or events forecast to be in progress @ The guests will be sleeping when I get
at a particular time in the future. home.
This can be used instead of the present continuous with @ They'll be leaving home after breakfast.
future expression.
3. Future Perfect Tense
S + will/shall have + V3 + O 

It is used for activities or events forecast to @ The President will have arrived at the plat-
be completed by a particular time in the future. form before the train comes.
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
S + will/shall have been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.

This tense is used for activities forecast still to be in @ By the end of this year, we will have been
progress at some time in the future.   working in this company for 12 years.

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exercise
Q.1-10. In the following question, a sentence with a blank whether it will remain same for some days.
is given, choose the correct option to fill in the (1) went down (2) had gone down
blank to complete it in a meaningful way. (3) has gone down (4) was going down
Q.1. When one of teachers went back to his village three (5) will have gone
years ago, he found that a lot of changes ______. Q.11-15. In the following questions, use the correct form
(1) are taken place (2) were taken place of verb(in form of active or passive voice) in the
(3) have taken place (4) had taken place brackets to give the sentence the proper meaning.
(5) have took place Q.11. Karan's brother(paint) the house but when we(go) to
Q.2. Hey everyone, please, see! A cat ______ by a dog. their house we found that only half the gate(paint).
(1) is chased (2) is being chased Q.12. One of the officers(turn) round when he(feel)
(3) was being chased (4) has been chased someone tapped him on the shoulder. It(be) his
(5) had been chased colleague who said that he(follow) him for some
Q.3. We are sorry, the hostel is not available any longer. distance.
It ______ to a new businessman. Q.13. It(not rain) for more than a month; but the day before
(1) is sold (2) was being sold yesterday Mr. Rao( notice ) some rain clouds in the
(3) has been sold (4) will be sold sky, and it is sure enough that it( rain ) in the last
two days.
(5) will sell
Q.14. One of the members(drive) to home when he(realize)
Q.4. The newly appointed Chief Minister ______ to
that he(not bring) the keys to his office with him.
Mathura in 1997.
Q.15. The little poor boy(not eat) for almost one week; but
(1) is transferred (2) was transferred
when my mother(give) him some food, he(refuse)
(3) has been transferred (4) should be transferred
to take it.
(5) had transferred
Q.16. Yesterday, the Sun(shine) brightly and there(be) no
Q.5. According to the new rules, passengers ______ to sign of rain. We(find) a fine day for the picnic.
smoke in public transport.
Q.17. The police commissioner(hold) the robber by the
(1) are not allowed (2) was not allowed collar and(demand) to tell where he(hide) the things
(3) had not allowed (4) will not allow he(steal).
(5) were not allowing Q.18. All the party members(argue) about the issue when
Q.6. The firemen who controlled the fire informed that it their president(come) in. Eventually, only he could
is ______ under control after forty minutes. settle the issue for them.
(1) is brought (2) was brought Q.19. The wind on Christmas(blow) quite strongly; it(be)
(3) can be brought (4) has been brought evident that a high paced storm(approach), so the
(5) have been brought tourists(decide) to stay in hotels.
Q.7. The new candidates ______ to leave the building Q.20. Although the cell phone(ring) various times, no
immediately. one in the family(bother) to answer it. It(continue)
(1) orders (2) will order ringing for one hour, then suddenly(stop).
(3) have ordered (4) have been ordered Q.21-25.In the following question, a sentence with a blank is
(5) would be order given, choose the correct option to fill in the blank
Q.8. In future, various famous actors ______ to perform to complete it in a meaningful way.
at charity concerts. Q.21. The lady who came shopping ______ always ______
(1) are invited (2) were invited about the quality of products.
(3) has been invited (4) will be invited (1) is ... complained (2) was ... complaining
(5) have been invited (3) was ... being complained
Q.9. The roof of my house has been leaking for the past (4) has ... complaining
few weeks but I do not have to worry about it any (5) has… complained
longer. It ______ now. Q.22. The players ______ of the cancellation of the match.
(1) was repaired (2) is repairing (A) were not informed (B) were not informing
(3) has repaired (4) is being repaired (C) not informed (D) had informed
(5) had been repaired Q.23. When the headmaster ______ into the classroom,
Q.10. The price of this television ______, but I doubt the students ______ an essay.

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(A) was walking; were writing (A) Were ... helping (B) Were ... helped
(B) walked; were writing (C) Did .. help (D) Have ... helped
(C) walked; wrote Q.28-34. In each of the following sentences, one of the
(D) was walking; wrote helping verbs/ main verbs is given in highlighted.
Q.24. While their parents ______ plans, the children Read the sentence carefully and decide whether the
______ eagerly. sentences is Right or Wrong.
(A) were making; were listened Q.28. In the past, disabled people are treated badly.
(B) were making, were listening ______.
(C) made; listening Q.29. The blind man was crossing the road when a car
(D) was making; listened knocked him down. ______.
Q.25. Beef ______ at a very low price at the market this Q.30. Helen Keller is a role model for people with physical
morning. impairments. ______.
(A) was being sold (B) selling Q.31. At present, the workers were repairing the broken
ramps. ______.
(C) been sold (D) will be selling
Q.32. As a wheelchair-bound student, Salina faces a lot
Q.26. The little girl ______ on a stool and ______ to reach
of difficulties when she was in university. ______.
for the cup on the table.
Q.33. It is hoped that in the future, the government do
(A) stood; tried (B) was standing; tried
something to help the disabled. ______.
(C) stood; was trying (D) stood; was tried
Q.34. Syed participated in one of the paralympic events
Q.27. ______ you ______ the blind man who was knocked
last year. ______.
down by a car.

EXPLANATION
Q.1.(4) As ‘changes’ here works as a subject, the structure will be the correct structure.
of passive voice is not required, hence ‘had taken’ Q.11. painted, went, was painted
– active voice and past expression is correct.
Q.12. turned, felt, was, followed
Q.2.(2) The phrase (please, see) expresses that the incident
is going on, so ‘present continuous- passive’ is the Q.13. did not rain, noticed, rained
correct option. Q.14. drove, realized, did not bring
Q.3.(3) ‘is not available any longer’ expresses that any Q.15. did not eat, gave, refused
incident has taken place recently, therefore ‘has
Q.16. shone, was, found
been sold’ is correct.
Q.4.(2) The chief minister is used as an object in the Q.17. held, demanded, hid, stole
sentence so ‘passive voice’ is required and that Q.18. were arguing, came
too of past tense. Q.19. blew, was, approached, decided
Q.5.(1) The sentence is expressed as an instruction/order Q.20. rang, bothered, continued, stopped
which should be written in Present Indefinite
passive voice sentence. Q.21.(2) Q.22.(1) Q.23.(2) Q.24.(2)
Q.6.(2) As ‘informed’ is mentioned in the sentence, which Q.25.(1) Q.26.(1) Q.27.(3)
shows that the sentence is in ‘past form’, ‘option Q.28. The sentence is incorrect. 'were' should replace
2’ is the only correct option. 'are' as the sentence mentions a past activity.
Q.7.(4) ‘the candidates’ here acts as an object here, in that Q.29. The sentence is correct.
case ‘passive voice’ is required, hence only option
4 is correct. Q.30. The sentence is correct.

Q.8.(4) According to ‘in future’ mentioned in the sentence, Q.31. The sentence is incorrect. 'are' should replace
only option 4 is correct. 'were' as the sentence mentions a present activity.
Q.9.(4) ‘now’ is mentioned in the sentence means the Q.32. The sentence is incorrect. 'faced' should replace
work is going on, hence option 2 is the correct 'faces' as the sentence mentions a past activity.
answer. Q.33. The sentence is incorrect. 'does' should replace
Q.10.() ‘will remain same’ here indicates that something 'do' as the subject is singular.
has happened recently and in that case ‘has +v3’ Q.34. The sentence is correct.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE 43
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CHAPTER
REARRANGEMENT
7 OF SENTENCES
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Now a days ‘Rearrangement of sentences’ has become a 4). If a sentence initiates with a pronoun other
vital section of the paper of English Language in most of than ‘I’ and ‘You’, that sentence will not be the first
the examinations. sentence of the paragraph.
In such questions, the candidate is provided with a set of 5). The sentences starting with the words  ‘That’,
five or six sentences which are in jumbled order and they are ‘These’, ‘Thus’ and ‘Those’, will not necessarily
required to be arranged properly to form a meaningful para- come first in the paragraph.
graph and answer the questions based on the new sequence. 6). Be very careful about article  ‘a’, ‘an’  or  ‘the’  if
Some important tips to arrange jumbled sentences: present at the starting of a sentence, the chances of
1). First of all try to infer the topic addressed in the that sentence to be the first in the arrangement are
paragraph. This can be done by attentively observing high.
the words that are repeated in the given sentences. 8). In case of the presence of conjunctions ‘But’,
2). If a specific  word  is  repeated  in more than one ‘So’ and ‘Now’. These will be arranged in the fol-
sentence, the sentences can be placed one by one in lowing order:
the paragraph respectively (as per the meaning). But>So>Now
3). If a sentence starts with a  ‘Proper noun’, that 9). If a sentence starts with the words Hence, Final-
sentence will probably be the  1stsentence for the ly or Therefore, that sentence should be put at last
paragraph to be formed. in the arrangement.

Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

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exercise
(1) BACD (2) CDAB (3) DACB
EXERCISE-1
(4) DBCA (5) No change required
In each of the following questinos, what will be the correct
rearrangement of the parts of the sentence given below Q.8. The competition is most acute in Bandipur and
and in case you feel the given sequence is in its correct Badlapur, (A)/ and Badlapur is surrounded by 100
form then mark option (5) i.e no change required as your old villages (B)/ which forms the core of the elephant-
answer. cum-tiger reserve (C)/ while Bandipur is surrounded
by 180 villages (D)
Q.1. The rates of death from heart disease and cancer
(A)/ servings of whole grains appears (B)/ a diet that (1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) DACB
includes three daily (C)/ to help people live longer, (4) ACDB (5) No change required
including by reducing (D) Q.9. Rhesus macaque, and nilgai as vermin within
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) CBDA specified (A)/ from Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh
and Bihar to declare wild boar (B)/ since 2015, the
(4) DBCA (5) No change required
Union Environment Ministry has acceded to requests
Q.2. Devastating than last year’s (A)/ the Himalayan region (C)/ territories of these states and outside forests and
may (B)/ be under the risk of earthquakes more (C)/ protected areas.(D)
Nepal that killed over 8,000 (D)
(1) CBAD (2) BDCA (3) DACB
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) BACD
(4) DBCA (5) No change required
(4) BCAD (5) No change required Q.10. As thousands prepared to (A)/ strikes closed the Eiffel
Q.3. The metro cities which do (A)/ there are some schools Tower (B)/ with the Euro 2018 games in full swing
in (B)/ not try to subject the (C)/ child to too much (C)/ march against labour reforms (D)
pressure (D) (1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) DACB
(1) BDCA (2) BACD (3) DACB (4) BADC (5) No change required
(4) DBCA (5) No change required Q.11. During the hearing, the counsel said (A)/ in the
Q.4. By scrapping the five year domestic (A)/ liberalising case and added that the bank’s (B)/ claims were
the right to fly abroad (B)/ real room for manoeuvre for completely against facts (C)/ his client was not a party
investors (C)/ flight operations requirement doesn’t or guarantor (D)
create (D) (1) BACD (2) ADBC (3) DACB
(1) BACD (2) BADC (3) DACB (4) DBCA (5) No change required
(4) DBCA (5) No change required Q.12. Concluded in the favour (A)/ we hope to do an
Q.5. Announcement of the start of preparatory (A)/ intensive (B)/ of both the countries (C)/ exercise so
reactors does mark a significant thaw in (B)/ work in that it can be (D)
India for six Westinghouse nuclear (C)/ civil nuclear (1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) BDAC
matters after the deep freeze of many years. (D) (4) DBCA (5) No change required
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) DACB
Q.13. The coming together of these two big private players
(4) DBCA (5) No change required (A)/ this will help them efficiently use the resources
Q.6. There are many challenges before (A)/ there is the both capital and policy holder base (B)/ the market
factor of migrant labour. (B)/ the arrest shows that share of the combined entity, for another (C)/ makes
(C)/ the police especially when (D) enormous business sense, for one it could improve
(D)
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) CADB
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) ADCB
(4) DBCA (5) No change required
(4) DBCA (5) No change required
Q.7. To relieve teachers and particularly children (A)/ from
facing undue stress and strain (B)/ the continuous Q.14. The current norms could be amended based on public
feedback (A)/ the board of SEBI met in Mumbai and
and comprehensive (C)/ evaluation system must be
decided (B)/ for portfolio managers and REITs so that
introduced (D)
(C)/ to release consultation papers on regulation (D)
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(1) BACD (2) ACBD (3) DACB (B) on him rests much of the resonsibility
(4) BDCA (5) No change required (C) In the middle of one side of the square sits the
Q.15. Insurance market and the rest 19 private insurers (A)/ chairman of the committee.
constitute 65 per cent of the private (B)/ the top four (D) As the meeting opens he runs briskly through a number
private insurers (C)/ have a combined share of 35 per of formalities.
cent (D) (E) for success failure of the committee.
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) CBAD Q.1. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence
(4) DBCA (5) No change required after the rearrangement?
Q.16. Rs. 5,000 a candy, in the last few (A)/ the steep hike (1) C (2) D (3) A
in cotton prices, by about (B)/ for which cotton is the (4) B (5) E
main raw material (C)/ weeks is a matter of concern
to textile industry (D) Q.2. Which of the following should be the SECOND
sentence after the rearrangement?
(1) ACBD (2) BDCA (3) BADC
(1) B (2) C (3) D
(4) DBCA (5) No change required
(4) A (5) E
Q.17. Contrary to advertisements, most so called ice creams
(A)/ it a rich creamy texture, and a characteristic Q.3. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence
flavour (B)/ milk and other dairy products. The milk after the rearrangement?
fat in dairy gives (C)/ are actually frozen desserts, (1) D (2) E (3) C
made with vegetable oil (D)
(4) B (5) A
(1) BACD (2) ADCB (3) DACB
Q.4. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence
(4) DBCA (5) No change required after the rearrangement?
Q.18. A recent study at the European (A)/ the risks of stroke (1) C (2) E (3) B
and heart diseases (B)/ Norfolk found that antioxidants
(4) A (5) D
reduce (C)/ Prospective Investigation of Cancer(D)
Q.5. Which of the following should be the FOURTH
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) DACB
sentence after the rearrangement?
(4) ADCB (5) No change required
(1) A (2) D (3) C
Q.19. Ability on par with that of primates (A)/ birds have
(4) E (5) B
more densely packed (B)/ animals, contributing to
cognitive (C)/ neurons in their brains than other (D) EXERCISE-3
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) DACB In the following question, sentences given when properly
(4) DBCA (5) No change required sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is
labelled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of
Q.20. The reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) have sentences from among the given choices to construct a
(A)/ such things like offensive grain of social or coherent paragraph.
political opinions (B)/ these restrictions were never
meant to include (C)/ been routinely invoked to choke (A) Normally it is very small but when the one of the
free speech and expression (D) bodies is a planet, like earth, the force is considerable.

(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) ADCB (B) It has been investigated by many scientists including
Galileo and Newton.
(4) DBCA (5) No change required
(C) A force exists between everybody in the universe.
EXERCISE-2 (D) The greater the mass, the greater is the earth’s force
In the following question, sentences given when properly of attraction on it. We can call this force of attraction
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is gravity.
labelled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of
(E) Everything on or near the surface of the Earth is
sentences from among the given choices to construct a
attracted by the mass of earth.
coherent paragraph.
(F) This gravitational force depends on the mass of the
(A) The most important person in the room
bodies involved.

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Q.1. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence Q.2. Which of the following should be the FOURTH
after the rearrangement? sentence after the rearrangement?
(1) F (2) E (3) C (1) C (2) B (3) F
(4) D (5) B (4) A (5) E
Q.2. Which of the following should be the SECOND Q.3. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence
sentence after the rearrangement? after the rearrangement?
(1) A (2) C (3) D (1) B (2) E (3) C
(4) B (5) E (4) F (5) D
Q.3. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence Q.4. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence
after the rearrangement? after the rearrangement?
(1) F (2) A (3) B (1) A (2) E (3) C
(4) C (5) D (4) F (5) D
Q.4. Which of the following should be the FOURTH Q.5. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence
sentence after the rearrangement? after the rearrangement?
(1) F (2) D (3) C (1) B (2) A (3) C
(4) B (5) A (4) E (5) F
Q.5. Which of the following should be the SIXTH sentence EXERCISE-5
after the rearrangement?
In the following question, sentences given when properly
(1) D (2) C (3) A sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is
(4) B (5) F labelled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of
sentences from among the given choices to construct a
EXERCISE-4 coherent paragraph.
In the following question, sentences given when properly (A) The study of speech disorders due to brain injury
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is suggests that patients can think without having
labelled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of adequate control over their language.
sentences from among the given choices to construct a
coherent paragraph. (B) They can even use the concepts needed for chess
playing, though they are unable to express many of
(A) The philosopher Descartes thought that both men and the concepts in ordinary language.
animals were machines.
(C) Some patients, for example fail to find the names of
(B) Therefore, some scientists think that life is just a very objects presented to them.
complicated mechanism.
(D) How they manage to do this we do not know.
(C) But a machine such as a motorcar or a steamship
moves itself, as soon as machines which moved (E) But they succeed in playing games of chess.
themselves had been made, people asked “Is man a Q.1. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence
machine?” after the rearrangement?
(D) And before the days of machinery that was a good (1) B (2) C (3) A
definition. (4) F (5) E
(E) Our ancestors thought that anything which moved Q.2. Which of the following should be the SECOND
itself was alive. sentence after the rearrangement?
(F) He also thought that the human machine was partly (1) B (2) C (3) A
controlled by the soul action on a certain part of the
brain, while animals had no souls. (4) D (5) E
Q.1. Which of the following should be the SECOND Q.3. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence
sentence after the rearrangement? after the rearrangement?
(1) F (2) C (3) A (1) E (2) A (3) B
(4) D (5) E (4) D (5) C
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Q.4. Which of the following should be the FOURTH below.
sentence after the rearrangement? (A) The interest subsidy it pays to banks.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (B) Farm loans in the budget.
(4) D (5) E (C) Had suggested that farm loans be made available at
Q.5. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence four percent.
after the rearrangement? (D) The government plans to.
(1) A (2) E (3) B (E) The working group on agricultural production.
(4) C (5) D (F) Provide incentives on.
EXERCISE-6 (G) Will have to increase.
Rearrange the following sentences (A), (B), (C), (D) (H) This would mean that the government.
and (E) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful
Q.1. Which of the following should be the LAST sentence
paragraph, then answer the questions given below.
after the rearrangement?
(A) The FAO has said two-thirds of the country’s vast
(1) G (2) A (3) D
wheat crop.
(4) E (5) B
(B) The Food and Agriculture Organization’s diagnosis
of China’s wheat. Q.2. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence
after the rearrangement?
(C) Is at risk due to the winter drought.
(1) C (2) A (3) D
(D) Crisis defers from the one.
(4) E (5) B
(E) Presented by the Chinese government.
Q.3. Which of the following should be the SECOND
Q.1. Which of the following should be the FOURTH
sentence after the rearrangement?
sentence after the rearrangement?
(1) G (2) H (3) D
(1) B (2) A (3) C
(4) F (5) C
(4) D (5) E
Q.4. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence
Q.2. Which of the following should be the SECOND
after the rearrangement?
sentence after the rearrangement?
(1) C (2) A (3) G
(1) A (2) C (3) E
(4) D (5) H
(4) B (5) D
Q.5. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence
Q.3. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence
after the rearrangement?
after the rearrangement?
(1) A (2) B (3) D
(1) C (2) B (3) D
(4) F (5) G
(4) E (5) A
Q.4. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence EXERCISE-8
after the rearrangement? In each of the following questions, if the (C) part of the
(1) B (2) E (3) D sentence is fixed at its place then what will be the correct
rearrangement of the parts given below and in case you
(4) A (5) C feel the given sequence is in its correct form then mark
Q.5. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence option (5) i.e no change required as your answer.
after the rearrangement? Q.1. he is planning(A)/ with his first smartphone (B)/
(1) B (2) E (3) C and catch the hinterland consumer while he is still
(4) D (5) A fiddling(C)/ to race ahead of e-retailers.(D)
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) DACB
EXERCISE-7
(4) ADCB (5) No change required
Rearrange the following sentences (A),(B),(C), (D),
(E), (F), (G) and (H) in the proper sequence to form a Q.2. people who earn more money tend to become
meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given selfish,(A)/ while those who earn less take greater

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pleasure(B)/ in their relationships and ability(C)/ to among the states.(D)
connect with others, according to a study.(D) (1) ADCB (2) BDCA (3) DACB
(1) BACD (2) BDCA (3) DACB (4) DBCA (5) No change required
(4) DCAB (5) No change required Q.10. and data become cheaper, the e-retailers wait (A)/ as
Q.3. several states have reduced VAT,(A)/ consumers internet penetrates Bharat and phones (B)/ for Indians
interest," the minister told reporters (B)/ they should in the hinterland(C)/ to get online and buy stuff from
reduce for(C)/ we will appeal again States, which have them.(D)
high VAT component,.(D) (1) ADCB (2) BDCA (3) DACB
(1) BACD (2) ADCB (3) DACB (4) BACD (5) No change required
(4) BDCA (5) No change required Q.11. most people think of money as some kind of unmitigated
Q.4. which can result in sudden and prolonged crash good.(A)/ But some recent research suggests that this
exposing investors, (A)/ There is a real and heightened may not actually be the case.(B)/ In many ways, money
risk of investment bubble of the type seen in Ponzi does not(C)/ necessarily buy you happiness.(D)
schemes (B)/ especially retail consumers(C)/ losing (1) BDCA (2) DACB (3) ADCB
their hard-earned money.(D)
(4) DBCA (5) No change required
(1) BDCA (2) BACD (3) DACB
(4) ADCB (5) No change required
EXERCISE-9
Rearrange the following sentences (A), (B), (C), (D) (E)
Q.5. losing their hard-earned money (A)/ There is a
and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful
real and heightened risk of investment (B)/ and
paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
prolonged crash exposing investors, especially retail
consumers(C)/ bubble of the type seen in Ponzi (A)  An increasingly larger percentage of Indian population
schemes which can result in sudden.(D) today lives in the Urban areas.
(1) BACD (2) DACB (3) ABCD (B)  Over the last fifty years, while the country's population
has grown by 2.5 times
(4) BDCA (5) No change required
(C)  India's Urban population is now second largest in the
Q.6. Patel, who started his entrepreneurial journey(A)/
world after China.
in the late 1960s as a manufacturer of detergent,(B)/
and cycling around towns and villages to sell it,(C)/ (D)  In the Urban areas it has grown by five times.
is known for creating low-priced products(D) (E)  And is higher than the total Urban population of all the
(1) BDCA (2) ADCB (3) DACB countries put together barring China,USA and Russia.

(4) DBCA (5) No change required (F)  Contrary to popular concepts of a predominantly rural
India.
Q.7. 2010 for the first time in 400 years, after another
period of inactivity (A)/ Mount Sinabung roared back Q.1.  Which of the following would be the LAST sentence
after rearrangement?
to life in (B)/ it erupted once more in 2013,(C)/ and
has remained highly active since.(D) (1) D (2) E (3) F ]
(1) BDCA (2) DACB (3) BACD (4) A (5) C
(4) ADCB (5) No change required Q.2.  Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence
after rearrangement?
Q.8. themselves to by investing in Bitcoin (A)/ by
the Reserve Bank of India about the potential (1) B (2) F (3) C
financial,(B)/ and security related risks that they are (4) D (5) A
exposing(C)/ users and traders of VCs have already Q.3.  Which of the following would be the FOURTH
been cautioned three times,.(D)  sentence after rearrangement?
(1) BDCA (2) DBCA (3) ADCB (1) A (2) B (3) C
(4) DACB (5) No change required (4) F (5) E
Q.9. he further said that the petroleum sector (A)/would be Q.4. Which of the following would be the FIFTH sentence
brought under (B)/the ambit of the Goods and Services after rearrangement?
tax (GST) (C)/as and when the consensus is reached
(1) A (2) C (3) D
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(4) B (5) E (B) Each of these events has been extensively dissected as
Q.5.  Which of the following would be the THIRD sentence discrete events, with commentators emphasising the
after rearrangement? relationship of the 
(1) D (2) E (3) F (C) deaths of these young people to the particular social
problems they found themselves struggling with, from
(4) A (5) C caste-based oppression 
EXERCISE-10 (D) Institutions accountable for the quality of their
Rearrange the following sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) education. In the din that has surrounded each of these
and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful tragedies, with the predictable 
paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
(E) has escaped our collective attention: the loss of hope
(A)  But also makes us virtuous and happy. in the young educated victims trapped in a system that
(B)  Money can show us all the roads to happiness but not had failed them.
happiness itself. (F) hysteria in TV news debates and the slugfest between
(C)  It not only gives us the necessities and comforts of life rival ideological camps, one common thread running
(D)  But money is merely a means and man is always more through all of these suicides 
important than money. Q.1.  Which of the following would be the LAST sentence
(E)  Money is the foundation of our society. after rearrangement?
(F)  And it enables us to attain our cherished ambitions. (1) D (2) E (3) F
Q.1.  Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence (4) A (5) C
after rearrangement? Q.2.  Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence
(1) A (2) B (3) C after rearrangement?
(4) D (5) E (1) B (2) F (3) C
Q.2.  Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence (4) D (5) A
after rearrangement? Q.3.  Which of the following would be the FOURTH
(1) C (2) D (3) B sentence after rearrangement?
(4) A (5) F (1) A (2) B (3) D
Q.3.  Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence (4) F (5) E
after rearrangement? Q.4.  Which of the following would be the FIFTH sentence
(1) D (2) B (3) A after rearrangement?
(4) E (5) F (1) A (2) C (3) D
Q.4.  Which of the following should be the FOURTH (4) B (5) E
sentence after rearrangement? Q.5.  Which of the following would be the THIRD sentence
(1) A (2) B (3) F after rearrangement?
(4) E (5) D (1) D (2) E (3) F
Q.5.  Which of the following should be the LAST sentence (4) A (5) C
after rearrangement? EXERCISE-12
(1) A (2) B (3) C Rearrange the following sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
(4) D (5) E and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful
paragraph, then answer the questions given below them. 
EXERCISE-11
(A) to these tragedies is similar to that of suicides in other
Rearrange the following sentences (A), (B), (C), (D) (E)
groups in our society. This is no better 
and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful
paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.  (B) knowledge of effective interventions to prevent
suicide, there remains no coordinated effort 
(A) and gender discrimination to the pressures of academic
performance and the abject failure of the systems (C) to address suicide as a public health issue in India.
intended to hold private  Thus it comes as no surprise that the suicide 
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(D) illustrated than by the discourse on farmer suicides (G) He embodied the hopes, aspirations and troubles of
being viewed almost entirely through a socio-political Indians for over half a century. 
lens. Q.1. Which of the following would be
(E) rates in young people in India are among the highest the SECOND sentence after rearrangement?
in the world. In this regard, our response  (1) D (2) F (3) B
(F) Despite this mountain of evidence testifying to the (4) G (5) C
huge toll of suicide in our youth and the
Q.2. Which of the following would be the LAST sentence
Q.1.  Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement?
after rearrangement?
(1) G (2) B (3) A
(1) A (2) B (3) C
(4) E (5) D
(4) D (5) F
Q.3. Which of the following would be the THIRD sentence
Q.2.  Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement?
after rearrangement?
(1) B (2) G (3) E
(1) C (2) D (3) B
(4) D (5) F
(4) A (5) F
Q.4. Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence
Q.3.  Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement?
after rearrangement?
(1) C (2) A (3) B
(1) D (2) B (3) A
(4) E (5) D
(4) E (5) F
Q.5. Which of the following would be the FIFTH sentence
Q.4. Which of the following should be after rearrangement?
the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement?
(1) G (2) B (3) D
(1) A (2) B (3) F
(4) A (5) F
(4) E (5) D
Q.5.  Which of the following should be the LAST sentence
EXERCISE-14
after rearrangement? Rearrange the following sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful
(1) A (2) B (3) C
paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
(4) D (5) E
(A) Now there is hope for their restoration as the
EXERCISE-13 government has proposed to amend the Municipal Act 
Rearrange the following sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (B) With legal documents not in place, the property often
(F) and (G) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful faces problems in land conversion
paragraph, then answer the questions given below them. (C) Hundreds of heritage properties in the state are lying
(A) Though the Common Man character in his cartoons in a dilapidated condition for want of funds to be
was always silent, the intended message was very restored. 
loud and clear.  (D) In most cases, it leads to infighting and dispute in the
(B) If a picture is worth a thousand words ,a cartoon is family
worth a thousand pictures (E) Among the challenges that the heritage hotels face are
(C) One feels sad to read in the leading dailies that the that most of them are in the rural areas and their titles
legendary cartoonist RK Laxman is no more.  are not clear as per the law. 
(D) R.K.Laxman will always be remembered for his early (F) That would in times to come, benefit people who own
morning dose of laughter.  forts, havelis and other heritage structures, sans a clear
(E) He always cared for the plight of common man title. 
through his immortal cartoons.  Q.1. Which of the following would be the FOURTH
(F) His cartoons would bring a smile even on the faces of sentence after rearrangement?
people who didn’t know to read or were in a hurry.  (1) D (2) E (3) B

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(4) C (5) A researchers have now pointed out that it can (D)/
Q.2. Which of the following would be the FIRST sentence “possibly cause chronic toxicity” to aquatic life.(E)
after rearrangement? (1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DBEC
(1) C (2) F (3) E (4) EBCD (5) No change required
(4) B (5) D Q.5. The mass protests have, unwittingly,(A)/ to meet
Q.3. Which of the following would be the SECOND the Paris climate agreement targets (B)/ would
sentence after rearrangement? have been(C)/ hit by the higher levy against the
imperative(D)/ pitted the majority who.(E)
(1) E (2) B (3) A
(1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DBEC
(4) D (5) C
(4) EBCD (5) No change required
Q.4. Which of the following would be the SIXTH sentence
after rearrangement? Q.6. The health, longevity and well-being of
Indians(A)/ has improved since Independence,
(1) B (2) A (3) F and the high levels of economic growth(B)/ over
(4) C (5) D the past two-and-half-decades (C)/ to spend on the
social sector (D)/ have made more funds available.
Q.5. Which of the following would be the THIRD
(E)
sentence after rearrangement?
(1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DBEC
(1) A (2) B (3) F
(4) EBCD (5) No change required
(4) D (5) E
Q.7. What prompted the U.S. and China to arrive
EXERCISE-15 at an unexpected,(A)/ important to see if any
In each of the following questions, if the (A) part of the compromise (B)/ albeit temporary, compromise is
sentences is fixed at its place then what will be the correct unclear and it will be (C)/ between the two trade
rearrangement of the parts given below and in case you giants will include a complete rollback of the
feel the given parts are in their correct sequence then mark tariffs(D)/ imposed on each other over the year.(E)
option (5) i.e., no change required as your answer. (1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DBEC
Q.1. The reason blood pressure tends to rise (A)/ tribal (4) EBCD (5) No change required
communities that has been (B)/ concludes a study
of remote(C)/ with age may be a Western diet and Q.8. The best source of entertainment(A)/ from a
lifestyle, (D)/ recently published in the journal.(E) neighbourhood video library pirate,(B)/ brought
into the country(C)/ by friends and family or
(1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DCBE borrowed(D)/ was watching movies recorded on
(4) EBCD (5) No change required video cassettes.(E)
Q.2. When I was in Chhattisgarh 30 years ago,(A)/ the (1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DBEC
tribal people didn’t suffer(B)/ was frugal yet more (4) EBCD (5) No change required
or less balanced. (C)/ diabetes or cholesterol and
their diet(D)/ from any lifestyle disorder — high Q.9. Then there’s Dr. Kulkarni, Bhaskar’s friend (A)/
blood pressure, (E) rich patients an exorbitant fee (B)/ who doesn’t
flinch when charging (C)/ while he smokes with
(1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) BEDC abandon in his clinic (D)/ for treating their imagined
(4) EBCD (5) No change required illnesses.(E)
Q.3. The Anganwadi Services scheme, (A)/ caters to (1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DBEC
children up (B)/ which incorporates the Integrated (4) EBCD (5) No change required
Child Development Services, (C)/ to age six, and to
(D)/ pregnant and lactating women.(E) Q.10. The grass can be used to(A)/ purify polluted water
bodies,(B)/ especially temple tanks, and to arrest
(1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DBEC soil erosion(C)/ in Kerala and Kodaikanal (D)/ in
(4) EBCD (5) No change required ghat sections, especially.(E)
Q.4. By studying nine different pharmaceutical active (1) BCED (2) CBDE (3) DBEC
compounds in Yamuna river,(A)/ and to humans (4) EBCD (5) No change required
who use (B)/ this water for drinking purposes (C)/
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explanation
‘F’ is the fifth statement as here the thought of the philospher
EXERCISE 1
is mentioned in 'A'.
Q.1.(3) Q.2.(4) Q.3.(2)
‘C’ is the third statement as it is directly connected to the
Q.4.(2) Q.5.(5) Q.6.(3)
second statement ‘D’
Q.7.(2) Q.8.(4) Q.9.(1)
‘D’ is the second statement as it is continuing the idea.
Q.10.(4) Q.11.(2) Q.12.(3)
‘B’ is the last statement as it ends the idea.
Q.13.(3) Q.14.(4) Q.15.(3)
Q.1.(4) Q.2.(4) Q.3.(2)
Q.16.(3) Q.17.(2) Q.18.(4)
Q.4.(4) Q.5.(5)
Q.19.(2) Q.20.(3)
EXERCISE 5
EXERCISE 2
The correct arrangement is ACEBD
The correct re-arrangement is CABED
‘A’ is the first statement as it starts the conversation about
‘C’ is the first statement as it starts the story which is about the study of speech disorder.
a Chairman.
‘C’ is the second statement as it is used as a example for the
‘A’ is the second statement as it is directly connected to ‘C’ first statement.
‘B’ is the third statement as it is talking about the ‘E’ is the third statement as it is directly connected to ‘C’
responsibility of the chairman. statement.
‘E’ is the fourth statement as it is completing the third ‘B’ is the fourth statement as it represent a continous idea.
statement.
‘D’ is the last statement as it ends the conversation.
‘D’ is the last statement as it ends the conversation.
Q.1.(3) Q.2.(2) Q.3.(1)
Q.1.(2) Q.2.(4) Q.3.(4)
Q.4.(2) Q.5.(5)
Q.4.(1) Q.5.(4)
EXERCISE 6
EXERCISE 3
The arragement is “BDEAC”
The correct re-arrangement is CBFAED
Q.1.(2) Q.2.(5) Q.3.(4)
‘C’ is the first statement because it is an independent
Q.4.(1) Q.5.(3)
statement which starts the conversation.
‘B’ is the second statement as in the statement, ‘It’ is used EXERCISE 7
for the force which is mentioned in first statement. The correct arrangement is “DFBECHGA” “D” is the
‘E’ is the fifth statement as it starts concluding the idea. first statement which is followed by ‘F’ and ‘B’ to make a
complete sense.
‘D’ is the last statement as it is directly connected to ‘E’
because in both the statement the conversation is going on ‘E’ is the fourth statement as it proceeds the idea.
‘The Mass’. ‘C’ is the fifth statement as it starts with an auxiliary verb,
‘F’ is the third statement as here this gravitational force which is clearly connected to the ‘E’ statement.
is related to “The force of attraction ” which is the fourth ‘H’ is the sixth statement which is followed by “G & A” to
statement. make a complete sense.
‘A’ is the fourth statement as it tells something about the Q.1.(2) Q.2.(5) Q.3.(4)
earth. Q.4.(1) Q.5.(3)
Q.1.(3) Q.2.(4) Q.3.(1)
EXERCISE 8
Q.4.(5) Q.5.(1)
Q.1.(4) He is planning to race ahead of e-retailers and catch
EXERCISE 4 the hinterland consumer while he is still fiddling
The correct re-arrangement is EDCAFB with his first smartphone.
‘E’ is the first statement as it is an independent statement Q.2.(5)
which starts the conversation. Q.3.(2) Several states have reduced VAT we will appeal
‘A’ is the fourth statement as it gives the example of the again States, which have high VAT component,
philosopher in reference to 'C'. they should reduce for consumers interest," the
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minister told reporters. Q.1.(2) Q.2.(1) Q.3.(3)
Q.4.(2) Q.4.(5) Q.5.(3)
Q.5.(4) There is a real and heightened risk of investment The arrangement would be CAFEBD. 
bubble of the type seen in Ponzi schemes which
EXERCISE 15
can result in sudden and prolonged crash exposing
investors, especially retail consumers losing their Q.1.(3) The reason blood pressure tends to rise with age
hard-earned money. may be a Western diet and lifestyle, concludes a
study of remote tribal communities that has been
Q.6.(5)
recently published in the journal.
Q.7.(3) Mount Sinabung roared back to life in 2010 for
Q.2.(3) When I was in Chhattisgarh 30 years ago,
the first time in 400 years, after another period of
the tribal people didn’t suffer from any lifestyle
inactivity it erupted once more in 2013, and has
disorder — high blood pressure, diabetes or
remained highly active since.
cholesterol and their diet was frugal yet more or
Q.8.(2) Users and traders of VCs have already been less balanced.
cautioned three times, by the Reserve Bank of
Q.3.(2) The Anganwadi Services scheme, which
India about the potential financial, and security
incorporates the Integrated Child Development
related risks that they are exposing themselves to
Services, caters to children up to age six, and to
by investing in Bitcoin.
pregnant and lactating women.
Q.9.(5)
Q.4.(3) By studying nine different pharmaceutical
Q.10.(4) As internet penetrates Bharat and phones and data active compounds in Yamuna river, researchers
become cheaper, the e-retailers wait for Indians in have now pointed out that it can “possibly cause
the hinterland to get online and buy stuff from them. chronic toxicity” to aquatic life and to humans who
Q.11.(5) use this water for drinking purposes.
EXERCISE 9 Q.5.(4) The mass protests have, unwittingly, pitted the
majority who would have been hit by the higher
Q.1.(1) D Q.2.(2) F Q.3.(5) E levy against the imperative to meet the Paris
Q.4.(4) B Q.5.(5) C climate agreement targets.
The rearrangement is FACEBD Q.6.(1) The health, longevity and well-being of Indians
EXERCISE 10 has improved since Independence, and the high
levels of economic growth over the past two-and-
Q.1.(5) E Q.2.(4) A Q.3.(1) D half-decades have made more funds available to
Q.4.(3) F Q.5.(2) B spend on the social sector.
The rearrangement is ECAFDB Q.7.(2) What prompted the U.S. and China to arrive
at an unexpected, albeit temporary, compromise
EXERCISE 11 is unclear. It will be important to see if any
Q.1.(3) F Q.2.(1) B Q.3.(3) D compromise between the two trade giants will
Q.4.(5) E Q.5.(4) A include a complete rollback of the tariffs imposed
The rearrangement is BCADEF on each other over the year.
Q.8.(4) The best source of entertainment was watching
EXERCISE 12 movies recorded on video cassettes, brought into
Q.1.(5) F Q.2.(1) C Q.3.(3) A the country by friends and family or borrowed
Q.4.(4) E Q.5.(4) D from a neighbourhood video library pirate.
The rearrangement is FBCEAD Q.9.(2) Then there’s Dr. Kulkarni, Bhaskar’s friend
who doesn’t flinch when charging rich patients an
EXERCISE 13 exorbitant fee for treating their imagined illnesses
Q.1.(4) Q.2.(2) Q.3.(5) while he smokes with abandon in his clinic.
Q.4.(1) Q.5.(3) Q.10.(1) The grass can be used to purify polluted water
The arrangement would be CGEADFB. bodies, especially temple tanks, and to arrest soil
erosion in ghat sections, especially in Kerala and
EXERCISE 14 Kodaikanal.

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CHAPTER

8 PREPOSITION
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Preposition is a relation word; they can indicate location, 3. Prepositions of Movement

time, or other more abstract relationships. A preposition 4. Prepositions of Direction
combines with another word (usually a noun or pronoun)
called the complement. 5. Prepositions of Manner
@ Sangya sang until three in the morning. 6. Prepositions of Measure
@ We were happy for Shanaya. 7. Prepositions of Source
@ Mikesh counted to five. 8. Prepositions of Possession
@ The woods behind her house are super 9. Prepositions of Agent or Instrument
creepy at night. 10. Prepositions of Instruments, devices or Machines
Prepositions generally  come before their complements 1. Prepositions of Time: 
(, in India, of Tara, under the table,). However, there are
a small handful of exceptions, including  notwithstand- These prepositions denote time in the sentence.
ing and ago: Prepositions of time words are on, at, in etc.
@ Financial limitations notwithstanding, Garima paid @ Why don’t you come to Delhi on Saturday evening?
back his debts.
@ They gathered in the assembly hall at 3 o’ clock.
@ Aditya was released four days ago.
@ They are traveling abroad in the summertime.
Prepositions of location are pretty easily defined
2. Prepositions of Place:
(near,  far,  over,  under, etc.), and prepositions about time
are  as well (before,  after,  at,  during, etc.). Prepositions  These prepositions denote a place in the sentence.
of “more abstract relationships,” however, are a little more Prepositions of place words are in, on, under etc.
nebulous in their definition.
@ There’s a painting on the wall.
Examples of Preposition @ Let’s get under the umbrella as it’s starting to drizzle.
Here are some examples of commonly used prepositions:
@ There’s a shoe rack in the lobby.
for from in 3. Prepositions of Direction: 
onto opposite out
These prepositions show the direction of something.
to toward under
Prepositions of direction words are into, towards, past etc.
with within without
about above across @ She dived into the river.
along behind below @ All students walked towards the assembly hall.
besides between down @ Past  the  orchard, you will find my grandmother’s
after against house.

beneath beside 4. Prepositions of Movement:

during except These are used to describe the movement of one noun or

pronoun towards another noun or pronoun.
Kinds of Preposition Prepositions of movement words are  to, into, towards,
1. Prepositions of Time through etc.
2. Prepositions of Place @ I went to the bookstore.

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@ The swimmer jumped into the pool. Prepositions of instruments, devices or machines words are
by, with the helped etc.
@ The dog was coming towards him.
@ She came to the wedding party by train.
5. Prepositions of Direction:
@ I made a hole in the wall with the help of a drill for
Prepositions of direction are used to indicate the direction
the waste-pipe.
of someone or something in the sentence.
Prepositions of direction words are over, under, to, on, into, Difference Between common prepositions-
in, onto, right, left, between, behind, near etc. At and in
@ It’s time to go to bad In is used to indicate the location of someone at a particular
@ We are going over the bridge. point of time.

@ He saw someone coming towards him. @ He was in the church when I went to his home.

@ She dived into the river. @ The thought occurred in the mind.

6. Prepositions of Manner: @ At is used to indicate the proximity of nearness of

something. For example, look at the following sentence.
Prepositions of manner words are applied to describe the
way or means by which something happened or happens @ The dog was at the gate.
when used in a sentence. @ He was in the canteen at the railway station.
Prepositions of manner words are on, in, with, by, like etc. In and In to
@ He goes to work by train came there in a taxi. In generally refers to being inside something.
@ The boy speaks like an old man. @ Aruna stood alone in the elevator.
7. Prepositions of Measure: @ She’s in the bedroom getting dressed.
Prepositions of measure  words are applied to connect @ She was walking in the garden.
the quantity of the noun with the noun itself when used in
Into generally means movement toward inside of some-
a sentence.
thing.
Prepositions of measure words are of, by etc.
@ Aniket walked into the elevator.
@ I bought a pound of cheese today.
@ She walked into the house.
@ This shop sells cloth by the yard.
@ She ran into the room carrying a paper.
8. Prepositions of Source:
Into and in to
Prepositions of source  are applied, when it is needed to
Into
convey that one noun or pronoun has originated from another
noun or pronoun in the sentence. @ They went into the theatre.
Prepositions of source words are from, by etc. @ After a long night, she crawled into her bed to go to
sleep.
@ The Earth receives light from the Sun.
@ He threw the note into the fire.
@ This poem is written by me.
In to
9. Prepositions of Possession:
@ They went in to the reception.
Prepositions of possession words are used, when it is re-
quired to indicate noun or pronoun or owns another noun or @ You are either in to win or you’re not.
pronoun in the sentence. @ The skateboarder dropped in to the ramp.
Prepositions of possession words are in, with, of etc. To and in to
@ I met the boy with red hair today. To
@ The old man had no money with him. @ We’re going to Paris.
10. Prepositions of Instruments, devices or Machines:  @ It’s a quarter to 2.
These prepositions connect instruments, machines or devices @ I prefer sleeping to working.
in the sentence.
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Into @ We waited for 30 minutes outside your house.
@ Speak clearly into the microphone. By and with
@ The truck crashed into a parked car. The person or thing that performs the action usually comes
@ Come into the house. at the end of the sentence and is indicated by the preposi-
tion By.
On and On to
@ He was killed by his wife.
@ On refers to a position on a surface.
@ The decision was approved by the committee.
@ Your keys are on the table.
@ The victim has been abused by the police.
@ The men were standing on the roof.
With
Onto is a preposition that means, on top of, to a position on,
upon. Onto implies movement, so it has an adverbial flavor With is used when something is done with the help of some
to it even though it is a preposition. instrument.

@ The cat jumped onto the dresser. @ The vegetables were sliced with her new knife.

@ The gymnast jumped onto the mat. @ I opened the bottle with a bottle opener.

Since, for and from Made of and made from

Since expresses duration up to the present. ‘Made of’ is used in a sentence when you talk about the basic
material or qualities which remains unchanged.
@ I have lived in this house since 1997.
@ The bags are made of leather.
@ We’ve been married since last June.
@ The windows are made of glass.
Since is used in the present perfect or present perfect con-
tinuous. ‘Made from’ is used to describe the structure of the material.
When the material undergoes a change or transforms from
@ It was 1974, and he had been living in London since its original form, then we use made from. Here the material
1964. is different from what it was originally.
For is used for a time period: @ The paper is made from wood.
@ We have lived in this house for thirty years. @ The beer is made from barley and water.
@ I’ve been waiting here for three hours. Under, below, beneath and underneath
From expresses duration. Under
@ From the 1920s until his death, Picasso lived in Under is also good for talking about layers of something:
France.
@ I have put on a t-shirt under my jacket.
@ The shop is open from 9 A.M on Saturdays.
Under is also used for numbers:
During, while and for
@ I did it in under 7 hours.
During is a preposition which is used before a noun (during
+ noun) to say when something happens. It does not tell us Under also shows up in expressions like:
how long it happened. @ under stress
@ Nobody spoke during the presentation. @ under pressure
@ We get plenty of snow here during the winter. @ under someone’s control
While is used to talk about two things that are happening at Below
the same time. The length of time is not important.
Below to talk about the level of something, like a tem-
@ The phone rang while I was watching TV. perature:
@ I met him while we were studying in the library. @ It’s supposed to drop below freezing tonight.
For is a preposition which is used with a period to say how In writing, “below” can also be used to talk about something
long something goes on: later on:
@ Simran has been sleeping for 8 hours. @ Please read the instructions below before you begin.

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Beneath @ Take off your hat.
Beneath is more formal than “under”: @ Stay off nuts for a few months.
@ In the unlikely event of an emergency water landing, Between, among and amongst
you may find a flotation device beneath your seat
Between is used when naming distinct, individual items.
cushion.
@ The negotiations between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile
Beneath can also suggest being covered by something:
are going well.
@ Beneath the blankets
@ He had to choose between a bicycle and a bike, a
Beneath is used to talk about the true emotions that a person pair of sneakers, and a new backpack for his birthday
is hiding: present.
@ Beneath it all, he still loves her. Among is used when the items are part of a group, or are not
Underneath specifically named (must be 3 or more).

“Underneath” has a kind of casual and expressive feeling. @ The negotiations among the countries of South
You can choose “underneath” instead of “under” to explain America are going well.
the location of something with a little more emphasis. @ I found myself among the wealthy.
@ My bag was underneath the sofa. While among and amongst are both prepositions, meaning
Above and Over in the midst of, surrounded by, in the company of, or in as-
sociation with.
Above is used to show Overhead, upstairs, or in the sky.
@ A Northeasterner amongst Southerners.
@ The show ended with a display of fireworks above the park.
@ They are always fighting amongst themselves.
@ It is used to show higher in quantity or number.
To and towards
One hundred is above ninety one.
To is normally used with a verb showing movement and
Above is also used to indicate a higher rank. shows the result of the movement the place or person that
@ Mr. Pratap is working above Mr. Gambhir. the movement was towards or in the direction of.
Over, unlike above, implies movement from one location @ She is going to the market.
or position to another. That is to say; it always indicates a The preposition towards has a similar meaning, but it’s not
path of motion. exactly the same: with towards, the direction of the move-
@ We also use over when the object referred to in a ment is shown, but not the result.
sentence touch or cover the other. @ He was walking towards his office.
@ She put her hand over my mouth to keep me quite. Across and along
Over is also used with numbers. Along often refers to movement in a linear direction. This
@ They have been together for over twenty years. preposition is used to describe something or someone that
is moving in one direction
@ He gets over hundred fan mails every day.
@ We drove along a narrow lane.
Of and off
@ Tom and Jerry walked along the beach.
Of shows connection.
@ Vehicles sped along in both directions on the narrow
@ The hat is made of cotton.
road.
Of shows an amount/quantity.
Across also indicates a movement, but this movement is from
@ I eat a handful of popcorn. one side to another to the other side.
Of shows the relationship between the two. @ The little girl ran across the road, ignoring her
@ Sarah is a friend of Ramesh. mother’s warnings.

Of is used with consisting. @ The pond was small enough to jump across.

@ He gave her a ring of gold. @ It nearly took him one hour to swim across the
river.
Off shows always shows disconnection.
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Some frequently used phrasal verbs:

Phrasal Verb Meaning

abide by To respect or obey a decision, a law or a rule
blow up 1. To explode 2. To get angry
boil down to To be summarized as
boot up To start a computer by loading an operating system or program
break away To separate from a crowd
1. To go out of order, cease to function
break down
2. To lose control of one’s emotions
break into To enter by force
break out To start suddenly
break out of To escape from a place by force
break up To come to an end (marriage, relationship)
bring up To raise (a child)
brush up on To improve, refresh one’s knowledge of something
bump into To meet by chance or unexpectedly
1. stop (something) working
burn out
2. become exhausted from over-working
call back To return a phone call
call off To cancel
calm down To become more relaxed, less angry or upset
carry on To continue
1. To do something as specified (a plan, an order, a threat)
carry out
2. To perform or conduct (test, experiment)
check in To register at a hotel or airport
1. To pay one’s bill and leave (a hotel)
check out
2. To investigate
clam up To refuse to speak
clamp down on To act strictly to prevent something
1. To find by chance
come across
2. To appear, seem, make an impression
come forward To present oneself
count on To rely or depend on (for help)
cut down on To reduce in number or size
cut out 1. To remove using scissors 2. To stop doing something

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Phrasal Verb Meaning

deal with To handle, take care of (problem, situation)
die down To calm down, become less strong
do without To manage without
drag on To last longer than expected
draw up To write (contract, agreement, document)
dress up wear elegant clothes
drop in To visit, usually on the way somewhere
drop off 1. To deliver someone or something 2. To fall asleep
drop out To leave school without finishing
ease off To reduce, become less severe or slow down (pain, traffic, work)
end in To finish in a certain way; result in
end up To finally reach a state, place or action
fall through To fail; doesn’t happen
figure out To understand, find the answer
fill out To complete (a form/an application)
find out To discover or obtain information
focus on To concentrate on something
get along (with) To be on good terms; work well with
get at To imply
get away To escape
get by To manage to cope or to survive
get in To enter
get into (+noun) To enter
get off 1. To leave (bus, train, plane) 2. To remove
get on To board (bus, train, plane)
get on with (something) To continue to do; make progress
get on (well) with (somebody) To have a good relationship with
get out To leave
get out of To avoid doing something
get over To recover from (illness, disappointment)
get rid of To eliminate
get together To meet each other
get up To rise, leave bed
give in 1. To cease opposition; yield 2. To To hand in; submit
give up To stop doing something
go through To experience

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Phrasal Verb Meaning

grow up To spend one’s childhood; develop; become an adult
hand in To submit (report, homework)
hand out To distribute
hang out To spend time in a particular place or with a group of friends
hang up To end a phone conversation
hold on 1. To wait 2. To grip tightly
hurry up To be quick, act speedily
iron out To resolve by discussion, eliminate differences
join in To participate
1. To engage in, become a member of
join up
2. To meet and unite with
keep on To continue doing something
keep up with To stay at the same level as someone or something
kick off To begin, start
leave out To omit, not mention
let down To disappoint
look after To take care of
look down on To consider as inferior
look on To be a spectator at an event
look for To try to find something
look forward to To await or anticipate with pleasure
look up to To admire
make fun of To laugh at/ make jokes about
make up To invent (excuse, story)
mix up To mistake one thing or person for another
move in To arrive in a new home or office
move out To leave your home/office for another one.
nod off To fall asleep
own up To admit or confess something
pass away To die
pass out To faint
pay back To reimburse
put off To postpone, arrange a later date
put on To turn on, switch on
put out To extinguish
put up To accommodate, give somebody a bed

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Phrasal Verb Meaning

pick up To collect somebody
point out To indicate/direct attention to something
rely on To count on, depend on, trust
rule out To eliminate
run away To escape from a place or suddenly leave
run into To meet by accident or unexpectedly (also: bump into)
run out of To have no more of something.
set off To start a journey
set up To start a business
shop around To compare prices
show off To brag or want to be admired
show up To appear/arrive
shut up (impolite) To be silent, stop talking
sit down To take a seat
stand up To rise from a sitting position
stick up for To defend
take after To resemble, in appearance or character
take care of To look after
take off To leave the ground
take on To hire or engage staff
take out To remove; extract
tell off To reprimand/criticize severely
think over To consider
try on To wear something to see if it suits or fits
turn down To refuse
use up To finish a product (so that there’s none left)
watch out To be careful
wear out 1. To become unusable 2. To become very tired
1. To do physical exercise
work out
2. To find a solution or calculate something

wipe off To clean (board, table).

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exercise
Q.1-10. The sentences given below, have four parts, If a sentence has no error, mark your answer as
indicated by (1), (2), (3) and (4). Read each (5), i.e. ‘No error’.
sentence to find out whether there is an error. If Q.11. Some residents of Alaska suffer with (1)/ cabin fever
you find an error in any part [(1), (2), (3) or (4)] of when they (2)/ remain indoors throughout (3)/ the
a sentence, then choose the corresponding option. long, snowy winters. (4)/ No Error (5)
If a sentence has no error, mark your answer as
(5), i.e. ‘No error’. Q.12. According to the survey report, (1)/ there should be
(2)/ a lot of progress on (3)/ the next century. (4)/
Q.1. While in a meeting, Shipra (1)/ said to Sai that you No Error (5)
can’t (2)/ move me with my decisions (3)/ with your
logic. (4)/ No Error (5) Q.13. We set off on foot (1)/ and walk for an hour (2)/
before we manage to flag (3)/ a taxi down on the
Q.2 Last year when he came (1)/ to the village he himself crossroads. (4)/ No Error (5)
noticed (2)/ that during drought the cattle was (3)/
perished by starvation. (4)/ No Error (5) Q.14. Rahul told Priya, (1)/ that he inserted (2)/ a needle
among the (3)/ close petals of a flower, because he
Q.3. Knowing all my flaws inside out, (1)/ I found that wanted to make a garland with it. (4)/ No Error (5)
the given directives (2)/ are useful for me for (3)/
success in exam. (4)/ No Error (5) Q.15. In conjunction with a state of (1)/ emergency the
President (2)/ might also impose temporary (3)/
Q.4. I have noted (1)/ his appeal to doctors (2)/ to desist direct presidential rule for a union republic. (4)/ No
by industrial action (3) in their current impasse. (4)/ Error (5)
No Error (5)
Q.16. As per the recent reports (1)/ and press releases (2)/
Q.5. Since the roads were closed (1)/ during the storm, Niharika claims that (3)/ he attacked on her without
my family (2)/ had to subsist to biscuits and (3)/ any provocation. (4)/ No Error (5)
canned meats for three days. (4)/ No Error (5)
Q.17. While presented before the Principal (1)/ Anam told
Q.6. I personally will remain (1)/ indebted for her for that Srishti is (2)/ neither ashamed nor sorry for (3)/
some of (2)/ the most wonderful and memorable her misdeeds and that she is very upset about it. (4)/
shows (3)/ I have seen in Egypt. (4)/ No Error No Error (5)
(5)
Q.18. The design of (1)/ this bungalow is (2)/ different and
Q.7. According to Parag, (1)/ the harsh lights and inferior to that of (3)/ other house, as per the Main
cameras (2)/ were hardly conducive in (3)/ a relaxed Architect. (4)/ No Error (5)
atmosphere. (4)/ No Error (5)
Q.19. She told Ishanvi (1)/ that the snake hissed (2)/ and
Q.8. Having taken all the consultative sessions, (1)/ he
attacked her,(3)/ but I still stood unmovingly, then
knows he's not supposed to (2)/ dwell in what was
it crawled away. (4)/ No Error (5)
or agonize (3)/ about what might be. (4)/ No Error
(5) Q.20. The man was someone you (1)/ could depend at and
(2)/ was always willing to lend (3)/ a helping hand.
Q.9. After the bomb blast, (1)/ the panicked crowd
(4)/ No Error (5)
trampled at (2)/ the poor girl, resulting in (3)/
numerous broken bones. (4)/ No Error (5) Q.21-30. The sentences given below, have three blanks,
Q.10. The decision-making process (1)/ must comply of indicated by (1), (2), (3) and (4). Read each
(2)/ these prerequisites to result (3)/ in a decisive sentence to find out whether there is an error. If
policy. (4)/ No Error (5) you find an error in any part [(1), (2), (3) or (4)] of
a sentence, then choose the corresponding option.
Q.11-20. The sentences given below, have four parts, If a sentence has no error, mark your answer as
indicated by (1), (2), (3) and (4). Read each (5), i.e. ‘No error’.
sentence to find out whether there is an error. If
you find an error in any part [(1), (2), (3) or (4)] of Q.21. She passed away (i) _____ six o'clock (ii) _____
a sentence, then choose the corresponding option. the evening (iii) _____ Monday.

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Q.22. (i) _____ the afternoon, there's a great film (ii) _____ Q.27. The wire won't fall (i) ______ because I have
TV and a comedy programme (iii) ________ night. twisted it (ii) _______ that post to keep it (iii) _____
position.
Q.23. Rajan stopped (i) _____ his house to borrow a
raincoat (ii)_____ the middle (iii) _____ a storm on Q.28. Ramesh was woken up (i) _____ the sound of the TV
Monday. (ii)_____ my brother's room which was (iii) _____
Q.24. (i) _____ your father’s opinion, you can rely a bit high volume.
(ii)_____ him to come (iii) _____ evening. Q.29. She was lying injured (i) _____ the road (ii) _____
Q.25. Reema saw him looking (i) ______ some CD (ii) a fall (iii) _____ her scooty.
_____ the library (iii) _____ Tuesday. Q.30. They were shocked (i) _____ the way (ii) _____
Q.26. Radhika posted his father’s parcel (i)___ the Main which she reacted (iii) _____ someone calling her
Post Office (ii) ___ Mall Road ___ coming back 'chubby'.
from tuition.
Explanation
Q.1.(3) Replace “with” with “from”, because ‘move from’ Q.14.(3) Replace ‘among’ by ‘between’, between can be
–one’s determination. used for more than two entities only if they are
‘closely associated’.
Q.2.(4) Replace ‘perished by’ with ‘perished with’ because
‘perish with’- hunger. Q.15.(4) Replace ‘Rule for’ with ‘Rule over’, rule over a
country is correct .
Q.3.(3) Replace “useful for” with “useful to”, because
‘useful to’- person and ‘useful for’-thing. Q.16.(4) Remove ‘on’ after ‘attack, because preposition is
not used generally after ‘Transitive verbs’.
Q.4.(3) Replace “desist by” with “desist from”, because
desist takes ‘from’ with it. Q.17.(3) Ashamed takes ‘of’ with it so add ‘of’ after
‘ashamed’.
Q.5.(3) Replace “to” with “on”, because ‘subsist’ takes
‘on’ with it. Q.18.(3) Different takes ‘from’ after it, so use ‘different
from and inferior to’.
Q.6.(2) Replace “indebted for” with “indebted to”, be-
cause ‘indebted to’-someone ‘for’ something is Q.19.(5) The given sentence has no error .
correct.
Q.20.(2) The correct usage of preposition is ‘depend
Q.7.(3) Replace ‘conducive in’ with ‘conducive to’, be- upon’, so replace ‘depend at’ with ‘depend
cause ‘conducive’ takes ‘to’ with it. upon’.
Q.8.(3) Replace “dwell in” with “dwell on”, because Q.21. (i) at (ii) in (iii) on
‘dwell on’ means dwell on the past or ‘brooding
‘At’ is used before certain point of time.
over’.
‘In the evening/morning/afternoon’ is the correct
Q.9.(2) Replace “trampled at” with “trampled on”, be-
idiomatic usage.
cause ‘trample’ generally takes ‘on’ with it.
‘On’ is used before ‘Week Days’.
Q.10.(2) Replace “comply of” with “comply with”, because
‘comply’ takes ‘with’ with it. Q.22. (i) In (ii) on (iii) at

Q.11.(1) Replace ‘suffer with’ by ‘suffer from’, because ‘In the evening/morning/afternoon’ is the correct
‘suffer’ takes ‘from’ with it. idiomatic usage.

Q.12.(3) Replace ‘on the next century’ with ‘in the next ‘On’ is used to indicate the surface.
century’, because 'months/years/centuries and ‘At night’ is the correct idiomatic usage.
long periods' take ‘in’.
Q.23. (i) at (ii) in (iii) of
Q.13.(4) Replace ‘on the crossroads’ with ‘at the cross-
roads’, because before points we use ‘at’. Stop ‘at’ certain place is correct.

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‘In the middle of (-something)’ is the correct ‘Round’- so as to encircle (someone or something).
idiomatic usage.
‘In position’ is a phrase which means something
Q.24. (i) in (ii) on (iii) by is in its correct or usual place or arrangement.
‘In-someone’s opinion’ is correct idiomatic error. Q.28. (i) by (ii) in (iii) at
Rely takes ‘on’ with it. ‘By’ is used to show some that the work is done
through some agent.
‘By evening’ means before evening.
‘In’ is used before places.
Q.25. (i) at (ii) in (iii) on
‘At’ is used to show some specific point.
Looking ‘at’-seeing something carefully.
Q.29. (i) on (ii) after (iii) from
‘In’ is used before a place.
‘On’ is used to show a part of the surface.
‘On’ is used before ‘Week Days’.
‘After’ shows ‘in the time following’.
Q.26. (i) at (ii) in (iii) while
‘From’ shows the separation from something.
‘At’ is used before comparatively small places.
Q.30. (i) at (ii) in (iii) to
‘In’ is used before larger places.
‘Shocked at’ something is correct, as shocked/
‘While’ shows ‘a period of time’.
laughed/amused generally take ‘at’ after them.
Q.27. (i) off/down (ii) round (iii) in
‘In which’ here shows the way.
‘Fall off’- separated and ‘Fall down’- lie down,
React ‘to’-something/someone’s remark is correct
both are correct.
usage.
Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

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CHAPTER

9 ADJECTIVES
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Definition of an adjective: @ -some: awesome, handsome, lonesome, wholesome

An adjective describes or modifies a noun. It provides further Many adjectives also end with -y, -ary, -ate, -ed, and -ing.
information about a noun, indicating things like size, shape, However, nouns and adverbs can end with -y. Many nouns
colour, and more. Adjectives can modify pronouns as well. end with -ary. Nouns and verbs also end with -ate. And verbs
can also end in -ed and -ing. To work out if a word is an
For example: adjective or not, look at its location in a complete sentence.
orange, quick, happy, and perfidious are adjectives because
Types of adjective
they can describe things—an orange hat, the quick puppy, a
happy face, a perfidious person. (1) Quantitative Adjective: more, all, some, half, more
than enough etc.
They answer questions like, “Which one?,” “How many?,”
“Whose?,” and “What kind?” (2) Qualitative Adjective: colour, size, smell etc.
@ It’s an ancient story. (age) (3) Possessive Adjective: my, his, their, your etc.
@ It’s a Portuguese dish. (origin) (4) Interrogative Adjective: which, whose, what etc.
@ It’s a blue handbag. (colour) (5) Distributive Adjectives: each, every, either, neither
etc.
Also, when an item is defined by its purpose, that word isn’t
usually an adjective, but it acts as one with the noun in that (6) Demonstrative Adjective: this, that, those, these etc.
situation. (7) Numerical Adjective : six, one hundred and one etc.
@ anger management 1. Quantitative Adjectives
@  cab driver Quantitative adjectives describe the quantity of something.
@ Kite seller In other words, they answer the question “how much?” or
“how many?” Numbers like one and thirty are this type of
Identification of Adjective adjective. So are more general words like many, half and a lot.
In English language, there’s likely an exception for every @ How many children do you have? I only
rule. Certain adjectives end with these suffixes- have one daughter.
@ -ic/-ical: pragmatic, hypnotic, magical, scientific @ Do you plan on having more kids? Oh yes, I
@ -ine: libertine, asinine, equine, feminine, masculine want many children!
@ -ile: ductile, futile, fertile, virile @ I can’t believe I ate that whole cake!

@ -able/-ible: abominable, penetrable, illegible, com- Adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features –
bustible in other words, they are used to discuss attributes. There are
different kinds of attributive adjectives:
@ -ous: cautious, vigorous, strenuous, rigorous
2. Qualitative Adjectives
@ -al: educational, diagonal, legal, neo-liberal
Qualitative adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interest-
@ -an: Australian, Mexican, urban ing, beautiful or cheapest can indicate value or talk about
@ -ar: cellular, stellar, , vulgar subjective measures.
@ -ent: reverent, potent, intermittent, frequent Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective
@ -ful: handful, powerful, tasteful, thoughtful qualities including specific physical properties.
@ small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow
@ -ive: informative, native, talkative
Age adjectives denote specific ages in numbers, as
@ -less: careless, endless, homeless, timeless
well as general ages. 

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@ old, young, new, five-year-old @ Whose — Asks who something belongs to.
Colour adjectives are exactly what they sound like – Other question words, like “who” or “how,” aren’t adjectives
they’re adjectives that indicate colour. since they don’t modify nouns. For example, you can say
@ pink, yellow, blue. “whose coat is this?” but you can’t say “who coat?”
Origin adjectives indicate the source of the noun, Which,  what  and  whose  are only considered adjectives if
whether it’s a person, place, animal or thing. they’re immediately followed by a noun. The word which is
an adjective in this sentence: “Which colour is your favor-
@ American, Canadian, Mexican, French.
ite?” But not in this one: “Which is your favorite colour?”
Material adjectives denote what something is made @ “Which song will you play on your wedding day?”
of.
@ “What pet do you want to get?”
@ cotton, gold, wool
@ “Whose child is this?”
Qualifier adjectives are often regarded as part of a
noun. They make nouns more specific. 5. Distributive Adjectives 
@ log cabin, luxury car, and pillow cover. Distributive adjectives describe specific members out of a
group. These adjectives are used to single out one or more
3. Possessive Adjectives individual items or people. Some of the most common dis-
Possessive adjectives  show  possession. They describe to tributive adjectives include:
whom a thing belongs. Some of the most common possessive @ Each — Every single one of a group (used to speak
adjectives include: about group members individually).
@ My — Belonging to me @ Every — Every single one of a group (used to make
@ His — Belonging to him generalizations).
@ Her — Belonging to her @ Either — One between a choice of two.
@ Their — Belonging to them @ Neither — Not one or the other between a choice of
@ Your — Belonging to you two.

@ Our — Belonging to us @ Any  — One or some things out of any number of

choices. This is also used when the choice is irrel-
All these adjectives, except the word his, can only be used evant, like: “it doesn’t matter, I’ll take any of them.”
before a noun. You can’t just say “That’s my,” you have to
say “That’s my pen.” When you want to leave off the noun These adjectives are always followed by the noun or pronoun
or pronoun being modified, use these possessive adjectives they’re modifying.
instead: @ “Every rose has its thorn.”
@ Mine @ “Which of these two songs do you like?” “I don’t
@ His like either song.”

@ Hers 6. Demonstrative Adjectives 

@ Theirs A demonstrative adjective describes “which” noun or pro-

noun you’re referring to. These adjectives include the words:
@ Yours
@ This — Used to refer to a singular noun close to you.
@ Ours
@ That — Used to refer to a singular noun far from you.
For example, even though saying “That’s my” is incorrect,
saying “That’s mine” is perfectly fine. @ These — Used to refer to a plural noun close to you.
@ “Whose dog is that?” “He’s mine. That’s my dog. @ Those — Used to refer to a plural noun far from you.
4. Interrogative Adjectives  Demonstrative adjectives always come before the word
they’re modifying.
Interrogative adjectives interrogate, meaning that they ask
a question. These adjectives are always followed by a noun Sometimes, when you’re responding to a question, you can
or a pronoun, and are used to form questions. The interroga- leave off the noun being described and only use the adjective.
tive adjectives are: For example, if someone asks you how many cakes you want
@ Which — Asks to make a choice between options. to buy you can respond: “I want to buy two cakes,” or you
can just say: “I want to buy two.”
@ What — Asks to make a choice (in general).
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@ “Which bicycle is yours?” “This  bicycle is mine, Degrees of Adjectives
and that one used to be mine until I sold it.” Imagine changing the temperature on your air conditioner. The
7. Numerical Adjectives air conditioner has different degrees of temperature you can
When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always select.Adjectives have different degrees, as well.
adjectives. You can tell that a number is an adjective when it The three degrees of an adjective are positive, comparative and
answers the question “How many?” superlative. When you use them depends on how many
@ The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six things you’re talking about:
@ He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick ##A positive adjective is a normal adjective that’s used
afterwards. to describe, not compare.  “This is good soup” and “I
am funny.”
An ordinal number is an adjective that denotes what place
an object has in a certain order. ##A comparative adjective  is an adjective that’s used
to compare two things (and is often followed by the
Example – first , second, third, fourth …………….
word than). “This soup is better than that salad” or “I
A Cardinal number tells us about the number of things. am funnier than her.”
one ,two, three ,four, five………………………. ##A superlative adjective  is an adjective that’s used
Ordinal adjective is used before a cardinal adjective. to compare three or more things, or to state that
something is the most.  “This is the best soup in the
@ The first two classes went smoothly.
whole world” or “I am the funniest out of all the other
@ The first five people were given a surprise gift by the bloggers.
store.
List of some Regular Adjectives:
Positive Comparative Superlative
white whiter whitest
wide wider widest

wild wilder wildest

blue bluer bluest

bold bolder boldest

bossy bossier bossiest

greedy greedier greediest

gross grosser grossest

guilty guilter guiltiest

wealthy wealthier wealthiest

wet wetter wettest

wise wiser wisest

young younger youngest

Positive Comparative Superlative

ancient more ancient most ancient
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
brilliant more brilliant most brilliant

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careful more careful most careful
careless more careless most careless
cheerful more cheerful most cheerful
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
dangerous more dangerous most dangerous
delightful more delightful most delightful
difficult more difficult most difficult
enjoyable more enjoyable most enjoyable
foolish more foolish most foolish
forgetful more forgetful most forgetful
frightening more frightening most frightening
generous more generous most generous
handsome more handsome most handsome
helpful more helpful most helpful
ignorant more ignorant most ignorant
important more important most important

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

List of some Irregular Adjectives:
Positive Comparative Superlative
good better the best
well(healthy) better the best
bad worse the worst
further the furthest
far
farther the farthest
old (people in a family) elder the eldest
old (general use) older the oldest
Confusing adjectives Little – A little
Many – Much Like few and a few, the little and a little represent nega-
Use much with collective nouns and singular nouns. Use tive and positive quantities.
many with plural nouns. Here’s an example. Always use a little with non-countable nouns. The word
@ Geeta doesn’t have much food. little expresses a negative quantity.
@ Chitra doesn’t have many friends. @ There is a little sauce left for you to eat with the bread.
Few – A Few @ He has been studying this topic for the last three days
A few represents a positive quantity, but it can only be but there is little improvement.
used with countable nouns. @ There is little hope of his survival as his head was
The word few represents a negative quantity or shortage. nearly crushed in the accident.
@ Julie has a few friends although she is new in the city. Farther – Further
@ Julie has few friends although she has been in the city
Farther (root word far) is always used for distance, and
for two years. further (think furthermore) means advancement.
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@ How much farther is Delhi from Chandigarh? @ Virat is the better of the two players.
@ I am too tired to walk any farther. Similarly, if the choice is to be made between more than two
Last – Latter- Latest things or persons the superlative degree will be used.
Last is the opposite of first, the latter is the opposite of the The structure will be—
former and the latest means the most recent. …….the + Superlative degree + of the…………
@ Of the two choices, I prefer the latter. @ Harit is the best of all the businessmen in the business
@ The last question was out of the syllabus. world.
@ The latest innovations were mind blowing. @ English is the easiest of all the languages taught in
the school.
Late / lately
Rule 4
Late can be an adjective or an adverb that means after
the correct time. If two qualities are to be compared of the same person or
thing then we don’t use the comparative degree. 
@ I’m not hungry because I had a late lunch. (adjective)
Comparative degree is used for comparison between two
@ He slept late and missed his first class. (adverb)
different things or persons. Instead of using the comparative
Hard / hardly degree more and positive degree will be used.
Hard can be an adjective or an adverb. @ Gaurav Shakya is more lucky than hardworking.
@ This book is too hard for me. I can’t read it. (hard is (Correct)
an adjective meaning difficult) Rule 2
@ This mattress is too hard. I can’t sleep. (hard is an In comparative degree- (adjective + er ) + than  is used.
adjective meaning opposite of “soft”)
@ Amit is taller than his sister.
@ She’s working hard to finish the project by tomorrow.
Rule 3
(hard is an adverb meaning working intensely)
Article ‘the’ is used before superlative degree as it be-
Hardly has a completely different meaning. It means
comes definite.
“almost not.”
Delhi is the most polluted city of India.
@ We have a bad connection, I can hardly hear you. ( I
almost can’t hear you) Rule 4
Nearest/Next Certain adjectives can’t be used in comparative and
superlative degree, such as-
Nearest is closest in distance. Next means the next in order.
Ideal, everlasting, eternal, triangular, supreme, impossible,
@ The next six months will be the hardest to survive.
absolute, square, round, major, minor, ulterior, universal,
@ The next chapter is a very simple one. complete, entire, chief, extreme, excellent, unique, last and
@ Who’s next in the queue? final.
@ The week after next. Rule 5

Some important rules related to adjective: In those sentences where we wish to state that someone
or something is better or worse than the rest but is to be
Rule 1 taken one at a time any other will be used.
While making comparisons between two things the com-
@ Pranay is taller than any other boy in the class.
parative degree is used and not the superlative degree.
@ English is more interesting than any other subject.
@ She is the richer of the two sisters. (Correct)
Rule 1 Rule 6            Prefer and preferable.
If a choice has to be made between two persons or things the It is used in comparative degree only.
comparative degree will be used. Article ‘the’ will be used We use the preposition ‘to’ with it.
before the ‘comparative degree’ and (of the) will be used
after the ‘comparative degree’. ‘Prefer to’ can be replaced by ‘rather than’.

The structure will be— @ I prefer singing to dancing.

…….the + Comparative + of the………… @ I prefer walking rather than running.
@ Chandigarh is the better of the two cities. Rule 7
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If an adjective is to be used between “as………as” and @ The rich people feel the law can be modified.
“so……….as” the adjective should be in positive degree. @ The blind men walked slowly.
@ As…..as is used to show that something is equally @ There are many plans to provide good farm produce
good or bad. rates to the farmers.
@ Shimla is as cold as Kullu in March. Rule 13
So…….as is used to show something is not as good or With certain adjectives if we add ‘ly’ they become ad-
as bad. verbs.
@ Rampur is not so developed as Lucknow. Adjective       Adverb
Rule 8 Sweet               sweetly
In comparative degree ‘than’ is used. But for adjectives Bad                   badly
ending in ‘ior’ than is not used, instead ‘to’ is used, such Polite politely
as- prior, anterior, superior, inferior, junior, senior, pos- Note : But not in every case, when ‘ly’ is added to all the
terior, exterior, interior etc. adjectives they become adverbs such as fast.
@ Sumit was junior to me in college. Rule 14
Rule 9 Adjectives ending in -ly
If two adjectives are being used for the same noun or miserly, friendly. beastly, costly, cowardly, deadly, friendly,
pronoun, the adjective should be in the same degree. likely, brotherly, kingly, leisurely, lovely, lively, wom-
anly, princely, scholarly, silly, ugly and unlikely.
@ India is a great and tolerant country.(Correct)
The following words may be used as both adjectives and
Rule 10
adverbs:
For directions and some other adjectives there is positive Late
and superlative degree only. There is no comparative
degree. @ The engagement ceremony is in the late evening.
(Adjective)
  POSITIVE  SUPERLATIVE  @ He arrived late. (Adverb)
DEGREE             DEGREE With other verbs like seem, like, look, prove, make, keep,
1 Top Topmost grow, get, turn, be and become the adjective is used instead
of the adverb.
2 Center Centermost
@ Kanak proved it right.
3 Right Rightmost @ It is rightly said that hard work leads to success.
4 Bottom Bottommost Fast
@ Modern man leads a fast life. (Here the adjective fast
5 Northern Northernmost modifies the noun life.)
Rule 11 @ Antul drove the car fast. (Here the adverb fast modifies
The same word can be an adjective in a sentence and the verb drove.)
a noun in another sentence. For certain words that are Straight
mostly used as nouns if they are used as an adjective in a
sentence they can’t be used in the plural form. @ Don’t expect to get a straight answer from Mani. (Here
the adjective straight modifies the noun answer.)
@ The table cloth was washed, ironed and spread on the
table. @ Sarika went straight home. (Here the adverb straight
modifies the verb went.)
Table is a noun but here it is used as an adjective. So tables
can’t be used but table will be used. Just
Rule 12 @ Priya just left. (Adverb)
There are certain adjectives if we use ‘the’ before them @ God is just. (Adjective)
they will become plural common noun, as the adjective
becomes a noun.

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exercise
Q.1-10. Read the short paragraphs to find whether there (1)/ It is one thing to reinforce long-standing and
is an error in part 1, 2, 3 or 4. Mark (5) as answer close friendships as the PM did during his annual
if there is no error in the short paragraphs. summit with the Russian President this month, (2)/
Q.1. Speaking at the Uttarakhand Investors Summit and with the Iranian President early this year, (3)/
here, Ambani said Jio will promote environment or with the U.S. President last year — the situation
protecting industries and businesses. (1)/ Ambani can be much more complex when friends expect you
said he wants to convert ‘Devbhoomi Uttarakhand’ to choose between them. (4)/ No Error (5)
into ‘Digital Devbhoomi’. “Jio will boost sustainable Q.6. In an attempt to go greener and also given the
tourism. (2)/ Jio will improve the delivery of fact that electricity is cheapest, (1)/ the national
healthcare, education and government services transporter has started modifying electric engines
and improve the life of every citizen,” (3)/ he said. in order to use electricity from overhead lines for
Jio is committed to a ‘Digital Uttarakhand’ where running appliances in LHB coaches, known as Head-
every citizen can have the better quality digital On-Generation (HOG). (2)/ As per calculations by
connectivity and services, he said. (4)/ No error (5) Indian Railways, the power car needs 40 litres of
Q.2. External headwinds – monetary policy diesel per hour per non-AC coach (3)/ while an AC
‘normalization’ in the US coupled with recently coach needs 65-70 litres of diesel per hour. (4)/ No
stress in some Emerging Market and Developing error (5)
Economies (1)/ have triggered portfolio outflows, Q.7. The airport currently operates 75 flights every
the report said. (2)/ It said that as a result, the day, of which 67 are domestic flights and eight,
nominal exchange rate depreciated by about 12 per international. The expansion project needs to
cent, and foreign reserves (3)/ declined by over 5 be seen against a backdrop of heavy congestion
per cent since March, while remaining comfortable that the airport (1)/ has been witnessing during
at about nine months of imports. (4)/ No error (5) peaking hours. The number of flights operating
Q.3. The Chairman had in 2016 stormed back into the from Lucknow is expected to go up to 200 per day
telecom sector with Reliance Jio, offering free after the airport is remodelled, (2)/ AAI officials
calls and data, forcing rivals to merge or exit as say. In fact, work on increasing the length of
revenues declined. (1)/ It has amassed over 220 the existing runway from 2.2 km to 3.1 km is
million subscribers since its launch. Jio, he said, underway. This is being done to allow operations
will promote environment protecting industries of bigger aircraft like the Dreamliner, (3)/ says
and businesses, (2)/ boost sustainable tourism and Sharma, adding that the apron area would also be
improve the delivery of healthcare, education and increased in size to allow parking of at least 22
government services, thus bringing about drastical aircraft. (4)/ No error (5)
change in the life of every (3)/ citizen. “All this Q.8. The airport’s upgrade is a part of AAI’s larger plan
will help create additional employment and earning to spend Rs 20,500 crore on aviation infrastructure
opportunities for the people of Uttarakhand. (4)/ No (1)/ over the next five years. Indian airports currently
error (5) handle around 300 MPPA and have a terminal
Q.4. Fingers bowl is a bowl of water used for rinsing one's capacity of 334 mppa, (2)/ which is likely to be
fingers after the last course of a formal meal. (1)/ breached in the next two years. (3)/ India boasts the
It is typically brought to the table at the time of the fast growing domestic air travel market in the world,
dessert course, arriving atop the dessert plate, (2)/ which grew 17% in FY18. (4)/ No error (5)
with a linen doily between the plate and the bowl Q.9. In a joint operation carried out by the military
and with the dessert fork and spoon on the plate. (3)/ intelligence and Uttar Pradesh Police, an official
As with most formal customs of etiquette, there are associated with the Nagpur unit of (1)/ Defence
considered to be right and wrong ways to present Research and Development Organization (DRDO)
and use a finger bowl, and these can differ. (4)/ No has been taken into custody. Sources say Nishant
error (5) Aggarwal, who has been employed with DRDO (2)/
Q.5. Both on CAATSA and on the U.S.’s proposed for few years, is being questioned on the suspicion
sanctions on Iran that go into force on November of being a spy and leaking sensitive information
4, India will need to make some tough decisions. to a hostile neighbouring country. (3)/ Aggarwal
72 ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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is likely to be booked with provisions under the Q.14. The UAE Government backed Asian Business
Official Secret Acts, 1923. (4)/ No error (5) Leadership Forum (ABLF) marks its 11th
Q.10. The number of metro commuters registered for anniversary, (1)/ on October 6, Dubai, with a special
sitting on metro stations and trains was 10,155. edition of the ABLF Awards that will felicitate 15
It also became the most common offence among Asian leaders (2)/ from various sectors including
metro users. (1)/ Between the months of January from India (3)/. The upcoming Awards event hosts
and August, the DMRC has collected an amount of an exclusive 250-strong audience of Asia’s finest
Rs. 24.13 lakh in fines from metro commuters, the leaders and will witness the felicitation of 15
report stated. (2)/ Meanwhile, many Delhi Metro visioned and innovated stalwarts. (4)/ No error (5)
commuters argued that that these kind of offences Q.15. The First Secretary/Legal Adviser in the Permanent
of sitting on the floor of the trains does not make Mission of India to the UN, (1)/ said here that India
sense (3)/ for those who travel long distances in firmly believed that a Comprehensive Convention
packed coaches, especially during peak hours. (4)/ against International Terrorism (CCIT) would (2)/
No error (5) provide a strongly legal basis for the fight against
Q.11-15. Read the short paragraphs to find whether there is terrorism and would be in the interest of all Member
an error in part 1, 2, 3 or 4. Mark (5) as answer if States to have a (3)/ multilateral and collective
there is no error in the short paragraphs. dimension of counter terrorism effort. (4)/ No error
(5)
Q.11. CISF personnel are also getting focused training on
behavioural analysis from International Consultants Q.16. A firm has certain amount of risk inherent to its
on Targeted Security, Europe and the Transport operations related to general economic conditions
Security Administration with help from the BCAS in which it operates. (1)/ Business risk or economic
and the Intelligence Bureau. (1)/ The force is also risk is a function of general economical conditions
working on installing at all airports more high- and is not related (2)/ to the firm’s financial structure.
quality HD cameras, (2)/ dedicated CCTV cameras Financial risk on the other hand, the additional risk
with alternative servers for uninterrupted power placed on the (3)/ stockholders as a result of the
backup and video analytics features in the existing decision to finance with debt. (4)/ No error (5)
surveillance cameras. (3)/ By its own admission, Q.17. All the coaches of this rake have been provided
the use of fake tickets to enter airports has become with energy efficiency LED tube lights, panel of
a menacing. Since 2016, the force has detected 290 LED lights in doorway as well as in the gangway,
such cases with numbers rising year on year. (4)/ No (1)/ stickers with ‘Go Green’ messages, provision of
error (5) integrated basin-cum-dustbins in (2)/ air-conditioned
Q.12. Gujarat is a manufacturing state and is a peaceful coaches. Vinyl wrapping at the doorways of the
state. People from Bihar, UP, Odisha, West Bengal coaches, night glow stickers as well as (3)/ Braille
and Jharkhand have been working here for years. signages inside the coaches along with new colour
(1)/ The festival period is coming shortly and at this scheme. (4)/ No error (5)
time industries have a larger number of domestic Q.18. It is not possible to know about the earth’s interior
as well as exports orders (2)/ to complete and such by direct observations because of the huge size and
disruptions at this crucial time will cause a major the changing nature of its interior composition. (1)/
dent to the momentum (3)/ On its part, the state Through mining and drilling operations we have
government has announced that it will provide been able to observe the earth’s more interior directly
protection to the migrant workers. (4)/ No error (5) only up to a depth of few kilometers. (2)/ The rapid
Q.13. Findings of another study by OECD (Organization increase in temperature below the earth’s surface
for Economic Cooperation and Development) have is mainly responsible for setting a limit to direct
suggested that Turkey has the maximum share of observations inside the earth. (3)/ But still, through
employees (1)/ that work for 60 hours or more in a some direct and indirect sources, the scientists have
week. While the top of the index has been majorly a fair idea about how the earth’s interior look like.
occupied by Asian countries, (2)/ including Japan (4)/ No error (5)
where deaths due to work stress have been reported; Q.19. Kanyakumari or Cape Camorin, a coastal town in
(3)/ Sweden has the less share of employees who the state of Tamil Nadu is the most southern point.
work more than 60 hours a week. (4)/ No error (5) (1)/ The island of Sumatra is located to the south of

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 73
www.mahendras.org
Great Nicobar. (2)/ The island covers 1045 km² but some comments that were clearly satirical in nature.
is sparsely inhabited, with a population of 9,440, (4)/ No error (5)
(3)/ largely being covered by rainforest and known Q.26. Normally, he doesn't choose to speak, he told a
for its diverse wildlife. (4)/ No error crowd gathered in a sports arena that seats thousands.
Q.20. According to the Railway Minister, once the project (1)/ That's because he is a student 8with learning
is more complete, it would immensely boost the differences, (2)/ autism and a social communication
economic activity in the (1)/ state of Uttarakhand. disorder, he said. (3)/ Although his speech was not
He also stated that the national transporter has very clearly everyone in the crowd understood the
decided to use 100 per cent (2)/ electric traction underlying meaning. (4)/ No Error (5)
on Rishikesh–Karanprayag route. The Railway Q.27. The credit unions are the co-operative financial
Minister said that it will ensure that the engine institutions similarly to a bank but unlike banks
emits no pollutants while (3)/ speeding through the the credit unions are owned by the members (1)/.
picturesque landscape of the state. (4)/ No error (5) So credit union is a member-owned financial
Q.21-30. Read the short paragraphs to find whether there is cooperative, democratically controlled by its
an error in part 1, 2, 3 or 4. Mark (5) as answer if members (2)/ and operated for the purpose of
there is no error in the short paragraphs. promoting thrift, providing credit at competitive
Q.21. At least four people, including two minors, were rates, (3)/ and providing other financial services to
killed (1)/ and one other got lightly injured when its members. (4)/ No Error (5)
a mini truck collided with a roadways (2)/ bus on Q.28. The Ghaziabad Police arrested four men for an
the G T Road near Govardhani trisection (3)/ and alleged robbery, after investigation into another
according to the doctors, there is little hope of the robbery case led them straight to the accused. (1)/
survival of the one injured. (4)/ No Error (5) Police initially set out to arrest the men who had
Q.22. The Guild is of the view that cancellation of the allegedly carried out a daring robbery in Raj Nagar.
registration of a publication on the mere finding (1)/ (2)/ But they soon found themselves tracking another
that there was a mismatch between the information case of robbery. (3)/ The number of cases of robbery
of the editor, (2)/ printer and publisher is not only a has risen this year by as many as 30% this year.(4)/
gross overreaction (3)/ but also a dracula step that No Error (5)
throttles freedom of the media. (4)/ No Error (5) Q.29. Former TV anchor and producer Suhaib Ilyasi, (1)/
Q.23. The courts may intervene and restore the newspaper who got life sentence by a trial court in December
in the days to come. (1)/ The issue here is not about last year for his wife Anju's murder, (2)/ has been
the finale outcome of the legal battle, but about the acquitted by Delhi High Court. (3)/ It was thought that
chill factor the ruling party can create among news he’d committed the crime but there wasn’t sufficiently
organisations. (2)/ It is worth remembering Milton’s evidence to convict him. (4)/ No Error (5)
saying four centuries ago: (3)/ Give me the liberty Q.30. Some significant features which make Indian
to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to constitution the most unique and better than other
conscience, above all liberties.” (4)/ No Error (5) countries’ (1)/ constitutions include The Longest
Q.24. A mere response suffices; the use of prosecution and Constitution, dual system of (2)/ Government,
arrest are unjustifiable. (1)/ Such an attitude will only Citizenship and a Republic Nation and the (3)/
make for an intolerating society consisting of easily Supremacy of the Constitution. (4)/ No error (5)
offended individuals. (2)/ In a mature democracy, the Q.31-40. Read the short paragraphs to find whether there is
casual resort to criminal prosecution for perceived an error in part 1, 2, 3 or 4. Mark (5) as answer if
insults (3)/ to either a religion or a class of society there is no error in the short paragraphs.
ought to be actively discouraged. (4)/ No Error (5) Q.31. The dumping of a 14-month-old toddler allegedly
Q.25. Sending someone to the “safety” of a prison is no by a migrating labourer in Sabarkantha (1)/ in late
answer to questions raised by a prosecution under September has triggered a series of mob attacks on
stringing laws (1)/ that involve restrictions on free migrant workers in northern Gujarat (2)/, causing a
speech on grounds of maintaining public order and near exodus from the state. (3)/ Over 400 persons
tranquility. (2)/ In a video post against the backdrop have been arrested in connection with the violence
of the Konark temple, (3)/ Mr. Iyer-Mitra had made caused in the state. (4)/ No Error (5)

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Q.32. It is worrisome that this sentiment has found traction (1)/ It is also about leadership in the financial
in an entrepreneur state like Gujarat (1)/.The current sector and the current model of a diversified
mob violence against non-Gujaratis is tied to a shareholding in many institutions (2)/ without a
particular event. (2)/ However, there is a danger that dominanting shareholder with skin in the game
it could feed off a larger “anti-Outsider” narrative to rein in ceos (3)/ who become larger than life,
being championed nationally. (3)/ Within Gujarat, the quality of boards, their accountability and the
following the Patidar agitation in the run-up to the risk-reward link. (4)/ No Error (5)
2017 assembly elections, resentments had been Q.37. The Mahābhārata is an epic legendary narrative of
stoked against “outsiders” on the question of jobs. the Kuruksetra War and the fates of the Kaurava
(4)/ No Error (5) and the Pāndava princes. (1)/ Mahabharat is
Q.33. In adulthood a person is more likely to get more larger than all the mythologies of Hindus. (2)/ The
wise day by day. (1)/ The truth is we are all wired Mahābhārata is the longest epic poem known and has
by evolution to play as we have a childlike tendency been described as "the longest poem ever written".
dormant in us even as we age. Your inner child just (3)/ Its longest version consists of over 100,000 or
needs an invitation from your inner adult to come over 200,000 individual verse lines and long prose
out and play. (2)/ Children don’t worry or fear about passages. (4)/ No Error (5)
being judged the way adults do (3)/.And only if Q.38. The ratings of ‘AndhaDhun’ are higher than that of any
adults are able to drop fear of being judged and play movie released recently. (1)/ Raghavan’s love of Hindi
it will lead to a happier, more meaningful life along movies of the 70s, and of pulp is evident here again
the way. (4)/ No Error (5) (2)/, just as it was in Johnny Gaddar. (3)/ The songs
have a reason to be there, as does a protagonist who
Q.34. A robot is thousand times more efficient than a man.
sings while playing the piano-a scene straight out of
(1)/ Today, advanced machines like robots pose a
scores of films down the decades. (4)/ No Error (5)
significant threat to jobs traditionally performed
by human beings. (2)/ So it’s no surprise that new Q.39. Looking at concrete outcomes, there is not much
technological developments in the market are faced that is notable beyond the traditional basket of arms
with stiff resistance (3)/ from interest groups like sales, civil nuclear cooperation and hydrocarbons.
(1)/ Successive governments in Delhi have revelled
labour unions. (4)/ No Error (5)
in framing the partnership with Russia in grandiose
Q.35. “Everything you can imagine is real.” (1)/ In rhetoric — (2)/ of strategies autonomy and the quest
imagining a conceptualize moment in how his art for a multipolar world. (3)/ But they have done
might be remembered, Banksy has created a work nothing to modernise the partnership in a changing
whose value can only be assessed in posterity, world. (4)/ No Error (5)
(2)/ but whose price will remain in step with the Q.40. It very often happens that a man who talks most does
art world’s idiosyncratic bars. (3)/ It’s an irony little. (1)/ People have the habit of making castles
the anonymous Banksy is likely to enjoy. (4)/ No in the air and actually feeling and boasting that they
Error (5) have achieved a great milestone without actually
Q.36. The issues go beyond malfeasance or powerful doing so. (2)/ It is extremely essential to remember
CEOs and weak boards and their oversight in that if your achievements are worth noticing, (3)/
listed private banks and regulators falling short. people will sooner or later come to know about them
merely through the word of mouth. (4)/ No Error (5)
Explanation
Q.1.(4) ‘Better’ will be replaced by ‘best’ as there is no Q.5.(3) Happening or done before a year so ‘earlier’ should
comparison and generally the superlative degree be used.
is used after definite article. Q.6.(1) ‘Cheapest’ will be replaced by ‘cheaper’. When
Q.2.(1) ‘Recently should be replaced by ‘recent’ as an the adjectives qualify the same noun, both the
adjective is needed to qualify the noun (stress). adjectives should be expressed in the same degree.
Q.3.(3) “Drastical” is an incorrect word so it should be Q.7.(2) ‘peak’ should replace ‘peaking’ as an adjective is
replaced by “drastic (adj.)”. needed here to qualify the noun (hours).
Q.4.(1) ‘Fingers bowl’ should be replaced by ‘finger bowl’. Q.8.(4) It should be ‘fastest’ growing as ‘the (definite
Finger is used as an adjective and if a noun is used article)’ has been used here and also no comparison
as an adjective, it should be in singular form. has been made.
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Q.9.(3) ‘Few’ will be replaced by ‘a few’ as ‘few’ is for Q.25.(1) ‘Stringent’ will be used in place of ‘stringing (v
(hardly any) and ‘a few’ is used for countable nouns. – hanging something)’ which is irrelevant here.
Q.10.(3) ‘These kind of offences’ should be replaced by Q.26.(4) ‘Clear (adj.)’ should be used in place of ‘clearly
‘this kind of offence’. Since words like sort, kind, (adverb)’ which is conveying the quality of the
type are used in plural form, when they are used speech (noun).
as an adjective to qualify a plural noun. Q.27.(1) ‘Similar’ should be used in place of similarly as
Q.11.(4) ‘Menace’ should replace ‘menacing’ as a noun is ‘similar’ is an adjective used to qualify a noun.
required after an article. Q.28.(4) ‘As much as’ should be used in place of ‘as many
Q.12.(2) In place of ‘larger’ there will be ‘large’ as no as’. Since a plural number is used as a singular
comparison has been made. unit, ’much’ should be used.
Q.13.(4) ‘Least’ will replace ‘less’. The comparative degree Q.29.(4) Sufficient (an adjective) should be used in place
should not be used here. of sufficiently (an adverb to qualify evidence (a
Q.14.(4) ‘Visioned and innovated’ should be replaced by noun).
‘visionary and innovative’ because it is talking Q.30.(1) 'The most' is replaced with 'a'. Some adjectives
about stalwarts who are hard-working supporter do not take comparison because their meaning is
of or participant in an organization. already superlative. 'Unique' is one such adjective.
Q.15.(3) ‘Legal basis’ is qualified by ‘strong’ i.e., an Q.31.(1) ‘Migrant (an adjective)’ will be used in place of
adjective so ‘strongly’ should not be used. ‘migrating (verb)’.
Q.16.(2) ‘economical (cheap/affordable)’ will be replaced Q.32.(1) ‘Entrepreneurial (an adjective)’ will be used in
by ‘economic’. place of ‘entrepreneur (noun)’.
Q.17.(1) In place of ‘efficiency’ which is a noun, ‘efficient’ Q.33.(1) ‘Wiser’ should be used in place of ‘more wise’
which is an adjective should be used to qualify the since wiser is the comparative degree of wise.
noun (LED tube lights). Q.34.(1) ‘Efficient’ should be used in place of more efficient
Q.18.(2) More should be omitted. Some adjectives are not since comparative degree is not used with ‘times’.
used in comparative or superlative degree. Q.35.(2) ‘Conceptual (an adjective)’ should be used in place
Q.19.(1) It should be ‘Southernmost’. Some adjectives are of ‘conceptualise (a verb)’.
never used in comparative degree. They are always Q.36.(3) ‘Dominant (an adjective)’ should be used in place
used in only positive and superlative degree. of ‘dominating’ (a verb).
Q.20.(1) Some adjectives are not used in ‘Comparative’ Q.37.(2) ‘All other mythologies’ should be used in place
or ‘Superlative’ degree. Complete should replace of ‘all the mythologies’ as a comparison has been
‘more complete.’ made between ‘The Mahabharata’ and the other
Q.21.(4) ‘a little’ should be used in place of little as here epics.
the chances of his survival is in negative context Q.38.(1) ‘Any other movie’ should be used in place of ‘any
(hardly any). movie’. If something is compared with all others
Q.22.(4) ‘Dracula’ is a noun not an adjective. ‘Draconian’ of the same class then ‘all/any other’ is used to
should be used in place of ‘Dracula’ as we are exclude the former from the whole class.
talking about the severity of the step. Q.39.(3) ‘Strategic (an adjective)’ should be used in place
Q.23.(2) ‘final’ should be used in place of ‘finale’ as ‘finale’ of ‘strategies (plural noun)’.
is a noun. Q.40.(1) ‘Much’ should be used in place of ‘most’ since
Q.24.(2) ‘Intolerant’ will be used in place of ‘intolerating’ work is uncountable.
as verb form is not required here.

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CHAPTER

10 CLOZE TEST
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

A cloze test is a kind of exercise under which a passage is theme of the paragraph is clear, it becomes much easier to
given with some words missing from it. fill in the blanks.
It is a pure combination of fill in the blanks and reading Link the sentences together: You must never forget that it
comprehension. Therefore, it is very important to understand is a passage, so the sentences are linked to one another. Try
the theme, context and tone of the given passage. to find out the clue of their connectivity and never make a
A passage of cloze test has a defined structure, logical pat- mistake of understanding any sentence as an individual one.
tern and chronological order which helps in maintaining a Assessment of word to choose: Observe the blanks care-
unified tone throughout. In order to solve cloze test passage fully and try to judge which kind of word to put in the blank.
questions, proficiency in English Language is a must.  Words may be based on grammar, prepositions, tenses,
Here are some points suggested to attempt cloze test: vocabulary etc.

Read the passage thoroughly: You must read the given Get the tone: The given passage may contain some kind of
passage thoroughly and attentively to get the idea about the specific tone like narrative, critical, sarcastic, humorous etc.
passage. Accordingly choose the word to fill in.

Read slowly: While reading the passage you should not hurry Elimination: Most of the times the given options are very
in order to gain an understanding of the passage. Once the close to decide, in that case prefer elimination of wrong
choices which can help.
Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 77
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exercise
In the following passage there are bold words each of of SISA. The report is expected in November.  Multiple
which has been numbered, these numbers are printed government organizations, including the cyber cell of the
below the passage and against each four words have been Mumbai Police’s crime branch, the ministry of finance and
suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find the government’s cybersecurity arm Computer Emergency
out the appropriate word in each case but if the given Response Team-India (CERT-In), are now investigating the
word is correct and requires no change then mark (5) i.e. data breach. “Banks are yet to report the matter to the cyber
no change required as your answer. cell, despite it being mandatory.
EXERCISE- 1 Q.1. (1) created (2) formulated (3) breached
(4) reached (5) No change required
The RBI has called a meeting with all stakeholders involved
in the largest data breach in India’s banking system, said Q.2. (1) anonymity (2) liability (3) adapt
two people with direct knowledge of the development. The (4) acceptability (5) No change required
meeting will be chaired ______ (1) by a deputy governor Q.3. (1) urgency (2) vehemently (3) maturity
of the central bank and will be attended by executives from (4) variety (5) No change required
banks and payment network service providers.  The central Q.4. (1) besmirch (2) despite (3) of
bank will ask all lenders to report cyber security issues on
a real-time basis, an RBI official, one of the two people (4) instead (5) No change required
cited above, said on condition of fidelity_____ (2). The Q.5. (1) revealing (2) simply (3) managed
regulator may also ask all banks to centralize their cyber (4) happen (5) No change required
security operations and put a proper team in place instead Q.6. (1) free (2) desperate (3) savagely
of outsourcing these functions, this person said.  The matter (4) separately (5) No change required
gains myth_____ (3) in view of the large-scale data breach.
Q.7. (1) path (2) view (3) location
The RBI official said that banks took a month to bring this
(4) cite (5) No change required
issue to its notice beside ______ (4) its latest notification
on cyber security.  “It is observed that banks are hesitant to EXERCISE- 2
share cyber-incidents faced by them. However, the experience In the following passage there are bold words each of
gained globally indicates that collaboration among entities which has been numbered, these numbers are printed
in sharing the cyber-incidents and the best practices would below the passage and against each four words have been
facilitate timely measures in containing cyber-risks. It is suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find
reiterated that banks need to report all unusual cyber-security out the appropriate word in each case but if the given
incidents to the Reserve Bank,” read the central bank’s word is correct and requires no change then mark (5) i.e.
notification issued. Article had reported that it took no change required as your answer.
three months for India’s banking system to become aware
Rock-smashing monkeys make stone flakes that look a lot
of the large-scale data breach. Card data of 3.2 million
like tools made by our old ancestors. Scientists watched as
customers was stolen between May and July from a network
Capuchin monkeys in a national park pounded stones against
of Yes Bank Ltd ATMs happening _________ (5) by Hitachi
each other, splitting off sharp-edged flakes that resemble
Payment Services Pvt. Ltd, but it was only in September
cutting tools used by the hounds _____ (1) of humans.
that banks and payments services providers became aware
of the extent of the breach. Yes Bank and Hitachi released The monkeys ignored the flakes, focusing on the damaged
statements denying there was a breach in their respective stones instead. So they clearly weren’t deliberately making
systems.  The regulator has a broad sense of the issue but it them as tools. But if ancient monkeys did the same thing, their
is also likely to mysteriously _________ (6) investigate the unintentional handiwork could be mistaken for deliberate
matter, said the first person cited above. The regulator will tool-making by human ancestors, researchers said. The
conduct annual cyber audits of banks starting next year.  A scientists are not suggesting that any stone tools attributed
detailed forensic report is already being conducted by SISA so far to human forerunners were instead made by monkeys.
Information Security Pvt. Ltd, a global payments security Those tools, which date back as far as 3.3 million years ago,
specialist firm.  are more complex than what the Brazilian monkeys make.
But as scientists look with _____ (2) earlier and earlier tools,
“We are working with various stakeholders. We will also work
their findings may begin to resemble the monkey flakes
with various other agencies required for this investigation.
more strongly, said Proffitt, lead author of a study choose
The investigation is on track ________ (7). The necessary
_____ (3) by the journal Nature. And the new work shows
results will be shared with the concerned stakeholders once
that such flakes are not exclusively the calling card of our
we have completed the investigation,” said, chief executive
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ancient ancestors, called hominins, he said. If somebody finds are "stubborn." Many, due to the burden of studies at such an
very old simple flakes, you can’t assume it is hominin. You early age, get genuinely stressed or distracted like the child
have to say it might be produced by an diseased ______ (4) in the video probably was: "Sometimes they do get tired at
monkey or ape. ____ (3) writing or doing something monotonous. If you
Our African ancestors used sharp-edged stone flakes for make it interesting for them, tell them stories, or tell them
butchering and skinning animal carcasses, as well as cutting up they can listen to a song if they finish a task, then they do it."
tough plant material. To show such flakes were human-made tools, If a child is in a bad mood, the obvious solution
scientists seek win _______ (5) like wear marks on the edges or is to ask them about it, and that is what ____ (4) she also
nearby animal bones with marks from butchering. Proffitt studied recommends: "My students are a bit older, so I ask them what
capuchin monkeys in the Serra da Capivara National Park. They the matter is, and if something is wrong. Most of the time
examined the dearth _____ (6) and damaged rocks and compared they tell me, and I give them a solution. Then the matter is
them to artifacts from human ancestors. It’s not clear why the resolve _____ (5). Not all kids lie. Some are genuinely upset.
monkeys smash rocks together, he said. That is why we have to talk to them and find out."
Scientists long thought tool-making was confined to our Q.1. (1) behave (2) chose (3) need
branch of the evolutionary family tree, the Homo group. But (4) refer (5) no change required
scientists says ______ (7) finding 3.3-millon-year-old tools Q.2. (1) regards (2) garner (3) context
much older than any known member of Homo, last year. (4) farce (5) no change required
Q.1. (1) monkeys (2) students (3) forerunners Q.3. (1) in (2) by (3) for
(4) pounded (5) no change required
(4) of (5) no change required
Q.2. (1) for (2) in (3) on
Q.4. (1) why (2) who (3) when
(4) to (5) no change required (4) which (5) no change required
Q.3. (1) show (2) happen (3) express Q.5. (1) settled (2) grievance (3) pass
(4) released (5) no change required (4) fatal (5) no change required
Q.4. (1) loose (2) loss (3) distant EXERCISE- 4
(4) extinct (5) no change required In the following passage there are bold words each of
Q.5. (1) evidence (2) evident (3) demonstrate which has been numbered, these numbers are printed
(4) amalgamate (5) no change required below the passage and against each four words have been
suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find
Q.6. (1) fluke (2) family (3) flakes out the appropriate word in each case but if the given
(4) waver (5) no change required word is correct and requires no change then mark (5) i.e.
Q.7. (1) tell (2) exasperated (3) reported no change required as your answer.
(4) knows (5) no change required March 4, will be a turning point for Europe. On the same day
EXERCISE- 3 as an important____(1) general election in Italy, we'll find
out whether an internal referendum of the German Social
In the following passage there are bold words each of
Democratic Party members has framed ____ (2) a 'yes'
which has been numbered, these numbers are printed
for the 'grand coalition' government in Berlin, continuing
below the passage and against each four words have been
their current partnership with Angela Merkel's Christian
suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find
Democrats. Conventional wisdom says this would be a good
out the appropriate word in each case but if the given
nature____ (3) for Europe. I think the conventional wisdom
word is correct and requires no change then mark (5) i.e.
is wrong. Like putting on a medical corset to alleviate a
no change required as your answer.
serious back condition, and then carrying on with your life
There are two sides to every story. Adults often attribute their just as before, a grand coalition ____ (4) would be good in the
harsh behaviour to the fact that it is often necessary in order short term but bad in the long. You need to address the causes,
to discipline them because they tend ____ (1) to lie or be not just the epitome ____ (5) . And there is an alternative.
lazy and stubborn. We asked a lady, who has been teaching
Q.1. (1) internal (2) insane (3) innocuous
play-school children at Kidzee School for five years, and is
a mother of two now-grown "children" herself, to elaborate (4) embodiment (5) No change required
on this per her experience as a teacher and parent. She said Q.2. (1) produced (2) says (3) epoch
that children can lie and be manipulative about small things. (4) plopped (5) No change required
However, in the way____ (2) of the video of the little girl Q.3. (1) outcomes (2) result (3) concussion
being abused by her mother, she reiterated that not all children
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(4) repercussion (5) No change required Q.5. (1) allowing (2) managing (3) creating
Q.4. (1) situation (2) jurisdiction (3) partition (4) giving (5) No change required
(4) petrification (5) No change required Q.6. (1) apathetic (2) dedicated (3) lazy
Q.5. (1) result (2) symptoms (4) vigorous (5) No change required
(3) circumstance (4) entourage Q.7. (1) reimbursement
(5) No change required (2) penalty
EXERCISE- 5 (3) dismissal
In the following passage there are bold words each of (4) remuneration
which has been numbered, these numbers are printed (5) No change required
below the passage and against each four words have been Q.8. (1) contact (2) joint (3) seem
suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find
out the appropriate word in each case but if the given (4) cut (5) No change required
word is correct and requires no change then mark (5) Q.9. (1) mean, (2) selfish (3) generous
i.e. no change required as your answer. (4) stingy (5) No change required
The National Pension System (NPS), which invests in equity, Q.10. (1) making (2) building (3) composing
generates superior answers ____ (1) for its subscribers. The
(4) shaping (5) No change required
EPFO should confer ____ (2) the job of investing equity
to the NPS. There are multiple benefits. The NPS has the EXERCISE- 6
lowest asset management fees, and EPFO subscribers will In the following passage there are blanks each of which
get this benefit. The NPS survey _____ (3) to civil servants has been numbered, these numbers are printed below the
and worker leaders cannot say that what is good for civil passage and against each five words have been suggested,
servants is not good enough for workers. one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the
The corpus ____ (4) available to fund managers at the appropriate word in each case.
NPS will grow, conceding ____ (5) greater diversification We know several things about the Indian education system.
and risk-taking. It is worth considering if EPFO and NPS First, it is extraordinarily inefficient. Public expenditures,
should further diversify their portfolios of asset classes to regardless of whether they are adequate in aggregate, do
private equity and real estate. In which case, it would make not  (1)  results. Second, Indians desire education. They
sense for the NPS/EPFO to employ actual ____ (6) fund recognize its importance, and are willing to (2) for quality.
managers for these segments with an appropriately structured Third, quality is difficult to (3), and public policy fails to help
provision _____ (7) structure. Effective oversight to prevent overcome this problem. Fourth, access to quality education
insider trading is also a must. One way is to link ____ (8) the is very unequal.
compensation and incentives of asset managers with sound
By now, we do not need more studies documenting these
performance. Canada’s biggest public pension fund groups
problems, unless they go beyond proximate causes and start
pay a basic salary, an attractive annual bonus and a miserly
to develop concrete solutions. We know that teachers in
_____ (9) long-term performance bonus that accounts for
government schools often do not show up to (4), especially
the largest component of the payout. The remuneration
in rural areas. We know that the incentive systems in
structure drives the asset managers to take a long-term view
government bureaucracy, extending beyond the ministry
of investments as they benefit in forging ____ (10) the assets
of human resource development (HRD), are major (5) to
grow. A large portion of the remuneration for pension fund
the dysfunctions of the Indian education system. Under
managers in India must be linked to profitability in the long
the (6) of maintaining standards and combating inequality, the
term.
education bureaucracy makes it harder for private providers
Q.1. (1) retreat (2) returns (3) recompense to fill the gaps created by government failures.
(4) lottery (5) No change required We also know that India has little time to (7) these problems.
Q.2. (1) allot (2) deliver (3) trust The supposed demographic dividend is on the cusp of being
(4) entrust (5) No change required a disaster, unless the education system is fixed. This fix
cannot be done in a conventional manner. Hiring more school
Q.3. (1) furnishes (2) gratify (3) caters teachers or professors without (8) the entire incentive system
(4) procures (5) No change required will not work. That overhaul will take too long, especially
Q.4. (1) bulk (2) substance (3) work for the extensive primary school system—without dealing
with the formative years of education, nothing else can be
(4) mass (5) No change required
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fixed. There is more scope for rapid change at the university and its (3) NITI Aayog primarily a think tank, UIDAI would,
level, especially by bringing in talent from abroad, but even in any case, need to be put under an administrative ministry.
there, India’s politics will make change difficult. While the ministry is also the administrative ministry for the
The most promising solution lies in giving Indians digital Digital India program, it has also succeeded in displaying
access to knowledge, and to structured learning. There is the (4) of Aadhaar-based identification model by developing
nothing sacred about the conventional classroom. Indeed, the attendance maintenance system for central government
we know that it has always been just a part of the necessary employees to begin with, and is in the process of (5) it with
learning  (9)  that included peers and parents. The digital police and land records and voter ID cards. Bringing both
revolution has reached the point where (10) can provide more Aadhaar and Digital India under the same roof will, no doubt,
than passive information that has to be processed unaided help the government effort.
by the individual to turn into knowledge. Instead, there are Aadhaar (6) have already crossed 75 crore, schemes like cash
learning games, video lessons and myriad possibilities for transfers for LPG have already (7) the Aadhaar-based subsidy
interaction, that fundamentally change the way education delivery model, and the Jan Dhan Yojana will also be based
can take place. on it. Encouragingly, most states now have also embraced
Q.1. (1) Achieve (2) negotiate (3) fulfill Aadhaar and enrollments in 15 states have (8) 90% already—
Rajashan’s social scheme delivery platform Bhamashah
(4) dispatch (5) slander
and Madhya Pradesh’s Samagra are two big examples of
Q.2. (1) Handle (2) diminish (3) confuse its (9). With the IT ministry acting as the central point, it
(4) pay (5) settlement will be easier to integrate the Aadhaar-based data universe
Q.3. (1) Derived (2) judge (3) values for delivery of all government money related to social sector
schemes. The government must also now move on providing
(4) destined (5) finds Aadhaar the necessary statutory backing so that there is
Q.4. (1) Advice (2) exercise (3) teach no  (10)  on its usage. The government had introduced the
(4)edited (5) insulate Bill for this in Parliament but the Parliamentary Standing
Committee had struck it down at that time. It has a better
Q.5. (1) Beginners (2) fans (3) hurdles
chance of getting passed now.
(4) angel (5) contributors
Q.1. (1) Lethargy (2) keen (3) vigil
Q.6. (1) Posture (2) literacy (3) aspect
(4) pathetic (5) accomplish
(4) guise (5) presence
Q.2.  (1)Tribute (2) intervention (3) contribute
Q.7. (1) Eased (2) fix (3) wander
(4) subsidies (5) advocacy
(4) mess (5) replicate
Q.3. (1)Transaction (2) restoration (3) convert
Q.8. (1)Ruining (2) sharpened (3) overhauling
(4) legislation (5) replacement
(4) connected (5) overtaking
Q.4.   (1)Efficiency (2) desperation (3) competent
Q.9. (1)Aura (2) barrage (3) status
(4) liberty (5) economic
(4) property (5) environment
Q.5. (1)Veiling (2) endurance (3) linking
Q.10. (1)Teaches (2) everyone (3) Indians
(4) juggling (5) vital
(4) technology (5) focus
Q.6. (1) Engagement (2) rally (3) exertion
EXERCISE- 7 (4) receipt (5) enrollments
Q.1-10. In the following passage there are blanks each Q.7. (1) Alienated (2) adopted (3) intimated
of which has been numbered, these numbers are printed
(4) traced (5) shunned
below the passage and against each five words have been
suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find Q.8.  (1)Surpassed (2) distanced (3) eclipsed
out the appropriate word in each case. (4) overcome (5) ranked
Given that the government is (1) to adopt the Aadhaar platform Q.9. (1)Realize (2) descend (3) confession
to deliver (2), it is a good idea to bring the Unique Identification (4) acceptance (5) comply
and Development Authority of India (UIDAI) under the
ministry of communications and information technology. Q.10.  (1)Follow (2) alter (3) discussed
The fact that the UIDAI was placed under the Planning (4) controversy (5) concurrence
Commission could be one of the reasons why it faced the kind
EXERCISE- 8
of problems it did. With Planning Commission now scrapped
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Q.1-10. In the following passage there are blanks each Q.4. (1) Stability (2) contaminated
of which has been numbered, these numbers are printed (3) pollutants (4) quality
below the passage and against each five words have been
(5) pressure
suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find
out the appropriate word in each case. Q.5. (1) Cause (2) function (3) matter
The ambient air quality in Indian cities has (1) to dangerous (4) make (5) aim
levels over the last two decades. The people are (2) to extreme Q.6. (1) Ordinary (2) makeshift (3) frequent
health risks due to increasing particulate matter, hazardous
(4) various (5) monotonous
airborne agents in indoor spaces, and emission of noxious gases
from industries and automobiles and open sewerage systems. Q.7. (1)Economically (2) timidly (3) awfully
Outdoor air quality is affecting the indoor air quality too. (4) periodically (5) haphazardly
Delhi, Patna, Gwalior Raipur and Ahmedabad have been rated Q.8. (1) Employ (2) remove (3) inject
as the most polluted cities in India as far as air pollution is (4) shed (5) amputate
concerned. The Word Health Organisation (WHO) designates
Q.9. (1) Repudiate (2) downsize (3) adopt
any air that carries more than 10 microgram (i.e., a millionth
of a gram) of pollutants in a cubic metre of air as (3). (4) tolerate (5) seize
The cities mentioned above show presence of (4) 10 to 15 Q.10. (1)Fought (2) regularize
times more than the minimum. Compare them with Fresno, (3) transformed (4) sought
Riverside (both in Canada), Los Angeles-Long Beach, (5) Leapt
Hanford-Corcoran (both in California) and Fairbanks
(Alaska) as the most polluted cities in the North American EXERCISE- 9
continent where presence of pollutants in air is two to five Q.1-5. In the following passage there are bold words
times higher than the minimum. each of which has been numbered, these numbers
The main pollutants in the urban air in India are particulate are printed below the passage and against each
matter (i.e., dust, fine and ultrafine); industrial gases such as four words have been suggested, one of which
sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Ozone fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the
(O3); chullahs and open fire cooking; and waste. appropriate word in each case but if the given
These airborne agents (5) respiratory diseases such as asthma, word is correct and requires no change then
acute bronchitis, allergy and irritation of the respiratory tract, mark (5) i.e. no change required as your answer.
and can even lead to cancer of lung and bladder. Quintessential (1) as one of India’s most luxurious
Environmental engineers therefore advise building owners to trains, the Deccan Odyssey gives its guests a first-
opt for balanced air filters and ventilation systems, dehumidifiers hand experience of the country’s most abhorrent
and appropriate solar shading. Non-operational fans, pumps, (2) cultural and historical highlights. Each of its six
fan coil units are to be removed and (6) servicing of H-VAC routes has been specially designed to take you across
(heating, ventilation and cooling systems) has to be taken up. India’s diverse locales that radiate timeless traditions.
Get ready for an exceptional journey through the
Air-conditioning ducts have to be cleaned  (7). There heart of a vibrant country as you enjoy Royalty On
are companies that deploy robots to penetrate deep Rails. The train journeys showcase the austere (3)
and (8) cobwebs and dust from these ducts. of palaces, culinary wonders of cities and villages.
Building owners are advised to (9) a holistic approach towards Ripe with spirit (4) and style, each luxury journey
IAQ maintenance. Key IAQ measurements (e.g., temperature, is an once-in-a-lifetime experience. The Deccan
RH, velocity, particulate matter, CO2, SO2, NO2, O3) have Odyssey comprises of 21 royal coaches with 4
to be obtained. Technical review of ventilation and cooling spacious cabins each and 4 resplendent (5) suites.
system must be (10) and targets should be set in sync with
professional advice. Q.1. Choose the correct option for (1)

Q.1. (1) Affiliated (2) chased (3) indulged (1) Applauded (2) Appreciative

(4) tormented (5) degraded (3) Lauded (4) Rambled

Q.2. (1)Evident (2) veiled (3) defined (5) No correction required.

(4) sheltered (5) exposed Q.2. Choose the correct option for (2)

Q.3. (1)Vestige (2) hazardous (3) predictable (1) Obnoxious (2) Invidious

(4) omnipresent (5) operational (3) Enthralling (4) Fascinating

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(5) No correction required. Survey (INCHIS) data and risk analysis methods to
Q.3. Choose the correct option for (3) identify and monitor the progress in the initial 201
high-focus districts.
(1) Opulence (2) Deep pockets
Q.6. Choose the correct option for (1) & (2)
(3) Grandiose (4) Spartan
(1) Concerned, challenges
(5) No correction required.
(2) Considerate, policies
Q.4. Choose the correct option for (4)
(3) Active, acquiescence
(1) Quest (2) Expedition
(4) Thought, assent
(3) Adventure (4) Exploration
(5) Dealt, predicament
(5) No correction required
Q.7. Choose the correct option for (3) & (4)
Q.5. Choose the correct option for (5)
(1) Apparently, spark
(1) Caliginous (2) All the rage
(2) Indeed, boost
(3) Drab (4) Refulgent
(3) Dubiously, catalyzer
(5) No correction required.
(4) Absolute, hindrance
Q.6-9. In the following passage there are blanks each
of which has been numbered, these numbers are (5) Hardly, restraint
printed below the passage and against each five Q.8. Choose the correct option for (5) & (6)
words have been suggested, one of which fits the (1) Meagre, coverage
blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate
(2) Deliberate, mission
word in each case.
(3) Pace, recover
As far as the vaccination programme is ____________
(1), India faces a threefold _____________ (2): Low (4) Abundant, protection
full immunization coverage (65 per cent), limited (5) Bounteous, plan
basket of vaccines and, issues regarding quality and Q.9. Choose the correct option for (7) & (8)
logistics of vaccine management for such a vast and
diverse country. It is __________ (3) heartening to (1) Slowdown, named
know that the government has taken multiple steps (2) Accelerate, valued
to _________ (4) the scope of immunization. (3) Dawdle, dedicated
India’s full immunization coverage (FIC), which (4) Hasten, christened
used to be 61 per cent in 2009, improved to 65 per
(5) Retard, used
cent in 2013 at a ___________ (5) increase rate
of 1 per cent per year. It was then realized that Q10-14. In the following passage there are blanks each
with the prevailing 1 per cent annual increase in of which has been numbered, these numbers are
immunization, it would take a long time to cover printed below the passage and against each five
the whole country. At that tardy pace, India would words have been suggested, one of which fits the
have taken 25 years more to achieve 90 per cent full blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate
immunization ____________ (6). word in each case.
To __________ (7) the full coverage to at least Journalism originated as the reportage of current
90 per cent till 2020, the Ministry of Health & events, specifically in printed form, i.e. newspapers.
Family Welfare launched Mission Indradhanush However, ____ (1) ____ by the massive growth in
(_____________ (8) after the seven colors of the technology and electronic communication over the
rainbow, termed as Indradhanush in Hindi) in past decade, its scope has expanded and its definition
2014. Under this, seven vaccines would be given has evolved into an all-encompassing domain of
to all those children and pregnant women who information. The current stage on that evolutionary
have missed out or are left out under the routine ladder — following print, radio, and television — is
immunization rounds. It would cover all far-flung digital journalism, the most ___ (2) ___ used and
areas. MI has used the Annual Health Survey popular driver of news consumption in today’s world.
(2011-12), District Level Health Survey, Coverage As of now, as many as eighty percent of Indians
Evaluation study, Rapid Survey on Children consume news on the Internet, primarily through
(RSOC), Integrated Child Health and Immunization the social media and instant-messaging services. The

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large-scale use of services like Facebook, Twitter, (4) Both (B) & (C)
Instagram, LinkedIn, and YouTube has ____(3)____ (5) All (A), (B) & (C)
news organizations to offer regular updates to
Q.12. Choose the correct option for (3)
consumers on current events, bypassing barriers of
time and accessibility. In fact, advancements made (1) Entitled, Allowed
in chat-bots have also made it ____ (4) _____ to (2) Ratified, accredited
deliver curated news, stock market updates, and other (3) Inhibited, constrained
relevant information, tailored specifically for the
individual consumer, on WhatsApp and Messenger. (4) Both (A) & (B)
Artificial Intelligence has played a key role in ____ (5) All (A), (B) & (C)
(5) _____ the emerging potential of technology in Q.13. Choose the correct option for (4)
automating news delivery on digital mediums. (1) Viable, forlorn
Q.10. Choose the correct option for (1) (2) Abject, doable
(1) Dissuaded, thwarted (3) Feasible, possible
(2) Propelled, impelled (4) Both (A) & (B)
(3) Impelled, dissuaded (5) All (A), (B) & (C)
(4) Both (A) & (B) Q.14. Choose the correct option for (5)
(5) All (A), (B) & (C) (1) Accentuating, Highlighting
Q.11. Choose the correct option for (2) (2) Emphasizing, deflecting
(1) Widely, concisely (3) Estimating, surmising
(2) Expansively, exiguously (4) Both (A) & (B)
(3) Immensely, enormously (5) All (A), (B) & (C)
Explanation
EXERCISE 1 EXERCISE 3
Q.1.(5) Q.1.(5)
Q.2.(1) Q.2.(3) For other options
Q.3.(1) For other options Garner(V)-gather
Vehemently(Adv)- in a forceful, passionate, or Farce(N)-absurdity
intense manner. Q.3.(4) Q.4.(5) Q.5.(1)
Q.4.(2) For other options
EXERCISE 4
Besmirch(V)-Sully
Q.1.(5) For other options:
Q.5.(3) Managed
Innocuous(Adj)- harmless
Q.6.(4) For other options
embodiment(N)-symbol
Savagely(Adv.)- in a fierce, violent, and uncon-
Q.2.(1) For other options:
trolled manner.
Epoch(N)-era
Q.7.(5)
plop(V)-fall with a plop
EXERCISE 2
Q.3.(2) For other options:
Q.1.(3) Q.2.(1) Q.3.(4) Q.4.(4)
Concussion(N)- temporary unconsciousness
Q.5.(1) For other options
Repercussion(N)-consequence
Demonstrate(V)-reveal
Q.4.(5)
Amalgamate(V)-Combine
Q.5.(2) For other options:
Q.6.(3) For other options
Epitome(N)-personification
Fluke(N)-chance
Entourage (N)-retinue
Q.7.(3)

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Q.2.(4) Fascinating- extremely interesting
EXERCISE 5
Obnoxious- Extremely pleasant
Q.1.(2) Q.2.(4) Q.3.(3)
Invidious- unpleasant
Q.4.(5) Q.5.(1) Q.6.(2)
Enthralling- Holding one’s attention.
Q.7.(4) Q.8.(5) Q.9.(3)
Q.3.(1) Opulence- great wealth or luxuriousness.
Q.10.(1)
For other options- deep pockets: wealthy
EXERCISE 6
Spartan: lack of comfort or luxury
Q.1.(1) Achieve
Grandiose-magnificent or monumental
Q.2.(4) Pay
Q.4.(3) For other options-quest- a long search for something
Q.3.(2) Judge
Expedition- a journey for a particular purpose
Q.4.(3) Teach
Exploration- the action of roaming an unknown area.
Q.5.(5) Contributors
Q.5.(5) Resplendent- having a very bright or beautiful
Q.6.(4) Guise appearance.
Q.7.(2) Fix For other options-caliginous –dark, dim or misty.
Q.8.(3) Overhauling All the rage- to be very popular at a particular
Q.9.(5) Environment time.
Q.10.(4) Technology Drab- lacking brightness or interest
EXERCISE 7 Refulgent – shining very brightly
Q.1.(2) Keen Q.6.(1) Q.7.(2) Q.8.(1) Q.9.(4)
Q.2.(4) Subsidies Q.10.(2) Propel, impel (v): drive or push something for-
Q.3.(5) Replacement wards.
Q.4.(1) Efficiency For other options:
Q.5.(3) Linking Dissuade, thwart (v): persuade (someone) not to
take a particular course of action
Q.6.(5) Enrollments
Q.11.(3) Immense, enormous (adj.): extremely large or
Q.7.(2) Adopted great, especially in scale or degree.
Q.8.(1) Surpassed For other options:
Q.9.(4) Acceptance Expansively (adv.) : in a extremely large or great
Q.10.(4) Controversy way
EXERCISE 8 Exiguously (adv.) : in very small or concise way.
Q.1.(5) degraded Concisely (adv.): in short but comprehensive way
Q.2.(5) exposed Q.12.(4) Entitle, Allow, Ratify, accredit (v): to give author-
Q.3.(2) hazardous ity or consent.

Q.4.(3) Pollutants For other options:

Q.5.(1) Cause Inhibit, constrain (v): To restrict, prohibit or check.

Q.6.(3) Frequent Q.13.(2) For other options:

Q.7.(4) Periodically Viable (adj.): possible

Q.8.(2) Remove Forlorn (adj.): pitifully sad and abandoned or lonely.

Q.9.(3) Adopt Abject (adj.): present to the maximum degree.

Q.10.(4) Sought Q.14.(1) For other options:

Deflect (v): cause (something) to change direction;
EXERCISE 9 turn aside from a straight course.
Q.1.(3) lauded-highest honor Surmise (v): suppose that something is true with-
Quintessential- representing the most perfect or out having evidence to confirm it.
typical example of a quality or class.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE 85
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CHAPTER

11 ARTICLES
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with @ The Ramayana

and gives information about a noun in the noun phrase. It
@ The Taj Mahal
is a type of a determiner that leads a noun. If something in
general is referred and the nouns used are either plural or @ The South Pole
uncountable, an article is left out. @ The Ganges
There are two kinds of articles. @ The Bay of Bengal
1. Indefinite Article : A, An (in the sense of ‘one’ and @ The Vedas
‘any’)
@ The Amaravati Express
2. Definite Article : The (in the sense of ‘this’ and ‘that’)
But;  ‘The’ is not used before Araveli and Everest
Rules of Article because they are not mountain ranges.
The Use of Definite Article ‘The’ (C)  When a singular noun expresses a class of animal
(A)  When we talk of a particular person or a thing as or things. But ‘the’ is avoided with their plural
already mentioned. forms and persons to express a class.

## The book (which you mentioned) is not available in @ The dog is a faithful animal.
the market. @ The rose is a sweet flower.
(B)  Before proper nouns (unique objects) when they @ The cow is economically useful.
refer to the name of historical buildings, mountain @ Dogs are faithful.
ranges, planets, rivers, oceans, gulfs, groups of
islands, holy books, ordinals, descriptive names of While,
countries, states, newspapers, magazines, deserts, @ The son should be obedient. (Delete ‘The’, use ‘A’.
superlative degree, names of trains, hotels, shops, ‘The’ before a person does not express a class of
trains. persons)
@ The first man Note : Indefinite article ‘A’ is used.
@ The USA (1)  In the sense of ‘any’ to single out a person, a thing
@ The Himalayan as a representative of a class.

@ The Ambracian Gulf @ A cow is a useful animal.

@ The Sudan @ A mango is a sweet fruit.

@ The Hindu @ Sons should be obedient.

@ The Moon (2)  ‘Man/Woman/Mankind’ used in general sense to

represent human race are used without article.
@ The Sun
@ Man is mortal. (used in general sense.)
@ The Sahara
(D)  Before an adjective while representing a class of
@ The Netherlands persons.
@ The Indian Ocean @ The rich should help the poor.
@ The Earth @ The old are respected by the young.
@ The best picture (E)  Before the adjectives ‘same & whole’ and after the
@ The Maurya Sheraton adjective ‘all & both’ used with plural nouns.
@ The Padma Shri @ This is the same book that you gave me.

86 ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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@ The whole class was absent. (P)  In certain idiomatic phrases.
@ All the boys were present there. @ In the wrong.
@ Both the brothers were honest. @ On the contrary
But; All sugar is wasted. @ The benefit of the doubt.
(F)  Before musical instruments. (Q)  Before inventions.
@ Ankit can not play the Piano. @ The telephone.
@ Tiya is fond of playing the harmonium. @ The wireless.
(G)  As an adverb with a comparative sense. (Double @ The television.
comparison). (R)  Before the case in apposition.
@ The sooner, the better.
@ Netaji, the hero of Modern India, ought to be remem-
@ The higher you go, the colder it is. bered.
(H)  Before comparative degree in case of a choice. @ Mr. Vajpayee, the former Prime Minister will always
@ Soni is the taller of the two sisters. be in our heart.
@ Sita is the more beautiful of the two sisters. (S)  Before the Armed forces.
(I)  Before proper noun for the sake of comparison. @ The Army
@ Surdas is the Milton of India. @ The Police
@ Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. @ The Air Force
(J)  Before sports cups and trophies. (T)  Before the name of professions.
@ The Ranji Trophy @ The Press
@ The World Cup. @ The Bench
(K)  With the directions. @ The Council
@ The North (U)  Before a noun, qualified by adjectives.
@ The East @ The eminent Scientist Abdul Kalam
(L)  Before a unit of measurement. @ The immortal Shakespeare
@ The dozen. @ The late Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayi
@ The kilogram (V)  Before the organs of government.
@ The hectare @ The Judiciary
(M)  Before physical positions. @ The Legislature
@ The top (W)  Before the dates.
@ The centre @ The 10th of June.
@ The front @ The 5th of November.
(N)  Before caste and communities. (X)  Before the parts of a body of a person in place of
@ The Marathas possessive adjectives.
@ The Brahmins @ Hit me on the back.
@ The Mughals @ She caught me by the arm.
(O)  Before a common noun to give it the sense of an (Y)  Before the political parties.
abstract noun.
@ The BJP
@ The judge in him. (sense of justice)
@ The Congress
@ The father in him. (feeling of a father)
(Z) (a) Before the empires, dynasties, wars, revolutions,
@ The beast in him. (cruelty of a beast) centuries.

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@ The Gupta Dynasty @ an F.I.R
@ The Vedic ages RULE -2
@ The sixth century (I)  Indefinite article ‘A’/’An’ is used when we talk of a
thing or a person that is indefinite or that is mentioned
@ The Red revolution
for the first time. (in the sense of ‘one’).
(b)  Before the language to signify nationality.
(II)  Indefinite article is also used to express a class (in the
@ The Chinese are hard working. sense of ‘any’)
@ The Japanese are patriots out and out. (A)  Before a singular/countable common noun when
(c)  Before nationality (plural). it is mentioned for the first time representing no
particular person or a thing.
@ The Greeks
@ Twelve inches make a foot. (one)
@ The Indians
@ Please get me a scooter. (one)
Note : But we say, An Indian, An Asian, A Greek
(B)  Before a singular countable noun which is used to
(d)  Before little and few. single out some person/ something as a representa-
@ The little — some but all tive of a class of things, animals and persons.
@ The few — some but all @ A cow is a useful animal. (any in the sense of class)
The Use of Indefinite Articles ‘A’, ‘An’ @ A rose is a beautiful flower. (any in the sense of class)
RULE -1 (C)  To make a common noun of a proper noun to ex-
A student must note that the choice between ‘A’ and ‘An’ is press quality.
determined primarily by Sound. @ A shylock is living in my neighbourhood. (a cruel
(A) ‘A’ is used before a word beginning miser)

(i) With consonant. @ He is a Harishchandra known for his fairness. (a just

man)
@ a boy
(D) To express ‘Price/rate, speed, ratio’.
@ a chair
@ Rupees ten a kilo.
@ a student
@ A dozen mangoes.
(ii) With a vowel giving the sound of a consonant.
@ Half a dozen.
@ a one eyed man
(E)  When ‘A/An’ is used to represent a weakened form
@ a European of preposition ‘in’.
@ a uniform @ Deepanshu earns fifty thousand rupees a year.
(B) ‘An’ is used before a word beginning. @ We should brush our teeth two times a day.
(i) With a vowel. (F)  In exclamations with ‘what’ or ‘how’ before sin-
@ an eagle gular countable nouns.
@ an ostrich @ What a beautiful day!
@ an umbrella @ How fine a day!
(ii) With a mute ‘h’. @ What a pretty girl!
@ an hour (G)  With ‘rather, very, much, quite, so, too, such, as’. 
@ an heir @ It is rather a good step (or a rather good step)
@ an honourable person @ Avinash is a very good person.
(iii) With a consonant pronounced with the sound of a @ Garvit is such a nice man that everybody likes him.
vowel. @ It is quite an interesting story.
@ an S.P. @ Shimaila is so weak a student that she can’t pass.
@ an X-ray (H)  Before a person unknown to the speaker.
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@ A Mr. Sen  = Some Mr. Sen (A)  Before a proper noun.
@ A Mrs. Kaushik = Some Mrs. Kaushik @ Shakespeare was the greatest dramatist.
(I)  Before the verbs used as nouns. @ Delhi is the capital of India.
@ For a swim (B)  In the presence of some words like Appoint, make,
elect, select etc.
@ For a talk
@ The Committee appointed him Chairperson.
@ For a drive
@ They elected him president.
@ Have a pain
(C)  Before uncountable nouns.
(J)  Before certain phrases.
@ Atul gave me advice.
@ Feel a shame
@ Vikas passed information to me.
@ In a hurry
(D)  Before the names of material noun.
@ Make a noise
@ Gold
@ Tell a lie
@ Tea
(K) Before the adjectives ‘little’ and ‘few’ to give the
sense of ‘some’ @ Silver
A little – some (Quality) @ Water
A few – some (Number) (E)  Before common noun used in widest sense.
@ I have little money to buy a house. (hardly any) @ Man is Mortal.
@ Please give me a little sugar. (some) @ God is omnipresent.
@ Shashwat has spent the little money that he had. (some (F)  Before abstract nouns as qualities, feelings and
but all) states of mind used in the general sense.
@ There are few boys in the hall. (hardly anyone) @ Truth is a noble quality.
@ I met a few students in the university. (some) @ Kindness is a natural feeling.
@ The few students that were in the class were sitting @ Honesty is the best policy.
idle. (some but all) (G)  Before collective nouns in general sense.
(L)  There is no plural of ‘a’, ‘an’, ‘some’ or ‘Any’ is @ Life is complex.
the equivalent of the plural.
@ Society does not allow this.
@ A house (some horses/ any horses)
(H)  Before regular meals.
@ An orange (some oranges/any oranges)
@ I take breakfast at 7 am.
The Omission of Article @ You should take dinner early.
The article ‘A/An, The’ are omitted.
Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 89
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exercise
Q.1-10. In each of the following questions, a sentence Q.11. The Central and the state governments (1)/ together
divided into four parts is given, read the sentence are facing a Rs. 20,000 crore revenue loss due (2)/
carefully and find out the grammatically to refunds claimed by companies on account of (3)/
incorrect part. If the sentence is free from error, flaws in the GST rate structure, according to findings
mark option 5, ‘No error’. disclosed by states.(4)/ No error (5)
Q.1. The newly constructed (1)/ road to one of (2)/ most Q.12. This year, Indian Railway Catering and Tourism
popular monuments (3)/ passes through a dense Corporation (1)/ has launched many services to make
market. (4)/ No error (5) train (2)/ journey more transparent and passenger-
Q.2. This wonderful Housing Society (1)/ comprises of friendly such as (3)/ the OTP-based refund system,
eight blocks and (2)/ fifty three flats in (3)/ area of New IRCTC PNR linking and fare refund policy.
about five lac sq. feet (4)/ No error (5) (4)/ No error (5)

Q.3. Now that my mathematics teacher(1)/ is living in Q.13. The system gives the information about (1)/ exact
her own house, (2)/ she cleans the curtains twice refund amount received by the agent on (2)/ the
a week (3)/ in the summer and once a week in the passenger's behalf against a cancelled (3)/ ticket or
winter (4)/ No error (5) waitlisted tickets that didn't get confirmed.(4)/ No
error (5)
Q.4. With positive imagination and (1)/ expectation the
cricket tournament (2)/ could have been transformed Q.14. With the more and more Indian enterprises striving
(3)/ into one of the major attractions (4)/ No error (5) (1)/ to go digital, the increased speed and bandwidth
(2)/ of 5G networks will drive a new round (3)/ of
Q.5. If in the world, someone (1)/ has faith in almighty
transformation across India from next year.(4)/ No
everything (2)/ going on wrong will turn out (3)/ to
error (5)
be right for him (4)/ No error (5)
Q.15. There will be a shift of computing to the edge, (1)/
Q.6. The primary teachers of (1)/ this school are not
as India's businesses take advantage of (2)/ benefits
wealthy so (2)/ they cannot afford (3)/ to buy a
of cloud and hyper-converged (3)/ infrastructure to
expensive car (4)/ No error (5)
deal with increasing data gravity.(4)/ No error (5)
Q.7. As far as I know this city isn’t (1)/ very well-known
Q.16. A fast metabolism ensures that calories are (1)/
and there(2)/ isn’t much to see and enjoy (3)/ so a
burned and used quickly, while a slow metabolism
few tourists like coming here (4)/ No error (5)
means that (2)/ calories are burned slowly and an
Q.8. One of my friends took to (1)/ reading Quran (2)/ excess of them may be left at the end of the day, (3)/
for better knowledge of (3)the facts in this religion leading to accumulation of those calories as fat in
(4)/ No error (5) body.(4)/ No error (5)
Q.9. The fast pace of life in some (1)/ metropolitan cities Q.17. China has upped the ante against India's security
has had the (2)/ mind-blowing effect (3)/ on culture (1)/ establishment by massively enhancing its (2)/
and life-style of society (4)/ No error (5) military infrastructure in bordering areas in Ladakh
Q.10. Scientists have observed (1)/ in past that pathogens that (3)/ have witnessed skirmishes between the
can effectively (2)/ block apoptosis, (3)/ allowing forces of the two countries.(4)/ No error (5)
them to reproduce and spread intracellularly. (4)/ Q.18. As the Christmas and New Year approach as you
No error (5) (1)/ binge on cakes, oily and unhealthy food, (2)/
Q.11-20.In each of the following questions, a sentence cocktails and drinks, it is important to remind
divided into four parts is given, read the sentence yourself (3)/ that you will regret it, as soon as the
carefully and find out the grammatically holiday season is over.(4)/ No error (5)
incorrect part. If the sentence is free from error, Q.19. Solar eclipse or Surya Grahan is a geographical
mark option 5, ‘No error’. (1)/ concept, where the sun, the Earth (2)/ and
90 ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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Moon align in such a way, (3)/ that you see the sun ___ (22) __ researchers, including those from the
partially or fully covered, from the Earth.(4)/ No Weizmann Institute of Science in __ (23) __ Israel,
error (5) said living organisms on the Earth are one of two
Q.20. Talking about myths and superstitions (1)/ around categories -- autotrophs that convert inorganic
eclipses, many cultures, including in India, (2)/ carbon dioxide into biomass, and heterotrophs that
advise pregnant women and (3)/ young children consume organic compounds.
to stay indoors during a solar eclipse.(4)/ No error The study, published in the journal Cell, described __
(5) (24) __ process by which the researchers converted
Q.21-25.In the given passage, there are some blanks which the bacterium Escherichia coli to a carbon dioxide
need to be filled with appropriate article (a, an, consuming autotrophic strain.
the). In some blanks there might be no need of The researchers said autotrophic organisms
any article. Fill in the blanks accordingly. dominated the biomass on the Earth, supplying much
Researchers have engineered new bacterial strain of the planet's food and fuels.
that consumes __ (21) __ carbon dioxide for They added that __(25)__ better understanding
energy instead of complex organic compounds, an of the principles of autotrophic growth, as well as
advance that may lead to future projects to lower methods to enhance the process are critical for the
atmospheric levels of the greenhouse gas using Earth's sustainability in the age of a human-driven
microbes. climate crisis.
EXPLANATION
Q.1.(2) Add ‘the’ before ‘most’, as the superlative degree Q.14.(1) Remove ‘the’ before more and more as ‘enterprises’
takes ‘the’ with it. is a plural noun, and generally, article is not used
Q.2.(4) Add ‘an’ before ‘area’, article should be used with plural nouns.
before a noun. Q.15.(2) Add ‘the’ before ‘benefits’ as here the structure is
Q.3.(4) Delete ‘the’ before ‘summer’ and ‘winter’ because ‘noun + of + noun’.
‘article’ is not used with the name of season. Q.16.(4) ‘The’ should be added before ‘body’.
Q.4.(1) Add ‘a’ before ‘positive’ to qualify ‘imagination’. Q.17.(3) Add ‘the’ before ‘bordering areas’ as it is a noun
Q.5.(2) Add ‘the’ before ‘Almighty’, as with superior and described further with a relative pronoun
things, we should use article ‘the’. ‘that’.

Q.6.(4) Replace ‘a’ by ‘an’, there is a vowel sound for Q.18.(1) Remove ‘the’ before ‘Christmas’ as article is not
‘expensive’. used before a festival.

Q.7.(3) Delete ‘a’ before ‘few’, as there is a sense of ‘very Q.19.(3) Add ‘the’ before ‘moon’ as article ‘the’ is used
less or no’. with ‘universal unique things’.

Q.8.(2) Add ‘the’ before ‘Quran’, with Epic or holy books, Q.20.(1) Add ‘the’ before ‘myths’ as it is specifically used
we should use ‘the’. here relating to eclipse.

Q.9.(4) Add ‘the’ before ‘culture’, here the structure is Q.21. No article, with a proper noun (here name of a
‘noun + of + noun’. gas) article is not used.

Q.10.(2) Add ‘the’ before ‘past’ as the words ‘past, present Q.22. The, here researchers are known who are described
and future’ take ‘the’ with it. in the first paragraph.

Q.11.(4) ‘the’ should be written before ‘findings’, as this Q.23. No article, with a proper noun (here name of a
is specific which is disclosed by states. country) article is not used.

Q.12.(2) An article is mandatory to be used before a noun, Q.24. The, as relative pronoun ‘which’ is used for
so ‘a’ or ‘the’ can be used before ‘train journey’. ‘process’.

Q.13.(1) Add ‘the’ before ‘exact’ as it generally takes ‘the’ Q.25. A, in general sense for a singular unit, article ‘a’
with it. or ‘an’ is used, here the word ‘better’ starts with
consonant sound, so ‘A’ is correct.

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CHAPTER

12 ADVERBS
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

An adverb is a word that is used to modify several types of @ It’s starting to get dark now.
words including an adjective, a verb, a clause, another adverb, @ Arya finished her tea first.
or any other type of word or phrase.
@ Shanaya left early.
In other words adverbs provide a description of how, where,
when, in what manner and to what extent something is done @ Adverbs of Purpose:
or happens. Normally, we can spot an adverb by the fact that @ Gina drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
it often ends in –ly, but there are lots of adverbs that don’t @ Jahnavi shops in several stores to get the best buys.
end in this way. Moreover, adverbs can be used in many
combinations with each other. Positions of Adverb
The positions of adverbs are not a fixed or set thing. As
Kinds of Adverb you have seen, adverbs can appear in different position
@ Adverbs of Manner: in a sentence. However, there are some rules that help us
@ Tisha moved slowly and spoke quietly. decide where an adverb should be positioned. The rules will
@ Adverbs of Place: be different depending on whether the adverb is acting to
modify an adjective or another adverb, a verb or what type
@ Tanya has lived on the island all her life. of adverb it is.
@ Twinkle still lives there now. Adverb position with adjectives and other adverbs
a. Directions These adverbs will usually be placed before the adjective
@ Rampur is located in the north of Lucknow. or adverb being modified:
@ We traveled down the mountainside. ##We gave them a really tough match. (The adverb really
@ First, I looked here, and then I looked there, but I modifies the adjective tough.)
can’t find them anywhere. ##It was quite windy that night. (The adverb quite modifies
b. Distance the adjective windy.)
@ Kanika is moving far away. ##We don’t go to the movies terribly often. (The adverb
@ Kalki is sitting close to me. terribly modifies the adverb often.)
c. Position Adverb position with verbs
@ The treasure lies underneath the box. This can be a bit trickier because, it will depend on the type
of adverb – place, position, time etc. – and there are many
@ The dog is sleeping on the bed.
exceptions to the rules. However, a basic set of guidelines
@ Why are you standing in the middle of the dance is shown below:
floor?
Adverbs of manner or place are usually positioned at the
In addition, some adverbs of position will refer to a direction end of the sentence:
of movement. These often end in -ward or -wards.
@ She laughed timidly.
@ Oorvi travelled onward to Los Angeles.
@ I stroked the cat gently.
@ Nithya looked upwards to the heavens.
@ Janine lived here.
@ Rhia, move forward to the front of the queue, please!
@ There is money everywhere.
@ Adverbs of Frequency:
As mentioned, if the adverb is of definite time it will be placed
@ Sagarika takes the boat to the mainland every day. at the end of the sentence.
@ Aslesha often goes by herself. @ I did it yesterday.
@ Adverbs of Time: @ We can discuss it tomorrow.
@ Anamika tries to get back before dark. @ Let’s go to Paris next week.
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However, if it is an indefinite period of time, it will go Hardly has a completely different meaning. It means “almost
between the subject and the main verb. not.”
@ We often go to Paris in the springtime. We have a bad connection – I can hardly hear you. (= I almost
@ Ravi regularly swims here. can’t hear you)
@ Bobby and Kishan always loved fishing by the lake. Most / Most Of / Mostly
Late / Lately Most or most of (adjective) means “the majority, the greater
part.”
Late can be an adjective or an adverb that means after the
correct time. Most people like the country’s president. (= more than 50%
of the people)
I’m not hungry because I had a late lunch. (adjective)
Most of the students in the class are nice. (= more than 50%
He slept late and missed his first class. (adverb)
of the students)
Lately is an adverb that means the same as recently.
Most as an adverb means “to the greatest degree” – it is used
I haven’t studied a lot lately. Work has been busy for the to form the superlative:
past couple weeks.
She’s the most popular girl in school. (= more popular than
Hard / Hardly EVERYONE else)
Hard can be an adjective or an adverb – and the adjective This is the most confusing chapter in the book.
form has two meanings!
(= more confusing than ALL the other chapters)
This book is too hard for me. I can’t read it. (hard = adjective
Mostly (adverb) means “mainly, generally, usually.”
= difficult)
We mostly go to dance clubs, but sometimes we go to a cafe.
This mattress is too hard. I can’t sleep. (hard = adjective =
opposite of “soft”) (= we usually go to dance clubs)
She’s working hard to finish the project by tomorrow. (hard I’ve mostly dated athletes; I love women who play sports.
= adverb = intensely) (= I’ve mainly dated athletes)
Order of Adverbs
There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one. It is similar to The Royal Order of
Adjectives, but it is even more flexible.
The Royal Order of Adverbs

Verb Manner Place Frequency Time Purpose

Roger swims enthusiastically in the river every morning before dawn to keep in shape.

Father walks impatiently into town every afternoon before supper to get a newspaper.

Trisha sleeps in her room every morning before lunch.

Rules related to Adverb Order

As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. In the following
sentence, an adverb of time precedes an adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and simpler):
@ Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life.
A second principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific
adverbial phrase comes first:
@ My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of northern Nebraska.
@ She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday.
Bringing an adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis on that modifier. This is
particularly useful with adverbs of manner:
@ Slowly, ever so carefully, Jessi filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.
@ Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these lemons will get by the inspectors.

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have in common is that we don’t modify them with not because
Negative Adverbs  
they already express negative meaning on their own.
What is a negative adverb?
Negative adverbs meaning “almost not”
Negative adverbs and negative adverbials (groups of words
Some negative adverbs mean “almost not.” They are:
that function as an adverb) are used to modify the meaning of
a verb, adjective, other adverb, or entire clause in a negative @ hardly
way. Like all adverbs, they usually answer questions about @ barely
manner, place, time, or degree. @ scarcely
No and Not These negative adverbs are placed in the same position
There is a debate whether no and not should be classed as adverbs, as not. They generally go after the first auxiliary or modal
but they are by far the most commonly used words for creating verb, before a main verb when it is the only verb, and after
negative statements, so we’ll briefly look at how they work. forms of the verb be.
Using no For example:
We use no as a negative answer to questions or an expression @ “I hardly go out anymore.” (I almost don’t go out
of disagreement. It’s often classed as a determiner or an anymore.)
exclamation, but other grammarians argue that it’s an adverb, @ “I can barely see the mountain through the clouds.”
especially when it is used to negate comparative adjectives (I almost can’t see it.)
or comparative adverbs. For example:
@ “It’s scarcely surprising that you’re quitting your job.”
@ “He is no better than his rival.” (It is not very surprising at all.)
@ “She runs no more quickly than her sister.” Negative adverbs meaning “not often” or “not ever”
Using not with auxiliary and modal verbs When we want to stress how infrequently something occurs,
To negate a verb phrase, we insert  not  after the we can use these negative adverbs:
first auxiliary or modal verb. For example: @ no longer
@ “I have seen him here before.” (positive) @ rarely
@ “I have not seen him here before.” (negative) @ seldom
@ “I would have done the same.” (positive) @ barely ever
@ “I would not have done the same.” (negative) @ hardly ever
Using not with only a main verb @ never
If the verb phrase contains only a main verb, we negate it by Again, these adjectives are usually placed in the same position
adding do/does/did + not. For example: as not. For example:
@ “I go swimming on Mondays.” (positive) @ “I no longer cook at home.” (I cooked at home before,
@ “I do not go swimming on Mondays.” (negative) but now I don’t.)
@ “He works every day.” (positive) @ “He has seldom/rarely/hardly ever played football.”
@ “He does not work every day.” (negative) (very infrequently)
@ “We went to the supermarket yesterday.” (positive) @ “We are never late.” (not ever)
@ “We did not go to the supermarket yesterday.” (negative) Note that seldom, rarely, barely ever, and hardly ever are
interchangeable. They all mean “very infrequently.”
Using not with the verb be
Negative adverbs that emphasize quick succession of events
When a form of the verb be is the only verb in the statement,
we place not after it. For example: When we want to express that two events happened in quick
succession (one event almost did not finish before the next
@ “They are tall.” (positive)
event happened) we can use any of these negative adverbs:
@ “They are not tall.” (negative)
@ hardly
@ “It is an interesting project.” (positive)
@ barely
@ “It is not an interesting project.” (negative)
@ scarcely
Other negative adverbs @ no sooner
Now that we have seen how no and not are used, let’s look at Some of these are the same negative adverbs that mean
other negative adverbs. The principle characteristic they all “almost not,” but when we use them for events in quick
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succession, we must use them in combination with @ “I’ll only help you when you ask for it.”
either when (for hardly, scarcely and barely), or than (for no @ Meaning: I will not help you if you don’t ask for help.
sooner).
@ “They are only living here until they find a new house.”
The first event is usually expressed in the past perfect tense,
with the negative adverb following the auxiliary verb had. @ Meaning: They will leave from here when they find
The two clauses are joined with when or than (depending on a new house.
which negative adverb is used), and the second event follows Using inversion
in the past simple tense. We have shown how negative adverbs are often placed in
For example: mid position. However, it’s also very common for negative
@ “We had hardly finished cleaning when the guests adverbs to appear at the  beginning  of a sentence. This is
arrived.” often done in more formal or literary styles, as well as when
we want to place special emphasis on the negative adverb.
@ “I had barely walked in the door when she called.”
When we place the negative adverb at the beginning of the
@ “She had scarcely been home five minutes when they sentence, we must use inversion. This is when we rearrange
arrived to take her to the movie.” the normal subject/verb order of the sentence. We already
@ “We had no sooner put dinner on the table than the use the principle of inversion all the time when we form
doorbell rang.” questions. For example:
Adverbial phrases for total negation @ “Arun has seen this movie.” (no inversion)
There are a few adverbial phrases that are used to completely @ “Has Arun seen this movie?” (inversion)
negate a clause. For example: To form the question, the subject (Arun) and the auxiliary
@ under no circumstances verb (has) switch places. The process is the same when we
@ in no way use negative adverbs.
@ on no condition Inversion with auxiliary/modal verbs
Like not, these adverbials can be placed in mid position: If a negative adverb is being used at the beginning of the
sentence that has a modal or auxiliary verb, we simply switch
@ “We in no way like this plan.” (We don’t like this
the order of the first auxiliary/modal verb and the subject.
plan.)
For example:
@ “We have under no circumstances allowed them to
@ “I have  never  seen such a beautiful creature.” (no
come inside.” (They have definitely not been allowed
inversion)
inside.)
@ “Never  have I  seen such a beautiful creature.”
@ “She is  on no condition  to be disturbed.” (Don’t
(inversion)
disturb her.)
@ “We had scarcely arrived home when they called.”
However, they are more commonly placed in initial position
(no inversion)
using inversion, which we will examine later in this article.
@ “Scarcely had we arrived home when they called.”
Using only for conditional negativity
(inversion)
Only  can be used when we want to place conditions
@ “He can under no circumstances play that game.”
on whether something is going to occur or not. It most
(no inversion)
closely means “exclusively,” and can be used in several
combinations. For example: @ “Under no circumstances can he play that game.”
(inversion)
@ only … after
Inversion with only a main verb
@ only … if
If a negative adverb is placed at the beginning of a sentence
@ only … when
that contains only a main verb, we must insert the auxiliary
@ only … until verbs do/does or did and use the bare infinitive form of the
Usually, we place only before the action that may or may verb, just like when we form questions. For example:
not occur, and if/after/when/until before the condition. For @ “We in no way like this plan.” (no inversion)
example:
@ “In no way do we like this plan.” (inversion)
@ “I will only go to the movie if you go too.”
@ “She scarcely leaves the city anymore.” (no inversion)
@ Meaning: I am not going to the movie if you don’t
@ “Scarcely  does she leave  the city anymore.”
go.
(inversion)
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@ “He barely stopped in time.” (no inversion) You are a little too confident.
@ “Barely did he stop in time.” (inversion) It happened a bit too soon.
Inversion with the verb “be” Too much
When a negative adverb begins a sentence that only contains He is much too old to work.
the verb be, we switch the order of the subject and be (again, Much too
the same as when we form questions): Too much cannot be used before adverbs and before
@ “We are seldom late.” (no inversion) adjectives without nouns.
@ “Seldom are we late.” (inversion) He arrived too late.
@ “He is hardly working.” (no inversion) Ankul is too old to work.
@ “Hardly is he working.” (inversion) Cases where too is not used
@ “She is  on no condition  to be disturbed.” (no Too is not normally used before adjective + noun.
inversion) She doesn’t like men who are too short. (NOT She doesn’t
@ On no condition is she to be disturbed.” (inversion) like too short men.)
Inversion of “only” for conditional negativity I couldn’t solve the problem – it was too difficult. (NOT I
When negative conditional expressions are formed with only, couldn’t solve the too difficult problem.)
we have to do a bit more rearranging. The entire conditional Rather
clause joins only in the beginning of the sentence, and the Rather as a degree modifier
subject-verb word order changes in the  main clause. For
Rather can suggest ideas such as ‘more than is usual’, ‘more
example:
than was expected’ or ‘more than was wanted’.
@ “I will  only  go to the movie  if  you go too.” (no
@ Do you see that rather tall boy standing over there?
inversion)
@ She speaks English rather well. (= She speaks English
@ “Only if you go too will I go to the movie.” (inversion)
remarkably well.)
@ “I’ll  only  help you  when  you ask for help.” (no
Rather as a degree adverb
inversion)
We use rather to give emphasis to an adjective or adverb.
@ “Only when  you ask for help  will I  help you.”
It has a similar meaning to quite when quite is used with
(inversion)
gradable words. It is more formal than quite. We often use it
@ “They are  only  living here  until  they find a new to express something unexpected or surprising:
house.” (no inversion)
A: You’re not just wasting your time here, are you?
@ “Only until  they find a new house  are they  living
B: No, I’m rather busy, in fact.
here.” (inversion)
They walked rather slowly.
Usage of some important adverbs:
I’m afraid I behaved rather badly.
Here are some rules for using adverb which can be very useful
for finding errors in competitive exams. Enough
Too Enough + noun
It can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. @ There was enough food for everybody at the party.
Too has a negative meaning. It means ‘more than is necessary @ I had  enough  money  to pay for dinner with my
or desirable’. girlfriend.
She is too chubby. @ Is there enough time to finish the test?
The water is too cold. Adjective + Enough
It is too late. @ She is  pretty  enough  for everybody to notice her.
(Everybody notices her because she is very pretty.)
An infinitive structure can be used after too +adjective /
adverb / determiner. @ My friend lives close enough to my house to walk.
He is too old to work. @ Last summer it was hot enough to go swimming every day.
We arrived too late to have dinner. Enough + infinitive
All expressions which modify comparative adjectives and @ When she lost her dog, it was enough to make her cry.
adverbs can be used to modify too. @ He was sick enough to stay home from work today.
Examples: much, a lot, far, a little, a bit, rather @ I arrived at the airport early enough to make my flight
She is far too young to live on her own. to New York. 

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exercise
Q.1-10. Read each part of the sentence to find out if there Q.14. I never remember (1)/ to have met (2)/ a more in-
is any error in it. The error, if any, will be in one teresting (3)/ girl in my life. (4)/ No error (5)
part of the sentence. The number of that part
Q.15. I refused to (1)/ accompany him (2)/ because I was
is the answer. If there is no error, mark your
(3)/ so tired. (4)/ No error (5)
answer as (5).
Q.16. Raja Ram Mohan Roy tireless (1)/ tried to eradicate
Q.1. Till the time he (1)/ was back home, (2)/ I was too
(2)/ social evils with (3)/ tooth and nail. (4)/ No error
exhausted (3)/ and didn’t even eat food. (4)/ No error
(5)
(5)
Q.17. The student came (1)/ to the classroom (2)/ lately and
Q.2. Raj did not know hardly (1)/ anyone in the city (2)/
was (3)/ punished by the teacher. (4)/ No error (5)
which makes his (3)/ days lonely and mundane. (4)/
No error (5) Q.18. He looks full (1)/ of energy today (2)/ because he
soundly slept (3)/ last night beside his dog. (4)/ No
Q.3. I rarely find (1)/ something in the movies (2)/
error (5)
that is worth my time (3)/ and money. (4)/ No
error (5) Q.19. She had barely (1)/ nothing to eat when (2)/ she came
to (3)/ me last month. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.4. We have already (1)/ said that you have (2)/ acted
noble (3)/ than all of us. (4)/ No error (5) Q.20. It had been (1)/ too cold the whole (2)/ month and we
preferred (3)/ to stay in the plains. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.5. I was told not (1)/ to stop anywhere (2)/ in the way
and (3)/ reach home directly (4)/ No error (5) Q.21-30. Read each part of the sentence to find out if there
is any error in it. The error, if any, will be in one
Q.6. It is clear that she has no time (1)/ to read magazines
part of the sentence. The number of that part is the
(2)/ and no desire neither (3)/ to do it. (4)/ No error
answer. If there is no error, mark your answer as (5).
(5)
Q.21. Shakti was exorbitantly (1)/ remunerated for how
Q.7. She has not (1)/ seldom visited his (2)/ parents since
(2)/ skilful she welcomed (3)/ the visitors. (4)/ No
she (3)/ left this place. (4)/ No error (5)
error (5)
Q.8. It was much (1)/ hot yesterday and (2)/ we didn’t
Q.22. The information was (1)/ conveyed to the contrac-
(3)/ go out. (4)/ No error (5)
tor (2)/ that his brother had (3)/ only died five days
Q.9. I meet him often (1)/ near the Town Hall (2)/ while before. (4)/ No error (5)
returning (3)/ from office. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.23. The student requested (1)/ the principal to be (2)/
Q.10. I told her as blunt (1)/ as I could but (2)/ she gave enough kind to grant (3)/ him seven days leave. (4)/
no reaction (3)/ as he was not convinced. (4)/ No No error (5)
error (5)
Q.24. When we examined carefully (1)/ all the aspects, (2)/
Q.11-20. Read each part of the sentence to find out if we got to know the true (3)/ colours of our fellow
there is any error in it. The error, if any, will be team mates. (4)/ No error (5)
in one part of the sentence. The number of that
Q.25. Rima was one of my closest friends but now, (1)/ she
part is the answer. If there is no error, mark your
hardly likes to hear my name (2)/ after the dispute
answer as (5).
which (3)/ occurred between us last year. (4)/ No
Q.11. My mother works (1)/ very quicker than (2)/ I at error (5)
embroidery (3)/ and other household chores. (4)/
Q.26. In pursuit of finding the guilty (1)/ with the help of
No error (5)
the officer concerned, (2)/ they always should try to
Q.12. She is sure (1)/ a great singer (2)/ and no other singer (3)/ joining the two ends. (4)/ No error (5)
(3)/ is a match for her. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.27. We thought of buying that (1)/ house as it was very
Q.13. It is better to be (1)/ frugal but don’t (2)/ be miser good (2)/but too much small to (3)/ accommodate
in (3)/ giving alms. (4)/ No error (5) the full family. (4)/ No error (5)

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Q.28. What I still cannot (1)/ do well is inadvertent make Q.34. Many actresses in our times (1)/ are too much beauti-
friends (2)/ due to which I (3)/ am leading a lonely ful (2)/ due to which many actors (3)/ run after them
life. (4)/ No error (5) and want to influence them. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.29. In our family, each and every (1)/ one is addicted to Q.35. The driver who drove (1)/ our cab and had come to
drinking (2)/ a minimum ten glasses (3)/ of water (2)/ receive us at the airport (3)/ was speaking flu-
and so Asha is. (4)/ No error (5) ently French. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.30. The amount which (1)/ the company paid to (2)/ the Q.36. The class teacher told us (1)/ that even the strongest
dependents of the (3)/ deceased was fair unjustified. team (2)/ has to face defeat when (3)/ the players
(4)/ No error (5) don’t play whole hearted. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.31-40. Read each part of the sentence to find out if Q.37. Although it is observed (1)/ that she is usually rude
there is any error in it. The error, if any, will be (2)/ with everyone, she behaved (4)/ nice with all
in one part of the sentence. The number of that of us today. (4)/ No error (5)
part is the answer. If there is no error, mark your
Q.38. He ran fastly so as to (1)/ be the first one to reach
answer as (5).
(2)/ there but practically, it (3)/ did nothing for him.
Q.31. The employee had behaved (1)/ in a coward manner (4)/ No error (5)
(2)/ before the employer and (3)/ hesitated to do the
Q.39. Despite the fact that he (1)/ made tiresome efforts and
work. (4)/ No error (5)
(2)/ toiled very hardly, he realised that (3)/ he had not
Q.32. One of my friends (1)/ told an incident where (2)/ he earned anything substantial. (4)/ No error (5)
refused not to (3)/ return the articles. (4)/ No error (5)
Q.40. The examiners are expected to (1)/ be much care-
Q.33. When asked, he took (1)/ coffee and said (2)/ that it fully in their (2)/ approach so that they efficiently
tasted (3)/ sweetly. (4)/ No error (5) (3)/ complete the complicated task. (4)/ No error (5)
EXPLANATION
Q.1.(3) Replace ‘too’ by ‘very’. With certain words such or after the modal verb or first auxiliary verb, or
as exhausted, tired, etc., ‘too’ is not used. after be as a main verb) or in end position.
Q.2.(1) Replace ‘did not know hardly’ by ‘hardly knew’ Q.10.(1) Replace ‘blunt’ by ‘bluntly’ as an adverb is needed
here to convey the manner in which something has
Q.3.(2) Replace ‘something’ by ‘anything’ as the sentence
been said.
gives a negative sense for which ‘any’ is appropriate.
Q.11.(2) Replace ‘very quicker’ by ‘more (for showing
Q.4.(3) Replace ‘noble’ by ‘more (for showing comparison
comparison) quickly (adverb is needed so as to
between behaviours) nobly (adverb is needed so
convey the ‘manner’ in which the work is being
as to convey the ‘manner’ in which the work is
done)’.
being done)’.
Q.12.(1) Replace ‘sure’ by ‘surely’ as an adverb is needed
Q.5.(4) Replace ‘directly’ by ‘direct’.
here.
Q.6.(3) Replace ‘neither’ by ‘either’. ‘Either’ used to
Q.13.(3) Replace ‘miser’ by ‘miserly’
indicate a similarity or link with a statement just
made. Q.14.(1) Replace ‘never’ by ‘do not’
Q.7.(1) Delete ‘not’ as ‘seldom’ means ‘not often’. So, Q.15.(4) Replace ‘so’ by ‘very’.io
‘not’ is not required.
Q.16.(1) Replace ‘tireless’ by ‘tirelessly’ as an adverb is
Q.8.(1) Replace ‘much’ by ‘very’ as much is used to needed here to qualify the verb ‘tried’.
qualify uncountable nouns and here an adverb is
Q.17.(3) Replace ‘lately (recently)’ by ‘late (behind
required to qualify the adjective (hot).
schedule)’.
Q.9.(1) Replace ‘meet him often’ by ‘often meet him’.
Q.18.(3) Replace ‘soundly slept’ by ‘slept soundly’. The
‘Often’ should be used in front position, in mid
adverb qualifies the verb so it is placed before it.
position (between the subject and the main verb,

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Q.19.(2) Replace ‘nothing’ by ‘anything’ as the sentence Q.30.(4) ‘Fairly unjustified’ should replace ‘fair unjustified’
gives a negative sense for which ‘any’ is as an adverb is required here to qualify the
appropriate. adjective (unjustified).
Q.20.(2) Replace ‘too’ by ‘very’ as it is working as an Q.31.(2) Replace ‘coward’ with ‘cowardly’ to qualify the
adverb here to qualify the adjective (cold). ‘manner’.
Q.21.(3) skillfully Q.32.(3) Omit the word “not” as ‘refuse’ already gives a
negative meaning.
Q.22.(4) died only five days
Q.33.(4) Replace “sweetly” with “sweet” as the taste should
Q.23.(3) kind enough
be described by an adjective, not by an adverb.
Q.24.(1) ‘carefully examined’ will be correct as ‘examined’ Q.34.(2) Replace “too much” with “very”.
is not being used as a participle here. So,
the adverb ‘carefully’ must qualify the verb Q.35.(4) Replace “fluently French” with “French fluently”
‘examined’. as the adverb

Q.25.(1) 'Hardly does she like'. Inversion will be used here. Q.36.(4) Replace “whole-hearted” with “whole-heartedly”
as an adverb is required here to fulfill
Q.26.(3) ‘Always’ is an adverb so it has to come after modal
verb ‘should’. Q.37.(4) Replace “nice” with “nicely” so as to qualify the
manner in which something has been said.
Q.27.(3) 'much too small' should be there
Q.38.(1) Replace “fastly” with “fast” as fastly is an
Q.28.(2) ‘Inadvertently’ should replace ‘inadvertent’ as an incorrect word.
adverb is needed to qualify the verb ‘make’.
Q.39.(3) Replace “hardly (only just)” with “hard (putting
Q.29.(4) ‘so is Asha’ should replace ‘so Asha is’. When one a lot of energy into an activity)”.
wants to repeat a statement without repeating the
Q.40.(2) Replace “carefully” with “careful (adj.)” which
whole sentence, inversion is applied.
qualifies the noun ‘approach’.
Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 99
www.mahendras.org

CHAPTER

13 ERROR DETECTION
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Error detection / spotting the errors section carries a good 1. Do regular practice with previous year’s papers. You
weightage of marks in various  govt. exams. A number of can get dozens of papers and Practice tests to help you
aspirants face problem in  attempting this section as it is in practicing various types of questions.
comparatively difficult than the rest. 2. Take the help of text books in order to improve your
Spotting error is one of the most important and scoring grammar as it plays an important role in such questions,
topics  in English section of major  govt. jobs recruitment you should strive to learn more and more rules.
exams. In order to excel in this specific section, you need to 3. During the exam, you must read the complete sentence
have proficiency in English grammar. carefully again and again and by doing this you will be
Under this section, you are provided with a paragraph/ able to spot the error easily. If not, then read each part
sentence containing certain errors which need to be recti- of the sentence individually and analyze what exactly
fied. Generally, these errors are related to parts of speech, is wrong with that part.
genders, infinitives, participles, the form of tenses, use of 4. Do not panic during the exam. Always stay ahead of
articles etc. Therefore, you require to be well aware of all the time and leave the questions which you find difficult
rules of grammar to solve spotting the errors in questions. for later.
Tips to Solve Spotting Errors Questions 5. Try to realize what kind of errors are asked frequently
in the exams and make a proper notes of it.
There are certain things which you must always remember.
In order to solve spotting errors in questions, you need to 6. The best way of improving grammar is practicing
practice a lot with regular improvement of English grammar. chapter wise with maximum questions, it will help you
recognize the important questions of that particular
Here are some points suggested: chapter instantly.
Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

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exercise
Q.7. A research suggests smaller particulate matter(A)/
EXERCISE- 1
including dust, dirt, soot and smoke(B)/ is responsible
In the following sentences, three parts i.e. (A), (B) and (C) for a most adverse health effects.(C)
are given, there can be error(s) in one or all parts of the
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
sentence, you will have to choose the incorrect part(s) of
the sentence and mark your answer accordingly. (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Q.1. Despite of the obvious health benefits, wearing a (5) No Error
mask can be uncomfortable,(A)/ while some users Q.8. The most recent statistics suggests around 1.2 million
complain that they restrict the amount of oxygen(B)/ people in the UK(A)/ have go meat-free, with the
which was possible to inhale in each breath.(C) food on offer for vegetarians (B)/ becoming ever-
(1) Only (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) more varied, flavourful and adventurous.(C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(5) No Error (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Q.2. Lecturers will increase contributions(A)/ and (5) No Error
define benefit pensions guarantee-(B)/ an income Q.9. Those with a sweet tooth are bound to love(A)/ the
in retirement, based on final salaries.(C) new cook book healthier peanut butter chocolate
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) chip cookies(B)/ and German chocolate cake.(C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(5) No Error (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Q.3. To have music all between your home once meant (5) No Error
endless cables(A)/ squirrelled away under carpets Q.10. Many MPs are faced allegations(A)/ of bullying after
(B)/ but now, with wireless speakers you can be one of the party’s frontbenchers(B)/ was accused of
achieve the same end with minimal fuss.(C) slapping a cancer survivor.(C)
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) and (C) (1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(5) No Error (5) No Error
Q.4. A huge range of new models have been release(A)/ EXERCISE- 2
for the beginning of 2016 including ones to suit the
In the following sentences, three parts i.e. (A), (B) and (C)
increased interest in wireless headphones,(B)/ along
are given, there can be error(s) in one or all parts of the
with some fantastic new designs.(C)
sentence, you will have to choose the incorrect part(s) of
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) the sentence and mark your answer accordingly.
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Both (A) and (B) Q.1. The Centre government has been, for good or wrong
(5) No Error reasons, quite concerned (A)/ with the task of labour
Q.5. Buying the right monitor for your PC is crucial,(A)/ laws and governance systems, primarily on the
especially if you spend many hours in front of them ground (B)/ that labour laws enacted in the planned
(B)/ either because you work from home or you’re economic regime does not suit the market regime
an avid gamer.(C) of the present times(C)
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(5) No Error (5) No Error
Q.6. She said that she had chosen a selection of brand-new Q.2. For a decentralised cryptocurrencies, (A)/ alienating
releases,(A)/ timeless favourites and also got some users are the greatest danger, (B)/ because exit costs
previews (B)/ for the travelers to lust over.(C) in cyberspace are very low. (C)
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(5) No Error (5) No Error

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Q.3. The reason, most scientists don’t believe about (A)/ Q.10. Farmers in villages around the country have felt (A)/
astrology is that it is not consistent with our (B)/ demeaned and distributed by the insensitive (B)/
theories who have been tested by experiment. (C) of successive governments at the Centre and in the
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) states. (C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(5) No Error (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Q.4. The sugar industry has been going through an (5) No Error
extended phase of distress because (A)/ various Q.11. About 5000 farmers reached Mumbai, (A)/
factors such that failure of monsoon, varietal walking 165 km in the hope that their (B)/ elected
degeneration, (B)/ reduced recovery, decline in areas representatives would listen when they speak.(C)
under sugarcane and the resultant of sugar mill. (C) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (5) No Error
(5) No Error Q.12. When you walk into an ice cream manufacturing
Q.5. We have opted a multi-channel strategy (A)/ and our unit, you might except (A)/ to see hordes of
promoters and sales partners are Swiss Tourism, (B)/ workers busy all day long on the production (B)/
representatives, tour operators and travel companies.(C) line like mixing, churning, freezing, packaging and
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) transporting. (C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(5) No Error (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Q.6. The CBI court, on the application (A)/ for premier (5) No Error
agency, has allowed the (B)/ police remand for the EXERCISE- 3
purpose of interrogation in their custody.(C)
In the following sentences, three parts i.e. (A), (B)
(1) Both (B) and (C) (2) Only (B) and (C) are given, there can be error(s) in one or
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) all parts of the sentence, you will have to choose
(5) No Error the incorrect part(s) of the sentence and mark
your answer accordingly.
Q.7. The Lieutenant governor informed to the committee
that allocation (A)/ of insufficient funds to meet Q.1. The insects that live and feed on the cactus pear
liabilities of routine maintenance, making up (B)/ of provide dye for textiles, (A)/ foods and cosmetics
deficiencies, emergency procurements will definitely while its seeds, fruits, and (B)/ stem has high levels
have a negative affect. (C) of nutrients, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants.(C)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(5) No Error (5) No Error
Q.8. India needs to conduct a largescale genomic study Q.2. A whale are a real gift for big acquatic hunters,(A)/
to (A)/ identify country’s specify biomarkers, which An adult whale is several tens of tonnes that (B)/
are compounds (B)/ or genefragments associated in much bears can feed on for several months.(C)
a particular condition. (C) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(3) Both (B) and (C) (4) Only (C) (5) No Error
(5) No Error Q.3. The cactus is already a well-established ingredient(A)/
Q.9. Many people who have cut back on (A)/ sugar says in Latin American cuisine, where it is eaten fresh,
that they have found their (B)/ new eating habits cooked, or pickled,(B)/ however its use as fodder is
more pleasure than their old ones. (C) less widespread.(C)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Both (B) and (C) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(5) No Error (5) No Error
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Q.4. As climate change brings erratic rainfall and all parts of the sentence, you will have to choose
prolonged droughts,(A)/ countries should looks to the incorrect part(s) of the sentence and mark
the cactus pear,(B)/ which can grow in desert-like your answer accordingly.
conditions.(C) Q.1. The smartphones private label would be targeting
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) the local,(A)/ low-brand and mid-brand strength of
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) smartphones(B)/ which makes up almost 20% of the
market.(C)
(5) No Error
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
Q.5. Climate change means melting ice, where polar
bears(A)/ mostly live(B)/ and so polar bear have to (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
spend longer on land.(C) (5) No Error
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) Q.2. The vice-president of Amazon India said that(A)/
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) “We leverage the customer data and feedback to
understand the gaps in the selection,(B)/ pricing and
(5) No Error
reach out to our vendors or OEMs to manufacture
Q.6. The bears had come to feast on the carcass(A)/ of a relevant products.”(C)
bowhead whale that wash ashore,(B)/ latter resting
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
around the food source.(C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(5) No Error
(3) Both (B) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Q.3. The airport serves a average of 275,000 passengers
(5) No Error
daily,(A)/ according to its website,(B)/ near 2,500
Q.7. It is spiky, alien-looking and can be found(A)/ planes arrive and depart each day.(C)
decorating homes around the world,(B)/ but experts
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
say the prickly pear cactus  could help alleviate
hunger in arid regions.(C) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) (5) No Error
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) Q.4. Traditionally, investors identification an emerging
technology trend,(A)/ align themselves with the
(5) No Error
startups best positioned to ride the wave(B)/ and cash
Q.8. After the brief appearence before the waiting crowds, out when the company goes public or sells out.(C)
(A)/he was taken to the Governor chamber (B)/for
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (A)
the swearing in ceremony.(C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(5) No Error
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Q.5. In the past, the Supreme Court has emphasised that
(5) No Error
a married woman are a “victim” and the man(A)/
Q.9. Congress dissidents and (A)/a wide range among the is “the author of the crime” and it has treat the
opposition has mounted a (B)/campaign to have the exemption given to women(B)/ as a special provision
President renominated.(C) that has the protection of Article 15(3).(C)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(5) No Error (5) No Error
Q.10. If I would have (A)/worked regularly I would have Q.6. Apple has appointed an expert(A)/ to lead the Indian
passed (B)/the examination. (C) operations after its erstwhile country head (B)/ put
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B) in his papers.(C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) (1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(5) No Error (3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
EXERCISE- 4 (5) No Error
In the following sentences, three parts i.e. (A), (B) Q.7. Whether it’s at a interview, a presentation or simply
and (C) are given, there can be error(s) in one or coffee with the team, your body language(A)/ may

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decide how others perceive you, yet most people (1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B)
don’t realize that posture,(B)/ or the way you place (3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
your hands, can even set you back at work.(C)
(5) All of the above
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
Q.3. (A) There is little incentive for witnesses to turns up
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (A) in the court.
(5) No Error (B) The need to protect witnesses has been
Q.8. In the salad days of bitcoin, venture capital firms emphasised by Law Commission reports.
bought into the craze in a roundabout way. Instead (C) A witness protection order will be passed by a
of simply purchasing bitcoins,(A)/ they invested in competent authority.
companies like Coinbase, which makes(B)/ a wallet (1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B)
for digital currencies which aimed to improve the
process of mining coins(C) (3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
(5) All of the above
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
Q.4. (A) The U.S. will refrain of raising the tariff on
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Chinese goods
(5) No Error
(B) China will purchase agricultural and other
Q.9. When it comes to investing my money,(A)/ I go for goods from the U.S.
options that are not meant for social media,(B)/ and
(C) If talks fail, however, increased tariff rates are
the Victoria Beckham Collection is too refined to be
scheduled to come into force immediately.
make an impact online.(C)
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B)
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
(5) All of the above
(5) No Error
Q.5. (A) The Economic Survey 2017-18 put social
Q.10. If we had to do our faces according to Instagram,(A)/ services spending at 6.6% of GDP.
then we’d be wearing false eyelashes every day(B)/
since when did they become an essential?(C) (B) The latest report on stunting and wasting should
convince the Centre.
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(C) The fact that the global average of process foods
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C) scored only 31%.
(5) No Error (1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B)
EXERCISE- 5 (3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
In the following questions, three sentences are (5) All of the above
given i.e., (A), (B), and (C), choose which among Q.6. (A) In the current system, there is little incentive
them is/are grammatically correct, if all are with witnesses.
correct choose option (5) i.e., all of the above as
(B) Besides threats to their lives, they experience
your answer.
hostility and harassment while attend courts.
Q.1. (A) The controversy did not affect the outcome of
(C) The tardy judicial process seldom takes into
the extradition proceedings.
account the distance they have travelled.
(B) It was a period during which the Centre and the
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B)
RBI were engaged in an unseemly tussle.
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
(C) It had nothing to do with Mr. Patel's stepping down.
(5) All of the above
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B)
Q.7. (A) The introduction of the scheme marks a leap forward.
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
(B) Until now, there have been ad hoc steps.
(5) All of the above
(C) A few dedicated courtrooms for vulnerable
Q.2. (A) The incoming Governor is bound to be judged. witnesses are also functional.
(B) The RBI cannot be treated as if it is just another (1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B)
government department.
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
(C) Anything less will not go down well in both the
(5) All of the above
investors and the markets.
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Q.8. (A) The astronomers have observed sunspots on the Q.3. Learning the arts and crafts don’t just foster the (A)/
surface for the sun for nearly 400 years. creative development of a child, but also assists in
(B) They find that the sun’s activity would not dip advancing and refining his (B)/ or her core skills,
during the next cycle. which in fact went towards (C)/boosting academic
achievement as well. (D)/No error (E)
(C) They expect the cycle to peak around 2024.
(1) D & B (2) B (3) A & B
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B)
(4) E (5) C & A
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
Q.4. The evidences which were present at the (A)/ court
(5) All of the above
against the allegations of prosecution (B)/are the
Q.9. (A) The researchers simulate the behaviour of the fleet of liars(C)/turned the case towards them (D)/
sun using magnetic field evolution models. No error (E)
(B) They predict solar activity over next cycle, (1) A & C (2) B & D (3) C
about ten years into the future.
(4) E (5) D
(C) An important reason to understand sunspots is
Q.5. The Maharashtra and Union governments have sought
that they affect space weather.
(A)/to defend the arrest and prosecution, contending
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (C) that the case (B)/is based on incrimination evidence
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C) seized during the probe (C)/and has nothing to do
(5) All of the above with the ideology or the political views of those
under investigation.(D)/ No error (E)
Q.10. (A) Mars could have had an environment with
oceans, and potentially life, much earlier than (1) A (2) C (3) B
Earth. (4) E (5) D
(B) Some parts of Europe and North America EXERCISE- 7
experienced lower-than-average temperatures. Q.1-5. In the following questions, each of the two sentences
(C) Water is considered to be an essential precursor divided into two parts (A),(B) and (C),(D)
for life, at least as we know it. respectively is given . Any two of these parts
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) and (B) have grammatical errors. Choose the alternative
consisting of the number of grammatically wrong
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (B) and (C)
parts. If both the sentences are grammatically
(5) All of the above correct, choose option(5) i.e. No error.
EXERCISE- 6 Q.1. i. For long, most people were under the assumption
Q.1-5. Read the sentences to find out whether there is that cigarette filters are biodegradable (A)/ as
any error in it. The error, if any, will be in one they consist cellulose acetate at least in a part,
or more than one part of the sentence. Select which is itself a natural product.(B)
the part/s which has/have an error. If the given ii. Cellulose acetate fibres used as the predominant
sentence is correct as it is, mark the answer as filter (C)/ material do not ready biodegrade due
‘No error’. to the acetyl groups on the cellulose backbone,
Q.1. The plan to bring all liquid affluent discharge which itself can be degraded.(D)
from textile units (A)/and tanneries to zero has (1) A and B (2) A and C (3) B and D
to be pursued vigorously, giving industries (B)/ (4) C and D (5) No Error
the assistance to help them choose the best
Q.2. i. Space weather is important because it can
technologies(C)/ against the recovery of waste water
have profound impacts affecting technology
for reuse. (D)/No Error (E)
and (A)/ astronauts in space, disrupting radio
(1) A (2) B & A (3) C communications and, at it’s most severe,
(4) A & D (5) E overwhelming power grids.(B)
Q.2. The decoration of the new office block (A)/ including ii. The new experiment will obtain global
the furniture and curtains (B)/ are most pleasing and observations of an important driver of space
it suits the (C)/ambient of the place (D)/No Error (E) (C) / weather in dynamic region of upper
(1) A & D (2) B & C (3) E atmosphere that can cause interference with
radio and GPS communications.(D)
(4) C & D (5) D
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(1) A and B (2) A and C (3) B and D ii. Four video projectors are positioned at 90 degree
(4) C and D (5) No Error increments around the sphere which acts as (C)/
the screen and each projector is responsible
Q.3. i. Recently the scientists have learned that solar
for one quadrant of screen space and projects
variability is not enough to (A)/ drive the
images seamlessly.(D)
changes observed and Earth’s weather also
must be having an effect.(B) (1) A and B (2) A and C (3) B and D
ii. To help unravel that connection, the system (4) C and D (5) No Error
will investigate how do waves in the lower Q.5. i. The proposed mission would investigate how
atmosphere, (C)/ caused by variations in the giant weather storms from the Sun space (A)/
densities of different packets of air, impacts the call solar particle storms, are accelerated and
upper atmosphere.(D) released into planetary space.(B)
(1) A and B (2) A and C (3) B and D ii. The Science on a Sphere is an educational tool
(4) C and D (5) No Error in which real-time planetary or space data are
(C)/ transformed to visual images and shown on
Q.4. i. The program seeks innovative ideas for small
a suspended globe rather than a flat screen. (D)
and cost-constrain missions (A) that can help
unravel the mysteries of the universe and (1) A and B (2) A and C (3) B and D
explore our place in it.(B) (4) C and D (5) No Error

EXPLANATION
Q.2.(1) In part (A)- crypto currency
EXERCISE 1
In part (B)- is the
Q.1.(3) In part (A)- remove 'of' after despite because
despite= in spite of Q.3.(3) In part (A)- believe in
In part (C)-replace ‘was’ with ‘is’ because the In part (C)- which
sentence is in present tense Q.4.(1) In part (A)- because of
Q.2.(5) All parts are grammatically sound. In part (B)- such as
Q.3.(3) In part (A)- use ‘all between’ with ‘all around’ Q.5.(1) In part (A)- opted for a
In part (C)-remove ‘be’ between ‘can and achieve’ Q.6.(1) In part (B)- of premier
Q.4.(4) In part (A)- have been released In part (C)- its custody
In part (B)- since the beginning of 2016 Q.7.(3) In part (A)- remove ‘to’
Q.5.(2) In part (B)-use ‘in front of it’ in place of ‘in front of In part (C)- effect
them’, because the subject of reference is monitor.
Q.8.(3) In part (B)- specific
Q.6.(5) All parts are grammatically sound.
In part (C)-associated with
Q.7.(4) In part (C)- a most adverse should not be used,
indeed use the before most, because the is used Q.9.(4) In part (B)- say
before the superlative degree of an adjective. In part (C)- pleasurable
Q.8.(1) In part (A)- statistics ‘suggest’ should be used, Q.10.(1) In part (A)- across the country
because here statistics is a plural noun, such as the In part (B)- insensitivity
statistics show that the crime rate has increased.
Q.11.(4) In part (C)- spoke
In part (B)- have ‘gone’ should be used because
have+v3. Q.12.(2) In part (A)- expect
Q.9.(5) All parts are grammatically sound. In part (C)- in mixing
Q.10.(1) In part (A)-are facing because subject is plural. EXERCISE 3
Q.1.(4) In part C: have high levels
EXERCISE 2
Q.2.(3) In part A: A whale is
Q.1.(3) In part (A)- central
In part C: many bears
In part (C)- do not
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Q.3.(5) Q.4.(4) will refrain of is wrong because refrain takes from
Q.4.(2) In part B: Should look with it.

Q.5.(4) In part C: so polar bears have to Q.5.(2) process foods is wrong because adjective qualifies
noun so processed food is correct.
Q.6.(3) In part B: that washed ashore
Q.6.(3) ‘incentive with witnesses’ is wrong ‘incentive for
In part C: later resting around witnesses’ is correct.
Q.7.(5) while attend is wrong while attending is correct
Q.8.(3) Replace ‘Governor chamber’ by ‘Governor’s because preposition takes gerund after it.
chamber’. This is the question of use of apostrophe. Q.7.(5)
Q.9.(3) Replace ‘has’ by ‘have’. Subject ‘Congress Q.8.(4) ‘on the surface for the sun’ is wrong.
dissidents and a wide range’ is plural.
‘on the surface of the sun’ is correct.
Q.10.(1) Replace ‘would have’ by ‘had’. This is a
Conditional sentence with specific structure : If Q.9.(2) ‘over next cycle’ is wrong.
+ Subject + had + V-III + Would have +V-III ‘over the next cycle’ is correct.
EXERCISE 4 Q.10.(5)
Q.1.(4) Replace ‘which makes up’ with ‘which make up’ EXERCISE 6
in part (C) Q.1.(4) ‘effluent’ should be used in place of ‘affluent’ and
Q.2.(5) ‘for’ at the place of ‘against’
Q.3.(3) Replace ‘serves a average’ with ‘serves an Q.2.(4) Is most pleasing should be used and ‘ambience’
average’, in part (A). at the place of ‘ambient’
Replace ‘near 2,500 planes arrive’ with ‘nearly Q.3.(5) ‘does not’ at the place don’t and ‘goes’ in place of
2,500 planes arrive’ in part (C). ‘went’ as the subject is ‘learning’
Q.4.(2) Replace ‘investors identification’ with ‘investors Q.4.(3) Were presented and Pack of liars should be used.
identify’ in part (A) Q.5.(2) Incriminating of evidence should be used as after
Q.5.(1) Replace ‘a married woman are’ with ‘a married a verb should be used after on – V(ing) form is
woman is’ in part (A) required.
Replace ‘it has treat’ with ‘it has treated’ in part EXERCISE 7
(B)
Q.1.(3) In part B: add ‘of’ after consist.
Q.6.(5)
In part D: ‘readily’ at the place of ‘ready’
Q.7.(4) Replace ‘at a interview’ with ‘at an interview’ in
Q.2.(3) In part B : its should be used at the place of it’s
part (A)
In part D: add ‘a’ before ‘dynamic region’
Q.8.(5)
Q.3.(4) In part C: remove ‘do’ after ‘how’
Q.9.(4) Remove ‘be’ from part (C)
In part D: ‘impact’ should replace ‘impacts’
Q.10.(5)
Q.4.(2) In part A: ‘cost-constrained missions’ should be
EXERCISE 5 written.
Q.1.(4) 'did not affect' should replace "did not effect" In part C: ‘act’ should replace ‘acts’
Q.2.(2) ‘go down well in’ should be replaced with ‘go Q.5.(3) In part B: ‘called’ at the place of ‘call’
down well with’.
In part D: ‘transformed into’ at the place of
Q.3.(4) ‘to turns up in the court’ is wrong, to takes v1 with ‘transformed to’
it so ‘to turn up in the court’ is correct.

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CHAPTER

14 VOCABULARY
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

The word vocabulary refers to the words used in a language. you will be able to check the meaning instantly and reduce
It is vital to communicating with others and understanding the chances of missing it.
what one is speaking. Words always have several meanings Use a diary or notes: It's one of the good ideas to maintain
in various contexts; you must learn the meanings of the words the list of the new words you find so that you can go back
and their parts of speech. If your vocabulary is strong, it to the list easily and slowly build them into your everyday
will help you write accurately and speak fluently. It is very vocabulary. Keeping the notes of all your new words can
important and vital in order to communicate with others.   provide a positive approach for learning even more words
There are four main types of vocabulary: -- especially when you observe how many new words you've
already learnt.
@ Reading Vocabulary 
Learn a word every day: Make a rigid habit of learning
@ Writing Vocabulary 
at least one new word daily to improve the list of words.
@ Listening Vocabulary  Initially, it will not look effective but after a month or two,
@ Speaking Vocabulary  you will have a good piece of vocabulary.

Improving vocabulary is one of the easiest ways to improve Understand the root words: This is one of the most power-
the power of your writing and make any writing task much ful ways to learn new words and understand the meaning of
easier and effective. Developing your vocabulary need not be other new words based on the root. Just by seeing the suffix
difficult or painful. Here are a few ways suggested to improve or prefix you will be able to comprehend the word.
your vocabulary every day. Prefer the word games: This is also one of the effective ideas
Read again and again: ‘The more you read, the more you in order to increase word power. Such games that challenge
learn’ is suitable in case of improving vocabulary. Reading you and help you find new meanings and new words. This is
various things especially novels, literary works, magazines a fun tool in your quest for enhancing the vocabulary.
and newspapers enables you to learn more words. As you Engage in conversations: Talk to other people in English
read and uncover new words, derive the meaning from the can help you find new words. If you are engaged in various
context of the sentence as well as from looking up the defini- conversation you will encounter some of the words you are
tion in a dictionary. not aware of, note down the words; and simultaneously the
Always keep a dictionary: When you find a new word, words you have learnt will also be used by you which makes
search it in the dictionary to get both its pronunciation and you confident.
its meaning(s). If you always keep a dictionary with you,
Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

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exercise
Q.9. Doleful
EXERCISE- 1
(A) mournful (B) sober
Tell whether each pair of words are synonyms or antonyms.
(C) regretful (D) cheerless
1. agree, disagree ____________
Q.10. Fatal
2. cold, freezing ___________
(A) terrible (B) deadly
3. easy, difficult___________
(C) poisonous (D) wrong
4. argue, squabble ____________
Q.11. Concealed
5. guess, estimate ____________
(A) covered (B) closed
6. bottom, top ___________
(C) sealed (D) hidden
7. tired, energetic __________
Q.12. Relish
8. huge, gigantic ____________
(A) realize (B) taste
9. sink, float __________
(C) enjoy (D) reveal
10. windy, calm ______
Q.13. Acute
11. noisy, quiet ___________
(A) dull (B) drowsy
12. unhappy, sad __________
(C) unpleasant (D) sharp
EXERCISE- 2 Q.14. Solicit
Q.1-20. In the following questions out of four alternatives, (A) command (B) request
choose the one which best expresses the meaning
(C) sympathize (D) agree
of the given word and mark it in the Answer Sheet.
Q.15. Surmount
Q.1. Successive
(A) discount (B) surround
(A) rapid (B) victorious
(C) overcome (D) capture
(C) beneficent (D) consecutive
Q.16. Sycophant
Q.2. Ravage
(A) supplement (B) leader
(A) destroy (B) break
(C) flatterer (D) blessing
(C) demolish (D) abolish
Q.17. disparage
Q.3. Superstitious
(A) praise (B) compliment
(A) pious (B) traditional
(C) exalt (D) underestimate
(C) irrational (D) sacred
Q.18. docile
Q.4. Mentor
(A) idle (B) gentle
(A) guide (B) genius
(C) stubborn (D) foolish
(C) stylist (D) philosopher Q.19. asperity
Q.5. Garnish (A) harshness (B) mild
(A) paint (B) adorn (C) polite (D) civil
(C)garner (D) banish Q.20. soporific
Q.6. Infructuous (A) happy (B) terrifying
(A) meaningless (B) unnecessary (C) lethargic (D) alert
(C) redundant (D) fruitless
EXERCISE- 3
Q.7. Fidelity
Q.1-20. In the following questions choose the word opposite
(A) affection (B) allegiance in meaning to the given word and mark it it the
(C) accuracy (D) loyalty Answer Sheet.
Q.8. Gruff Q.1. Exodus
(A) hard (B) rough (A) influx (B) home-coming
(C) tough (D) sturdy (C) return (D) restoration
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Q.2. Inquisitive (A) dependent (B) uncontrolled
(A) insincere (B) indifferent (C) manual (D) free
(C) insensitive (D) insulting Q.17. zeal
Q.3. Candid (A) fervor (B) eagerness
(A) outspoken (B) frank
(C) apathy (D) initiative
(C) devious (D) disguised
Q.18. predilection
Q.4. Nadir
(A) dislike (B) likeness
(A) modernity (B) zenith
(C) aptitude (D) inclination
(C) liberty (D) progress
Q.5. Culpable Q.19. probity
(A) defendable (B) blameless (A) honesty (B) deception
(C) careless (D) irresponsible (C) worth (D) dignity
Q.6. Facilitate Q.20. debilitate
(A) help (B) propogate (A) exhaust (B) spoil
(C) hinder (D) reject (C) strengthen (D) enfeeble.
Q.7. Criticise
EXERCISE- 4
(A) finish (B) recommend
Q.1. Find the antonyms of incite 
(C) praise (D) request (A) Encourage  (B) Provoke 
Q.8. Conformity (C) Urge  (D) Block 
(A) deviation (B) dilution Q.2. Find the antonyms of atrophy 
(C) distraction (D) diversion (A) Decline  (B) Diminution 
Q.9. Affirm (C) Downfall  (D) Betterment 
(A) refuse (B) negate Q.3. Find the antonyms of glimmer 
(A) Dullness  (B) Flash 
(C) neglect (D) avoid
(C) Sparkle  (D) Gleam 
Q.10. Autonomy
Q.4. Find the antonyms of scatter 
(A) slavery (B) subordination (A) Discard  (B) Distribute 
(C) dependence (D) submissiveness (C) Divide  (D) Hold 
Q.11. abandon Q.5. Find the antonyms of eject 
(A) regain (B) retain (A) Dismiss  (B) Accept 
(C) remain (D) revive (C) Dump  (D) Eliminate 
Q.12. humble Q.6. Find the antonyms of engage 
(A) rich (B) powerful (A) Employ  (B) Shun 
(C) Enlist  (D) Appoint 
(C) haughty (D) strong
Q.7. Find the antonyms of rapture 
Q.13. exemptions
(A) Cheer  (B) Cool 
(A) generalisation (B) liberalization (C) Glory  (D) Depression 
(C) exclusions (D) inclusion Q.8. Find the antonyms of hallucination 
Q.14. prominent (A) Dream  (B) Delusion 
(A) unknown (B) eminent (C) Reality  (D) Mirage 
(C) renowned (D) important Q.9. Find the antonyms of wraith 
Q.15. betrayal (A) Vision  (B) Shadowy 
(C) Spirit  (D) Reality 
(A) deception (B) treason
Q.10. Find the antonyms of apparition 
(C) loyalty (D) distrust
(A) Haunt  (B) Visitant 
Q.16. autonomous (C) Fact  (D) Chimera 
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(A) Her deep booming laugh reverberated around
EXERCISE- 5
the room.
Q.1. Choose the synonym of ‘DIRE’ 
(B) The statements by the professor reverberated
(a) perturb  (b) horrible  through the Capitol.
(c) patient  (d) kind 
(C) He flashed his most reverberated smile
Q.2. Choose the antonym of ‘NETTLE’ 
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) & (B)
(a) repress  (b) separation 
(c) annoy  (d) please  (3) Only (C) (4) Both (C) & (D)
Q.3.  Choose the synonym of ‘CLUMSY’  (5) All of the above
(a) regain  (b) burdensome  Q.3. CHERISH
(c) clutch  (d) waste  (A) He needed a person he could cherish.
Q.4. Choose the antonym of ‘DECIPHER’  (B) He had long cherished a secret fantasy about
(a) coercion  (b) construe  his future.
(c) expropriate  (d) confuse 
(C) I cherish the poem she wrote.
Q.5. Choose the synonym of ‘BONA FIDE’ 
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) & (B)
(a) redeem  (b) results 
(c) actual  (d) union  (3) Only (C) (4) Both (C) & (D)
Q.6.  Choose the antonym of ‘VIGILANT’  (5) All of the above
(a) move  (b) careful  Q.4. DISGUISE
(c) negligent  (d) chaos  (A) The children looked at her without disguise.
Q.7.  Choose the synonym of ‘FAVOUR’  (B) You have a disguise grip on reality.
(a) crucifying  (b) backing 
(C) Does holding a handkerchief over the
(c) purifying  (d) crying  mouthpiece really disguise your voice?
Q.8. Choose the synonym of ‘FACULTATIVE’  (1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) & (C)
(a) mix  (b) unrestricted 
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (C) & (D)
(c) use  (d) decrease 
(5) All of the above
Q.9.  Choose the synonym of ‘GENUFLECTION’ 
(a) expression  (b) monotony  Q.5. LOOK OFF
(c) conversation  (d) tier  (A) The gameplay is great, but the graphics on the
Q.10.  Choose the antonym of ‘MELIORATE’  characters' faces are looking off.
(a) correct  (b) bemoan  (B) You're looking a little off, Jim. Are you feeling
(c) familiar  (d) repress all right?
EXERCISE- 6 (C) With a stadium of fans looking off, the pressure
Q.1-10. In the following questions a word is given and was on for him to make the field goal.
its usages are given just below it. So now you (1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) & (B)
have to choose which of the following usages (3) Only (C) (4) Both (C) & (D)
of the word in the sentence are correct, both (5) All of the above
grammatically and contextually. If all the
three usages are correct choose option (5) i.e., Q.6. FICKLE
all of the above as your answer. (A) The fickle weather soon had me changing from
Q.1. PLUNGE my shorts into my thick slacks.
(A) They whooped as they plunged into the sea. (B) Once we arrived at the movie theatre, my fickle
sister could not decide which movie she wanted
(B) Gaurang plunged his hands into his pockets. to see.
(C) Shares in the company plunged 18p on news. (C) Sally is so fickle that it takes nearly an hour for
(1) Only (A) (2) Both (A) & (B) her to choose an item from the restaurant menu.
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (C) & (D) (1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(5) All of the above (3) Only (C) (4) Both (A) and (B)
Q.2. REVERBERATE (5) All of the above

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Q.7. SACRILEGE
EXERCISE- 7
(A) It is considered an act of sacrilege for anyone
Q.1-3. In the following questions, three sentences with
to touch the sacred statue.
two highlighted words are given and denoted as
(B) Most Christians on this ground repudiate the (A) & (B). Below them, five options are suggested
application of the term to the sacrilege of Jesus consisting of the correct set of words used in the
Christ. sentences respectively.
(C) Remembered that this service was primarily Q.1. i. While the military commander is unable to
regarded not as an act of sacrilege but as a (A) accede / (B) exceed to his troop’s request
meeting for instruction in the law. for a forty-eight hour leave, he can give
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) them a twenty-four hour leave for rest and
recuperation.
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (A) and (B)
ii. This comic novel, though (A) antique / (B)
(5) All of the above
antic rather than earnest, very different in style
Q.8. CONSUMMATE and tone from Naipaul, is serious about race,
(A) Because my sister is a consummate liar, she social class, immigrants, and outsiders.
can make anyone believe practically anything. iii. Though we believe we have a chance of
(B) My charity organization is looking for a remaining independent, we have to work
consummate fundraiser to help our group raise together and would like to have an (A)
much-needed funds. amicable / (B) amiable relationship.
(C) It is a tournament that is open to both (1) A A A (2) A B B
consummate and professionals. (3) A B A (4) B A B
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) (5) B B A
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (A) and (B) Q.2. i. At that time the viewers had come to wonder,
(5) All of the above she wished so badly to serve as a mere (A) aid
/ (B) aide while according to all her instructors
Q.9. GENTEEL
she had excelled well in the art of sagecraft.
(A) Since this is supposed to be a genteel meeting, ii. The bride slowly bedecked in a glowing white
I will refrain from calling anyone mean names. gown made her way down the (A) isle / (B)
(B) When one attends a genteel social event, he or aisle carefully, as three hundred people sat
she should always bring a gift for the host. watching her every move.
(C) The judge was pleased by the genteel way the iii. The quality of the athletes, always impressive,
husband and wife treated each other during seemed to take a quantum leap forward, a happy
their divorce hearing. (A) augur / (B) auger for the future of the sport
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) in this Eastern European nation.
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (A) and (B) (1) A A A (2) A B B
(5) All of the above (3) A B A (4) B A B
Q.10. TORPID (5) B B A
(A) According to the preference settings, the laptop Q.3. i. The issue largely depends on whether the
will go to sleep when it is has been torpid for (A) auricle / (B) oracle normally gave her
five minutes. responses in glossolalia or in intelligible
speech.
(B) The player was dropped from the team because
he was torpid and refused to put forth effort ii. The king, hearing the hiss of the serpents,
during practice. scrambled as fast as he could to the window,
and (A) balled / (B) bawled out to the
(C) The players stay torpid during the cold winter abominable enchantress never to come back.
months by skiing and ice skating.
iii. I t is predominantly a terrestrial species,
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) although it has been known to climb up banks
(3) Only (C) (4) Both (A) & (B) and into low bushes in order to (A) bask / (B)
(5) All of the above basque or search for prey.

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(1) A A A (2) A B B Column 1 Column 2
(3) A B A (4) B A B A. Garrulous i. causing quarrels
(5) B B A B. Preternatural ii. beyond what is normal
Q.4-5. In the following questions two sentences are or natural
given below. Each sentence has a pair of words C. Affinity iii. amicable
that are highlighted. From the highlighted
words select the most appropriate word (A or (1) Only A is defined
B) to form correct sentences. Choose the most (2) Only B is defined
appropriate one. (3) Both A and B are defined
Q.4. i. Hopefully the movie trailer piqued (A) / (4) Both B and C are defined
peaked (B) the interest of moviegoers and (5) All are defined/ All are not defined
motivate them to buy tickets to see the film.
Q.3.
ii. The criminal forced his wife to be his consort
(A)/ concert (B) in crime. Column 1 Column 2
(1) AA (2) BB A. Lurch i. make an uncontrolled
(3) AB (4) BA move
(5) None of the above B. Unprecedented ii. never done before
Q.5. i. The mountain trek will exhilarate(A)/ C. Impuissant iii. powerless
accelerate(B)tourists who love to challenge (1) Only A is defined
themselves. (2) Only B is defined
ii. His reactions to unpleasant situations tended (3) Both A and B are defined
to aggregate (A)/ aggravate (B) everyone’s
(4) Both B and C are defined
nerves.
(5) All are defined/ All are not defined
(1) AA (2) BB
Q.4.
(3) BA (4) AB
(5) None of the above Column 1 Column 2
A. Cantankerous i. bad tempered
EXERCISE- 8
B. Afflict ii. cause pain or trouble
Q.1-5. In the question three different words are given
followed by three phrases which may or may C. Contemplate iii. contemporaneous
not define the words mentioned in column 1. (1) Only A is defined
Choose the option/s which is/are available as (2) Only B is defined
the meaning of the words. If the meaning is
(3) Both A and B are defined
‘available’ or ‘not available’ for all the words,
mark option (5). (4) Both B and C are defined
Q.1. (5) All are defined/ All are not defined
Q.5.
Column 1 Column 2
A. Deterrent i. something that discourages Column 1 Column 2
B. Envisage ii. to gain advantage by A. Entrenched i. enumerable
manipulating unfairly B. Curmudgeon ii. a bad tempered person
C. Hitherto iii. upto a level C. Ambidextrous iii. a person who can
(1) Only A is defined write with both hands
(2) Only B is defined (1) Only A is defined
(3) Both A and B are defined (2) Only B is defined
(4) Both B and C are defined (3) Both A and B are defined
(5) All are defined/ All are not defined (4) Both B and C are defined
Q.2. (5) All are defined/ All are not defined

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EXPLANATION
Q.20.(C) lethargic- lazy
EXERCISE 1
For other options:-
1. agree, disagree-antonyms
happy- pleased
2. cold, freezing -synonyms
terrifying- make greatly afraid.
3. easy, difficult -antonyms
alert- attentive
4. argue, squabble -synonyms
5. guess, estimate -synonyms EXERCISE 3
6. bottom, top -antonyms Q.1.(C) Q.2.(B) Q.3.(C) Q.4.(B)
7. tired, energetic -antonyms Q.5.(B) Q.6.(C) Q.7.(C) Q.8.(A)
8. huge, gigantic -synonyms Q.9.(A) Q.10.(C)
9. sink, float -antonyms Q.11.(B) Abandon : give up with the intent of never claiming
10. windy, calm -antonyms again
11. noisy, quiet -antonyms Q.12.(C) Humble:marked by meekness or modesty
12. unhappy, sad -synonyms Q.13.(D) Exemptions : immunity from an obligation or duty
Q.14.(A) Prominent : conspicuous in position or importance
EXERCISE 2
Q.15.(C) Betrayal : the quality of aiding an enemy
Q.1.(D) Q.2.(A) Q.3.(C) Q.4.(A)
Q.16.(A) autonomous means independent so its antonym is
Q.5.(B) Q.6.(D) Q.7.(D) Q.8.(B) dependent.
Q.9.(A) Q.10.(B) For other options:-
Q.11.(D) Concealed : not accessible to view uncontrolled- without a check or restrain manual-
Q.12.(C) Relish : to enjoy done or operated by hands rather than by an
Q.13.(D) Acute : extremely sharp or intense electronic device.
Q.14.(B) Solicit : request urgently or persistently free- enjoying personal rights or liberty.
Q.15.(C) Surmount : deal with successfully Q.17.(C) zeal means enthusiasm, its antonym is apathy- lack
Q.16.(C) sycophant means flatterer i.e. a person who tries of interest.
to please by complimentary remarks or attention For other options:-
For other options:- fervor- great warmth and earnestness or feeling.
supplement- something added to complete a thing eagerness- enthusiasm
leader- a person/thing that leads. Q.18.(A) predilection means a tendency to think favourably
blessing- a special favour, mercy or benefit. of something in particular so its antonym here is
Q.17.(D) understimate means to make too low an estimate dislike.
of or to think insufficiently highly of. For other options:-
For other options:- likeness- the condition of being alike.
praise- to express commendation, admiration, etc. aptitude- capability
compliment- an expression of praise, admiration, inclination- a tendency towards a certain condition.
etc Q.19.(B) probity means honesty, its antonym is deception
exalt- to raise in rank or honor. which means to cheat.
Q.18.(B) gentle- amiable or kind For other options:-
For other options:- honesty- synonym of probity
idle- not working or active worth- good or important enough to justify
stubborn- unreasonably obstinate, one who refuses dignity- nobility or elevation of character.
to comply, agree, or give in. Q.20.(C) debilitate means to make weak or feeble so its
foolish- showing a lack of sense. antonym is strengthen
Q.19.(A) harshness- rude in behaviour For other options:-
For other options:- exhaust- to drain of strength or evergy.
mild- amiably gentle or temperate in feeling or behaviour spoil- to damage severely or harm enfeeble- make weak.
towards others. EXERCISE 4
polite- showing good manners towards others. Q.1.(D) Q.2.(D) Q.3.(A) Q.4.(D) Q.5.(B)
civil- polite or courteous.
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Q.6.(B) Q.7.(D) Q.8.(C) Q.9.(D) Q.10.(C) approval or disapproval of a proposed action.
EXERCISE 5 Auger (n): a tool for drilling
Q.1.(B)  Q.2.(D)  Q.3.(C)  Q.4.(D)  Q.5.(C)  Reverberate : have continuing and serious effects.
Q.6.(C)  Q.7.(B)  Q.8.(B) Q.9.(A)  Q.10.(D) Q.3.(5) Auricle (n): Outer part of the ear
EXERCISE 6 Oracle (n): a priest or priestess acting as a medium
through whom advice or prophecy was sought
Q.1.(5) Plunge : jump or dive quickly and energetically.
from the gods in classical antiquity.
Plunge : suffer a rapid decrease in value.
Balled (v) : clench (one's fist) tightly / wrap the
Plunge : push or thrust quickly. root ball of (a tree or shrub) to protect it during
Q.2.(2) Reverberate : (of a loud noise) be repeated several transportation
times as an echo. Bawl (v): shout
Reverberate : have continuing and serious effects. Bask (v): lie exposed to warmth and light, typically
Q.3.(5) Cherish : protect and care for (someone) lovingly. from the sun, for relaxation and pleasure.
Cherish : keep (a hope or ambition) in one's mind. Basque (n): tight fitting dresses.
Cherish : hold (something) dear. Q.4.(1) In 1st sentence pique (v) is used which means
Q.4.(2) Disguise : the concealing of one's true intentions arouse (interest or curiosity) and peaked (adj.)
or feelings. means rising to a point
Disguise : make (something) unrecognizable by In 2nd sentence consort (n) is used which means
altering its appearance, sound, taste, or smell. partner, companion
Q.5.(2) Look off : To appear somewhat strange, incorrect, Concert (n) means a musical performance given
inaccurate, or substandard. in public, typically by several performers or of
Look off : To look sickly, unwell, or out of sorts, several compositions.
either physically or mentally. Q.5.(4) In 1st sentence exhilarate (v) is used which means
For other options- to make (someone) feel very happy and accelerate
Look on : To watch some action or activity as a (v) means increase in rate, amount, or extent.
spectator. In 2nd sentence aggravate (v) is used which means
With a stadium of fans looking on, the pressure to make (a problem, injury, or offence) worse or
was on for him to make the field goal. more serious and aggregate (n) means total.
Q.6.(5) EXERCISE 8
Q.7.(1) Q.1.(1) Hitherto (adverb) – until now
Q.8.(4) Envisage (v) – form a mental picture of (something
Q.9.(5) not yet existing or known).
Q.10.(4) Q.2.(2) For other options-
EXERCISE 7 Garrulous (adj) – talkative
Q.1.(3) Accede (v): agree to something. Affinity (n) – empathy
Antic (adj.)- odd, strange , antique (adj)- ancient Q.3.(5) All are defined.
Amicable (adj): friendly , amiable (adj): lovable Q.4.(3) For other options-
Q.2.(5) Aid (v): to assist Contemplate (v) – look thoughtfully at something
Aide (n): an assistant Contemporaneous (n) – existing at or occurring
Aisle(n): walkway in the same period of time
Isle(n): Island Q.5.(4) For other options-
Augur (n): a religious official who observed Entrenched (adj) – established/ unlikely to change
natural signs, especially the behaviour of birds, Enumerable (adj) – able to be counted by one-to-
interpreting these as an indication of divine one

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CHAPTER
READING
15 COMPREHENSION
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Questions on Reading Comprehension measure the ability 6. Read the questions carefully , making sure that you
to understand, analyze and apply information and concepts understand what is being asked . if need better refer
presented in the written form. All questions are to be back to the passage for finding the answer.
answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the 7. The choice may expand or extend the idea or contrast
given passage. Reading comprehension, therefore evaluates the idea running in the paragraph.
your ability to :
8. Read all the alternatives very carefully . without first
Understand words and statements in the given passage. reading all the alternatives , do not assume that you
Understand the logical relationships between points and have selected the best answer.
concepts in the given passage. 9. Many a times the last sentence of the paragraph can
Draw inference from facts and statements in the given also provide a clue .
passage. 10. Usually the correct choice will not deviate from the
Read the questions first before you read the passage. subject matter too much.
Guidelines for answering the reading comprehension 11. Don't jump to conclusions with fact questions using
questions:- Roman numerals to identify answer choices:- You
1. Read the question first before you read the passage. will recognize this style of question as soon as you
see it:
2. Identify the type of passage you are reading .
a. I only b. II only c. III only
3. Identify the core idea or the theme of the paragraph.
d. I and II only e. II and III only
4. Look for the clues in the choices , normally the
correct is the one which falls under the theme. The catch is that, oftentimes, facts I and II will be presented
very close to each other in the passage, but fact III will be
5. Answer all the questions on the basis of what is stated buried much further in the text. Take the time to review and
or implied in the passage itself. consider each fact on its own merits.

Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

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exercise
(1) Cleft (2) Vex
PASSAGE - 1
(3) Ditch (4) Hill
Read the following passage and answers the questions
given below. (5) Mountain
There was a frog that lived in a shallow well. “ Look how Q.7. What did the turtle tell the frog about ‘The Ocean’ ?
well off I am here ! “ he told a big turtle from the Eastern (1) Its more than a hundred miles across and more
Ocean. “ I can hop along the coping of the well when I go than eight thousand feet deep.
out, and rest by a crevice in the bricks on my return. I can (2) Its more than a thousand miles across and more
wallow to my heart’s content with only my head above water, than ten thousand feet deep.
or stroll ankle deep through soft mud. No crabs or tadpoles (3) The ocean is only twelve thousand feet deep.
can compare with me. I am master of the water and lord of
(4) The ocean is only twenty thousand feet deep.
this shallow well, What more can a fellow ask ? Why don’t
you come here more often to have a good time ? “ (5) Not mentioned in the passage.
Before the turtle from the Eastern Ocean could get his left foot Q.8. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true in
into the well, however, he caught his right claw on something. context of the passage ?
So he halted and stepped back then began to describe the (1) In ancient times there were floods nine years
ocean to the frog. “ It’s more than a thousand miles across out of ten.
and more than ten thousand feet deep. In ancient times there (2) There were droughts seven years out of eight.
were floods nine years out of ten yet the water in the ocean (3) A frog lived in a deep well.
never increased. And later there were droughts seven years
(4) Both 1 & 2
out of eight yet the water in the ocean never grew less. It has
remained quite constant throughout the ages. That is why I (5) The frog lived in the Western Ocean.
like to live in the Eastern Ocean. “ Q.9. Which of the following has a similar meaning to the
Then the frog in the shallow well was silent and felt a little word ‘abashed’ ?
abashed. (1) Amused (2) Ashamed
Q.1. Give a suitable title to the passage. (3) Embarrassed (4) Both 2 & 3
(1) The frog in the well. (2) The frog. (5) Pleased
(3) The well (4) Shallow well. Q.10. Which of the following statement(s) is/are not true
(5) None of these in context of passage ?
Q.2. What do you understand by the phrase - ‘I can wallow (1) The frog lived in a shallow well.
to my heart’s content’ ? (2) The big turtle did not live in the Eastern Ocean.
(1) Rely on my heart’s beating. (3) In ancient times, there were floods nine years
(2) Singing a song. out of ten.
(3) Listen to my heart. (4) All of these
(4) Rest on his assets. (5) None of these
(5) Not mentioned in the passage. PASSAGE - 2
Q.3. Give a synonym for the word “Shallow”. Read the following passage carefully and answer the
(1) Vulnerable (2) Perspicacious questions given below it. Certain words have been printed
(3) Deep (4) Depth in bold to help you locate them while answering some
(5) None of these questions.
Q.4. Give an antonym for the word ‘Abashed’. For the past 10 years, all exports of pulses have been banned.
(1) Bewildered (2) Chagrined This was presumably for food security and price stability.
(3) Crushed (4) Proud But this export ban has hurt farmers, who couldn’t take
advantage of high prices. It got worse, because when prices
(5) Chased
did shoot up, the government panicked and started importing
Q.5. Where did the big turtle come from ? at zero duty. The imports didn’t stop despite a record harvest.
(1) The Northern Ocean (2) The Southern Ocean When prices of food crops go up, the Central government
(3) The Eastern Ocean (4) The Western Ocean swings into action, clamping down on exports, bringing in
(5) None of these zero-duty imports, imposing stocking and storage limits, and
Q.6. What is the meaning of ‘Crevice’ in the passage? so on. But when the opposite happens, that is when prices

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crash, often, there is no corresponding reverse rescue. This is Q.4. What happens when prices of food crops go up
an example of the inherent urban bias in India’s agriculture according to the passage?
policy, which persists to this day. Indeed, among all World (1) the Central government swings into action
Trade Organization members, India is among a handful of (2) clamping down on exports
countries with negative protection of agriculture.
(3) bringing in zero-duty imports
Lastly, one more policy lesson is that pulses continue to be
(4) imposing stocking and storage limits
in the Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee (APMC)
Act. Thus farmers are not free to sell to any buyer they wish (5) All of the above
but must go through the APMC. Q.5. Choose the most suitable title for the given passage?
Pulses are an important source of protein in India. Almost (1) Enhancing the production
one-fifth of total acreage is used to grow them. They are (2) Unshackle Indian agriculture
also an important source of soil fertility since they provide (3) Loan waiver to farmers
nitrogen through fixation. Indeed, a pulses plant is called a
(4) Yet another reaction to policy-induced
mini fertilizer factory. Pulses were part of the six technology
indebtedness
missions created in the 1980s (they were added to the
oilseeds mission), to greatly enhance their production, use (5) Advantage of high prices
of technology and processing. But despite the mission-mode Q.6. Which of the following is not true according to
approach, India is still not self-sufficient in pulses production. the passage?
And farmers continue to be at the mercy of nature, markets, (1) The nationwide policies of procuring
pests and government policies. wheat and rice have proved harmful to health.
The story of pulses is repeated across various crops. In cashew, (2) The nationwide policies of procuring wheat and
India’s Kollam used to be the world’s capital, but has lost out rice have proved harmful to nutrition.
to Vietnam due to its failure to adopt technology and due (3) The nationwide policies of procuring wheat and
to excessive government control. India pioneered the Green rice have proved harmful to environment.
Revolution, but scores very poorly in the global hunger index. (4) Coarse cereals, the staple of most rural folk,
The monolithic nationwide policies of promoting and procuring were largely ignored by the public distribution
wheat and rice have ultimately proved harmful to health, system.
nutrition and environment. Coarse cereals, the staple of most
(5) Coarse cereals are not only now being intro
rural folk, were largely ignored by the public distribution system,
duced in the midday meal schemes.
and are only now being introduced in the midday meal schemes.
Q.7. Choose the word which is most nearly the OPPOSITE
Q.1. Why India’s Kollam which used to be the world’s
in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the
capital has lost out to Vietnam in cashew?
passage.
(A) due to its failure to adopt technology
ENHANCE
(B) due to excessive government control
(1) subtle (2) increase
(C) due to excessive usage of pesticides
(3) diminish (4) fervid
(1) Both (A) and (B) (2) Only (B)
(5) flourish
(3) Both (A) and (C) (4) Only (C)
Q.8. Choose the word which is most nearly the OPPOSITE
(5) Only (A) in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the
Q.2. Why are pulses an important source of soil passage.
fertility? FERTILITY
(1) they provide oxygen through fixation (1) flexibility (2) sterility
(2) they provide halogen through fixation (3) credibility (4) ability
(3) they provide sodium through fixation (5) nudity
(4) they provide nitrogen through fixation Q.9. Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in
(5) Both (1) and (3) meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the
Q.3. Where according to the passage farmers continue passage.
to be at? MERCY
(1) the mercy of nature (2) markets (1) adequacy (2) clemency
(3) pests (4) government policies (3) cartography (4) pacifism
(5) All of the above (5) sadism

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Q.10. Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in the teacher-student ratio to manageable proportions. What
meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the is more, teachers should be given refresher courses every
passage. summer vacation to brush up their knowledge. Besides,
ADOPT if college managements increase the library budget it will
(1) lend (2) ignore help both staff and students a great deal. At the same time,
however, it will be unfair to deny college education to
(3) accept (4) allure
thousands of young men and women unless employers stop
(5) entitle insisting on degrees even for clerical jobs. For a start, why
PASSAGE - 3 can’t the Government disqualify graduates from securing
Read the following passage and answers the questions certain jobs say, Class III and IV posts ? Once the degrees are
given below. delinked from jobs, at least in some important departments,
it will make many young people think twice before joining
Frustration is a global cancer. It has spared no country. In
college.
some countries, frustration exists because these countries
are populated by ‘have nots’. In other countries which are Q.1. The author’s chief concern seems to be-
populated by ‘haves’. Frustration is among them also because (1) Frustration among students.
they do ‘have’ as far as India is concerned its education (2) Spread of college education.
system is breeding more and more frustration among both (3) Standard of education.
students and teachers. And yet no one seems too clear about (4) Autonomy to colleges.
what can be done to make it more meaningful. Many reforms
(5) Delinking of degrees.
have been discussed length but have come to nothing for one
reason or another . The authorities are now peddling the idea Q.2. The author’s attiude is-
of autonomous colleges as a means of toning up teaching (1) Cynical (2) Optimistic
standards. They argue that by allowing certain colleges to (3) Critical (4) Conservative
introduce their own courses, hold seminars, and above all, (5) Constructive
to evolve their own method of assessing students, students Q.3. What according to the passage, would be the result
will get a far better deal. Indeed, they make out that such of granting autonomy to some colleges?
colleges will have free hand in nearly every thing except
(1) The teacher student ratio will come down.
granting degrees. In theory all this sounds, attractive enough.
But there is little to show that the managements concerned (2) Disparity between city and suburban colleges will
are keen on such reforms. Even today, nothing prevents a increase.
college from inviting guest speakers on specialized subjects (3) Colleges will multiply.
or holding courses in English for term vernacular students., (4) Some colleges would start selling degrees.
But not a single one of those who are now clamouring for (5) All of the above.
autonomy has bothered to do so. It is no secret that colleges Q.4. Which of the following is the most significant feature
which may be ‘Freed to an extent from university control of the scheme of autonomous colleges, according to
are highest : In Mumbai, for example, there is big cultural the passage ?
gulf between city colleges and Jordon degree of autonomy,
(1) They can introduce new courses.
it will only heightened this disparity.
(2) They can hold seminars.
The answer to the vexed problem of declining standards in
higher education does not lie in encouraging the growth of (3) They can evolve their method of assessment.
(4) They can award degrees.
model institutions, but in improving over all standards. This
is of course easier said than done, since more and more young (5) They can make admissions without restrictions.
people are seeking degrees. The only solution, however Q.5. To which of the following does the author give
unpalatable it may sound, is drastically to reduce the number precedence?
of those who are admitted to colleges. Even though there is (1) Increasing library facilities.
political pressure on many state governments to build new (2) Holding refresher courses for teachers.
colleges and to reserve more seats for backward clases, it will (3) Abolishing reservation for backward classes.
be sheer folly to expand such facilities recklessly without
(4) Stop opening of new colleges.
giving any thought to the quality of education imparted. If
admissions are made far more selective, it will automatically (5) Instituting entrance examinations.
reduce the number of entrants. This should apply particularly Q.6. Where has the author slipped while making
to new colleges, many of which are little more than degree suggestions ?
factories. Only then can the authorities hope to bring down (1) The teacher-student ratio be brought down.

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(2) Improvement should not be restricted to select countries had two rounds of exploratory talks in the first
institutions. half of the 2008 on the proposed Bilateral Investment
(3) College teachers need refresher courses. Treaty, and decided to start formal negotiations soon. The
(4) Political pressures should be withstood. proposed agreement would enable certification of Indian
aviation and aeronautic products by the US authorities.
(5) None of these
Further more India and US will also be soon signing the
Q.7. Frustration in the world is a result of which of the Totalization agreement to promote Indo-US cooperation on
following? social security. The agreement will be between the US social
(a) Large number of ‘Haves’ security administration and the Indian Ministry of Overseas
(b) Large number of ‘Have-nots’. Indian Affairs. India with more than one billion citizens is
(c) Cancerous cells. often characterized as a nascent major power and ‘Natural
(1) Only A (2) Only B Partner' of the United States one, that many analysts view as
a potential counter weight to China’s growing clout.
(3) Only C (4) A and B only
Q.1. Which of the following can be inferred from the
(5) None of these
passage?
Q.8. Which of the following is the main difficulty
(1) India and China will also be soon signing the
according to the passage, in the way of improving
Totalisation Agreement.
standards?
(2) The visit of the president denotes the position
(1) Paucity of library facilities.
India occupies in American foreign policy
(2) Paucity of Funds. calculus.
(3) Ever increasing number of young men wanting (3) The U.S. is India's largest export destination
degrees. and also one of the leading foreign investors
(4) Grant of autonomy to colleges. in India.
(5) Absence of refresher courses. (4) Both 2 and 3
Q.9. Give one synonym for the word ‘Vexed’. (5) None of these
(1) Annoyed (2) Recurring Q.2. Which of the following statement(s) is/are NOT
(3) Unresolvable (4) Complex TRUE in context to the passage for the country
(5) Dangerous 'India'?
Q.10. Give an antonym for the word ‘folly’. (1) India is the fastest growing major economy.
(1) Right (2) Exact (3) Mistake (2) India is the largest demoratic country.
(4) Action (5) Wisdom (3) India is characterized as a nascent major power
PASSAGE - 4 of the U.S.
Read the following passage and answers the questions (4) India is the second fastest growing major
given below. economy.
The President of the USA, Barack Hussain Obama will be (5) Both 1 and 4
on his maiden visit to India. That a President of the USA is Q.3. Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE in
visiting India in his first term, within the first 24 months of his context to the passage?
tenure, undoubtedly denotes the position India occupies in the (1) The United States plays a significant role in
American foreign policy calculus. It is also an indicator that global arena but not India.
the relationship between the world’s two largest democracies (2) The President of the U.S.A. is visiting India
is on a strong footing. India and United states politically and in his first term within the first 24 months of
economically play a significant role in global arena .While the his tenure.
US is the world’s strongest democracy, India is the largest. (3) The United States is the World's strongest
Similarly, while the US is the world’s largest economy, India democracy and India is the largest.
is the second fastest growing major economy. The US is
(4) All 1, 2 and 3
India’s largest export destination and also one of the leading
foreign investors in India. Further, with the Indian economy (5) Both 2 and 3
estimated to grow to 90% of the US economy by 2050. Q.4-7. Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in
The growing Indo -US relationship will be a decisive force meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the
shaping the contours of the world economy in 21 century. passage.
In a move to further improve economic relations, both Q.4. Nascent

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(1) Existing (2) Latest nation’s economy with the world economic system.
(3) Recent (4) New Globalisation means different things to different people.
(5) Blossoming Economists consider it as a step towards a fully integrated
Q.5. Maiden world market. Some political scientists view it as a march
away from the conventionally defined concept of the
(1) Latest (2) First state. The sovereignty of the state is challenged with the
(3) Last (4) Recent emergence of non-governmental power players in the
(5) Foremost world order. Globalisation is not an event, rather a process
Q.6. Proposed which originated with the liberalisation and privatisation
(1) Calculated (2) Considered of the economic sectors. It aims for the establishment of a
borderless world.
(3) Purpose (4) Envisage
Nations having socialistic economic system and mixed
(5) Designed economy failed to achieve targeted economic growth.
Q.7. Footing In 1980s, public sectors faced loss due to bureaucratic
(1) Angle (2) View inefficiency, red-tapism, political interference, corruption
(3) Walk (4) Structure and irresponsibility of the managing authority. Where there
(5) Period is ‘monopoly’ there is inefficiency due to lack of competition.
Public sectors thus, failed to produce profitable results
Q.8-10. Choose the word which is most nearly the and created massive financial loss. There was price rise,
OPPOSITE in meaning as the word printed in bold capital crunch, lack of technical know-how and slow pace
as used in the passage. in economic growth. The situation demanded Soviet Russia
Q.8. Characterized to initiate economic reforms through “Perestroika”. More
(1) Confused (2) Portray or less, India faced the same situation. To overcome the
(3) Felt (4) Wanted situation, Rao government adopted the new economic policy
of liberalisation and privatisement.
(5) Expected
Before 1970s, industrially develop western countries faced
Q.9. Decisive
economic crisis. Economic depression lowered down the
(1) Particular (2) Little profit of big industries. Instead of depending on their own
(3) Big (4) Trival market, the entrepreneurs wanted to expand their business in
(5) Important other countries of the world. While these western companies
Q.10. Bilateral were in search of market in different parts of the world,
(1) Same (2) Unilateral two parties socialistic states wanted them in the privatisation process
of public sectors. Undeveloped third world countries also
(3) Lucrative (4) Different
realized the need of foreign capital and technical knowhow
(5) Fruitful for their economic growth. The process of economic
PASSAGE - 5 liberalisation began as a precondition of globalisation. Thus,
Read the following passage and answers the questions capital, technical knowledge, labour, profit, managerial
given below. skill etc. move from one nation to another cutting across
the territorial limitation with the primary goal of expanding
Globalisation has emerged as one of the most frequently
trade and business.
used term of which there is no universally acceptable
definition. World­wide opinions are divided both in support Globalisation, as a negative process, stands for the abolition
and opposition of it. Globalisation is derived from the of protective economic policies which were previously
term “global” which implies covering the globe. Thus, adopted in the national interest. Governments had created
globalisation means something which covers or relates the trade barriers by increasing the rate of tariff and through
whole world instead of being confined to a particular country. the imposition of restrictions on import of foreign goods.
With the development of modern science and technology, Globalisation stands for the elimination of such negative
whole world has been closely united as a global village. barriers for the free flow of goods and capital. Positively
What happens in one country has its impact on others. We speaking, globalisation encourages free world trade, free
are using the term internationalism as a political process. This enterprise and market forces. It advocates for the process of
process highlights increasing political, social, economic and integrating the domestic economy with the world economy
cultural relations among various nations of the world. Now through increased collaborations among the entrepreneurs.
globalisation is advocated as a process aimed at integrating In this process, they can have access to more capital flows,
the whole world system. It implies the integration of a technical knowhow, cheaper imports and larger export

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markets. India became independent as one of the poorest (1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
countries of the world. The British colonial rule had destroyed (3) Both (A) and (B) (4) Both (B) and (C)
the self-sufficient agrarian economy. (5) All (A),(B),(C) and (D)
Q.1. What do you understand by the term globalisation Q.4. Why did public sectors face the loss in 1980s?
as mentioned in the passage? (A) Because of bureaucratic inefficiency and red-
(1) It means the policy or practice of restructuring tapism.
or reforming the economic and political (B) Because of political interference and corruption.
system.
(C) Because of irresponsibility of the managing
(2) It means the provision of capital for a company, authority.
or the conversion of income or assets into capital.
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(3) It means a general statement or concept obtained (3) Only (A) and (B) (4) Only (B) and (C)
by inference from specific cases. (5) All (A),(B) and (C)
(4) It means something which covers or relates the Q.5. What did then government do to overcome the
whole world instead of being confined to a situation, as per the given passage?
particular country.
(A) The government adopted the new economic
(5) It means the changing of something from private policy of liberalisation and privatisement.
to state ownership or control. the
(B) The government adopted the economic
organization of a nation of the basis of
liberalisation that began as a precondition of
communism. 
globalisation.
Q.2. What does the term internationalism as a political
(C) The government created the trade barriers.
process highlight?
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(A) It highlights a process by which an individual
(3) Only (C) (4) Only (A) and (B)
or group comes to adopt increasingly extreme
(5) Only (B) and (C)
political, social, or religious ideals and
Q.6. What does Globalisation, as a negative process,
aspirations that reject or undermine the status
quo or undermine contemporary ideas and stand for?
expressions of freedom of choice. (A) It stands for lack of technical know-how and
slow pace in economic growth.
(B) It highlights increasing political, social,
economic and cultural relations among various (B) It stands for the situation demanded by Soviet
Russia to initiate economic reforms through
nations of the world.
“Perestroika”.
(C) It highlights the stage of human social
development and organization which is (C) It stands for the abolition of protective economic
considered most advanced. policies which were previously adopted in the
national interest.
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(3) Only (A) and (B) (4) Only (B) and (C)
(5) All (A),(B) and (C) (3) Only (C) (4) Only (A) and (B)
(5) All (A), (B) and (C)
Q.3. Which of the following statements is/are true
according to the passage? Q.7. What does the word ‘Globalisation’ encourage as
mentioned in the passage?
(A) The sovereignty of the state is challenged with
(A) Globalisation encourages free world trade.
the emergence of non-governmental power
(B) Globalisation encourages free enterprise and
players in the world order. market forces.
(B) Globalisation is not an event, rather a process (C) Globalisation encourages the process of
which originated with the liberalisation and integrating the domestic economy with the
privatisation of the economic sectors. world economy.
(C) Globalisation aims for the establishment of a (1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
borderless world. (3) Only (C) (4) Only (A) and (B)
(D) Nations having socialistic economic system and (5) All (A), (B) and (C)
mixed economy failed to achieve targeted Q.8. Which of the following statements is/are Not true
economic growth. in context of the passage?

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(1) India became independent as one of the poorest Q.2. By understanding the passage, which of the following
countries of the world. can be the intention of author present behind the
(2) The British colonial rule had destroyed the self- writing?
sufficient agrarian economy. (1) The author is commiserating with the Indian
(3) Entrepreneurs can have access to more capital constitution for being one of the largest ones.
flows. (2) As various commendable features are in the
(4) The process of economic liberalisation began constitution, he is describing it in a laudatory
as a precondition of globalisation. tone.
(5) The western companies were in search of (3) Biased description of the constitutional
attributes.
business locations in different parts of the world.
(4) Both A and C
PASSAGE - 6 (5) All of the above.
Read the following passage carefully and answer the
Read the following passage carefully and answer the
questions given below it.
questions given below it.
Q.1-2. The Constitution of India is one of the greatest
Q.3-4. India is a secular nation. Supporters of every religion
and unique Constitutions in the world due
have been given the right to follow their religion
to its special features. Framing of the Indian
freely. Religious minorities are given freedom to
Constitution was inspired by the Constitution of
safeguard their culture, language and script. India
other countries.
is a religiously diverse nation because followers
The Indian Constitution is one of the largest written of world’s major religions reside in India. India
Constitutions in the world. It has about 395 articles has accepted the principles of secularism and thus,
and 9 schedules. The framers have not only included making difference between people based on religion
the basic principles of governance, but also made is prohibited. To preserve culture, tradition, language
provisions to deal with various administrative and script, special Fundamental Rights are provided
problems. Although the Indian Constitution is a to the minorities.
unique combination of both rigidity and flexibility,
Indian society comprises three main classes. They
the procedure for amendment of the Constitution is
an_ upper class, middle class and lower class. One
neither too rigid nor too flexible. The Constitution
finds sub-divisions among each class. These sub-
has adopted a parliamentary system of government
divisions include upper middle class and lower
at center as well as in the state. The executive powers
middle class. Some of the other forms of classes
are exercised by the Council of Ministers handed by
include businesspersons and workers, landowners
the Prime Minister.
and landless labourers. One can also observe classes
The secular nature of the state is one of the most of literate as well as illiterate. These classes show the
important features of the Constitution. India has diversity in class system.
adopted the principle of secularism and thus, making
Q.3. According to the passage, what may be the central
difference between people based on religion is
idea of the passage?
prohibited. Indian secularism provides freedom to
practice any religion according to the individual’s (1) India is infused with concept of exclusion of
choice. religion and religious considerations.
Q.1. According to the passage, the detained traits of (2) An integrated nation with heterogeneity on
Indian constitution are… various aspects.
(A) It comprises rudimentary administrative (3) The country is divided into three classes: Upper,
essentials middle and lower.
(B) The strategies to manage the complications of (4) The Minorities are provided with fundamental
administration. rights.
(C) The constitution is infused with dual quality (5) None of the above.
(stiff and pliable) and States’ nonreligious Q.4. As per the perception extracted from the passage, it
disposition is considered to be…..
(1) Only A (2) Only B (1) A criticism of Indian culture
(3) Both A & B (4) All of the above (2) A Reflective composition of the writer
(5) Can’t be inferred from the passage. (3) A passage with analytical tone.

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(4) An introspective theory of Indian constitution. rare – at least ones caused by the market are rare. On
(5) None of the above. a basic level, supply and demand helps explain why
Read the following passage carefully and answer the last year's hit product is half the price the following
questions given below it. year.
Q5-6. The market system is driven by supply and demand. Q.5. Which of the following is the author least likely to
Let’s take bread. People want more bread, meaning agree with?
the demand for bread is high. This demand means (1) Demand betokens an immense hike in the need
you can charge more for bread, so you can make more of any object.
money on average by changing wheat into bread than (2) Once the market is excessively stocked, an
grinding that same wheat into flour. More people start ascent in the prices of the items takes place.
making bread and, after a few production cycles, (3) People are obligated to pay more for a particular
there is so much bread in the market that prices item in case of demand goes up.
plummet. Meanwhile, the price of flour has been (4) Both A & B
increasing as the supply shrinks, so more producers
(5) Both A & C
buy up wheat for the purpose of making flour – and
on and on. Q.6. The word “encapsulate” in the passage is farthest in
meaning to:
This extreme and simplified example does encapsulate
the wonderful balancing act that is supply and (1) Summarize (2) Put in a nutshell
demand. The market is generally much more (3) Abridge (4) Expand
responsive in real life, and true supply shocks are (5) Control

eXPLANATION
PASSAGE 1 PASSAGE 5
Q.1.(4) Q.2.(4) Q.3.(5) Q.4.(4) Q.5.(3) Q.1.(4) Answer lies in the beginning of the first paragraph.
Q.6.(1) Q.7.(2) Q.8.(4) Q.9.(4) Q.10.(2) Q.2.(2) Answer lies at last of the first paragraph.
PASSAGE 2 Q.3.(5) Answer lies in the beginning of the second paragraph.
Q.4.(5) Answer lies in the beginning of the third paragraph.
Q.1.(1) Hint: Answer lies in the beginning of the fourth
paragraph. Q.5.(1) Answer lies at last of the third paragraph.
Q.2.(4) Hint: Answer lies in the beginning of the third Q.6.(3) Answer lies in the beginning of the fourth
paragraph. paragraph.
Q.7.(4) Answer lies in the mid of the fourth paragraph.
Q.3.(5) Hint: Answer lies at last of the third paragraph.
Q.8.(5)
Q.4.(5) Hint: Answer lies in the first paragraph.
Q.5.(2) Q.6.(5)
PASSAGE 6
Q.1.(4) The answer can be inferred by understanding the
Q.7.(3) For other options
second paragraph.
Fervid(Adj)- passionate
Q.2.(2) By understanding the whole passage, the answer
Q.8.(2) Q.9.(2) can be inferred.
Q.10.(3) For other options Q.3.(2) By reading and understanding the complete
Allure(V)-attract passage, it can be clearly understood that the
whole passage is describing the various cultures,
PASSAGE 3 religions and ideologies present in India.
Q.1.(3) Q.2.(5) Q.3.(2) Q.4.(3) Q.5.(4) Q.4.(3) In this passages, the author tries to justify to
Q.6.(4) Q.7.(4) Q.8.(3) Q.9.(4) Q.10.(5) support the Indian constitution, present the factors
and tell you why he feels something is better.
PASSAGE 4
Q.5.(5) By understanding the first paragraph, the answer
Q.1.(4) Q.2.(1) Q.3.(5) Q.4.(5) Q.5.(2) can be inferred.
Q.6.(2) Q.7.(1) Q.8.(1) Q.9.(4) Q.10.(2) Q.6.(4)

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FILL IN
CHAPTER

16 THE BLANKS
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

For most of the govt. exams ‘Fill in the Blanks’ is one of need to use the elimination method.
the most important topics in English language section, from 6. In some of the questions your knowledge and
which you can score more marks easily. To answer these understanding of idioms and phrases in English
questions, you must have very good Vocabulary of English Language are tested. Hence, be sure to have a good
words and basic knowledge of grammar as well. skill of such idioms/phrases.
1. To read the sentence in the question very carefully 7. Be ensured that the meaning of the sentence is intact.
is very important to solve such questions. Most of the As you place the suitable option, do check that the
times, clues about the word needed to fill in the blank sentence expresses a plausible meaning.
– a name, a date or a fact – can be easily derived from
8. In case you are stuck between two or more options, you
the meaning of the sentence itself.
can go for the hit & trial method – one by one place
2. To keep serious attention to grammar related clues is each of the suitable options in place of the missing word
one of the important tools, for example, if the article, in the sentence. The option which gives you the likely
“a” comes before the blank, then it is understood that the meaning to the sentence would probably be the correct
answer must begin with a consonant. Such grammatical answer.
clues can greatly help in deciding the answers.
9. It is very important not to spend a lot of time on single
3. You must understand the logical structure of a sentence question. If you are not able to spot the correct answer
and pay attention to what the question needs. after various efforts, leave the question.
4. It is very essential to understand the context of the
10. Each word expresses two things:  a definition and a
sentence. While reading the given sentence, you must
connotation. A connotation is a positive, negative, or
try to infer the tone of the missing word.
neutral feeling that is implied by or associated with a
5. In some of the fill in the blank questions, you are
word. 
supposed to fill more than one blank. In such cases you
Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

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exercise
(1) Only (B) (2) Only (C)
EXERCISE- 1
(3) Both (A) and (B) (4) Both (B) and (C)
Choose the most appropriate option among (A), (B) (5) None of them
and (C) which completes the sentence and makes it
Q.6. Higher education attainment _______________, to
meaningfully correct.
our economy and to individuals.
Q.1. Last night critics said that by raising the question
(A) is more importance than ever
Facebook ran the risk of appearing to ____________
is a criminal offence. (B) is more much important then ever
(A) condoned such activity, which (C) is much more important than ever
(B) condone such activity, who (1) Only A (2) Both A and C
(3) Only C (4) Both A and B
(C) condone such activity, that
(5) None of them
(1) Only (B) (2) Only (C)
Q.7. Many of the institutions targeted _______ need-
(3) Both (A) and (B) (4) Both (B) and (C)
based aid, and have committed to do even more
(5) None of them
through programs like the American Talent Initiative. 
Q.2. GAIL owns a petrochemical plant in Uttar Pradesh,
(A) already spent significance amounts at
which ______ the marketing unit to either IOC or
BPCL. (B) already spend significant amounts on
(A) could be sell along with (C) spend significant amounts earlier on
(B) could be sold along with (1) Only A (2) Both A and C
(C) could being sold along with (3) Only C (4) Both B and C
(1) Only (B) (2) Only (C) (5) None of them
(3) Both (A) and (B) (4) Both (B) and (C) Q.8. Just consider the effect of the legislation on India’s
(5) None of them long-term _________________ .
Q.3. Italy faces a hung parliament after populist parties (A) economic growth and competitiveness
surged in a general election characterized by anger (B) economic surge and competitiveness
over _______________ .
(C) economical growth and competitiveness
(A) migrating and a stuttering economy
(1) Only A (2) Both A and C
(B) migration and stutter economy
(3) Only C (4) Both A and B
(C) migration and a stuttering economies
(5) None of them
(1) Only (B) (2) Only (C)
Q.9. What’s the common factor _____________
(3) Both (A) and (B) (4) Both (B) and (C)
avoidable tragedies? 
(5) None of them
(A) in nearly every one of these
Q.4. The two populist parties showed that the wave of
anti-system voting in Europe, _________________ (B) in near every one of these
sparked Brexit, has triumphed in Italy. (C) in nearly every one of they
(A) who many observers believe (1) Only A (2) Both A and C
(B) which much observers believe (3) Only C (4) Both A and B
(C) which many observers believe (5) None of them
(1) Only (B) (2) Only (C) Q.10. The National Rifle Association _____________ of
(3) Both (A) and (B) (4) Both (B) and (C) these free-for-all markets, and Congress isn’t willing
(5) None of them to address the issue. 
Q.5. The company had earlier resisted the split on the grounds (A) continues to oppose any federal regulation
that its gas marketing and transmission businesses (B) maintains to disapprove any federal regulation
operate at arm's length and, hence, ______ .
(C) continues to opposite any federal regulation
(A) do not needed to be separated
(1) Only A (2) Both A and C
(B) do not need to be separated (3) Only C (4) Both A and B
(C) do not need to be segregated (5) None of them
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Q.10. The Managing Director treated the employees to a
EXERCISE- 2
_______ lunch at an expensive hotel.
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the
most appropriate word from among those given words (1) Precious (2) Thriving
in options. (3) Studpendous (4) Magnanimous
Q.1. Samples were collected and sent to _______ for (5) Sumptuous
testing.
EXERCISE- 3
(1) schools (2) jewellery
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the
(3) library (4) laboratories most appropriate word from among those given words
(5) research in options.
Q.2. There are a large number of reasons which _______ Q.1. ______ I not informed you about this, you would
people to buy gold coins during Dhanteras. have missed the examination.
(1) hinder (2) discourages (1) If (2) Provided
(3) foster (4) priority (3) Unless (4) Had
(5) motivate
(5) Have
Q.3. The forest department grants permission for _______
monkeys. Q.2. The most encouraging fact is that the technology is
spreading ______ the country and reaching villages
(1) capturing (2) diverting
and small towns.
(3) guide (4) caught
(1) from (2) far
(5) attract
(3) among (4) over
Q.4. The professors of the college consider students their
______ and respect their views. (5) across
(1) equals (2) enemies Q.3. My teacher is one of the best teachers ______.
(3) rivalry (4) friendship (1) Who I know (2) Which I know
(5) collegue (3) I had know (4) I know
Q.5. The festival season brings ______ good cheer in the (5) that I know
market. Q.4. His _______ contribution to the relief fund was
(1) over (2) in appreciated by his family.
(3) at (4) from (1) negligible (2) noteworthy
(5) for (3) spontaneous (4) generous
Q.6. He likes spending money on _____property. (5) meagre
(1) sold (2) speculate Q.5. If only he ________ told us the truth in the first
(3) worth (4) buying place, things wouldn't have gone wrong .
(5) manipulate (1) has (2) would have
Q.7. People prefer performing puja in _____ style. (3) had (4) should have
(1) Artificial (2) traditional (5) could have
(3) orthodox (4) show (5) uniqueness Q.6. The neighbour grabbed the girl, and rolled her on
Q.8. He _____ his car outside the shop. the road and ______ the flames.
(1) Parked (2) throwing (1) smothered (2) extinguished
(3) burn (4) stoppage (3) burn out (4) fizz
(5) vandalizing (5) move in
Q.9. If you drink too much, it will _______ your Q.7. Sometimes the greatest inventions ________ an idea
judgement. of starting simplicity.
(1) impede (2) impair (1) stumble (2) hinge upon
(3) impose (4) impel (3) starves without (4) lacks
(5) improve (5) moved on

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Q.8. On dark night, Darvesh _____ passing by a day well. Q.7. An employment advertisement should ............the
(1) wasn't (2) happened to be number of vacancies.
(3) discovered in (4) found to (1) provide (2) declare
(5) would not (3) contain (4) specify
Q.9. Sam asked me to keep his secret ________. (5) focus
(1) secret (2) in myself Q.8. The family gave father a gold watch on the ............
of his fifteenth birthday.
(3) amongst us (4) between us
(1) time (2) event
(5) among them
(3) occasion (4) celebration
Q.10. It was ________ weather that she had ever
experienced. (5) rational
(1) cold (2) the worst Q.9. The passengers were afraid but the captain ............
them that there was no danger.
(3) good (4) bad
(1) promised (2) advised
(5) better
(3) assured (4) counselled
EXERCISE- 4
(5) provided
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the
Q.10. It’s very kind of you to ............ to speak at the
most appropriate word from among those given words
meeting.
in options.
(1) comply (2) agree
Q.1. The government is confident that the standard of
living will begin to ........ again soon. 3) accept (4) concur
(1) rise (2) lift (5) delivered
(3) flourish (4) revive EXERCISE- 5
(5) specific Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the
Q.2. On second reading his poems strike us as most appropriate word from among those given words
singularly .......... of sublime emotions. in options.
(1) attributive (2) significative Q.1. The primary purpose of modern weapons is ............
to prevent a particular course of action by a specific
(3) symptomatic (4) evocative
threat.
(5) movement
(1) deterrent (2) prognostic
Q.3. Health is too important to be ..........
(3) minatory (4) hegemony
(1) neglected (2) discarded
(5) unbelieveably
(3) despised (4) detested
Q.2. As for the free world, trade with Cuba as been taking
(5) tell place on a modest scale despite the .............
Q.4. Even a ......... glance will reveal the mystery. opposition of the United States.
(1) crude (2) cursory (1) casual (2) independent
(3) critical (4) curious (3) clandestine (4) overt
(5) prefer (5) urge
Q.5. Like any other country India has its ............ share Q.3. The basic structure of the living cell is a problem
of superstitions. whose ................ can be judged by reference to the
(1) abundant (2) fair difficult exploration of the structure of the atom.
(3) proper (4) peculiar (1) importance (2) universality
(5) proportion (3) complexity (4) antiquity
Q.6. Hindus believe that ....... from the cycle of birth and (5) clarity
rebirth can be attained only by good deeds. Q.4. The endless battle to modernise the .......... structure
(1) bondage (2) deliverance of work rules on the nation's railroads appears
destined to reach the showdown stage with a strike
(3) delivery (4) retirement
at one minute after midnight tonight.
(5) renewal
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(1) anemic (2) impracticable (1) capacity (2) ongoing
(3) archaic (4) streamlined (3) tendency (4) potential
(5) serious
(5) markedly
Q.2. I. India’s economic rise since 1991 has ____ in
Q.5. Cyprus is still not economically viable,
a sharp rise in resource needs, from petroleum
though............... important, it is militarily weak in
products to power and infrastructure.
its own right.
II. Regular trips back to her motherland have _____
(1) necessarily (2) strategically
in her first book My Sweet Dreamland.
(3) scarcely (4) independently
(1) transformed (2) resulted
(5) cruely
(3) transcribed (4) translated
Q.6. He's gone through a ................ He is not at all the
(5) brought
man he was when he was a combat officer.
Q.3. I. Nehru may have had ____ for Akbar and the great
(1) metamorphosis (2) crisis
Mughals’faith in religious tolerance, but Nehru’s
(3) frustration (4) surveillance single-minded emulation of Asoka left no room
(5) Examination for Akbar’s own heroic attempt to foster religious
Q.7. It was Jacob Grimm who transformed philology coexistence.
from an .............. study in to an exact science. II. I have always had the greatest _____ for him.
(1) abstruse (2) alleged (1) admiration (2) contempt
(3) esoteric (4) errant (3) good will (4) love
(5) crucial (5) perception
Q.8. As the waves rose and the ship tossed, many of the Q.4. I. The Empowered Group of Ministers on telecom
passengers felt............ is _____ to meet on Friday.
(1) lethargic (2) subdued II. No new talks are _____.
(3) tremulous (4) queasy (1) fixed (2) going
(5) uneasily (3) scheduled (4) discussing
Q.9. Although advertising men often complain that their (5) sure
industry is hemmed in by government regulations, Q.5. I. Buyers can look for deals _____ a variety of
the fact remains that a/an ............... attitude toward product ranges.
Madison Avenue continues to exist in this country.
II. The wind pushed her hair _____ her face.
(1) laissez faire (2) savoir faire
(1) in (2) among
(3) bete noire (4) idee fixe
(3) on (4) about
(5) allusion
(5) across
Q.10. The knockout wallop travelled only seven or eight
Q.6. The Prime Minister ____ the jump in India’s ranking
inches and, admittedly, did not look like much. But
as historic and said it was a ____ of all-round and
boxing experts, and ............. scientists, will
multi-sectoral reform push.
attest that punches that travel more than a foot lose
much of their initial force, (1) hailed, result
(1) nuclear (2) biological (2) accepted, representation
(3) electronic (4) kinetic (3) acclaimed, cause
(5) successful (4) rejected, evolution
EXERCISE- 6 (5) declined, consequence
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most Q.7. The panel has decided to have a thorough ____ at
appropriate option. electoral reforms, delay in appointment of judges
Q.1. I. For a country with one of the largest reserves of and the problems in the public grievance _____
natural resources in the world, the transformational mechanism.
_____ of India’s resources sector is immense. (1) attention, satisfaction
II. We are aware of the _____ problem and have (2) examination, elimination
taken every precaution. (3) study, reforms
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(4) focus, solution (1) deterioration, untrammeled
(5) look, redressal (2) height, restrained
Q.8. Avigorous Nort-East monsoon _____ to intensity (3) essence, unhampered
over Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, _____ heavy to (4) alienation, compulsory
very heavy rain at a few places and extremely heavy
(5) epitome, discriminating
rain in isolated places.
Q.5. Although there were.........circumstances in this
(1) rose, giving
particular violation of the law, the judge ruled that
(2) increased, dropping there had to be strict.........or there would be no law
(3) went down, showering at all.
(4) scaled up, delivering (1) extraordinary, complaisance
(5) declined, pouring (2) specific, obedience
Q.9. A mechanical engineer _____ training, he joined Tata (3) tantalising, adherence
Steel in 1988 after _____ his management education (4) extenuating, compliance
from IIM Calcutta.
(5) questionable, observation
(1) in competing (2) by, completing
Q.6. In spite of all............,when cheaters were caught,
(3) of, doing (4) for, joining there is evidence of the ..... of the rigid rules of
(5) with, taking external help on civil service tests.
Q.10. ......of crops was due to continuous............... (1) threats, encompassment
(1) Loss, draught (2) Ruin, draft (2) surveillance, vulnerability
(3) Failure, drought (4) Depreciation, drift (3) temptation, flouting
(5) None of these
(4) precautions, circumvention
EXERCISE- 7 (5) discouragement, acceptance
In each of the following sentences there are two blank Q.7. Hungarians may grumble about the difficulty
spaces. Below each sentence there are four or five pair of of acquiring cars, but they point quickly to a
words denoted with numbers (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). Find compensation: the............look of their tree-lined
out which pair of words can be filled up in the blanks in avenues and the absence of ......... exhaust fumes.
the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence
(1) calm, superfluous (2) otiose, poisonous
meaningfully complete.
(3) tranquil, copious (4) anomalous, fetid
Q.1. It is a well-known.........that the lover of the sea craves
for dry land, the age-old........to be where we are not. (5) uncluttered, noxious
(1) belief, antipathy (2) anomaly, delirious Q.8. In architecture, much more than in any of the other
fine arts, there is a marked time lag between the
(3) credo, inspiration (4) contention, duplicity
.................. of ideas and their ............... in the shape
(5) paradox, yearning of completed building.
Q.2. Why should a university...............the values (1) settlement, fruition
which are supposedly basic to its functioning and
(2) creation, welcoming
give an honorary doctorate to one who has not
distinguished himself in a/an ............. manner? (3) tradition, modernization
(1) deflate, scholarly (2) foretell, worldly (4) dawn, practicability
(3) vilify, collegiate (4) abuse, doctrinaire (5) emergence, application
(5) debase, academic Q.9. In analyzing the.............teenage population,
Madison Avenue has decided that it is eminently
Q.3. Such stalling tactics are...........to all fans and cannot
receptive to the ............... of advertising.
be........... .
(1) proliferating, become
(1) repugnant, condoned (2) anathema, ascertained
(2) ubiquitous, mystique
(3) injurious, explained (4) unfair, superseded
(3) diminishing, fantasy
(5) understandable, countenanced
(4) burgeoning, blandishments
Q.4. The...........of democratic freedom is dialogue and
the ............. interchange of diverse ideas. (5) viable, syndrome

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Q.10. No matter how ......... the Russians are of wish to Q.7. We cannot....such a/an.....act of violence.
appear, they, as well as we, know that to survive it is (1) tolerate, insipid (2) consider, important
necessary to reach agreements which may .............. (3) commit, magnificent (4) pardon, egregious
mutual sacrifices. (5) neglect, insignificant
(1) fatuous, necessitate Q.8. The secretary.........the society’s funds,.....he was
(2) bellicose, evade dismissed.
(3) refractory, obliterate (1) misplaced, soon (2) rolled, thus
(4) indifferent, subsume (3) pirated, therefore (4) misappropriated, so
(5) Continued, for
(5) intransigent, entail
Q.9. The.......words of the mother comforted the
EXERCISE- 8 ........child.
In each of the following sentences there are two blank (1) harsh, naughty (2) sweet, happy
spaces. Below each sentence there are four or five pair (3) soft, energetic (4) melodious, playful
of words denoted with numbers (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). (5) salty, sad
Find out which word can be filled up in the blanks in
the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence Q.10. Santosh looked very happy and.........when he heard
meaningfully complete. that his proposed scheme was.......by the committee.
Q.1. They wanted to....all these books, but they could not (1) energetic, rejected
find.....time to do so. (2) elated, accepted
(1) cover, almost (2) pursue, necessary (3) satisfied, stalled
(3) dispose, some (4) read, sufficient (4) disconsolate, approved
(5) buy, some (5) overwhelming, received
Q.2. Though he is reputed for his technical...., his books EXERCISE- 9
were sadly........of the works of others as he lacked
originality. In each of the following sentences there are two blank
spaces. Below each sentence there are four or five pair of
(1) advice, unconscious (2) skill, independent
words denoted with numbers (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). Find
(3) knowledge, ignorant (4) expertise, derivative out which pair of words can be filled up in the blanks in
(5) dependence, indicative the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence
Q.3. He had managed to........several times, but was meaningfully complete.
finally........by the police. Q.1. A ..............is a.................... .
(1) deceive, cheated (2) defend, acquitted (1) norm, standard (2) knowledge, mistake
(3) escape, arrested (4) cheat, robbed (3) student, school (4) doctrine, follower
(5) abscond, kidnapped (5) thesis, superstition
Q.4. The candidate’s .......at the polls was.....as he won Q.2. A ...........shade of distinction is a................. .
with a striking margin. (1) beautiful, vindication (2) complete, profanity
(1) claim, unrealistic (2) victory, overwhelming (3) subtle, nuance (4) thorough, prejudice
(5) entire, paradox
(3) image, real (4) strategy, unsuccessful
Q.3. .............flattery is known as......................
(5) candidature, inappropriate
(1) Regular, maturity
Q.5. In......of international matters, there is always an
element of risk in.....one might do. (2) Indiscriminate, encomium
(1) view, whichever (2) many, doing (3) Servile, adulation
(3) defence, wrong (4) case, whatever (4) Unasked for, gratitude
(5) spite, whatever (5) Cowardly, temerity
Q.6. We must prevent endangered wild animal Q.4. At some private schools, pupils are under the
species from becoming.....in order that our future ............. of a ........... .
generation may.....the great diversity of animal life.
(1) guidance, palladium (2) tutelage, teacher
(1) rare, escape (2) outdated, know
(3) volatile, notice (4) powerful, protect (3) coaching, verity (4) assiduity, palladium
(5) extinct, enjoy (5) consensus, mentor

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Q.5. A large..............centre is a/an............. . (1) infallible, unexpected (2) dependable, simple
(1) district, affliction (2) transport, automobile (3) confidant, fanciful (4) reliable, inventive
(3) civic, utarchy (4) shopping, emporium (5) noteworthy, fanciful
(5) educational, indignity Q.3. Athletes have so perfected their techniques in track
Q.6. ...................persons are inclined to.............. . and field events that the ........... becomes ............
before record books can be published.
(1) Obese, corpulence
(1) announcement, public
(2) Generous, leanness
(2) meet, official
(3) Domineering, temperance
(3) time, authentic
(4) Vacillating, determination
(4) fantastic, common place
(5) Cowering, effrontery
(5) result, universal
Q.7. A ..............is a temporary................. .
Q.4. Like the .......... part of an iceberg, much of what is
(1) deviation, rest (2) shambles, journey
really interesting in the capital is not......
(3) respite, relief (4) paradox, enchantment
(1) inner, known (2) submerged, visible
(5) feint, spell
(3) greater, dangerous (4) upper, viable
Q.8. .............language may also be termed...............
(5) lower, penetrable
(1) Eloquent, exiguous
Q.5. Hence the word sophistry has an unfavourable
(2) Frenzied, placid ......... and means arguing deceitfully, attempting to
(3) Abusive, scurrilous turn a poor case into a good one by means of clever
(4) Contumacious, flattering but................ reasoning.
(5) Denunciatory, peripatetic (1) denotation, ingenuous
Q.9. A..............of small stones is called a................ (2) meaning, ingenious
(1) design, numismatist (2) collar, tiara (3) connotation, specious
(3) seller, connoisseur (4) mound, lithograph (4) significance, vague
(5) pattern, mosaic (5) impact, cogent
Q.10. Suzerainty is..............control over a ............... state. Q.6. He warned the workers against the anti-social
(1) full, democratic (2) domestic, backward policies, which he declared would ............rather
(3) central, unified (4) political, dependent than.............the plight of the common people.
(5) economic, federate (1) rescue, destroy
EXERCISE- 10 (2) encourage, defy
In each of the following sentences there are two blank (3) aggravate, alleviate
spaces. Below each sentence there are four or five pair of (4) empower, improve
words denoted with numbers (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5). Find (5) protract, inhibit
out which pair of words can be filled up in the blanks in
the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence
EXERCISE- 11
meaningfully complete. Q.1-5. In the following sentences there are two blank
spaces and five pair of words have been denoted in
Q.1. To encourage colonial peoples in their aspirations
the table match the suitable pair. Find out which
to attain independence before it is ........proved that
pair of words can be filled in the blanks in order
a..............state will evolve instead of anarchy is
to make a meaningful sentence.
unforgivable.
Q.1. The students were asked to __________ and then
(1) unchanged, formidable
exhale forcefully into a testing device to check their
(2) certainty, sympathetic lung__________.
(3) succinctly, redoubtable
Column 1 Column 2
(4) incontrovertibly, viable
A. join D. power
(5) unequivocally, mobile
B. focus E. capacity
Q.2. Human memory is not.............especially on .............
happenings. C. inhale F. part

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(1) A-E (2) B-E (1) A-E (2) B-E
(3) C-D (4) A-F (3) C-F (4) A-F
(5) C-E (5) C-E
Q.2. Japan was among the first countries to __________ its EXERCISE- 12
vehicle manufacturers to do end-of-life __________
Q.1-5. In the following questions, two sentences are given
of their merchandise.
with two blanks and against them two pair of
Column 1 Column 2 same words (A) & (B) but in different order are
A. mandate D. recycling given in each option, Choose the correct option
of which both the words of each pair can be filled
B. force E. convert in the blanks respectively and complete both the
C. panache F. flamboyant sentences meaningfully.
(1) A-E (2) B-E Q.1. (A) The Gita tries to ________ the individual’s
attention towards a sincere examination of the
(3) C-D (4) A-D
worth of one’s goals and desires by using the
(5) C-E most valuable gift ‘the _______ ’ to analyze and
Q.3. High-altitude areas in Jammu ___________ the see things in proper perspective.
season's first heavy snowfall which led to closure (B) It is foolish to _________ into life seeking goals
of the Mughal Road, the alternate link _________ that only leave one stressful and dissatisfied,
Kashmir and rest of the country, for vehicular for desires that remain unfulfilled are the main
traffic. _________ of sorrow and problems in life.
Column 1 Column 2 (1) A- plunge, intellect B- plunge, redirect,
A. witnessed D. during (2) A- redirect , intellect B- plunge , cause
B. observed E. nearly (3) A- plunge, redirect B- cause, intellect
C. spotted F. between (4) A- redirect, cause B- plunge, intellect,
(1) A-E (2) B-E (5) No pair is correct
(3) C-D (4) A-F Q.2. (A) Current history, which looks episodic, is the
(5) C-E _______ stages of a very long-term policy
Q.4. The NIA has __________ a case in connection with moving internationally, but ______ only in the
the killing of RSS leader nearly a month after the long perspective of time.
government decided to hand over the __________ (B) We need not confine the basic elements of
to the central probe agency. ________ thoughts to modern times, especially
Column 1 Column 2 when we ________ the roles and status of
women in our own modern societies.
A. lodged D. analysis
(1) A- primitive, contemplate
B. reported E. investigation
B- culminating, visible
C. registered F. inspection
(2) A- culminating, visible
(1) A-E (2) B-E
B- primitive, contemplate
(3) C-D (4) A-F
(5) C-E (3) A- contemplate, visible
Q.5. A survey conducted by Heal foundation __________ B- primitive, culminating
that a majority of people think it is the whole and (4) A- culminating, contemplate
sole responsibility of the government to ________ B- primitive, visible
the air.
(5) No pair is correct
Column 1 Column 2 Q.3. (A) If one attains mystical insight by divine
A. thought D. purify intervention, it is likely to ______ in a closed
B. planned E. immaculate system of thought, meaning a system that claims
to _____ all the necessary knowledge for proper
C. suggested F. clean conduct of life.
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(B) Happiness has _______ something that can followed by five alternatives. Choose the one
be monitored and measured, including by our which fits into both the sentences-:
behavior, use of social media and bodily ______ Q.1. I. Meteorological conditions have slightly improved
such as pulse rate and facial expressions. causing ______ of pollutants but the air quality
(1) A- become, possess B- ensue, indicators might deteriorate with dense fog engulfing the
(2) A- ensue, indicators B- become possess capital which may degrade the air quality.
II. The company broke the law when it decided for
(3) A- ensue, possess B- become, indicators
__________ of hazardous waste into the ocean.
(4) A- possess, ensue B- indicators, become
(1) Spread (2) Accumulation
(5) No pair is correct
(3) Dissemination (4) Divergence
Q.4. (A) Our huge problem with plastic is the result of a
(5) Dispersion
permissive legal framework that has _________
the uncontrolled rise of plastic pollution, despite Q.2. I. There are movies which we should watch with
clear ________ of the harm it causes to local kids to ____________and inspire in them
communities and the world’s oceans. virtues and humanitarian ethics.
(B) Economists have _________ most of the II. With his efforts, he has brought political and
20th century ignoring psychology, positive judiciary action that ___________ media in
or otherwise but today there is a great deal of favor of the most deprived section of the society.
_________ on how happiness can shape global (1) Refine (2) Sensitize
economies on a smaller scale.
(3) Petrify (4) Pacify
(1) A- evidence, emphasis (5) Benumbed
B- legitimatized, depleted Q.3. I. There will be a ‘boomerang effect’ on regulation
(2) A- legitimatized, emphasis with more __________ policy to compensate
B- depleted, evidence for the current weak regulation.

(3) A- depleted, evidence II. The Government needs to be more ______ for the
security measures concerned so far in the country.
B- emphasis, legitimatized
(1) Stringent (2) Mild
(4) A- legitimatized, evidence
(3) Pliant (4) Liberal
B- depleted, emphasis
(5) Sensitive
(5) No pair is correct
Q.4. I. Rural distress, farm discontent, and “arrogance
Q.5. (A) Encouraging individuals to __________ more of power” are being cited as reasons for the ruling
will never solve the problem of a massive party’s impending _______ in Chhattisgarh.
production of single-use plastic that should
II. The views expressed by the orator, it was called
have been __________ in the first place.
a ___________by the critics.
(B) Scientists have long recognized that plastics
(1) Tumultuous (2) Debacle
____ slowly, if at all, and pose multiple _____ to
wildlife through entanglement and consumption. (3) Debonair (4) Ignominy
(1) A- biodegrade, avoided B- recycle, threats (5) Ubiquity
(2) A- recycle, avoided B- threats ,biodegrade Q.5. I. We should go into the details on why there was
a/an___________ which forced him to take this
(3) A- recycle, avoided B- biodegrade, threats ultimate decision of resignation.
(4) A- threats, avoided B- recycle, biodegrade II. The political parties have reached a/an
(5) No pair is correct. ________ in the present situation.
EXERCISE- 13 (1) Implausible (2) Impasse
Q.1-5. In the following questions, two sentences with (3) Breakthrough (4) Plight
blanks have been given. These sentences are (5) Standstill

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EXPLANATION
For other options:
EXERCISE 1
impede - to delay or stop the progress of
Q.1.(2) Option (2) condone such activity, that
something.
Q.2.(1) Option (1) could be + v3
Impose - to force somebody to have to deal with
Q.3.(5) Option (5) migration and a stuttering economy something difficult.
Q.4.(2) Option (2) which many observers believe, Impel - if an idea or feeling impels you to do
observers are countable noun, so plural verb is something.
used.
eg. He felt impelled to investigate further.
Q.5.(4) Both (B) and (C), because both follow the correct
Q.10.(5) sumptuous - very expensive and looking very
grammatical structure.
impressive.
Q.6.(3)
For other options :
Q.7.(4)
thriving- becoming successful, strong, healthy.
Q.8.(4)
stupendous - extremely large or impressive.
Q.9.(1)
magnanimous - Kind, generous and forgiving.
Q.10.(4)
EXERCISE 3
EXERCISE 2
Q.1.(4) Q.2.(5) Q.3.(5)
Q.1.(4) laboratories - a room or building used for scientific
Q.4.(4) For other options :
research.
Spontaneous - not planned but done because you
Q.2.(5) For other options:
suddenly want to do it.
hinder - to make it difficult for somebody to do
meagre - small in quantity and poor in quality.
something.
Q.5.(3)
foster - to encourage something to develop.
Q.6.(2) extinguish - to make a fire stop burning or a light
Q.3.(1) capture - to catch a person or an animal as a
stop shining.
prisoner.
For other options :
For other options:
smothered - to kill somebody by covering their
diverting - entertaining and amusing.
face so that they cannot breathe.
Q.4.(1) For other options:
Eg. He smothered the baby with a pillow.
rivalry - a state in which two people are competing
fizz- the small bubbles of gas in a liquid.
for the same thing.
Q.7.(2) hinge upon - to depend on something completely.
Q.5.(2)
For other options :
Q.6.(4) For other options:
stumble - to hit your foot against something while
speculate - to buy property or goods hoping to
you are walking or running.
make a profit when you see them but at a risk.
Q.8.(2) Q.9.(4) Q.10.(2)
Q.7.(2) traditional - being part of the beliefs, customs.
For other options: EXERCISE 4
orthodox - following closely the traditional beliefs Q.1.(1) For other options :
and practices of a religion. flourish - to develop quickly and be successful or
Q.8.(1) For other options: common.
vandalizing - to damage something, especially revive- to become, or to make somebody/
public property, deliberately and for no good something become strong again.
reason. Q.2.(1) attributive - (attribute :- feature, character) used
Q.9.(2) Impair - to damage something or make something before a noun to describe it.
worse. For other options :
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significative - implied, ellusive. Q.5.(2) strategically - (adv.) (Strategic - done as a part of a
symptomatic - being a sign of an illness or a plan that is meant to achieve a particular purpose.)
problem. Q.6.(1) metamorphosis - a process in which somebody
evocative - making you think of or remember a or something changes completely into something
strong image or feeling. different.

Q.3.(1) For other options : For other options:

discarded - to get rid of something that you no surveillance - The act of carefully watching a
longer want or need. person suspected of a crime.
despised - disliked and have no respect. Q.7.(1) esoteric - very unusual; understood or liked by
only a small number of people.
Q.4.(2) cursory - done quickly and without giving enough
attention to details. For other options:
Q.5.(2) For other options : abstruse - difficult to undestand.
peculiar- strange or unusual Q.8.(4) queasy - likely to vomit
Q.6.(2) deliverance - the state of being rescued from Eg. I started to feel queasy as soon as the boat left
danger, evil or pain. the harbour.
For other options : For other options:
bondage - the state of being a slave or prisoner. lethargic-lacking in energy.
Q.7.(4) subdued - unusually quiet or unhappy.
Q.8.(3) For other options : tremulous - Eg. He watched her tremulous hand
reach for the teacup.
rational - based on reason rather than emotions.
Q.9.(1) laissez faire - if a government is laissez faire, it
Q.9.(3) Q.10.(2)
does not have many laws and rules which control
EXERCISE 5 economy.
Q.1.(1) deterrent For other options:
Eg. hopefully his punishment will act as a deterrent savoir faire - The ability to do and say the right
to. thing in any social situation.
For other options : bete noire - a person or thing that you particularly
prognostic - (prognosis) an opinion, based on dislike or that annoys you.
medical experience. Q.10.(4) Kinetic-involving or producing movement.
minatory- threatening EXERCISE 6
hegemony - control by one country, organisation Q.1.(4) Q.2.(2) Q.3.(1)
etc. over other countries etc. within a particular
Q.4.(3) Q.5.(5) Q.6.(1)
group.
Q.7.(5) Q.8.(4) Q.9.(2)
Q.2.(4) overt-done in an open way and not secretly.
Q.10.(3)
For other options :
clandestine - done secretly or kept secret. EXERCISE 7
Q.3.(3) For other options: Q.1.(5) paradox - A situation or statement which seems
impossible or is difficult to understand.
antiquity - The ancient past.
yearning - desiring very strongly, especially
Eg. The statue was brought to Rome in antiquity.
something that you cannot have.
Q.4.(3) archaic - very old - fashioned.
For other options:
For other options:
antipathy - strong dislike, opposition or anger.
streamlined - To give something a smooth even
anomaly - a person or thing that is different from
shape so that it can move quickly and easily
what is usual.
through air or water.
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delirious - unable to think or speak clearly because complaisance - ready to accept other people’s
of fever, excitement or mental confusion. actions and opinions.
Credo - a set of beliefs tantalising - to make a person want something that
they can not have.
contention - angry disagreement between people.
Adherence - The act of behaving according to a
Q.2.(5) debase - to make something or somebody less
particular rule.
valuable or respected.
Q.6.(4) Precautions - something that is done in advance
For other options:
in order to prevent problems or to avoid danger.
foretell - to know or say what will happen in the
circumvention - to find way of avoiding a
future.
difficulty.
vilify - to say or write unpleasant things about For other options:
something or somebody so that other people will
have a low opinion of them. encompassment - to include a large number
doctrinaire - strictly following a theory in all surveillance - The act of carefully watching a
circumstances. person suspected of a crime.

Q.3.(1) repugnant - making you feel strong dislike or vulnerability - weak and easily hurt physicially or
disgust. emotionally.

condoned - to accept behaviour that is morally Temptation - The desire to do or have something
wrong. that you know is bad or wrong.
Flouting - to show that you have no respect for a
For other options:
law etc.
anathema - a thing or an idea which you hate.
Q.7.(5) Uncluttered - not containing too many objects,
because it is the opposite of what you believe.
details or unnecessary items.
superseded - to take the place of something that
Noxious - poisonous or harmful.
is considered to be old fashioned
For other options:
countenanced - to support something or agree to
something happening. Superflous - more than you need or want.
Q.4.(3) essence - The most important quality or feature of Otiose - having no useful purpose.
something. Tranquil - quiet and peaceful.
unhampered - it is opposite of hamper. anomalous - different from what is normal or
hamper means to prevent somebody from. expected.

doing and achieving something. fetid - smelling very unpleasant.

For other options: Q.8.(5) emergence : to start to exist.

application - practical use of something.
untrammeled - not restricted or limited.
dawn - The time of day when light first appears.
Deterioration - to become worse.
For other options :
restrained - restricted
Fruition - The successful result of a plan.
alienation - make somebody feel that they do not
belong in a particular group. Q.9.(4) Burgeoning - to begin to grow or develop rapidly,
epitome - a perfect example of something. Blandishments - pleasant things that you say to
somebody.
Q.5.(4) Extenuating - showing reasons why a wrong or
illegal act, should be judged less seriously or For other options:
excused. Proliferating - Increasing rapidly
compliance - The practice of obeying rules or Ubiquitious - seeming to be everywhere.
requests made by people in authority. Mystique - The quality of being mysterious or
For other options: secret that makes somebody seem interesting.

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diminishing-To become smaller, weaker etc. pirated - copied and used or sold somebody’s
fantasy - a pleasant situation that you imagine but work or a product without permission and without
that is unlikely to happen. having the right to do so.

viable - that can be done. Q.9.(4)

syndrome - a set of physical conditions that show Q.10.(2) elated - very happy and excited because of
you have a particular disease. something good that has happened or will happen.

Q.10.(4) indifferent - having or showing no interest in For other options:

somebody/something. stalled - to stop suddenly because of a lack of
subsume - to include something in a particular power or speed.
group. Eg. Discussions have once again stalled.
For other options: disconsolate - very unhappy and disappointed.
intransigent - unwilling to change their opinions EXERCISE 9
or behavious in a way that would be helpful to
Q.1.(1)
others.
Q.2.(3) subtle - not very noticeable or obvious.
bellicose-having or showing a desire to argue.
For other options:
evade - to escape from somebody/something.
profanity - behaviour that shows a lack of respect
refractory - difficult to work
for God or holy things.
obliterate - To wipe out
Q.3.(3) Servile - wanting too much to please somebody
fatuous - Foolish or silly. and obey them.
EXERCISE 8 adulation - admiration and praise.
Q.1.(4) For other options: For other options:
Pursue - to do something or try to achieve encomium - a speech or piece of writing that praises
something over a period of time. somebody or something highly. t e m e r i t y -
Q.2.(4) expertise - Expert knowledge or skill in a particular extremely confident behaviour that people are
subject, activity or job. likely to consider rude.

Q.3.(3) For other options: Q.4.(2) tutelage - the state of being protected or controlled
by another person, organization or country.
acquitted-To decide and state officially in court
that somebody is not guilty of a crime. For other options:

For other options: palladium - a chemical element.

abscond - to escape from a place that you are not verity - a belief or principle about life that is
allowed to leave without permission. accepted as tree.

Q.4.(2) assiduity (noun)-working very hard and taking

great care that everything is done as well as it can
Q.5.(4) For other options: be.
Spite - a feeling of wanting to hurt or upset Q.5.(4)
somebody.
Q.6.(1) corpulence (noun)-people say ‘corpulent’ to avoid
Q.6.(5) For other options: saying ‘fat’.
Volatile - changing easily from one mood to Q.7.(3) respite-a short delay allowed before something
another. difficult or unpleasant must be done.
Q.7.(4) egregious - extremely bad. feint - to confuse your opponent by making them
For other options: think you are going to do one thing when you are
Insipid - to demand that something happens or really going to do something else.
that somebody agrees to do something. Q.8.(3) scurrilous - very rude and insulting.
Q.8.(4) For other options: For other options:

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contumacious-lacking respect for authority. Q.4.(5) For other options:
peripatetic - going from place to place. Lodged (Adj.)- (of a crop) flattened by wind or
Q.9.(5) For other options: rain.

numismatist - a person who collects or studies e.g. - in lodged crops there is rapid leaf decay
coins or medals. Q.5.(3) For other options:
connoisseur - an expect on matters involving the Immaculate (adj.)- clean, spotless
judgement of beauty, quality or skill.
EXERCISE 12
lithograph- a picture printed by lithography.
Q.1.(2) For other options:
Q.10.(4) For other option
Intellect (n): a person's mental powers.
federate- to unit under a central government or
Plunge (v): fall suddenly and uncontrollably.
organisation while keeping some local control.
Q.2.(2) For other options:
EXERCISE 10
Primitive (adj.): having been in existence for a
Q.1.(4) For other option very long time.
Unequivocally (adj)- expressing your opinion or Culminate (v): reach a climax or point of highest
intention very clearly and firmly. development.
Q.2.(1) Infallible- never wrong, never making mistake. Contemplate (v): look thoughtfully
For other option : Q.3.(3) For other options:
Confidant- a person that you trust and who you Ensue (v): happen or occur as a result.
talk to about private or secret things.
Q.4.(4) For other options:
Q.3.(5) Q.4.(2)
Deplete (v): consume, spend
Q.5.(3) Connotation- an idea suggested by a word in
addition to its main meaning. Legitimatize (v): allow, grant
Specious-seeming right or true but actually wrong Q.5.(3)
or false. EXERCISE 13
For other options : Q.1.(5) For other options:
denotation- the act of naming something with a Dispersion (n): throwing or relieving something
word. into large or wide area.
ingenuous- honest, innocent and willing to trust Q.2.(2) For other options:
people.
Petrify (v)- terrify
ingenious- having a lot of clever new ideas and
Pacify (v)- calm, appease
good at inventing things.
Benumb (v)- to make inactive especially by cold.
Cogent- strongly and clearly expressed in a way
that influences what people believe. Q.3.(1) For other options:
Q.6.(3) Pliant (adj.)- easily influenced or directed
EXERCISE 11 Q.4.(2) Debacle (n)- a complete failure, fiasco
Q.1.(5) For other options: For other options:
Inhale (v)- breathe in (air, gas, smoke, etc.) Tumultuous(adj.)- excited, confused
Q.2.(4) For other options: Debonair(adj.)- an attractive, confident man
Panache (n)- flamboyance, confidence Ubiquity(n) – being very common
Flamboyant (adj.)- exuberant, confident Ignominy(n)- humiliation
Q.3.(4) For other options: Q.5.(2) Impasse(n)- deadlock, no progress possible
Spot (v)- allow (an advantage) to (someone) in a Plight(n) – a dangerous, difficult situation.
game or sport.

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CHAPTER
PHRASE
17 REPLACEMENT
Scan the QR code to get video of this chapter.

Sentence correction questions are designed to test a (4) Do not worry about spelling or capitalization errors.
candidate’s ability to identify written English that is The test writers do not test for these two errors.
grammatically-correct. Each question will begin with
sentences, parts of which have been underlined. You will (5) Before you select your answer, re-read the whole
then be presented with 5 different answer choices presenting sentence. Check to make sure the meaning is
alternative ways of stating the underlined portion of the text. unambiguous and that it’s clear, despite its length.
The correct answer will have all of the following 3 (6) Read the entire sentence the second time, inserting
characteristics: your selected answer choice. We have found this to be
a very powerful tip for dealing with sentence correction
1. No grammatical mistakes questions. It can keep you away from making careless
2. Correct sentence structure mistakes that would harm your score.
3. The meaning of the sentence should not change. (7) Don’t forget about the logic of the sentence.
The strategies that can be used to attempt these When down to those last two options, plug each one
questions are :- back into the sentence and see which one makes more
(1) Look out for multiple errors:- sense. Check for clear and logical modification.

A sentence might contain more than one error. A Grammar Tested on Sentence Correction
common fallacy that test-takers fall into is to find one There are several grammatical areas that come up
error and then quickly choose the answer that corrects frequently on Sentence Correction items:
that mistake, without considering whether there are other ##verb/tenses
errors in the sentence that an alternative answer choice
might also address. ##subject/verb agreement
(2) Look out the error in the underlined text only and ##modifiers
always start with the Subject/Verb. (Note:-Modifiers are words, phrase, or clauses that
Do begin by identifying the main subject and the provide description in sentences. Modifiers, breathe life
predicate verb. The subject is the noun that is doing the into sentences and can be adjective, adjective clauses,
action of the sentence. It may not always be the first adverbs, adverb clauses, infinitive phrases, participle
noun you see in the sentence. The predicate verb is the phrases and prepositional phrases .)
main action of the sentence that is being done by the ##comparisons .
subject. There could be many verbs in the sentence, so
##pronoun usage
don’t be fooled!
##idioms
(3) Employ process of elimination wherever possible.
##clarity
The easiest way to use process of elimination in sentence
correction questions is simply to eliminate any answer The last two aren't really rules, and they can be the most
choice that is itself grammatically incorrect. A candidate complicated. For that reason, they should be among your
can also eliminate any choice that alters the intended last priorities.
meaning of the sentence.
Keep Practicing & Keep Learning

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exercise
Ministerial meet should serving as a forum
EXERCISE- 1
for reflection rather than to shape substantive
In each of the following questions, a phrase is bold in agreements.
the sentence and you have to choose the option among
(A) serve as a forum for reflect rather than
(A), (B) and (C) whichever is most appropriate for the
sentence given below. (B) serve as a forum for reflection rather then
Q.1. Having completed the physical examination, the (C) serve as a forum for reflection rather than
tonsils were found to been diseased. (1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(A) the tonsils were found to be diseased (3) Only (C) (4) None of the above
(B) a tonsils, were finding to disease (5) No correction required
(C) the tonsils were finding to being diseased Q.6. If your non-verbal behaviour is timid and weak, even
the strongest performance review may not translate
(1) Only A (2) Both A and C
be into a promotion.
(3) Only B (4) Both A and B
(5) None of them (A) may not translating into
Q.2. All rounders in any cricket team, in actuality, these (B) may not translate into
are normally difficult to discover. (C) may not be translate into
(A) them are normally (B) these are normal (1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(C) they are normally (3) Only (C) (4) None of the above
(5) No correction required
(1) Only A (2) Both A and C
(3) Only C (4) Both A and B Q.7. Since there is a lot of awkwardness around disability,
(5) None of them people from the mainstream community have
developed terminology to make it more comfortable
Q.3. In the attempt to destroy them with
for them.
completeness, the Indian team has launched the
coordinated attack on the opposing team. (A) to made them more comfortable for them
(A) In the attempt to destroy them with (B) to make it more comfort for them
completeness (C) to make it more comfortable for it
(B) In attempting to destroying them completely (1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(C) In an attempt to destroy them completely (3) Only (C) (4) None of the above
(1) Only A (2) Both A and C (5) No correction required
(3) Only C (4) Both A and B Q.8. The media hype around companies that publicize
(5) None of them its initiatives makes it seem like there is a lot
Q.4. The response to the challenge is to make the gains happening. But we have barely made a dent.
of globalisation more visible and its transient (A) publicizes their initiative makes
downsides politically less painful. Trade leaders
gathered in Buenos Aires can ill-afford to lose sight (B) publicize their initiatives makes
of this imperative. (C) publicize their initiatives make
(A) their transient downsides politically less (1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(B) their transient downsides politically less (3) Only (C) (4) None of the above
(C) its transient downsides political less (5) No correction required

(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) Q.9. Product teams come together at the beginning and
end of every week, to jointly outline and reflect on
(3) Only (C) (4) None of the above the week’s goals and challenges.
(5) No correction required
(A) come together on the beginning and
Q.5. Lending credence to such scepticism is the
lukewarm stance the U.S. has adopted towards (B) come together at the begin and
the WTO over the past year, suggesting that the (C) come togetherness at the beginning and

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(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) Q.1. Among his many good qualities, that I remember
(3) Only (C) (4) None of the above is his honesty
(5) No correction required (1) All of his (2) Some of the
Q.10. It’s important to have the body language of a (3) only of his (4) one of his
winner—and you can practise it, though it tend to (5) No correction required
be innate rather than a learned gesture. Q.2. The organization has agreed to shift the conference
(A) it tends to be innate rather at some place convenience to all participants
(B) it tends to being innate rather (1) any of the place convenient
(C) it tend to be innate whether (2) at places convenient
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) (3) from a place of convenience
(3) Only (C) (4) None of the above (4) to a place convenient
(5) No correction required
(5) No correction required
Q.11. The study found that when blind athletes won, they
would raise their hands to the sky in the classic Q.3. As compared to last year there has been a sharp rise
expression of pride. in interest rates.
(A) they would raising their hands (1) sharper rise of (2) as sharp as rise
(B) they would raise its hands (3) sharp rises in (4) sharply rising
(C) they would be raise their hands (5) No correction required.
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) Q.4. A twenty first century economy cannot be helding
(3) Only (C) (4) None of the above hostage by power cuts nor travel on nineteenth
(5) No correction required century roads.
Q.12. Notable among the proposals trade ministers will (1) could not be held (2) cannot be held
be consider are those relating to new rules on (3) would not held (4) can neither be held
farm subsidies, the elimination of support for
(5) No correction required
unsustainable fisheries, and the regulation of
e-commerce. Q.5. When you returned to branch office you must enter
all the relevant details in the ledger stored in this
(A) will consider are those relating to new
cupboard
(B) will considering are those relating to new
(1) return (2) returning
(C) will consider are them relates to new
(3) on returning (4) while returning
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B)
(5) No correction required
(3) Only (C) (4) None of the above
(5) No correction required Q.6. He listened to my objections patiently and then
explained which he had taken such step.
Q.13. The two countries see the news as a prerequisite to
address the prevailing imbalance in the Agreement (1) how he had took (2) why he had taken
on Agriculture, which unfairly benefits developed (3) what he had taken (4) why he has taken
countries.
(5) No correction required
(A) which unfair benefits developed countries
EXERCISE- 3
(B) which unfairly benefit developed countries
In each of the following questions, choose the correct
(C) which unfairly benefits developed country phrase from the options below. If ‘No correction’ is
(1) Only (A) (2) Only (B) required choose (5) as the answer.
(3) Only (C) (4) None of the above Q.1. He is in judicial custody in connection to a multi-
(5) No correction required crore scam.
EXERCISE- 2 (1) on connection at
In each of the following questions, choose the correct (2) In connection with
phrase from the options below. If ‘No correction’ is
(3) into connection around
required choose (5) as the answer.
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(4) around connection for (4) assessed upto be
(5) No correction required (5) No correction required
Q.2. It prompted the bench of judges to sought for there Q.9. It was fascinating seeing that how classes could
classification from CBI. form without anyone organizing anything.
(1) Seek further (2) Sought further (1) seeing how that (2) for seeing when
(3) Seeks far (4) Seek farther (3) on see that (4) to see that
(5) No correction required.
(5) No correction required
Q.10. The RBI is doing the correct thing by asking the
Q.3. India needs to plan to safeguarded the environment. banks to fund the self-help groups directly.
(1) Safeguard the environmental (1) was doing (2) have doing
(2) Safeguard's the environment (3) is done (4) has done
(5) No correction required.
(3) Safeguard the environment
(4) Safeguarding the environment EXERCISE- 4
(5) No correction required In each of the following questions, choose the correct
phrase from the options below. If ‘No correction’ is
Q.4. He has been given the honorary title lastly held by required choose (5) as the answer.
his father.
Q.1. They can joint hands with builders who are
(1) recent holding (2) one held developing residential properties.
(3) recently hold (4) last held
(5) No correction required (1) joined hands to (2) join hands
Q.5. All eight-men were sentenced to rigorous (3) join hands with (4) joining hands along
imprisonment. (5) No correction required
(1) For rigorously imprision Q.2. Nothing was charged for those who took part in the
(2) At rigorous imprisonment event.
(3) About rigorous imprision (1) take part of (2) taken parts with
(4) With rigorously imprisonment (3) takes parted with (4) took part into
(5) No correction required (5) No correction required
Q.6. There was a total failure of the administration to Q.3. More people will become keen too opt for a home
acted on time. loan.
(1) Act in time (2) Acts on timely (1) keen to opt (2) keen of opt
(3) Act on time (4) Acted within time (3) keen at opting (4) keen by opted
(5) No correction required (5) No correction required
Q.7. He has a collection of photographs captures the Q.4. The story revolves round two small town girls.
essence of Bhutan.
(1) revolve circling (2) revolved about
(1) Essential capture
(3) revolve under (4) revolves around
(2) Capturing the essence
(5) No correction required
(3) Captures essence
Q.5. The player was find guilty of match fixing.
(4) Captured the essence
(1) finds guilty (2) find guilt
(5) No correction required
(3) found guilty (4) found guilt
Q.8. His IQ was assessed to become the highest among
(5) No correction required
his fellow students.
Q.6. If the present trend continues the cost of a good
(1) assessed to becomes
personal computer system even can be lower from
(2) assessed to becoming Rs. 10,000 soon.
(3) assessed to became (1) Can be lowest up to Rs. 10,000 soon.

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(2) Can be as low as Rs. 10,000 soon Q.3. CBDT had expanded its investigative branch too
(3) Could be lower to Rs. 10,000 immediately deal with the flood of information coming form
foreign countries.
(4) Will be as lower as Rs. 10,000 soon
(1) to deal with (2) to dealt with
(5) No correction required
(3) had deals with (4) have deal with
Q.7. Other countries eradicated this disease ten years
ago. (5) No correction required
(1) have eradicated (2) will eradicate Q.4. India shot down a petrol plane belong to Pakistan
Navy.
(3) had eradicated (4) will be eradicated
(1) petrol plane belong
(5) No correction required
(2) patrol plane belonging
Q.8. Resolutions must be introducing quickly to repeal
the outdated laws. (3) patrol planes belonging
(1) Be introducing to quick repeal (4) petrol plane belonged
(2) have to be introduced to quick repealing. (5) No correction required
(3) Be quickly introduced to repeal. Q.5. More policemen will be deployed for the security
of the foreign minister.
(4) Be quick introducing to repeal
(5) No correction required (1) will have deploy

Q.9. Though his actions were severe criticism, he didn't (2) have deployment
lose his temper. (3) will be deploy
(1) were severely criticised (4) will have deployed
(2) were at severely criticising (5) No correction required
(3) Had severely criticised EXERCISE- 6
(4) Had severe criticised Q1-5. In each of the following questions, a part of
(5) No correction required the sentence is highlighted. Below are given
Q.10. She always behaves as if she has not care at all alternatives to the highlighted part which
about my feelings. may improve the sentence. Choose the correct
alternative. In case no improvement is needed,
(1) As though she will not (2) As if she did not option 'E' is the answer.
(3) As far as she doesn't (4) Like if she does not Q.1. The members of the department has a visual
(5) No correction required analog scale when they ask the patients and the
caregivers to rate its behaviour, tasks they can do
EXERCISE- 5 and their state of mind.
In each of the following questions, choose the correct (1) have a visual analog scale when they ask
phrase from the options below. If ‘No correction’ is the patients and the caregivers to rate their
required choose (5) as the answer. behaviour, tasks they can
Q.1. Solar energy is been used to provide light to people.
(2) has a visual analog scale where it ask the patients
(1) have being used to (2) be used to and the caregivers to rate its behaviour, tasks
(3) being used to (4) be using to they can
(5) No correction required (3) have a visual analog scale where they ask
the patients and the caregivers to rate their
Q.2. Two more projects will be taking up by the behaviour, tasks they can
government soon.
(4) has a visual analog scale which they ask
(1) took up (2) takes up
the patients and the caregivers to rate their
(3) take up (4) taken up behaviour, tasks it can
(5) No correction required (5) No correction required

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Q.2. The international team behind the unprecedented (1) The discovery of the new light sources may also
space survey said that its discovery literally help scientists better understand the behave of
sheds new light on some of the Universe’s deepest one of space’s more enigmatic phenomena.
secrets, including the physics of black holes and (2) The discovery of the new light sources may
how clusters of galaxies evolve. also help scientists better understand the
(1) the unprecedented space survey said that their behaviour of one of space’s most enigmatic
discovery literally shed new light on some phenomena.
of the Universe’s deep secrets, including the (3) The discovery of the new light sources may also
physics of black holes help scientists better understand the behaviour
(2) the unprecedented space survey said that its of one of space’s most enigmatic phenomenons.
discovery literally shed new light on some of (4) The discovery of the new light sources may
the Universe’s deepest secret, including the also help scientists better to understand the
physics of black holes behaviour of one of space’s most enigmatic
(3) the unprecedented space survey said that their phenomenons.
discovery literally shed new light on some of (5) No correction required
the Universe’s deepest secrets, including the
physics of black holes Q.5. The Hubble telescope has producing images that
leads scientists to believe there are more than
(4) the unprecedented space survey said their hundred billion galaxies in the Universe, although
discovery literally shed new light on some of many are too old and distant to be observed using
the Universe’s deepest secrets, including the traditional detection techniques.
physics of black holes
(1) has produced images that lead scientists to belief
(5) No correction required there are more than hundred billion galaxies in
Q.3. More than two hundred astronomers from various the Universe, although many are too old and
countries were involved in the study, which used distance to be observed using
radio astronomy to look at a segment of sky over (2) has been produced images that lead scientists
the northern hemisphere, and found different to believe there is more then hundred billion
previously unseen light sources thought to be galaxies in the Universe, although many are too
distant galaxies. old and distant to be observed using
(1) were involving in the study, which used radio (3) has produced images that leads scientists to
astronomy to look at a segment of sky over believe there are more then hundred billion
the northern hemisphere, and found different galaxies in the Universe, although many are too
previous unseen light old and distant to observe using
(2) were involved in the study, which were used (4) has produced images that lead scientists to
radio astronomy to look at a segment of sky over believe there are more than hundred billion
the northern hemisphere, and found different galaxies in the Universe, although many are too
previously unseen lights old and distant to be observed using
(3) were involved in the study, which used radio (5) No correction required
astronomy to look into a segment of sky over
the northern hemisphere, and founded different EXERCISE- 7
previously unseen light Q.1.5. In each of the following questions, a sentence is
(4) were involving in the study, which use radio given with a phrasal verb written in bold, Read
astronomy to look at a segment of sky over the sentence carefully and decide if the phrasal
the northern hemisphere, and found different verb is correctly mentioned as per the context of
previous unseen light the sentence, If it is not used correctly, choose
the correct one from the alternatives suggested
(5) No correction required
below. In case of being correctly used, choose ‘No
Q.4. The discovery of the new light sources may correction required’ as your answer.
also helped scientists better understand the
Q.1. In spite of the firing 300 demonstrators succeeded
behaviour of one of space most enigmatic
in reaching the border at Chakoti, where Mr. Khan
phenomenon.
eventually agreed to call off the march.

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(1) Call at (2) Call away (3) Drop back (4) Drop off
(3) Call for (4) Call out (5) No correction required.
(5) No correction required. Q.4. The transition back to work is easier, however, if
Q.2. No country has a monopoly on bravery; great deeds individuals have worked previously and have skills
of heroism are liable to break down in the most to fall back .
unexpected places. (1) Fall into (2) Fall back on
(1) break away (2) break out (3) Fall behind (4) Fall down
(3) break into (4) break up (5) No correction required.
(5) no correction required. Q.5. Although tobacco ads are prohibited companies get
Q.3. The Government buildings along the Embankment around the ban by sponsoring music shows.
drop away behind us, and here I am in another (1) Get across (2) Get along
world, another life. (3) Get at (4) Get away
(1) Drop around (2) Drop in (5) No correction required.

EXPLANATION
Q.2.(1) Sought for there should be replaced with seek
EXERCISE 1
further that means to look further.
Q.1.(1)
Q.3.(3) Safeguard the environment as ‘to’ always accepts
Q.2.(3) All rounders take pronoun ‘they’. the first form of verb so 3rd option.
Q.3.(3) Attempt should be preceded by a vowel. Q.4.(4) Lastly held should be replaced with last held.
Q.4.(5) Q.5.(5) To rigourous imprisonment- No correction
Q.5.(3) required.

Q.6.(2) Q.6.(3)

Q.7.(5) Q.7.(2) Capturing the essence should be the correct.

Q.8.(2) Q.8.(5) No correction required

Q.9.(5) Q.9.(4) Seeing that should be replaced by to see that.

Q.10.(4) Use 'has done'.
Q.10.(1)
Q.11.(5) EXERCISE 4
Q.12.(1) Q.1.(3) Join hands with should be used.

Q.13.(5) Q.2.(5) No correction required

Q.3.(1) keen + to +verb1st form
EXERCISE 2
Q.4.(4) It should be “revolves around”
Q.1.(4) one of his because in this sentence we are talking
about only one quality from many. Q.5.(3) found - It should be the past form because the latter
part of the sentence is in the past tense.
Q.2.(4) to a place convenient
Q.6.(2) Can be lowered from Rs. 10,000 soon. Should be
Q.3.(5) No correction required replaced with can be as low as Rs. 10,000 soon.
Q.4.(4) can neither be held as neither is followed by nor. Q.7.(5) No correction required.
It’s a case of conjunction
Q.8.(3) be+adverb+3rd form of verb + infinitive should be
Q.5.(3) on returning used.
Q.6.(2) why he had taken Q.9.(1) were + adverb+verb 3rd form should be used.
EXERCISE 3 Q.10.(2)
Q.1.(2) In connection with is the suitable phrasal EXERCISE 5
preposition.
Q.1.(3) is should be replaced with is being used to.
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Q.2.(4) will always accepts future tense so it is ‘be taken plural verb is required) scientists to believe
up’ (verb is required) there are more than (‘than’ is
Q.3.(1) used after comparative degree) hundred billion
galaxies in the Universe, although many are
Q.4.(2) it should be patrol plane belonging. too old and distant (adjective is needed) to be
Q.5.(5) No correction required. observed (passive expression is needed here) using
traditional detection techniques.
EXERCISE 6
Q.1.(3) The members of the department have (according
EXERCISE 7
to ‘members’- plural verb is used) a visual analog Q.1.(5) Call off: To cancel
scale where (as per expression, ‘where’ is correct Other options:
) they (according to ‘members’) ask the patients
and the caregivers to rate their (according to Call at: Stop somewhere briefly (ship, train, etc.)
‘members’) behavior, tasks they (according to Call away: Ask someone to leave a place.
‘members’) can do and their state of mind. Call for: Go somewhere to get someone.
Q.2.(3) The international team behind the unprecedented Call out : Shout something
space survey said that (conjunction is required)
their (as per the expression of ‘members’ which Q.2.(2) break out: To start suddenly
‘team’ gives here) discovery literally shed (past break away: To separate from a crowd
form is required) new light on some of the
break down: To go out of order, cease to function
Universe’s deepest (according to the structure of
‘one of’ superlative degree is required) secrets break into: To enter by force
(according to the structure of ‘one of’ superlative break up: To come to an end (marriage,
degree is required), including the physics of black relationship)
holes and how clusters of galaxies evolve.
Q.3.(5) Drop away: Become smaller, get worse.
Q.3.(5) More than two hundred astronomers from various
Drop around: Visit someone, often without making
countries were involved (passive expression is
an arrangement
required) in the study, which used (past active
expression is required- the study used) radio Drop back: Move towards the back of a group
astronomy to look at (to simply direct the eyes Drop off: Take something or someone to a place
towards someone or something so that it can and leave it or them there.
be seen).a segment of sky over the northern
hemisphere, and found (past expression of Find Q.4.(2) Fall Back On = have recourse to when in difficulty.
means ‘to get’) different previously (adverb Fall Back = retreat
is required as per verb ‘unseen’) unseen light Fall Behind = to not meet obligations on time
(uncountable noun, can’t be written in plural)
sources thought to be distant galaxies. Fall Down = fall to the ground or floor
Q.4.(2) The discovery of the new light sources may also Fall In = collapse
help (with modals, V1 is used) scientists better Q.5.(5) Get around= to become known.
understand (after ‘help’ bare infinitive is used, Get across = to communicate.
so ‘to’ is not to be used) the behavior (noun
is required) of one of space’s (expression of Get along = to have a good / friendly relationship
possession is required) most enigmatic phenomena with someone.
(plural is required, which is Phenomena). Get at = to reach, to access to something.
Q.5.(5) The Hubble telescope has produced (V3 is after Get away = to go away from someone or something
‘has’) images that lead (according to ‘images’

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CHAPTER
Mis-spelt and
18 Inappropriate
Words
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Correct spelling Incorrect spelling friend freind
accommodate, accommodation accomodate, accomodation further futher
achieve acheive gist jist
glamorous glamourous
across accross
government goverment
aggressive, aggression agressive, agression
guard gaurd
apparently apparantly
appearance appearence happened happend
argument arguement harass, harassment harrass, harrassment
assassination assasination honorary honourary
basically basicly humorous humourous
beginning begining idiosyncrasy idiosyncracy
believe beleive, belive immediately immediatly
bizarre bizzare incidentally incidently
business buisness independent independant
calendar calender interrupt interupt
Caribbean Carribean irresistible irresistable
cemetery cemetary knowledge knowlege
chauffeur chauffer liaise, liaison liase, liason
colleague collegue lollipop lollypop
coming comming millennium, millennia millenium, millenia
committee commitee Neanderthal Neandertal
necessary neccessary
completely completly
noticeable noticable
conscious concious
occasion ocassion, occassion
curiosity curiousity
occurred, occurring occured, occuring
definitely definately
occurrence occurance, occurence
dilemma dilemna
pavilion pavillion
disappear dissapear
persistent persistant
disappoint dissapoint
pharaoh pharoah
ecstasy ecstacy
piece peice
embarrass embarass
politician politican
environment enviroment Portuguese Portugese
existence existance possession posession
Fahrenheit Farenheit preferred, preferring prefered, prefering
familiar familar propaganda propoganda
finally finaly publicly publically
fluorescent florescent really realy
foreign foriegn receive recieve
foreseeable forseeable referred, referring refered, refering
forty fourty religious religous
forward foward remember rember, remeber

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resistance resistence supersede supercede
sense sence surprise suprise
separate seperate tattoo tatoo
siege seige tendency tendancy
therefore therefor
successful succesful
threshold threshhold

Spell Error
Accept : (verb) - to receive willingly, to approve, to aggree.
Except : (preposition or verb) - exclusion or leave out.
Ad : An advertisement.
Add : to combine, join, unite or to find a sum.
Advice : (noun) - suggestion or recommendation.
Advise : (verb) - to suggest.
Affect : (verb) - to change.
Effect : (noun) - result.
Ate : Past tense of verb [to eat].
Eight : number 8.
Buy : (verb) - to purchase.
By : next to something, by way of something.
Bye : Used to express farewell. Short for [goodbye].
Choose : (verb) to make a choice or selection.
Chose : past tense of the verb [to choose].
Choice : (noun) choosing; selection.
Cite : to mention something or to quote somebody as an example or proof.
Site : the location of an event or object. A website.
Sight : ability to see, a thing that can be seen.
Decent : kind, tolerant, respectable, modest.
Descent : family origins or ancestry. Also the process of coming or going down.
Dissent : (verb or noun) disagreement with a prevailing or official view.
Desert : (verb) to leave or abandon, (noun) waterless land with no vegetation and covered
with sand.
Dessert : sweet food served after the meal.
Eat : to put food into the mouth, chew it and swallow it.
It : the thing, animal or situation which has already been mentioned.
Four : number 4
For : to indicate the object, aim, or purpose of an action or activity.
Here : in, at, or to this place.
Hear : to perceive (sound) by the ear.
Knew : past simple of the verb [to know].
New : recently created.
Know : (verb) to be familiar with someone or something.
Now : at the present time or moment.
No : negative reply, refusal or disagreement. ise and admiration. (verb) desire to know. ities.

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exercise
In each exercise below some sentences with four words printed in bold type are given. These words are
numbered (1), (2), (3) and (4) . One of these four words printed in bold may be either wrongly spelt or
inappropriate in the context of the sentence. Find out the word which is wrongly spelt or inappropriate
if any. The number of that word is your answer. If all the words printed in bold are correctly spelt & also
appropriate in the context of the sentence, mark (5) ”All correct” as your answer.
EXERCISE- 1
Q.1. According to a sleep expert(1) not everyone kneed(2) eight hours’ sleep a night(3) you just need to listen(4) to
your body. All correct (5)
Q.2. Some people are very sensitive(1) to the effects(2) of caffeine and for these people it’s important to avoid(3)
bevereges(4) containing caffeine. All correct (5)
Q.3. If you are feeling sleepy(1) during the day then(2) there is most like(3) an issue with the quality of sleep that
you’ve had during(4) the night. All correct (5)
Q.4. In the future, mobile broadband(1) will enable fully automated(2) homes, smart parking(3) among other
consumer and industrial applications.(4) All correct (5)
Q.5. Banks are going slow in purchasing(1)/ bonds ahead of the Budget as there is no certainity(2)/ about the
borrowing program that(3)/ may come in February.(4) All correct (5)
Q.6. The Parliament were divided in the opinions about the issue. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.7. The officials maintained that the rules were within the framwork of the Indian laws. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.8. Domestic airlines are incurring substential losses. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.9. Won third of the water in the pool is still polluted. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.10. More than halve the budget has been spent on modernising the factory. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
EXERCISE- 2
Q.1. The Reserve Bank of India has clarified (1)/ that it won’t be interested (2) in giving some (3) relaxations to
banks on these losses.(4) All correct (5)
Q.2. While there are unlikely(1) to be any major changes in indirect tax(2)/ as most of them are beneath the
purview of(3)/ the Goods and Services Tax Council.(4) All correct (5)
Q.3. A schematic(1) to make good the difference(2) between the minimum support price announced(3) by the
government and the actual market price would be in order(4). All Correct(5)
Q.4. PSBs need systemic(1) reform to overhaul their current decision-making structure and culture. The basic reform
they need is to change their holding structure(2) to give them autonomy(3), as well as acountability(4), not a
promise of no government interference. All Correct(5)
Q.5. Regional allies(1) active in the campaign(2) against Islamic extremists(3) in the east African country have
conducted(4) many missions too.All Correct(5)
Q.6. Farmers must get remunerative(1) prices for there(2) produce. Rural power supply, rural roads and food
processing(3) plants would be welcome(4).All Correct(5)
Q.7. The remuniration(1) structure of senior bankers at PSBs must move from public sector scales to board-
determined(2), performance-linked, market-comparable(3) ones that reflect the time horizon of the risks
assumed(4). All Correct(5)

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Q.8. To deal effectively with a crisis quick decisions are requited. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.9. More than half the loan has been spent on rebuilding the factory. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.10. Rising prices of foodgrains will have an adverse impac on developing countries. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
EXERCISE- 3
Q.1. Some household names are being persued(1) for six-figure income tax and national insurance(2) bills by HM
Revenue & Customs on the grounds(3) that they were in effect BBC employees while claiming to be freelancers(4)
All correct (5)
Q.2. The government(1) has plans to expand the pipeline network in the country, especial(2) in the eastern part, in
a move to increase the consumption(3) of the environment-friendly(4) fuel. All correct (5)
Q.3. The idea that a large group(1) could being driven(2) westwards by newcomers(3) doesn’t make sense.(4) All
correct (5)
Q.4. Authorities ordered supplementary investigations into the case leaving the traders' families with an
(1) (2) (3)
uncertain wait. All correct
(4) (5)
Q.5. The company has announced its entry into the breakfast foods market with the launched of Horlicks oats.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
All correct
(5)
Q.6. A government panel wants the centre to initiate legal measures to spilt the other backward classes into
(1) (2) (3)
subgroups. All correct.
(4) (5)
Q.7. Airport operators, oil companies and vendars of all imaginable items have massive dues running with the
(1) (2) (3) (4)
company. All correct
(5)
Q.8. When your uncle einquired about your marks you lied to him. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.9. The posts were advertised by the planning comission in all the local dailies. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.10. He is the most intelligent boy in the class. All correct.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
EXERCISE- 4
Q.1. By analyzing(1) the genomes of over 300 individuals(2) – many of which had been buried(3) with distictive(4)
objects tying them to the Beaker Culture. All Correct (5)
Q.2. There is a chance the government(1) may introduce a long term capital gains taxes(2) on equity shares,(3) or
may remove the dividend(4) distribution tax. All correct(5)

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Q.3. Namrata was brought (1) up in Bareilly, where she began(2) writing primarily in English then she was married
to(3) Mr. Das at the age of 15 and thus(4) became Namrata Das. All correct (5) LANGUAGE
Q.4. High crude prices amid the oil crises in Iran pose inflationary risks in India. All correct
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Q.5. Eastern India is liberaly endowed with natural resources-deep fertile top soil, copious water and plentiful
(1) (2) (3) (4)
sunlight. All correct
(5)
Q.6. There is no doubt that Civil society plays a critical role in India’s diverce democracy, and its voice deserves to
(1) (2) (3) (4)
be heard. All correct
(5)
Q.7. Banking and insurance sector companies were the worst effected as clerical staff in all
(1) (2) (3)
major public sector banks and insurance companies abstained from work. All correct
(4) (5)
Q.8. Every year, equity strategists and analysis come out with their industry-specific expectations from the
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Union Budget. All correct
(5)
Q.9. The money policy may add fuel to the rally in case cut off of 25-30 basis points comes through in the cash reserve
(1) (2) 3) (4)
ratio. All correct
(5)
Q.10. Exports of several agricultural commodities have been facing hurdles. All correct
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

EXPLANATION
EXERCISE 1 EXERCISE 2
Q.1.(2) The correct word is ‘need’. Q.1.(3) use ‘any’ in place of ‘some’ because in negative
sentence ‘any’ is used whereas in positive ‘some’
Q.2.(4) The correct word is ‘beverages’.
used.
Q.3.(3) ‘likely’ is the correct word. Q.2.(3) use ‘under/within’ in place of ‘beneath’.
Q.4.(5) All correct The correct phrase is ‘under/within the purview’
Q.5.(3) spelling error the correct word is ‘certainty’. means within the scope of the influence or
concerns of something.
Q.6.(5) All correct
Q.3.(1) The correct word is ‘scheme’.
Q.7. (4) Framework is the correct spelling.
Q.4.(5) The correct word is ‘accountability’.
Q.8.(4) Substantial is the correct spelling. Q.5.(5) All Correct
Q.9.(1) One third should be used. Q.6.(2) The correct word is ‘their’.
Q.10.(1) Half is the correct spelling. Q.7.(5) The correct word is ‘remuneration’.

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Q.8.(4) Required Q.3.(3) In passive voice the verb ‘married’ followed by
Q.9.(5) All correct ‘with’ when subject is female as in the sentence
‘she was married to Mr. Das….’ is wrong it
Q.10.(2) Impact should be ‘Namrata was married with Mr. Das….’
EXERCISE 3 Note: no preposition is used after marry in active
voice.
Q.1.(1) Pursued is the correct word.
Q.4.(3) The correct spelling of the word is crisis.
Q.2.(2) especially is an appropriate word here.
Q.5.(1) The correct spelling of the word is liberally.
Q.3.(2) be is the correct word.
Q.6.(3) The correct spelling of the word is diverse.
Q.4.(3) ‘traders’ would be used to imply of the traders.
Q.7.(3) Affected would the appropriate word to be used
Q.5.(4) ‘launching’ should be used. in the sentence given above.
Q.6.(3) ‘split’ is to be used to convey the meaning ‘divide’. Q.8.(2) Analysts should be used in place of analysis.
Q.7.(2) ‘vendors’ is the correct spelling. Analysts- are the people who analyse.
Q.8.(2) Inquired is the appropriate spelling Analysis- is the process of assessing a certain thing,
Q.9.(3) Commission is the appropriate spelling work or activity.
Q.10.(5) All correct. Q.9.(1) Monetary would be the appropriate word [as
EXERCISE 4 required in the sentence].

Q.1.(4) Distinctive is the correct option. Monetary-is used as an adjective and means
connected with money, especially all the money in
Q.2.(2) Here we need singular noun not plural, the the country. Money- is what you earn by working
correct term will be as ‘a long term capital gains or selling things, and use to buy things.
tax’ because this is the compound noun having
indefinite article ‘a’. Q.10.(5)

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CHAPTER SPOTTING
19 SIMILAR AND
DISSIMILAR WORDS
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The Synonyms and Antonyms form an integral part of the Synonyms can be any part of speech (Eg. nouns, verbs,
English Language. Acquaintance with vocabulary of the adjectives, adverbs or preposition), as long as both members of
English language is a necessity for effective expression either the pair are the same part of speech. More examples of English.
in the written or in the oral form. Noun : "Convenience" and
Synonym is nothing but the similar meaning of a particular word "comfort"
or its semantic relation. So, it is a word or a phrase that means Verb : "buy" and "purchase"
the same as another word or a phrase in the same language.
Adjective : "sick" and "ill"
Antonyms are the negative connotation of a particular word.
Adverb: "quickly" and "speedily”
An Antonym is a word or phrase that is opposite in meaning
to a particular word or a phrase in the same language. Preposition: "on" and "upon"
Synonyms are different words with almost identical or similar An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another.
meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, Example 1 : 'fat' is an antonym of 'thin'
and the state of being a synonym is called synonyms. Example 2 : The words open and closed are antonyms.
Word Synonym

Word Synonym Synonym Betray deceive cheat

Abandon discard Vacate Bias inclination predisposition
Accord agree Grant Bitter acrid Sour
Adversity difficulty misfortune Blend combine Mix
Affluent plentiful Rich Bliss happiness Joy
Aggravate annoy infuriate Bluff boast Feign
Alleviate lighten mitigate Bold daring fearless
Amenable agreeable favorable Bonus award Gift
Anguish distress Sorrow Bother annoy Irritate
Apathetic dispirited lifeless Brief concise Short
Arrogant disdainful imperious Brilliant clever intelligent
Astonish confound overwhelm Brisk fast Swift
Atrocious cruel brutal Budget allot Plan
Augment add enlarge Candid honest truthful
Avoid ignore Shun Caricature cartoon imitation
Awkward graceless Inept Casual informal natural
Baffle confuse perplexing Category classification division
Banal common Plain Cease desist Stop
Barren desolate Sterile Chaotic disordered Messy
Berate criticize disapprove Cherish esteem Love

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Circumvent avoid go around Durable constant Lasting
Commemorate celebrate Honor Dwindle abate Diminish
Compensate balance recompense Eager earnest Keen
Competent able capable Eccentric abnormal Idiosyncratic
Conceive design Plan Elaborate embellish Enhance
Confirmation acknowledgement Proof Emanate arise Radiate
Contradict deny oppose Embezzle purloin Steal
Contribution donation Grant Eminent distinguished Prominent
Courteous polite well- Encourage foster Induce
mannered
Endure last Persist
Craving desire longing
Essential cultured Learned
Credulous gullible naive
Essential basic Necessary
Damp moist Wet
Estimate guess Predict
Dare challenge Defy
Evaluate appraise Judge
Decay decline Rot
Exhaust deplete Empty
Decent honorable Pure
Exhilarated cheerful Zestful
Dense filled Packed
Explicit definite Specific
Designate name Select
Fastidious exacting Particular
Detain hold Keep
Federation alliance Band
Disclose announce Reveal
Feeble helpless Infirm
Dogma belief View
Fervor intensity Passion

Word Antyonyms

Words Antonyms List Words Antonyms List

happy sad, miserable hard soft
harmful harmless hasten dawdle
hate love healthy unhealthy, ill, diseased
here there heavy light
height depth brave coward
hill valley horizontal vertical
hinder aid, help honest dishonest
humble proud hunger thirst
imitation genuine immense tiny, minute
imprison free include exclude
increase decrease inhabited uninhabited
inferior superior inside outside
intelligent unintelligent, stupid inhale exhale
interior exterior, outside interesting uninteresting, dull

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internal external intentional accidental

join separate junior senior
justice injustice king Queen
knowledge ignorance laugh cry
lawful unlawful lazy industrious, energetic
earth sky landloar tenant
large little, small last first
lawyer client lecturer student
lender borrower lengthen shorten
left right less more
light dark, heavy like dislike, unlike
likely unlikely leader follower
little large, much, big lofty lowly
long short loud soft/quite
loss find, gain low high
loyal disloyal mad sane
magnetize demagnetize master servant
mature immature maximum minimum
me you merry mirthless, sad
minority majority miser spendthrift
misunderstand understand narrow wide
near far, distant neat untidy
new old night day
noisy quiet north south
obedient disobedient odd even
offer refuse open shut
optimist pessimist out in
parent child past present
patient impatient peace war
permanent temporary please displease
plentiful scarce poetry prose
possible impossible poverty wealth
powerful feeble, weak polite impolite, rude
private public prudent imprudent
pretty unsightly, ugly pure impure
qualified unqualified rapid slow
regularly irregularlry rich poor
right wrong, left rigid soft/flexible
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rough smooth satisfactory unsatisfactory
security insecurity scatter collect
serious trivial second-hand new
sense nonsense shopkeeper customer
singular plural simple complicated
thin thick solid liquid
sober drunk speaker listener
sour sweet sorrow joy
sow reap stand lie
straight crooked strong weak
success failure sunny cloudy
take give tall short
tame wild teacher pupil
thick thin tight loose
top bottom transparent opaque
truth untruth up down
vacant occupied valuable valueless
victory defeat virtue vice
visible invisible voluntary compulsory
vowel consonant wax wane
wisdom folly within outside
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exercise
Q.9. PRIMORDIAL
EXERCISE- 1
(1) Feeling of elation (2) Latest
Identify the synonyms of each word.
(3) Elementary (4) Daunting
Q.1. EXIGUOUS
(5) None of the above
(1) Tall (2) Large
Q.10. SOMBRE
(3) Wide (4) Scanty
(1) Causing sleep (2) Squalid
(5) Broad
(3) Gloomy (4) Complacent
Q.2. RECREANCY
(5) Malicious
(1) Recreation (2) Recuperation
(3) Bravery (4) Cowardice EXERCISE- 2
(5) Obstinate Identify the synonyms of each word.
Q.3. PROSCRIBE Q.1. CONFRONTATION
(1) To nominate (1) Disapprove (2) Battle
(2) To be supportive of (3) Deny (4) Disobey
(3) To give early warning signals (5) Critisize
(4) Outlaw Q.2. UNTIE
(5) None of the above (1) Attach (2) Unchain
Q.4. INGEST (3) Clutter (4) Bind
(1) Enrage (2) Invigorate (5) Fasten
(3) To absorb (4) Burn up completely Q.3. ALERT
(5) To stir up (1) Energetic (2) Observant
Q.5. MONTICULE (3) Intelligent
(1) A small river (2) A small hut (4) Watchful (5) Exclaim
(3) A lane (4) A small hill Q.4. MOVING
(5) A small plane (1) Taking (2) Toying
Q.6. COMPENDIOUS (3) Shifting (4) Turning
(1) Comprehensive (2) Illustrative (5) Running
(3) Unbearable (4) Elaborate Q.5. RECKLESS
(5) None of the above (1) Courageous (2) Rash
Q.7. NADIR (3) Bold (4) Daring
(1) Asylum (2) Heaven (5) Cautious
(3) Depth (4) Nebulous Q.6. LAUNCH
(5) None of the above (1) Review (2) Begin
Q.8. SOMNAMBULISTIC (3) Propel (4) Push
(1) Sleep walking (5) Force
(2) Ghost dancing Q.7. RELIED
(3) Women’s group activity (1) Emphasised (2) Depended
(4)Colourful scenario (3) Convinced (4) Followed
(5) Over-eating (5) Referred

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Q.8. Obtained (3) allow (4) aggravate
(1) Combined (2) Procured (5) conduct
(3) Acquired (4) Conquered Q.8. Austere
(5) Attained (1) luxurious (2) boisterous
Q.9. Commemorate (3) exciting (4) calm
(1) Boast (2) Harmonise (5) happy
(3) Manipulate (4) Remember Q.9. Rigid
(5) Illegal (1) soft (2) logical
Q.10. Connoisseur (3) sympathetic (4) flexible
(1) Lover of art (2) Interpreter (5) stable
(3) Delinquent (4) Ignorant Q.10. Adversity
(5) Gallant (1) Wealth (2) Prosperity
EXERCISE- 3 (3) Luxury (4) Money
Identify the antonym of each word . (5) growth
Q.1. Repulsive EXERCISE- 4
(1) lovely (2) mild Identify the antonym of each word .
(3) admirable (4) attractive Q.1. CONFESS
(5) joyous (1) Refuse (2) Deny
Q.2. Amateur (3) Contest (4) Contend
(1) average (2) experienced (5) Narrate
(3) professional (4) skilled Q.2. ABSOLUTE
(5) appraised (1) Deficient (2) Faulty
Q.3. Affirmed (3) Limited (4) Scarce
(1) assert (2) attest (5) Final
(3) confirm (4) denied Q.3. VALUABLE
(5) swear (1) Invaluable (2) Worthless
Q.4. Vague (3) Inferior (4) Lowly
(1) clear (2) transparent (5) Precious
(3) plain (4) apparent Q.4. HINDRANCE
(5) exact (1) Aid (2) Persuasion
Q.5. Casual (3) Cooperation (4) Agreement
(1) careful (2) sincere (5) Hurdle
(3) precise (4) flawless Q.5. ALIEN
(5) specific (1) Native (2) Domiciled
Q.6. Pamper (3) Natural (4) Resident

(1) scold (2) scorn (5) International

(3) discourage (4) neglect Q.6. GARBLE

(5) ignore (1) Enjoy (2) Rinse

Q.7. Prevent (3) Clarify (4) Accept

(1) facilitate (2) accelerate (5) Stutter

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Q.7. FORTITUDE (5) poor
(1) Timidity (2) Laxity Q.4. MAGNANIMOUS
(3) Placidity (4) Ambition (1) Generous (2) Giving
(5) firm (3) Stingy (4) Greedy
Q.8. PERNICIOUS (5) Heavy
(1) Precious (2) Healing Q.5. INCOMMODE
(3) Swerving (4) Conservative (1) Cause trouble (2) Comfortable
(5) Relaxed (3) Inconvenience (4) Small
Q.9. ANATHEMA (5) Fresh
(1) Appreciation (2) Blessing Q.6. EXPLICIT
(3) Protection (4) Obstacle (1) Clear (2) Straightforward
(5) Frank (3) Hidden (4) Closed
Q.10. CONCUR (5) Blunt
(1) Pertain (2) Reveal Q.7. CHURLISH
(3) Oppose (4) Delay (1) Ill-mannered (2) Rude
(5) Deduce (3) Grumpy (4) Decent
EXERCISE- 5 (5) Sullen
Identify the antonym of each word. Q.8. ASTATIC
Q.1. DENOUNCE (1) Dynamic (2) Unstable
(1) Accept (2) Accuse (3) Stable (4) Directionless
(3) Condemn (4) Faith (5) Glad
(5) ridicule Q.9. MOTLEY
Q.2. DIPSOMANIAC (1) Homogeneous (2) Deadly
(1) Alcoholic (2) Teetotaller (3) Gloomy (4) Concise
(3) Sick (4) Lunatic (5) Dreary
(5) sincere Q.10. BELITTLE
Q.3. PRECIPITOUS (1) Allure (2) Disturb
(1) Rash (2) Steep (3) Entangle (4) Ascend
(3) Thoughtful (4) Rain (5) Magnify

EXPLANATION
Bravery- means courage.
EXERCISE 1
Obstinate- means inflexibly persistence or an
Q.1.(4) Exiguous- small, slender.
unyielding.
which can also mean scanty
Recuperation means to recover from financial loss
All other words are either antonyms or do not or sickness.
relate to the word exiguous.
Q.3.(4) Proscribe-to put outside the protection of the law.
Q.2.(4) Recreancy- unfaithful, traitorous.
which can also mean outlaw.
which can also mean cowardice.
All other words are not related to word proscribe.
For other options
Q.4.(3) Ingest- to take, as food, into the body.
Recreation-means the act of creating something new.
which can also mean to absorb.

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For other options Q.4.(3) Moving- causing or producing motion.
Invigorate means to fill with life and energy, Which can also mean shifting.
energize. All other words are either antonyms or do not
Enrage means to make extremely angry. relate to word moving.
Q.5.(4) Monticule-a small mountain, hill or mound. Which Q.5.(2) Reckless- Utterly unconcerned about the
can also mean a small hill consequences of some action.
All other words are either antonyms are not related Which can also mean rash.
to the word Monticule. All other words are not related to words reckless.
Q.6.(1) Compendious- concise Q.6.(2) Launch-to start on a course, career, etc
Which can also mean comprehensive. Which can also mean begin.
All other words are either antonyms or do not Q.7.(2) Relied-to depend confidently.
relate to the word compendious.
Which can also mean depended.
Q.7.(3) Nadir- the lowest point.
Q.8.(5) Obtained-to attain or reach
Which can also mean depth.
Which can also mean attained.
For other options
For other options
Nebulous means indistinct or confused.
Procured- means to bring about, especially by
Asylum means a shelter from danger or hardship. unscrupolous and indirect means.
Q.8.(1) Somnambulistic- sleep walking. Conquered- means to acquire by force of arms.
All other words are not related to the word Q.9.(4) Commemorate- to serve as a memorial or reminder
somnambulistic of which can also mean remember.
Q.9.(3) Premordial- original Q.10.(1) Connoisseur-a person who is especially competent to pass
Which can also mean elementary. critical judgements in an art.
All other words are either antonyms or do not Which can also mean lover of art.
relate to word premordial. For other options
Q.10.(3) Sombre- shadowy. Delinquent means failing in or neglectful of a duty
Which can also mean gloomy or obligation.
For other options Gallant means brave or chivalrous.
Squalid- means poor or run-down EXERCISE 3
Malicious means awful or venomous. Q.1.(4) Repulsive- means tending to drive away or keep
Complacement means pleasant. at a distance which is opposite to attractive.

EXERCISE 2 All other words are synonyms of word Repulsive.

Q.1.(2) Confrontation-- A bold challenge or battle Which Q.2.(3) Amateur- means a person inexperienced or
can also mean challenge. unskilled in a particular activity which is opposite
to professional.
All other words are not related to word confrontation.
All other words are synonyms to word Amateur.
Q.2.(2) Untie- to undo the string or cords of
Q.3.(4) Affirmed- means declare the truth of something
Which can also mean unchain. which is opposite to denied.
All other words are antonyms of the word untie. All other words are synonyms to word affirmed.
Q.3.(4) Alert- fully aware and attentive Q.4.(1) Vague- means not definite or clear which is
Which can also mean watchful. opposite to clear.
For other options All other words are synonyms to word vague.
Exclaim means to cry out or speak suddenly and Q.5.(2) Casual- means without definite or serious intention
vehemently, as in surprise or protest. which is opposite to sincere.
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All other words are synonyms to word casual. Q.8.(2) pernicious means bad or harmful which is opposite
Q.6.(4) Pamper means Kindness which is opposite to neglect to word healing.

All other words are synonyms to word Pamper. For other options

Q.7.(3) Prevent- means to keep stop from doing occuring Swerving- means turn aside or often to avoid
which is opposite to allow. collision.

All other words are synonyms to word prevent. Conservative- cautious or moderate.

Q.8.(4) Austere- means severe in manner or appearance Q.9.(2) Anathema means something hated which is
which is opposite to calm. opposite to word blessing.

All other words are either synonyms or do not All other words are either synonyms or do not
relate to word Austere. relate to word Anathema.

Q.9.(4) Rigid means stiff or unyielding which is opposite Q.10.(3) Concur means agree approve which is opposite to
to flexible. word oppose.

All other words are not related to word rigid. EXERCISE 5

Q.10.(2) Adversity means adverse fortune or fate which is Q.1.(1) Accept
opposite to word prosperity. Q.2.(2) Dipsomaniac means a person who has a strong
EXERCISE 4 alcoholic drink therefore teetotaller means a
person who never drinks.
Q.1.(2) Confess means to admit which is opposite to Deny
Q.3.(3) Precipious- Done very quickly so thoughtful will
All other words are either synonyms or do not be correct synonyms/
relate to word confess.
For other options :
Q.2.(3) Absolute means without limit which is opposite
to limited. steep- rising or falling quickly.

All other words are not related to word Absolute. Q.4.(3) Stingy- means not generous with money so this is
the opposite of magnanimous
Q.3.(2) Valuable means very important or priceless which
is opposite to worthless. For other options :

All other words are either synonyms or do not generous- charitable.

relate to word valuable. Q.5.(2) Incommode means restless so comfortable is the
Q.4.(1) Hindrance means obstruction or difficulty which opposite.
is opposite to Aid. Q.6.(3) Explicit means open and Hidden means closed, it
Q.5.(1) Alien means foreign which is opposite to native. will be the opposite.

All other words are either synonyms or do not Q.7.(4) Churlish means rude or bad tempered so ‘Decent’
relate to word Alien. will be its antonym.

Q.6.(3) Garble means confuse which is opposite to clarify. Q.8.(3) ‘Stable’ is the opposite word of ‘astatic’

All other words are not related to word Garble. Q.9.(1) Motley- Consisting of many different types of
people. ‘Homogeneous’ means same type of
Q.7.(1) Fortitude means strength of mind or guts which people so is opposite word.
is opposite to timidity.
For other options :
For other options
Dreary - that makes you feel bad.
Laxity means easy attitude.
Q.10.(5) belittle-To make someone or something
Placidity means calm. unimportant so ‘magnify’ will be opposite.

162 ENGLISH LANGUAGE