Amplitude Modulation &demodulation: Experiment No. 3
Amplitude Modulation &demodulation: Experiment No. 3
II. APPARATUS:
1. See Circuit Diagram for the components
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Function generator (1MHz).
4. Connecting chords & probes.
III. THEORY:
The amplitude of Ka m(t) is always less than unity, that is Ka m(t) <1 for all t.
It ensure that the function 1+Ka m(t) is always positive. When the amplitude
sensitivity Ka of the modulator is large enough to make Ka m(t)>1 for any carrier
wave becomes over modulated ,resulting in carrier phase reversal whenever the
factor 1+Kam(t) crosses zero. The modulate wave then exhibits envelope distortion.
The absolute maximum value of Ka m(t) multiplied by 100 is referred to as the
percentage modulation.
Vmax-Vmin
Or percentage modulation = -------------- ×100
Vmax +Vmin
The carrier frequency fc is much greater than the highest frequency component ω of
the message signal m(t),that is fc >>W
Where W is the message bandwidth.
If the condition is not satisfied, and envelope cannot be visualized satisfactorily.
The trainer kit has a carrier generator, which can generate the carrier wave of 100
KHz when the trainer is switched on.
The circuit’s carrier generator, modulator and demodulator are provided with the
built in supplies, no supply connections are to be given externally.
1
IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
2
V. PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the carrier generator circuit and check the O/P of the carrier generator on
oscilloscope.
2. Connect around 1KHz with 2Volts .A.F signal at A.F I/P to the modulator circuit.
3. Connect the carrier signal at carrier I/P of the modulator circuit.
4. Observe the modulator output signal at AM O/P Spring by making necessary
changes in A.F signal
5. Vary the modulating frequency and amplitude and observe the effects on the
modulated waveform.
6. The depth of modulation can be varied using the variable knob provided at A.F
input.
7. The percentage modulation can be calculated using the formula.
Vmax-Vmin
Percentage modulation = ---------------- × 100
Vmax +Vmin
Vmax-Vmin
Modulation factor = ----------------
Vmax +Vmin
8. Connect the output of the modulator to the input of the demodulator circuit and
observe the output.
VIII. QUESTIONS:
IX. CONCLUSION: