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Amplitude Modulation &demodulation: Experiment No. 3

This experiment aims to perform amplitude modulation and demodulation at different modulation levels and calculate the modulation index. The apparatus includes components to generate a carrier wave and modulating signal, as well as a modulator, demodulator, and oscilloscope. The theory section defines amplitude modulation and discusses the factors that determine the modulation index and levels of modulation. The procedure modulates the carrier wave with the modulating signal, observes the output at different modulation frequencies and amplitudes, calculates the modulation index, and verifies demodulation.

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89 views

Amplitude Modulation &demodulation: Experiment No. 3

This experiment aims to perform amplitude modulation and demodulation at different modulation levels and calculate the modulation index. The apparatus includes components to generate a carrier wave and modulating signal, as well as a modulator, demodulator, and oscilloscope. The theory section defines amplitude modulation and discusses the factors that determine the modulation index and levels of modulation. The procedure modulates the carrier wave with the modulating signal, observes the output at different modulation frequencies and amplitudes, calculates the modulation index, and verifies demodulation.

Uploaded by

Oblivion Slays
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment No.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION &DEMODULATION


I. AIM:
To perform the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under
modulation, perfect modulation & over modulation) and also calculate the
modulation index.

II. APPARATUS:
1. See Circuit Diagram for the components
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Function generator (1MHz).
4. Connecting chords & probes.

III. THEORY:

Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the


carrier wave c(t) is varied about a mean value, linearly with the baseband signal.
An AM wave may thus be dscribed, in the most general form, as a function of time
as follows.
S(t)=Ac{1+Kam(t)}cos(2πfct)
Where Ka- Amplitude sensitivity of the modulator
S(t) –Modulated signal
Ac- carrier signal
m(t) –modulating signal

The amplitude of Ka m(t) is always less than unity, that is Ka m(t) <1 for all t.
It ensure that the function 1+Ka m(t) is always positive. When the amplitude
sensitivity Ka of the modulator is large enough to make Ka m(t)>1 for any carrier
wave becomes over modulated ,resulting in carrier phase reversal whenever the
factor 1+Kam(t) crosses zero. The modulate wave then exhibits envelope distortion.
The absolute maximum value of Ka m(t) multiplied by 100 is referred to as the
percentage modulation.
Vmax-Vmin
Or percentage modulation = -------------- ×100
Vmax +Vmin

The carrier frequency fc is much greater than the highest frequency component ω of
the message signal m(t),that is fc >>W
Where W is the message bandwidth.
If the condition is not satisfied, and envelope cannot be visualized satisfactorily.
The trainer kit has a carrier generator, which can generate the carrier wave of 100
KHz when the trainer is switched on.
The circuit’s carrier generator, modulator and demodulator are provided with the
built in supplies, no supply connections are to be given externally.

1
IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

2
V. PROCEDURE:

1. Construct the carrier generator circuit and check the O/P of the carrier generator on
oscilloscope.
2. Connect around 1KHz with 2Volts .A.F signal at A.F I/P to the modulator circuit.
3. Connect the carrier signal at carrier I/P of the modulator circuit.
4. Observe the modulator output signal at AM O/P Spring by making necessary
changes in A.F signal
5. Vary the modulating frequency and amplitude and observe the effects on the
modulated waveform.
6. The depth of modulation can be varied using the variable knob provided at A.F
input.
7. The percentage modulation can be calculated using the formula.
Vmax-Vmin
Percentage modulation = ---------------- × 100
Vmax +Vmin

Vmax-Vmin
Modulation factor = ----------------
Vmax +Vmin
8. Connect the output of the modulator to the input of the demodulator circuit and
observe the output.

VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

VIII. QUESTIONS:

1. Define AM and draw its spectrum?


2. Draw the phase representation of an amplitude modulated wave?
3. Give the significance of modulation index?
4. What is the different degree of modulation?
5 What are the limitations of square law modulator?
6. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators?
7. Compare base modulation and emitter modulation?
8 Explain how AM wave is detected?
9 Define detection process?
10. What are the different types of distortions that occur in an envelop detector?
How can they be eliminated?

IX. CONCLUSION:

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