Statistics and

Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 22:
Identifying Percentiles
Using the t-Table

CO_Q3_Statistics and Probability SHS

Module 22
Statistics and Probability
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 22: Identifying Percentiles Using the t-Table
First Edition, 2021

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 Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 22:
Identifying Percentiles
Using the t-Table
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind on how you can identify
percentiles using the t-table. This will also help you analyze real-life situated
problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better understand
them. Your adept at analysis will help you appreciate the richness, and beauty of
Statistics which will motivate you to apply to similar events and create statistical
measures of your own.

Your patience in solving offered problems here in the module will help you improve
your computational skills as it tackles relevant culture-based situated problems.
Your ability to interpret, reason – out, and make a judgment or even decision out of
statistical measures will also be practiced here. The scope of this module permits it
to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify regions under the t-distribution corresponding to different t-values; and
2. identify percentiles using the t-table.

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 What I Know

Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If the area of the shaded part of the t-distribution below is 0.15, what is the area
of the unshaded region?

A. 0.15 B. 0.75 C. 0.80 D. 0.85

2. Using the t-table, if the t-value is -1.708 and the shaded region is on the left of
the t-distribution, what is the area of the unshaded region?
A. 0.05 B. 0.10 C. 0.90 D. 0.95

3. Which t-distribution corresponds to t-value of 2.567 and whose shaded area on

the right tail of the t-distribution is 0.01?
A. a t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom
B. a t-distribution with 17 degrees of freedom
C. a t-distribution with 38 degrees of freedom
D. a t-distribution with infinite degrees of freedom

4. Using the t table, if the t-value is 2.093 and the shaded area is on the right of the
t-distribution, what are the degrees of freedom?
A. 5 B. 9 C. 19 D. 20

5. The shaded region is on the left tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of freedom
is 25 and the area of the shaded region is 0.05, what is the value of t?
A. 2.059 B. 1.708 C.1.316 D. -1.708

6. Using the t-table, find the area to the right of 1.83 under the t- distribution
with 18 degrees of freedom?
A. between 0.01 to 0.02 C. between 0.025 to 0.05
B. between 0.02 to 0.025 D. between 0.05 to 0.10

7. It is the value on the t distribution whose left tail probability is 93% and whose
right-tail probability is 7%.
A. left t-value C. 93rd percentile
B. right t-value D. 7th percentile

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8. In identifying a percentile using the t-table, what information should be identified
first?
A. degrees of freedom only
B. degrees of freedom and the given percentage
C. degrees of freedom and the area to the left tail of the t-distribution
D. degrees of freedom and the area to the right tail of the t-distribution

9. Which of the following values is the 90th percentile of the t-distribution with 10
degrees of freedom?
A. 1.363 B. 1.372 C. 1.383 D. 1.812

10. What is the 95th percentile of the t-distribution if the sample size is 15?
A. 1.771 B. 1.761 C. 1.753 D. 1.345

11. If the degree of freedom is 24, what is the 95th percentile of the t-distribution?
A. 1.711 B. 1.714 C 1.717 D. 2.064

12. If the 99th percentile of the t-distribution is 2.528, what is the degree of freedom?
A. 17 B. 18 C. 19 D. 20
13. To what percentile of the t-distribution does 1.337 belong if the sample size is
17?
A. 90th B. 93rd C. 95th D. 99th

14. What is the 50th percentile of a t distribution with 45 degrees of freedom?

A. 1.684 B. 0.50 C. 0 D. -1.684

15. Using the t-table, find the area to the left of 2.15 under the t-distribution with
21 degrees of freedom?
A. between 0.98 to 0.99 C. between 0.95 to 0.975
B. between 0.975 to 0.98 D. between 0.90 to 0.95

How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on the last part of this module

If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, skip the module and immediately move to the
next module. But if you missed a point, please proceed with the module as it will
enrich your knowledge in t-distribution.

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 Lesson
Identifying Percentiles Using
1 the t-Table

What does it mean if you belong to the 95th percentile” of those who took an
examination? Is it a good or a bad ranking? There are times when you need to
describe the location of a certain value from a given set of values. Sometimes you
were asked to tell whether a specific score belongs to a location that is higher or lower
than the other scores in the given distribution. Such value below which a percentage
of data falls is called a percentile. So, if you belong to the 95th percentile of those
who took the examination, you rank higher than the 95% of the examinees.

This module will help you in identifying percentiles using the t-distribution table. In
addition, you will also learn how to identify regions or areas under the t-distribution
curve corresponding to different t-values.

What’s In

BLUE RIBBON
“It’s more beautiful with a .”

Make your life more beautiful while reviewing your lesson on the properties of t-
distribution. Which of the ribbons below contain the characteristics of a t-
distribution? Color them blue.

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 What’s New

“Fif-t Shades of Gray”

Given below are five t-distributions in the shades of gray. The given percentage
represents the unshaded portion of the t-distribution. Your task is to find the area
of the remaining portion/s of the t-distribution. Remember that the total area
under the t-distribution curve is equal to 1 or 100%.

1. 3.

2. 4.

5.

Answer the following questions.

1. How did you find the activity?

2. Was it hard for you to compute for the area of the shaded part under the t-
distribution?

3. What basic operation did you use in finding the area of the shaded part?

4. How did you find the area of two identical shaded parts on both tails of the t-
distribution in question 5?

5. If one of the two identical shaded parts on both tails of the t-distribution has
an area of 1.5%, what is the area of the unshaded portion of the t-distribution?

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 What is It

The area under the t-distribution curve also represents the probability associated
with specific sets of t-values. That means given the t-value, you can compute for the
area or probability with the use of a table or software. A t-value or t-statistic tells us
how many standard deviations from the mean is the given score. The set of t-values
are usually written below the horizontal axis of the t-distribution curve.

Another property of t-distribution is that the exact shape of the t-distribution

depends on the degrees of freedom. Remember that the lesser the degree of freedom,
the lower is its peak and the thicker is its tails. As the degree of freedom increases,
the tails become flatter, and the peak becomes higher. That means, given the area or
the probability, the t-value depends on the number of degrees of freedom. For
example, with the given area of 0.05 on the right tail of t-distribution, the t-value is
2.015 with 5 degrees of freedom. But with 20 degrees of freedom, the t-value is equal
to 1.725.

The t-Table
In finding the areas and percentiles for a t-distribution you need to familiarize
yourself with the t-table. You are going to use a table that is different from the z-
table you used in finding the area under the normal curve.

On the following page, there is an example of a t-table. It is a right-tailed t-table

because the given areas in this table are areas on the right tail of the t-distribution.
Some t-tables are slightly different in format. Look at the t-table carefully. In the first
column in the left-most part, you have the degrees of freedom (df). It ranges from 1
to ∞. The degrees of freedom are determined using the formula n-1, where n is the
number of samples. So, if you have a sample of 15, then the degree of freedom is 14.

The first row in the upper part of the t-table represents the area under the right tail
of the t-distribution. Some of the given areas are from 0.25 to 0.0005. The rest of the
entries in the body of the table are the values of the variable t (t-values).

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7 CO_Q3_Statistics and Probability SHS
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By looking at the table, you can see that
the t-value for an area of 0.10 in the right
tail of the t-distribution with 10 degrees
of freedom is 1.372. This is the
intersection of the row containing the 10
degrees of freedom and the column
containing the area of 0.10.

Similarly, the area to the right tail of a t-

distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
corresponding to the t-value of 2.249 is
0.02. Focus on the row containing 15
degrees of freedom, then look for the t-
value of 2.249. The column that you need
is the column containing the area of 0.02.

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Identifying Percentiles Using the t-Table
A percentile is a value on a t-distribution that is less than the probability in
the given percentage. For example, the 90th percentile of the t-distribution is the
t-value whose left tail probability is 90% and whose right-tail probability is 10%.
Since the area under the t-distribution curve also represents the probability, the 90th
percentile of the t-distribution is the t-value whose area on its left tail is 0.90
and whose area on its right tail is 0.10.

Illustrative Example 1
Find the 95th percentile of a t-distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.

You can plot in a t-distribution and draw what you are looking for. The 95th percentile
is the value of the variable t that has an area of 95% or 0.95 to the left. That value is
somewhere roughly near the t-value of 2. You do not need to get exactly where it is
on t-distribution when you are drawing it at this point, you are just looking for the
rough idea of where it is.

And since the area of the entire

curve is 1, this implies that the
area to the right of the 95th
percentile is 0.05. Hence, the
95th percentile is the value of
the variable t that has an area
of 0.05 to the right. That
means finding the 95th
percentile is looking for the t-
value with an area to the right
of 0.05 under a t-distribution
with 6 degrees of freedom.

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So, you are going to focus on the 6 degrees of freedom row, and in the column
containing the area to the right of 0.05. (The appropriate row and column were
highlighted).

From the figure above, you can see that the value that you need is 1.943. Hence the
95th percentile is 1.943. That means the t-value of 1.943 has 95% of the area to the
left of it, or 0.95. Also, you can say that the t-value of 1.943 has an area of 0.05 to
its right. And so, using the t-table, you will find that the 95th percentile is 1.943.

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Illustrative Example 2
Find the 5th percentile of a t-distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.
The 5th percentile is the value of the variable t that has an area of 5% or 0.05 to the
left. And since the area of the entire curve is 1, you are convinced that the area to
the right of the 5th percentile is 0.95. Hence, the 5th percentile is the value of the
variable t that has an area of 0.95 to the right. Therefore, finding the 5th percentile is
the same as finding for the t-value with an area to the right of 0.95 under a t-
distribution with 6 degrees of freedom.

But if you look at the given areas in the first row of the t table, there is no entry for
an area of 0.95. There is no way you can find an area of 0.95 because your table is
a right-tailed t table. That means it is set to display only the areas under the right
tail of the t-distribution.

Also, if you look at your illustration of the 5th percentile below you will realize that
the t-value that you are looking for lies between -1 and -2. Hence its value should be
a negative number. But if you observe the table where t-values are located, you
cannot find any negative t-value. The table gives only positive values of t.

At this point, you need to recall one of the properties of the t-distribution that it is
symmetric about zero. That means the right tail of the distribution is exactly the
mirror image of its left tail. So, you can easily find the values in the left tail by relying
on this “symmetry–about–zero” property. Hence, if you are going to find the value of
t such that the area to the left of it is 0.05, recall that the area to the right of 1.943
is also 0.05 (See Illustrative Example 1).

Therefore, you can say that since the t-distribution is symmetric about 0, the t-value
with an area to the left of 0.05 must be -1.943. So, you will find that the 5th percentile
is –1.943.

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Illustrative Example 3
What is the area to the right of 2.4 under a t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom?

Remember that in the previous example, you found t-values using the given areas
under the t-distribution curve. But in this example, you will be doing the opposite
because in this problem you are given a t-value and you need to find the area to the
right of the t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom.

You can answer the problem using the figure shown below. The t-value of 2.4 is
somewhere between 2 and 3. Looking at the right part of the figure, find the area.

So, looking back at the table, you need to focus on the 7 degrees of freedom line. You
will observe that the t-value of 2.4 cannot be found in this row but you do find these
two values 2.365 and 2.517 around 2.4 (The t-value 2.4 is between 2.365 and 2.517).

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The table tells you that the area to the right of 2.365 is 0.025 and the area to the
right of 2.517 is 0.02. You figure out earlier that our t-value of 2.4 falls in between
two values 2.365 and 2.517 and turns out, that the area to the right of 2.4 must be
between those two values 0.025 and 0.02.

So, using the table you found that the area to the right of 2.4 under the t-distribution
with 7 degrees of freedom lies somewhere between 0.02 and 0.025.
If you need to get the exact value, it requires you to use a t-distribution calculator
that easily calculates the area under the t-distribution curve with the given t-value
and number of degrees of freedom. Using such a calculator, you could find that the
area to five decimal places is 0.02373.

What if you needed to use the t-table to find the area to the left of 2.4?

Based on the table you found that the area to the right of 2.4 under the t-distribution
lies between 0.02 and 0.025. Since the area under the entire curve is 1, the area to
the left of 2.4 is equal to 1 minus the area to the right of 2.4. So, we need to get the
differences of 1 – 0.02 and 1 – 0.025 which are 0.98 and 0.975 respectively.

Hence, the area to the left of 2.4 under the t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom
must lie somewhere between 0.98 and 0.975.

But considering you already knew that the area to the right of 2.4 is 0.02373, you
could find the exact area to the left of 2.4 to five decimal places as 1 minus 0.02373
or 0.97627.

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 What’s More

INDEPENDENT PRACTICE: “BLACKPINK in your Area”

Use the t-table to identify the area under the t-distribution given the t-value and the
degrees of freedom. Draw a t-distribution for each number then choose between
BLACK or PINK to shade the required area. (The first one is done for you).
Example:
Area to the right of 1.746 under a t-distribution with 16 degrees of freedom

START HERE

1. Area to the right of 1.323 under a t-distribution with 21 degrees of freedom

2. Area to the right of 2.821 under a t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom

3. Area to the left of -2.179 under a t-distribution with 12 degrees of freedom

4. Area to the left of 0.889 under a t-distribution with 8 degrees of freedom

5. Area to the right of 1.25 under a t-distribution with 25 degrees of freedom

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INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT: “Percen-TILES”
Identify the percentiles using the t-tables.

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 What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions.

1. What is a percentile? How does it differ from a percentage?

2. What does the 98th percentile of the t-distribution mean?
3. Give three important pieces of information found in a right-tailed t-table.
4. Why does the right-tailed t-table show only positive t-values?
5. Enumerate the steps on how to find the area to the right of 2.50 under
the t-distribution with 23 degrees of freedom.
6. Explain in your own words how to find the 90th percentile of the t-
distribution with 28 degrees of freedom.

What I Can Do

Answer the following problems.

1. Find the values of t for which the area on the right tail of the t-distribution
is 0.05 and the number of degrees of freedom is equal to:
a. 15 b. 28 c. 100

2. Find the 99th percentile of the t-distribution with 18 degrees of freedom.

3. Find the 90th percentile of the t-distribution if the sample size is 25.

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 Assessment

Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a value in the t-distribution that is less than the probability of the given
percentage.
A. degrees of freedom
B. percentile
C. t-value
D. right-tailed value

2. If the area of the unshaded part of the t-distribution is 0.85, what is the
area of the shaded region?
A. 0.15
B. 0.75
C. 0.85
D. 0.95

3. If the given t-value is 2.056 and the shaded region is on the right of the t-
distribution with 26 degrees of freedom, what is the area of the unshaded
region?
A. 0.025
B. 0.15
C. 0.95
D. 0.975

4. What is the area on the left tail of the t-distribution with 14 degrees of
freedom corresponding to t-value of 3.787?
A. 0.001
B. 0.01
C. 0.975
D. 0.999

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5. Which t distribution has an area of 0.10 to the right of 1.333?
A. A t-distribution with 5 degrees of freedom
B. A t-distribution with 11 degrees of freedom
C. A t-distribution with 17 degrees of freedom
D. A t-distribution with 23 degrees of freedom

6. The shaded region is on the right tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of
freedom is 22 and the area of the shaded region is 0.005, what is the
value of t?
A. -2.819
B. -2.831
C. 2.819
D. 2.831

7. The shaded region is on the left tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of
freedom is 16 and the area of the shaded region is 0.01, what is the
value of t?
A. 2.583
B. 2.120
C.-2. 120
D. -2. 583

8. What is the area to the right of 1.8 under the t-distribution with 5 degrees of
freedom?
A. between 0.20 and 0.15
B. between 0.10 and 0.05
C. between 0.15 and 0.10
D. between 0.05 and 0.025

9. Which of the following values is the 90th percentile of the t-distribution

with 15 degrees of freedom?
A. 1.341
B. 1.345
C. 1.753
D. 1.837

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10. What is the 95th percentile of the t-distribution when the sample size is 23?
A. 1.721
B. 1.717
C. 1.714
D. 1.703

11. If the degree of freedom is 29, what is the 95th percentile of the t-distribution?
A. 2.048
B. 1.701
C 1.699
D. 1.547

12. If the 99th percentile of the t-distribution is 2.650, what is the degree of
freedom?
A. 16
B. 15
C. 14
D. 13

13. To what percentile of the t-distribution does 1.397 belong if the sample size
is 9?
A. 90th
B. 95th
C. 97th
D. 99th

14. What is needed in order to identify a percentile using the t table?

A. degrees of freedom only
B. degrees of freedom and the given percentage
C. degrees of freedom and the area to the left tail of the t-distribution
D. degrees of freedom and the area to the right tail of the t-distribution

15. Why does the right-tailed t-table display only positive values of t?
A. Because the area cannot be negative.
B. Because t-values are always positive.
C. Because t-values on the left tail are positive
D. Because t-values on the right tail are positive

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 Additional Activities

Answer the following questions using the t-table then compare your answer using
the t-distribution calculator.

1. What is the area to the right of 1.5 under the t-distribution with 14 degrees of
freedom?
2. What is the area to the right of 2.75 under the t-distribution with 28 degrees
of freedom?
3. What is the area to the left of 2.8 under the t-distribution with 5 degrees of
freedom?
4. If the degree of freedom is 20, what is the 96th percentile of the t-distribution?
5. In a t-distribution with 13 degrees of freedom, what is the 38th percentile?

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 Module 22
CO_Q3_Statistics and Probability SHS 21
What I Know What’s More Assessment
1. D Activity 1 1. B
2. D 2. A
3. B 3. D
4. C 4. D
5. D 5. C
6. C 6. C
7. D 7. D
8. D 8. B
9. B 9. A
10. C 10. B
11. A 11. C
12. D 12. D
13. A 13. A
14. C 14. D
15. B 15. D
Activity 2
What I Can Do
1. 1.321
1. a. 1.753 2. 0.700
3. -2.150
b. 1.701
4. -1.108
c. 1.660 5. -0.861
2. 2.552 6. 1.740
3. 1.318 7. 2.528
8. 2.145
9. -0.684
Additional Activities
1. 0.0779 or 7.79%
2. 0.0052 or 0.52%
3. 0.9810 or 98.10%
4. 1.844
5. -0.312
Answer Key
References

Book
Malate, Jose S. Statistics and Probability. Vicarish Publications and Trading, Inc.,
2017.

Websites:
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/t-distribution/

https://stattrek.com/probability-distributions/t-distribution.aspx

https://stattrek.com/online-calculator/t-distribution.aspx

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=qH7QZoMbB80

https://stepupanalytics.com/t-test-distribution-and-its-application/

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