Surface Roughness plays a huge role in the quality of a material and its performance during

the machining operations. For attaining the best quality surface roughness optimum cutting
parameters needs to be analyzed. The optimization of various cutting parameters with surface
roughness is highly complex and nonlinear. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models have
served efficiently in predicting outputs of complex data relations by imitating the biological
features of neurons of the human body. ANN performs simulation with help of the data it is
trained with, the data for the training is obtained experimentally and the more the data for
training will be available the less shall be the error in the predicted values. An ANN model
can be created using the back-propagation technique for the simulation of the process and its
parameters. It can be then used to predict the output values, with the assurance of low error in
the predicted value versus the experimental values, it can be used for optimization.

Throughout the development phase of subtractive manufacturing processes, many new

techniques have been developed to increase the performance and efficiency of the procedure.
Either the focus has been to develop a new method of manufacturing that allows the
procedure to be carried out using materials that are abundantly available, or are easy to
machine with minimal wastage; or the focus has been to improve the tools that allow the
manufacturing procedure to be carried out for longer durations with minimal wear to the tools
along with producing a better-quality product [Lata et al. (2018)]. The point of convergence
for these paths have been to reduce the temperatures, friction and cutting forces that are
developed during the cutting process. These factors influence and highly catalyze the
degradation of tools used, and also reduce the quality of final product. These results hence
lead to high maintenance or high ideal machine times, along with less efficient execution of
manufacturing process [Rana et al. (2018)]. The development over the years have led to
invention and discovery of many materials that are now used vastly for such operations along
with methods that have resulted in increase of tool life and efficiency of the whole procedure
[Khanna et al. (2017)].

A part factorial experimental design is analyzed through these networks. This part data is
taken from the study Ranganath M. S. et al, Optimization of Process Parameters in Turning
Operation of Aluminium (6061) with Cemented Carbide Inserts Using Taguchi Method and
Anova” (Table 3, excluding column SURFACE ROUGHNESS, PREDICTED USING ANN
and so obtained error)

Tool wear is greatly affected by the tools that are textured and have a lubricant storing
capacity. Lubrication is a major factor in protection of tool from wear. As stated above,
textures act as reservoirs for lubricants and helps in seeping them to the chip-tool interface
more effectively. Also, these textures help creating a lubricant film on the tool surface via the
mechanism of hydrodynamic effect. These films help in reducing direct contact of the tool
which chip and also prevents adhesion from taking place at a higher rate. This film also
allows working at higher speeds which in turn, allows for reduction in adhesion; hence
prevent abrasive wear at the tool surface. Textures allow debris to get entrapped in them and
hence prevents them falling in the cutting zone. This prevents the cutting edge from a lot of
wear and this also reduces cutting forces and friction at the cutting edge. [Jianxin et al.
(2009)]

The COVID-19 pandemic first witnessed in China has proven to be a complete shock for the
global economy. It has caused drastic moderation in the world’s GDP growth because of the
lockdowns worldwide leading to severe disruptions in various important sectors of the
economy. It has proven to be both a financial and social crisis. The virus has created a
stressful environment causing many lives to battle in their own ways. Economically
Backward countries are mostly affected because of their weaker healthcare systems. The
disease has come along with an uncertainty about how long this new normal will be once
again normal across the globe. Two major challenges on its path are, firstly save people’s
lives from the deadly virus and secondly save the economy from financial uncertainty.

Material selection for upcoming cars has now renewed its importance for making cost-
effective smart designs that can be mass-produced and also meet the engineer’s standards. It
now plays a crucial role to get an edge over other manufacturers in the game. The automotive
industry uses many parts such as pistons, crankshaft, camshaft, spark plug-in engines. It uses
asbestos in the clutch, chassis, brakes, tires, suspension, etc. In the present study, we have
compared different materials used for manufacturing parts/components in the automotive
industry. According to one of the studies materials consumed by the automotive industry is
one of the largest in the world [1]. With a diverse range of materials that are available today,
the frequently used materials today are steel, cast iron, aluminium, polymers, different alloys,
and composites. They are used because of strength or their ability to make a structure lighter.
Most of these are still produced by conventional techniques which require a relook.

The pandemic was accompanied by numerous lockdowns leading to a fall in global trade,
capital flows, disruptions in supply chains, rise in poverty and unemployment. With this
whole scenario, there is an explicit requirement to keep trade in pace in order to ensure the
supply of certain necessary products, and also to transmit a little confidence for the overall
economy as trade is a pre-requisite for every economy. To keep up with the trade it requires
co-operation from every country’s side as import and export restrictions also called trade
tensions tend to be the greatest risks for international trade in the times of COVID-19. Thus,
it becomes imperative to figure out which policy measures would help setting the stage for
recuperation while simultaneously tackling trade tensions (Woo et el. 2020). However,
appropriate policy responses require

In this paper we focus particularly on Deep learning. Deep learning (DL) is a segment of ML
techniques that enable learning of patterns of multi-level abstraction within data using
computational models having multi-layered pro-cessing capabilities and are known to
generalize well to unforeseen data [15]. For our goal, there can be a number of possible
approaches: i) Supervised DL, for la-belled data, (ii) Unsupervised DL, for unlabelled data
and (iii) Semi-supervised learning, for a mixture of labelled and unlabelled data.

Based on the analysis of the two games viz. ‘The Weakest- Link game’ and ‘the Investors
game’, it is concluded that countries follow a proper mechanism wherein they first observe
the international scenario and then take decisions according to their needs and preferences,
keeping the concerns of their own country and citizens at the top of their priority list. While
this seems like a very self-centered approach of going about a crisis, this mindset usually
gives out best overall results thus leading to a Pareto efficient outcome in the game theory
model. In order to safeguard their own interests, all countries collectively work towards
improving the global conditions because in the extensively globalized world that we are all a
part of right now, no country can sustain itself for long and prosper by working in isolation.
The countries are, therefore, suggested to not only make nation specific policies to tackle the
crises, but also policies inclusive of a larger welfare therein including other nations too. For
instance, the recent concepts adopted by various nations like “Vaccine nationalism” etc. are
suggested to be discouraged for larger cause.