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Experiment - 6: Objective Simulation Environment Used Theory

The document describes an experiment to implement various types of clipping circuits using p-n junction diodes. There are two main categories of clippers - series and parallel. The series configuration has the diode in series with the load, while the parallel variety has the diode in a branch parallel to the load. The experiment implements and observes 8 types of clipping circuits: series positive with positive/negative reference voltage, series negative with positive/negative reference voltage, parallel positive with positive/negative reference voltage, and parallel negative with positive/negative reference voltage. More efficient outputs were observed for parallel clippers when the load resistance was much larger than other resistances.

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mehul
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74 views

Experiment - 6: Objective Simulation Environment Used Theory

The document describes an experiment to implement various types of clipping circuits using p-n junction diodes. There are two main categories of clippers - series and parallel. The series configuration has the diode in series with the load, while the parallel variety has the diode in a branch parallel to the load. The experiment implements and observes 8 types of clipping circuits: series positive with positive/negative reference voltage, series negative with positive/negative reference voltage, parallel positive with positive/negative reference voltage, and parallel negative with positive/negative reference voltage. More efficient outputs were observed for parallel clippers when the load resistance was much larger than other resistances.

Uploaded by

mehul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT – 6

OBJECTIVE
Implement clipping circuits using p-n junction diode.

SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT USED


Proteus 8 demonstration version.

Theory
Introduction
Clippers are networks that employ diodes to “clip” away a portion of
an input signal without distorting the remaining part of the applied
waveform. There are two general categories of clippers: series and
parallel. The series configuration is defined as one where the diode is
in series with the load, whereas the parallel variety has the diode in a
branch parallel to the load.

1. Series Clamper
Series clippers are again classified into series negative clippers and
series positive clippers which are as follows:

a. Series Positive Clipper

The series positive clipper circuit is connected as shown in the


figure. During the positive half cycle, diode becomes reverse
biased, and no output is generated across the resistor, and during
the negative half cycle, the diode conducts and the entire input
appears as output across the resistor.

i. Series Positive Clipper with Negative Vr

It is similar to the series positive clipper in addition to a


negative reference voltage in series with a resistor; and here,
during the positive half cycle, the output appears across the
resistor as a negative reference voltage. During the negative
half cycle, the output is generated after reaching a value
greater than the negative reference voltage, as shown in the
above figure.

ii. Series Positive Clipper with Positive Vr

Here, instead of negative reference voltage a positive reference


voltage is connected to obtain series positive clipper with a
positive reference voltage. During the positive half cycle, the
reference voltage appears as an output across the resistor, and
during the negative half cycle, the entire input appears as
output across the resistor.
b. Series Negative Clipper

The above figure shows a series negative clipper with its output
waveforms. During the positive half cycle the diode (considered as
ideal diode) appears in the forward biased and conducts such that
the entire positive half cycle of input appears across the resistor
connected in parallel as output waveform. During the negative
half cycle the diode is in reverse biased. No output appears across
the resistor. Thus, it clips the negative half cycle of the input
waveform, and therefore, it is called as a series negative clipper.

i. Series Negative Clipper with Positive Vr

Series negative clipper with positive reference voltage is similar


to the series negative clipper, but in this a positive reference
voltage is added in series with the resistor. During the positive
half cycle, the diode start conducting only after its anode
voltage value exceeds the cathode voltage value. Since cathode
voltage becomes equal to the reference voltage, the output
that appears across the resistor will be as shown in the above
figure.
ii. Series Negative Clipper with Negative Vr

The series negative clipper with a negative reference voltage is


similar to the series negative clipper with positive reference
voltage, but instead of positive Vr here a negative Vr is
connected in series with the resistor, which makes the cathode
voltage of the diode as negative voltage. Thus, during the
positive half cycle, the entire input appears as output across
the resistor, and during the negative half cycle, the input
appears as output until the input value will be less than the
negative reference voltage, as shown in the figure.

2. Shunt Clippers
Shunt clippers are classified into two types: shunt negative
clippers and shunt positive clippers.

a. Shunt Negative Clipper

Shunt negative clipper is connected as shown in the above figure.


During the positive half cycle, the entire input is the output, and
during the negative half cycle, the diode conducts causing no
output to be generated from the input.

i. Shunt Negative Clipper with Positive Vr

A series positive reference voltage is added to the diode as


shown in the figure. During the positive half cycle, the input is
generated as output, and during the negative half cycle, a
positive reference voltage will be the output voltage as shown
above.

ii. Shunt Negative Clipper with Negative Vr

Here, instead of positive reference voltage, a negative


reference voltage is connected in series with the diode to form
a shunt negative clipper with a negative reference voltage.
During the positive half cycle, the entire input appears as
output, and during the negative half cycle, a reference voltage
appears as output as shown in the above figure.

b. Shunt Positive Clipper


During the positive half cycle the diode is in conduction mode and
no output is generated; and during the negative half cycle; entire
input appears as output as the diode is in reverse bias as shown in
the above figure.

i. Shunt Positive Clipper with Negative Vr

During the positive half cycle, the negative reference voltage


connected in series with the diode appears as output; and
during the negative half cycle, the diode conducts until the
input voltage value becomes greater than the negative
reference voltage and output will be generated as shown in the
figure.

ii. Shunt Positive Clipper with Positive Vr

During the positive half cycle the diode conducts causing the
positive reference voltage appear as output voltage; and,
during the negative half cycle, the entire input is generated as
the output as the diode is in reverse biased.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
1. Positive series clippers

2. Negative series clippers


3. Positive shunt clippers
4. Negative shunt clippers
OBSERVATIONS
1. Series Positive Clipper
a. With Negative V r

b. With Positive Vr
2. Series Negative Clipper
a. With Negative V r

b. With Positive V r
3. Parallel Positive Clipper
a. With Negative V r

b. With Positive V r
4. Parallel Negative Clipper
a. With Negative V r

b. With Positive V r
RESULT
Hence, 8 types of clipper circuits were successfully implemented in
this experiment. In, parallel clipper circuits more efficient outputs
were observed when load resistance was much larger than the other
resistance.

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