AERONAUTICAL CHART

USER GUIDE
Aeronautical chart user guide
C-GUIDE0824

Version 1

Effective 02 December 2021

Ensure document is current before use

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Change summary
Version Date Change description
1 02 December 2021 Initial issue

Table of contents
1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................ 4
2 SCOPE..................................................................................................................... 4
3 GENERAL INFORMATION ......................................................................................... 5
3.1 User responsibilities.................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Chart types................................................................................................................ 6
4 COMMON CHARTING ELEMENTS.............................................................................. 7
4.1 Chart title .................................................................................................................. 7
4.2 Scale bar .................................................................................................................. 7
4.3 North indicator ........................................................................................................... 8
4.4 Projection information ................................................................................................. 8
4.5 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) ........................................................................... 9
4.6 Production information .............................................................................................. 10
4.7 Legend ................................................................................................................... 10
4.8 Location map ........................................................................................................... 10
4.9 Ownership............................................................................................................... 11
4.10 Copyright ................................................................................................................ 11
4.11 Morse code ............................................................................................................. 11
4.12 Horizontal and vertical datum ..................................................................................... 12
4.13 Conversion scale...................................................................................................... 12
5 TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES..................................................................................... 12
5.1 Hypsometric and bathymetric tints............................................................................... 16
6 AERONAUTICAL ATTRIBUTES................................................................................ 17
6.1 Aerodromes............................................................................................................. 17
6.2 Special use airspace................................................................................................. 18
6.3 Air Traffic Services (ATS) .......................................................................................... 20
6.4 Airways and route symbols ........................................................................................ 24
6.5 Sports symbols ........................................................................................................ 27
6.6 Obstacles................................................................................................................ 28
6.7 PCA symbology ....................................................................................................... 29
6.8 Miscellaneous symbology .......................................................................................... 30
7 AERODROME AND PROCEDURE CHARTS............................................................... 30
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 30
7.2 General information .................................................................................................. 30
7.3 Special notices......................................................................................................... 34
7.4 Instrument Approach and Landing (IAL) legends ........................................................... 36
7.5 Conversion tables..................................................................................................... 42
8 Definitions ............................................................................................................. 45

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9 References ............................................................................................................. 47

List of tables
Table 1 – Chart title......................................................................................................................... 7
Table 2 – Scale bar ......................................................................................................................... 7
Table 3 – North indicator.................................................................................................................. 8
Table 4 – Projection information ........................................................................................................ 8
Table 5 – Projection information ...................................................................................................... 10
Table 6 – Location map ................................................................................................................. 10
Table 7 - Ownership ...................................................................................................................... 11
Table 8 - Copyright........................................................................................................................ 11
Table 9 – Morse code.................................................................................................................... 11
Table 10 – Conversion scale........................................................................................................... 12
Table 11 – Topographic features ..................................................................................................... 15
Table 12 - Aerodromes .................................................................................................................. 17
Table 13 – Special use airspace...................................................................................................... 18
Table 14 - NAVAID........................................................................................................................ 19
Table 15 - ATS ............................................................................................................................. 21
Table 16 – Airspace depiction (vertical limits) .................................................................................... 21
Table 17 – Airspace depictions (vertical limits including SFC) .............................................................. 22
Table 18 – Airways and route symbols ............................................................................................. 24
Table 19 - LSALT.......................................................................................................................... 25
Table 20 – Sports symbols ............................................................................................................. 27
Table 21 - Obstacles ..................................................................................................................... 28
Table 22 – PCA symbology ............................................................................................................ 29
Table 23 – Miscellaneous symbology ............................................................................................... 30
Table 24 – RNP AR standards ........................................................................................................ 33

List of figures
Figure 1 – Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)................................................................................. 9
Figure 2 – Reporting points (example 1) ........................................................................................... 26
Figure 3 – Reporting points (example 2) ........................................................................................... 26
Figure 4 – Reporting points (example 3) ........................................................................................... 26
Figure 5 – Intersection waypoint ...................................................................................................... 27
Figure 6 – Profile and plan diagram ................................................................................................. 32
Figure 7 – Critical obstacle type and position..................................................................................... 34
Figure 8 – General symbology (IAL charts) ....................................................................................... 36
Figure 9 – Aerodrome chart (IAL) .................................................................................................... 37
Figure 10 – ILS/LOC combined procedures....................................................................................... 38
Figure 11 – RNAV (GNSS) or RNP non-precision and APV approach procedures................................... 39
Figure 12 – RNAV (GNSS) or RNP approach procedures ................................................................... 39
Figure 13 – Minima table and aerodrome lighting ............................................................................... 40
Figure 14 – Procedure altitude/flight levels ........................................................................................ 41
Figure 15 – Holding patters ............................................................................................................ 41
Figure 16 – Conversion table (gradient rate nomograph)..................................................................... 42
Figure 17 – Conversion table (altitude correction versus temperature #1) .............................................. 43
Figure 18– Conversion table (altitude correction versus temperature #2) ............................................... 44

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1 PURPOSE
This Chart User Guide is an introduction to the Airservices range of aeronautical charts. It has
been designed to be used by new pilots as a learning tool and for experienced pilots as a quick
reference guide.

Airservices publishes a number of different charting products for use in the various stages of visual
and instrument flight, including training, planning, departure, en route (for low and high altitudes),
approaches and movement at an aerodrome.

2 SCOPE
This guide covers depiction and description of the topographic, cultural and aeronautical data
elements shown on the following chart types:
• En Route Chart High (ERCH)
• En Route Chart Low (ERCL)
• Planning Chart Australia (PCA)
• Terminal Area Chart (TAC)
• Visual Navigation Chart (VNC)
• Visual Terminal Chart (VTC)
Note: When planning visual navigation outside the coverage of a VTC, pilots will
need to refer to the appropriate VNC (if available), or ERCL for depiction of
controlled airspace and PRD areas.
• World Aeronautical Chart (WAC)
• Aerodrome and Procedure Charts
• Aerodrome Obstacle Charts
Charts produced by Airservices Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) that are not included in the
Integrated Aeronautical Information Package (IAIP) or produced for internal operational users are
not covered by this guide.

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3 GENERAL INFORMATION

3.1 User responsibilities

3.1.1 Using current charts

Aeronautical information is not static and charts are regularly updated in accordance with a
published schedule, available online: www.airservicesaustralia.com/industry-info/aeronautical-
information-management/document-amendment-calendar/ and the effective date of each chart is
clearly depicted as well as the date when the data was captured, as shown in the example in
para 4.6.

Users should also check AIP SUP and NOTAM for important updates between publication cycles.

3.1.2 Operations outside the Australian Flight Information Region

(FIR)
All data represented on charts that lies outside the Australian FIR is compiled from a variety of
sources and is representative of the airspace and air route mosaic as it was understood at the time
of compilation. Amendments will occur to non-Australian FIR data outside of the Australian AIP
publication cycle. Pilots should therefore check the AIP, SUP and NOTAM of adjoining states to
ensure they are in receipt of the most up-to-date information.

3.1.3 Reporting chart errors and omissions

Errors and omissions to charts can be report to AIS via email:
[email protected]

3.1.4 Purchasing paper charts

Charts can be purchased online through CanPrint Communication: www.aipshop.canprint.com.au.

3.1.5 Definitions and abbreviations

Definitions and abbreviations for the terms used throughout this document can be found in
AIP GEN 2.2.

3.1.6 Applicable documents/reference material

Australian charts are produced to meet the ICAO standards published in Annex 4, Aeronautical
Charts and Doc 8697, Aeronautical Chart Manual.

3.1.7 Using different chart types

Users are reminded to use the most appropriate chart type for their operation and consider the
scale of each chart type. The chart boundaries of larger scale charts are marked on smaller scale
charts. The larger scale charts will hold more information than the smaller scales. On low charts,
the TAC and VTC boundaries are marked.

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3.2 Chart types

3.2.1 ERCH
Drawn to various scales to accommodate significant air traffic route areas and show controlled
airspace, prohibited, restricted and danger areas, air routes, ATS and radio navigation services.
Primarily for use by aircraft operating on transcontinental and inter-capital routes at FL200 and
above.

3.2.2 ERCL
Depict similar information to that shown on ERCH up to FL200. Aeronautical information within
terminal areas may not be complete and pilots should use a TAC or VTC.

3.2.3 PCA
Contains meteorological area forecast boundaries and locations, communication coverage outside
controlled airspace and WAC coverage.

3.2.4 TAC
For use in terminal areas, these charts provide airspace, air routes, prohibited, restricted and
danger areas, navigation aids and radio frequencies. They are designed to display aeronautical
information at a larger scale for easier use in congested areas. Scale varies for each chart.

3.2.5 VNC
Assists in planning flights in relation to controlled airspace, navigation when nearing controlled
airspace or restricted and danger areas. Scale is 1:500,000.

3.2.6 VTC
Provides both aeronautical and topographical information for VFR operations in the vicinity of
major aerodromes. In some cases, these charts show the details of tracks to be flown and
significant landmarks which are used by pilots of VFR aircraft to avoid inadvertent penetration of
controlled airspace. Scale is 1:250,000

3.2.7 WAC
These Australian charts are part of the ICAO 1:1,000,000 international series. Designed for
pre-flight planning as well as pilotage, these charts are constructed using Lambert’s conformal
conic projection and conform to ICAO specifications.

3.2.8 Aerodrome and approach charts

Includes aerodrome and apron charts, noise abatement procedures, Standard Instrument
Departure (SID) and Standard Arrival Route (STAR) charts, Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
and Global Positioning System (GPS) arrival charts and Instrument Approach and Landing (IAL)
charts.

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3.2.9 Aerodrome obstruction charts

Aerodrome obstruction charts, as detailed in ERSA FAC, are available to aircraft operators by
contacting the appropriate aerodrome operator. Details are available online:
www.airservicesaustralia.com/aip/aip.asp.

4 COMMON CHARTING ELEMENTS

Information common across several chart types is listed in this section with examples for
clarification.

4.1 Chart title

Identifies the type of chart and the chart name and/or number.

Table 1 – Chart title

4.2 Scale bar

Scale is depicted in two ways:
1. Statement of scale – the ratio between the chart and the earth that it is describing,
e.g. 1:100,000 states that every unit on the face of the map is the equivalent to 100,000
units on the face of the earth, 1CM on the chart = 1KM on the earth.
2. Scale bar – this can be used to measure real world distances on the map.
Where applicable the scale of the chart is shown in the scale bar; where the scale is standard
across an entire chart series this is also shown in the title block.

Table 2 – Scale bar

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4.3 North indicator

When a grid is not shown on a chart, a north arrow is published with the magnetic variation.

Table 3 – North indicator

4.4 Projection information

A map projection is a method used to depict the earth’s surface, which is spherical onto paper,
which is flat. There are different types of map projection, all of which cause some type of distortion.
The most common form of projection used by Airservices is Lambert’s Conformal Conic projection
with two standard parallels. This information is published on the individual charts, where no
projection is published (on IAL charts) UTM projection is used, see para 4.5.

Table 4 – Projection information

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4.5 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

UTM is a plane coordinate grid system named for the map projection on which it is based
(Transverse Mercator). The UTM system consists of 60 zones, each 6-degrees of longitude in
width. The zones are numbered 1-60, beginning at 180-degrees longitude and increasing to the
east. The UTM zone is not published on charts, however a diagram showing those used in the
Australian FIR is at Figure 1 .

Figure 1 – Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

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4.6 Production information

This information can include the effective date and time (in UTC), the date the data was compiled,
the next edition of the chart and the chart author. Information sourced from third parties, i.e.
Geoscience Australia is also noted when applicable.

Table 5 – Production information

4.7 Legend
Symbology for each chart type and other general information is included in the chart legend.

4.8 Location map

Where applicable, this shows the location of the chart in reference to a map of Australia as well as
the chart information for that chart type for the rest of the country.

Table 6 – Location map

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4.9 Ownership
The custodian of the chart is represented by the organisation logo.

Table 7 - Ownership

4.10 Copyright
A copyright notice or symbol is shown on all charts with instructions for how to seek permission to
reproduce the charts for commercial reasons.

Table 8 - Copyright

4.11 Morse code

Morse code is used to determine the serviceability of NAVAID. Morse code symbology is shown on
applicable charts as either part of the legend, as a table in marginalia or on the chart itself.

Table 9 – Morse code

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4.12 Horizontal and vertical datum

A datum is a system which allows the location of latitudes and longitudes and heights to be
identified onto the surface of a spherical object, such as the earth. Datum are usually named with a
regional or functional description and a date for when it was last updated. Australian charts use:
• GDA94 (vertical) – the Geodetic Datum of Australia, 1994, and
• WGS84 (horizontal) – World Geodetic System 1984

4.13 Conversion scale

Conversion scales are published to assist pilots with the conversions that may be required for
navigation, i.e. FT to M and KM to NM and vice versa. More detailed conversion tables are
published in AIP GEN 2.6.

Table 10 – Conversion scale

5 TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Topographic features are shown on visual charts (VNC, VTC, and WAC) and some Aerodrome
and Procedure Charts. These features identify cultural and natural ground features, including
roads, buildings, urban development, boundaries, railways, power transmission lines, water
features, mountains and magnetic variation.

The symbols contained may not be published on all visual charts, however where there is a
difference in symbology across different chart types this is identified. Chart specific information is
contained in the legend for each chart.

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Feature Symbology Alternate Symbology

Area subject
to
inundation
Boundary,
international
Boundary,
state
Building,
homestead
or post
office

Built up
area

Cities,
towns and
villages are
shown
according to
their relative
importance
to visual air
navigation

Cliff, buff or
escarpment
Contour
Contour,
approximate
Dual
carriageway
Gas or
Oilfield
Grain
storage

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Feature Symbology Alternate Symbology

Hypsometric
and
Bathymetric
tints

Isolated
offshore
rock

Lake, dry

Lake, non-
perennial
(intermittent)
Lake,
perennial

Mangroves

Mine
Other road
Pipeline
Power
transmission
line
Principal
road

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Feature Symbology Alternate Symbology

Railway
Railway
abandoned
or under
construction
Railway with
station or
siding
Retaining
wall, weir,
falls
River,
braided
stream

Sand ridges

Sand,
foreshore
flat
Secondary
road
Shoal or
bank
Spot
elevation
accurate
Spot
elevation
accurate
maximum
Spot
elevation
calculated
maximum

Swamp

Tank
Tidal ledge
or reef
Tower or
mast
Tunnel

Waterhole

Yard

Table 11 – Topographic features

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5.1 Hypsometric and bathymetric tints

5.1.1 Hypsometry
The measurement of the elevation of the land with respect to sea level.

5.1.2 Bathymetry
The measurement of the depth of water bodies.

5.1.3 Elevation
Elevation on all charts is shown in Feet Above Mean Sea Level (FT AMSL), unless otherwise
noted, e.g. Above Ground Level (AGL).

5.1.4 Contours
Contour lines mark points of equal elevation on a chart. They assist with understanding the
elevation profile of the terrain, i.e. identifying peaks, depressions, cliffs, valleys, ridgelines, saddles
and ledges.

5.1.5 Spot elevations

Spot elevations, which denote ground level, not tree top height, may not indicate the maximum
elevation of the land in any area. The highest spot elevation in each 30 minute grid square is
depicted in bold type. Spot elevations enclosed by brackets (+) indicate the highest elevation of
terrain (not surveyed) based on best available contour information. Hypsometric information is
accurate to the extent of the surveys available and should be accepted as only indicative of
elevation and used with caution.

5.1.6 Highest point on the chart

The highest point on any VFR chart is noted, including its latitude and longitude, in the margin of
the chart.

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6 AERONAUTICAL ATTRIBUTES
The amount and type of published aeronautical data varies by chart type. The colour of the
symbology may also vary by chart type.

6.1 Aerodromes
Feature Symbology

ALA - unverified

ALA - verified

Civil - Certified

Helicopter Landing Site

Joint Civil - Military

Military

Water – unverified

Water - verified

Table 12 - Aerodromes

6.1.1 General information

• Heliports are not depicted on IFR charts
• Due to clutter, some heliports are not shown on VFR charts
• Unverified ALA are not shown on ERCH
• Verified ALA are only shown on high charts if there is a discreet CTAF, i.e. not 126.7
• Certified aerodromes are depicted on high charts only if the AD is on a high route
• Where a NAVAID and an aerodrome co-exist, symbology priority is given to the NAVAID

6.1.2 Verified
Airservices has a responsible person registered for the location and associated information
confirmed.

6.1.3 Unverified
Airservices has not been advised of a responsible person for the location. Status and serviceability
is unknown.

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6.2 Special use airspace

Feature Symbology
Danger Area
Boundary

Fly Neighbourly
Area

PRD Table

Restricted Area
Boundary

Restricted/Danger
- Area too small
to be shown on
chart
Special
Procedures Area

Table 13 – Special use airspace

6.2.1 Restricted and Danger Areas

a. Restricted Areas (RA) are shown with a thick purple line on IFR charts, and a magenta
verge on VFR charts. RA conditional status is displayed in tables on the chart.
b. Danger Area (DA) boundaries are shown with a solid purple line on IFR charts, and a solid
magenta line on VFR charts.
c. Where a DA and RA have a common lateral boundary, on the RA, verge is shown. The DA
boundary is indicated by labels
d. On VFR charts, where RA and DA have a common lateral boundary, only the RA verge is
shown. The DA boundary is indicated by labels.

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6.2.2 Navigational Aids (NAVAID)

Feature Symbology
Broadcast Station (showing call sign,
frequency, and if Relay ( R ) )

DME

ILS or Localizer

Navigation Aid Limitation

Navigation Box

NDB

TACAN

VHF Contact with ATS possible on ground

VOR

Table 14 - NAVAID
Note:
a. An asterisk (*) next to a NAVAID indicates that it is subject to an operating limitation such
as reduced range, bearing fluctuations, terrain shielding etc. Details of the limitation are
listed in ERSA FAC
b. An asterisk will not be shown to indicate that an aid is pilot monitored
c. Where there is a VOR/DME co-located with a NDB, the NDB symbol will not be shown
d. The ILS/Localizer beam value will only be published if it does not run along a route

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6.3 Air Traffic Services (ATS)

Feature Symbology

AERIS frequency with location

Boundary between CTA, UTA,

OCA (OCA A Boundary on ERCL
and TAC)
Broadcast area boundary
Civil control zone
(Class C and D Control Zone on
visual charts)
Class G airspace
Note: Class G exists from SFC
to the base of overlying
Class A, C, D, or E
airspace
Class C and D airspace
Note: Where LL is BLW FL200,
check for underlying Class
E
Class E airspace.
Note: Where LL is BLW FL180
(except where Class C
exists above)

CTA boundary
CTA limits
CTA distances

CTAF

Designated route - arrow indicates

where one way

Designated route - high

Designated route - low

E Frequency boundary

Feature not on route

FIS frequency information

FIR boundary

G Frequency boundary

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Feature Symbology
Military control zone
Sector mileage and lowest safe
altitude
Note: Always shown together
Note: Continental lowest safe
altitude is only valid for RNP 2
Operations
Sub FIR boundary or sector

Terminal control area (TMA)

boundary

Upper Information Region (UIR)

Table 15 - ATS

6.3.1 Airspace depictions

Airspace categories and their lateral and vertical limits are indicated by labels, boundary lines and
colour tints. The depictions used on the ERCL, ERCH and TAC are common across all these
charts. Differing depictions have been utilised on the VTC in order to complement the topographic
base.

The vertical limits of airspaces are shown on all charts by indicating the airspace class and the
lower limit, i.e. LL 7500 (blue label), D LL 3500 (blue label), and E LL 8500 (brown label).
Where different classes of airspace are vertically stacked the labels will be shown in layers, e.g.
• A LL FL180 (blue label)
• E LL 8500 (brown label).

IFR Charts VNC VTC

Table 16 – Airspace depiction (vertical limits)

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When depicting airspace vertical limits, "SFC" indicates the lower limit is the surface of the earth.

IFR Charts IFR (MIL) Charts VFR

Table 17 – Airspace depictions (vertical limits including SFC)

6.3.2 Airspace depictions used on the ERCH, ERCL and TAC

a. Class A airspace
i. The lateral limits of Class A airspace are depicted with blue lines.
ii. The lower limit of Class A airspace is shown with blue labels.
iii. The vertical limit of Class A airspace is shown with blue labels along the lateral
boundary.
b. Class C airspace
i. The lateral limits of Class C control area steps below Class A airspace are depicted
with blue lines and a blue tint.
ii. The lower limit of Class C control area is shown with blue labels.
c. Class D airspace
i. The lateral limits Class D control area steps are depicted with blue lines and a blue
tint.
ii. The lower limit of Class D control area is shown with blue labels.
d. Class E airspace
i. The lateral limits of Class E airspace are depicted with a brown line and a brown
tint.
ii. The lower limit of Class E airspace is shown with brown labels.
e. Class G airspace
i. Class G airspace is all airspace not promulgated as Class A, C, D, or E.
ii. Class G airspace is not tinted or specifically labelled.

6.3.3 Airspace depictions used on the VTC

a. Blue lines indicate the lateral boundaries of classes A, C and D airspace.
b. The lower limits of Class A, C and D airspace are shown with blue labels.
c. A brown line indicates the lateral boundary of Class E airspace.
d. The lower limits of Class E airspace are shown with brown labels.
e. Class G airspace is designated as all airspace not already promulgated as Class A, C, D,
or E. Class G airspace has not been specifically labelled.

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6.3.4 Airspace boundary information

Distances associated with airspace boundaries indicate the datum on which the airspace is based,
and is shown as follows:
a. “NM” indicates a distance from the ARP.
b. “DME” or “TAC” indicates a distance based on that navigation aid.
c. Some control zones have boundaries based on a runway threshold; e.g. “7NM FM THR
RWY 33” indicates a distance based on the threshold of Runway 33 at the associated
aerodrome.

6.3.5 Frequency information

• Flight Information Area (FIA) frequencies and associated boundaries are depicted in green.
• ATC frequencies and associated boundaries for use in Class E airspace are depicted in
brown.
• The prefix to a frequency indicates the provider of the service.
• Where a single area is divided vertically between different frequencies, the vertical limits
applicable to each frequency will be indicated.

6.3.6 Depiction of Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)

At non-controlled aerodromes where MULTICOM 126.7MHz is not the CTAF, or non-controlled
aerodromes that have an associated NAVAID, an entry “CTAF” followed by the designated
frequency, is annotated in a box associated with the location.

6.3.7 Broadcast Areas (BA)

BA are depicted on charts by a dashed dark green line and a label stating ‘for operations in this
area SFC -<altitude> use CTAF <frequency>’.

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6.4 Airways and route symbols

Feature Symbology
AIREP Section 3 required from designated
flights
Bearing to Navigation Aid
(Abeam when no bearing value shown)
Compulsory Position Report for all aircraft
Compulsory reporting required only in the
directions indicated
Position Report for aircraft with less than
300KT and for other aircraft on request
Route flight planning requirement
(see AIP/ERSA)
Subject to ATC clearance, track to be flown
to obviate holding prior to commencement
of instrument approach

Tactical Waypoint - No report required

When planning in controlled airspace prior

ATC approval required for flight in direction
indicated

Table 18 – Airways and route symbols

6.4.1 Air routes

The following designators are used to identify ATS routes:
• A, B, G, R for routes which form part of the regional networks of ATS routes and
are not area navigation routes;
• L, M, N, P for area navigation routes which form part of the regional networks of
ATS routes;
• H, J, V, W for routes which do not form part of the regional networks of ATS routes
and are not area navigation routes;
• Q, T, Y, Z for area navigation routes which do not form part of the regional
networks of ATS routes.
• The additional prefix U may be added to indicate that the route or portion thereof is
established in the upper airspace.

A black arrowhead on a route designator box indicates that the route is to be used, within
controlled airspace, only in the direction shown by the arrow. Air routes are divided into route
segments. Each route segment contains data for the magnetic track, distance, LSALT and
reporting requirements.

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6.4.2 LSALT
The LSALT specified for a route segment is only valid for RNP 2 operations. For operations other
than RNP 2 operations, operators and pilots must use a pilot calculated LSALT or grid LSALT.

The minimum LSALT published is 1,500FT due to lack of data concerning terrain near sea level.
Techniques for calculating LSALT are published in AIP GEN 3.3.

LSALT details for Area Navigation routes are shown in each grid square formed by the parallels
and meridians. The grid is at the intervals shown in Table 19:

Chart Interval
ERCH H1 1°
H2, 3 and 5 2°
H4 4°
ERCL 1°
TAC 1°

Table 19 - LSALT
On IFR charts, some LSALT on one way air routes have an associated direction arrow. This arrow
indicates that the LSALT is only applicable in the direction of the one-way route, and a LSALT has
not been calculated for the opposite direction.

A LSALT without a direction arrow on any air route indicates that the LSALT is the same in both
directions. However, one-way routes should only be flown, in controlled airspace, in the direction
indicated by the route designator box.

On ERC, the LSALT figure is always attached adjacent to the distance “bubble” of the route to
which the LSALT applies.
CAUTION: In areas of chart clutter, these LSALT figures may sometimes cross adjacent route
tracks.

6.4.3 Track Bearing Specifications

Each route segment is shown as the minor arc of a Great Circle passing through the end points.
The track angles of the Great Circle segments are measured at the end points. Rhumb line track
angles can be determined by taking the track out and the track in to the next waypoint, and then
averaging the Great Circle track angles.

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6.4.4 Reporting points

Reporting points are normally referenced to a radio-NAVAID, aerodrome or town or within 10NM of
a town or a geographical feature. Where this is not possible, waypoint names have been computer
generated.

The following examples and diagrams detail the reporting requirements that apply on crossing air
routes that intersect at a reporting point:
a. A report is required on both routes

Figure 2 – Reporting points (example 1)

b. A report is required only on W435. The route segment on W242 is a single segment
between D and C and the compulsory point report does not apply

Figure 3 – Reporting points (example 2)

c. A compulsory position report is required on W646, indicated by the arrows associated with
the report symbol. A compulsory position report for aircraft with TAS less than 300KT and
for other aircraft on request applies on W570.

Figure 4 – Reporting points (example 3)

Where arrows are associated with a reporting point, then a solid triangle (compulsory report for
ALL aircraft) applies in the direction indicated by the arrows, and an open triangle (compulsory
report for aircraft with TAS less than 300KT and for other aircraft on request) applies on the
crossing route. The same principle applies if the AIREP Section 3 report is required.

6.4.5 Intersection waypoint

An intersection waypoint is included at the intersection of two air routes, but is not included in the
description of either air route. Effectively, this waypoint is a “point in space”.

For a flight that will plan via one air route, the intersection waypoint is not displayed in the FMS
route data. However, if the crossing route is to be flown from the intersection, the waypoint is
included in the flight plan and appears in the FMS.

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An intersection waypoint is displayed on en route charts as a Type 1 (Solid Square) waypoint and
the tracks arc around that waypoint. The legend defines a Type 1 reporting point as “waypoint - no
report required unless used as a turning point between two routes”. This is shown in the following
example:

Figure 5 – Intersection waypoint

As the intersection waypoint is not included on either air route, operators wishing to plan two routes
will flight plan via:
a. the air route to the waypoint short of the intersection waypoint, then
b. direct to the intersection waypoint, then
c. direct to the first waypoint on the second air route, then
d. via the new air route.
An example of a flight plan entry based on the map shown in the above image, is as follows:
L503 IGEVO DCT LEKET DCT VIMAV N759

6.5 Sports symbols

Feature Symbology

Balloon Ascents Manned

Glider Operations

Hang Glider

Model aircraft

Model rocket operation

NOTAM

Parachute Jumping

Ultralight

Winch or auto-tow launched sports aviation

operation

Table 20 – Sports symbols

a. Gliders use and monitor frequencies 122.5, 122.7 and 122.9
b. Where applicable, launching cables may extend to 3,000FT AGL

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6.6 Obstacles
Feature Symbology
Verified Unverified
Obstacle and group obstacle (lit/unlit)

Wind turbine and windfarm (lit/unlit)

Grid maximum elevation for obstacle

Table 21 - Obstacles
Note:
a. Verified obstacles meet horizontal and vertical accuracy requirements according to ICAO
Area 1 standards.
b. An unverified obstacle has been reported at that location, but not all horizontal and vertical
accuracy requirements as per ICAO standards have been met.
c. Numerals in italics indicate elevation AMSL of the top of the mast or obstruction
d. Height above ground is shown in upright text within brackets
e. Only structures above 300FT AGL are shown, structures up to 300FT AGL may exist that
are not depicted on charts

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6.7 PCA symbology

Feature Symbology

AERIS

Aerodrome (locations)

Briefing/QNH area identification number

Briefing/QNH area zone boundary

Estimated VHF coverage at 5,000FT

Estimated VHF coverage at 10,000FT

Estimated VHF coverage at 10,000FT

Note: For emergency use only
Graphical area forecast boundary

Graphical area forecast identifier

HF network and frequencies

HF network boundary

WAC number

Table 22 – PCA symbology

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6.8 Miscellaneous symbology

Feature Symbology

Bearings, tracks and radials

Holding pattern

IFR/VFR cruising levels

Magnetic variation

TAC coverage

VTC coverage

Table 23 – Miscellaneous symbology

7 AERODROME AND PROCEDURE CHARTS

7.1 Introduction
This section contains information regarding the Departure and Approach Procedure charts for
Australia, including aerodrome and apron charts, noise abatement procedures, Standard
Instrument Departure (SID) and Standard Arrival Route (STAR) charts, Distance Measuring
Equipment (DME) and Global Positioning System (GPS) arrival charts and Instrument Approach
and Landing (IAL) charts.

7.2 General information

7.2.1 Use of navigation aids

Instrument approach procedures are based on specific NAVAID, with the applicable
navigation tolerance(s) used in the development of the procedure's obstacle protection
surfaces. The NAVAID upon which the procedures are based is identified on each instrument
approach chart. Only the NAVAID identified on each approach chart may be used to fly the
procedure; use of a non-specified aid, such as another DME located on the airfield, is
prohibited as it may seriously jeopardise the integrity of the instrument approach procedure.

7.2.2 Units of measurement

Bearings and tracks are shown in degrees magnetic, elevations in feet and navigational
distances in nautical miles. In the aerodrome meteorological minima tables, altitudes and
ceilings are shown in feet and visibilities are shown in kilometres or metres.

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7.2.3 Line annotations

On the plan and profile diagrams full lines are used to indicate approach procedures, broken
lines to indicate missed approach procedures, light lines to indicate holding procedures and
dotted lines to indicate procedures for leaving holding patterns and for supplementary
procedures.

CAUTION: Spot heights on IAL charts do not necessarily indicate the highest terrain or
obstacle in the immediate area.

7.2.4 Distance/altitude table

A DME distance/altitude table is provided on charts where runway approach minima are
published and the DME and azimuth facilities are suitably located. This table is provided to
assist in maintaining an optimum descent profile where glideslope guidance may not be
available. Wherever possible the profile has been designed to allow for a descent of 3°
(approximately 320FT per mile) to the touch-down point (nominally 300M past the runway
threshold). The designed rates of descent for profiles in excess of 3° are noted on the chart.
Altitudes have been rounded to the nearest 10FT.

7.2.5 Altitude correction versus temperature

All altitude information has been calculated for ISA conditions. Correction to altitudes/heights
shown on procedures must be made when the temperature at the QNH source (usually the
destination aerodrome) is less than ISA-15°. Correction can be added in accordance with the
charts at 7.5.2 and 7.5.3, as appropriate.
Note: The example shown is an aerodrome at 2,000FT elevation reporting a
surface temperature of -9°C. The procedure IAF is at 5,250FT (3,250FT
HAA) and DA at 2,400FT (400FT DH). At 2,000FT aerodrome elevation,
ISA-15° is -4°C, therefore a correction should be applied. The correction is
to IAF, add 250FT; to DA add 30FT.

7.2.6 Minima table and aerodrome lighting

Published visibility on IAL charts for straight in minima specifies a distance, measured in KM,
from the aircraft position at MDA/DA on the published vertical path angle to a point 160M
(500FT) past the approach threshold, or approach landing lights if appropriate.

CASA regulations do not allow Non Precision Approaches to gain a visibility benefit from
approach lighting. Precision approaches may have a reduction of visibility minima at
aerodromes with approach lighting, however further considerations exist for higher than CAT 1
operations.

The visibility for circling procedures is a standard value based on the category of aircraft. It is
related to the nominal turn radius at maximum IAS for the category and provides for aircraft on
a downwind leg in a circuit pattern to maintain visual contact with the aerodrome environment.

7.2.7 Climb or descent limitations

Climb or descent limitations are shown as a heavy line above or below the appropriate altitude
on the profile diagram. Non-limiting altitudes are shown in italics.

All procedures depict tracks, and pilots should attempt to maintain the track by applying
corrections to heading for known or estimated wind.

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7.2.8 Profile and plan diagrams

Profile diagrams of approach procedures are diagrammatic. Plan diagrams are shown to
scale, except that the depicted length of outbound and inbound legs on timed procedures (e.g.
NDB procedures) are diagrammatic. The profile line depicted on approach procedures is
representative of the descent profile designed for the approach. However, the angles may be
exaggerated for illustrative purpose. On those charts where a DME-based procedure is
combined with a non-DME based procedure, the altitude/distance scale (where provided)
applies only to the DME-based procedure. That is, it is not necessary to fly a time-based
procedure to conform to the altitude/distance scale. However, if a limiting fix or radial is shown
on these procedures, the segment must be terminated at the earlier limit of time or fix/radial.
Times shown on outbound legs of holding and approach procedures provide for optimum
manoeuvring in zero wind. These times may be adjusted only to the extent that allows for
known or estimated wind component.

On profile diagrams where an approach without DME is combined with one using DME (e.g.
VOR/DME or VOR), any reference to a DME FIX refers only to the approach using DME. The
reference to time only refers to the approach not using DME. Compliance with indicated fix
positions and DME distances of DME descent procedures is mandatory.

Further, where a common step-down limitation applies to both procedures, generally only one
altitude is shown with arrows pointing to the position on each procedure at which the
restriction applies, as per Figure 6.

Figure 6 – Profile and plan diagram

Speed restrictions shown on individual approach charts apply to holding and the initial segment of
reversal procedures only. When speed restrictions are required for DME arcs or other segments of
the approach, text will be included specifying the restriction.

The circling restrictions shown apply by day in less than VMC and at night.

7.2.9 Chart title

The titles on Australian IAL charts conform to a convention to allow commonality of names
between the chart title and electronic databases. The convention uses only the NAVAID providing
final approach lateral guidance in the title. If another NAVAID is required to fly the procedure but is
not needed to provide final approach guidance, this aid will be identified in the top right hand
corner of the chart, under the title, in the 'NAVAID RQ' box.

Where the use of a NAVAID that is not identified as a required NAVAID permits a lower minimum
altitude, a separate line in the minima box is provided.

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Where more than one approach of the same type is provided to the same runway, these are
identified by an alphabetical suffix commencing at the end of the alphabet: e.g. RWY 19 ILS-Z, and
RWY 19 ILS-Y identify two different ILS approaches to the same runway.

Where more than one circling approach is published at the same aerodrome, each procedure is
identified by an alphabetical suffix, commencing at the beginning of the alphabet: e.g. NDB-A,
VOR-B, VOR-C.

Note: RNAV or RNP- procedures which have become circling retain a suffix
indicative of the direction of approach i.e. N, E, S, W.

RNP-AR approach procedures published by Airservices are designed according to criteria

contained in ICAO Doc 9905. Unless noted on the approach procedure chart, standard RNP
values for each segment apply. These values are shown in Table 24.

Segment RNP values

ARRIVAL 2
INITIAL 1
INTERMEDIATE 1
FINAL 0.3
MISSED APPROACH 1

Table 24 – RNP AR standards

7.2.10 Aerodrome information

Runway and strip dimensions are shown in metres, elevations in feet and bearings in degrees
magnetic. In the take-off minima tables, ceilings are in feet and visibilities are in kilometres.

See AIP GEN 2.6 for NM/KM/NM conversion tables.

Where Pilot Activated Lighting (PAL) is indicated, T-VASIS, AT-VASIS and PAPI installations are
not necessarily activated. See ERSA for details.

7.2.11 Standard take-off minima

Standard take-off minima are applicable at all aerodromes except where otherwise detailed on
individual Aerodrome Charts.

Obstacles penetrating departure surfaces are depicted in accordance with ICAO Annex 4. Where
penetrations occur prior to departure end of RWY (DER), visibility and ceiling requirements are
promulgated on the procedure chart where they exceed standard take-off minima, including for IFR
operations are published in AIP ENR 1.5.

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The values published, where greater than standard, require the pilot to visually acquire the
obstacle prior to departure. In these cases, a caution note, see example in Figure 7 will indicate the
type and position of the critical obstacle.

Figure 7 – Critical obstacle type and position

7.3 Special notices

7.3.1 Magnetic variation/bearing

Due to changes in magnetic variation, runway bearing information published in DAP may differ
slightly from what published in ERSA. Where the difference exceeds 2 degrees. DAP will be
corrected at the next amendment cycle.

7.3.2 Changes to PBN approach procedure chart titles

From September 2021, a change is being made to the PBN APCH chart titles to match the
navigation specification. In addition, a new PBN requirement box will be added on the top right
corner indicating the navigation specification and any other requirements. The change will be
progressively implemented as per an AIC published online:
www.airservicesaustralia.com/aip/aip.asp.

7.3.3 Proprietary procedure charts

Proprietary procedures owned by Naverus Inc. and GE Aviation are tailored for individual operators
and aircraft types, and do not conform to Airservices format.

These charts are for use by CASA approved operators only.

They are provided for use by ATC, and for situational awareness by other aircrew outside ATC
hours.

7.3.4 Contours on procedure charts

The contours shown are in increments of 500FT starting from the next higher contour line at least
500FT above aerodrome elevation.

The printed version of these charts will show shades of grey. A colour version of the same chart
showing shades of brown is available from the Airservices website,
http://www.airservicesaustralia.com/aip/aip.asp.

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7.3.5 Changes to NAVAID RQ boxes on procedure charts

A change is being made to the NAVAID RQ boxes shown in the top right corner of some approach
charts. Where the NAVAID RQ box is shown on an approach chart the text refers to the NAVAID or
GNSS that the aircraft must use for the approach. Where an IDENT is currently shown it is being
removed (example ICB DME will become DME). On ILS charts where waypoints are being
introduced at the FAF so GNSS can be used to identify the altitude verification check point (in lieu
of the DME distance) the NAVAID RQ box will have ‘DME or GNSS’.

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7.4 Instrument Approach and Landing (IAL) legends

7.4.1 General symbology

Figure 8 – General symbology (IAL charts)

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7.4.2 Aerodrome chart

Figure 9 – Aerodrome chart (IAL)

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7.4.3 ILS/LOC combined procedures

Figure 10 – ILS/LOC combined procedures

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7.4.4 RNAV (GNSS) or RNP non-precision and APV approach

procedures

Figure 11 – RNAV (GNSS) or RNP non-precision and APV approach procedures

7.4.5 RNAV (GNSS) or RNP approach procedures

Figure 12 – RNAV (GNSS) or RNP approach procedures

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7.4.6 Minima table and aerodrome lighting

Figure 13 – Minima table and aerodrome lighting

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7.4.7 Procedure altitude/flight levels

Figure 14 – Procedure altitude/flight levels

7.4.8 Holding pattern

Figure 15 – Holding patters

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7.5 Conversion tables

7.5.1 Gradient rate nomograph

The nomograph below gives the climb/descent rate for entering arguments of gradient (%, FT/NM,
degrees) and ground speed.

Figure 16 – Conversion table (gradient rate nomograph)

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7.5.2 Altitude correction versus temperature

Figure 17 – Conversion table (altitude correction versus temperature #1)

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7.5.3 Altitude correction versus temperature

Figure 18– Conversion table (altitude correction versus temperature #2)

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8 Definitions
Within this document, the following abbreviations will be used:
Term Definition
AD Aerodrome
AERIS Automatic En Route Information Service
AFRU Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit
AGL Above Ground Level
AIP Aeronautical Information Package/Publication
AIREP Air Report
AIS Aeronautical Information Services
ALA Aircraft Landing Area
AMSL Above Mean Sea Level
APV Approach Procedure with Vertical Guidance
ARP Aerodrome Reference Point
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATS Air Traffic Services
AT-VAISIS Abbreviated "T" Visual Approach Slope Indicator System
Baro-VNAV Barometric Vertical Navigation
BLW Below
CASA Civil Aviation Safety Authority
CAT Category
CM Centimetre
CTA Control Area
CTAF Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
DA Danger Area
DA Decision Altitude
DER Departure End of Runway
DH Decision Height
DME Distance Measuring Equipment
ERCH En Route Chart High
ERCL En Route Chart Low
ERSA En Route Supplement Australia
FAC Facilities (individual aerodrome entries in ERSA)
FAF Final Approach Fix
FIA Flight Information Area
FIR Flight Information Region
FIS Flight Information Service
FL Flight Level
FM From
FT Feet

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Term Definition
GDA Geodetic Datum of Australia
GEN General (section of the AIP Book)
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positioning System
HAA Height Above Aerodrome
HF High Frequency
IAF Initial Approach Fix
IAIP Integrated Aeronautical Information Package
IAL Instrument Approach and Landing charts
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IDENT Identification
IFR Instrument Flight Rules
ILS Instrument Landing System
ISA International Standard Atmosphere
KM Kilometre
KT Knot
LL Lower Level
LNAV Lateral Navigation
LSALT Lowest Safe Altitude
MDA Minimum Descent Altitude
NAVAID Navigation Aid
NDB Non-Directional Radio Beacon
NM Nautical Mile
NOTAM Notice to Airmen
OCA Oceanic Control Area
PAL Pilot Activated Lighting
PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator
PCA Planning Chart Australia
PRD Prohibited, Restricted and Danger (Areas)
QNH Altimeter subscale setting to obtain elevation or altitude
R Relay
RA Restricted Area
RNAV Area Navigation
RNP Required Navigation Performance
RQ Require(d)
RWY Runway
SFC Surface
SID Standard Instrument Departure
STAR Standard Arrival Route
SUP Supplement (to the AIP)

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Term Definition
TAC Terminal Area Chart
TACAN UHF Tactical Air Navigation Aid (Military)
TAS True Airspeed
THR Threshold
TMA Terminal Control Area
T-VASIS "T" Visual Approach Slope Indicator System
UIR Upper Information Region
UTA Upper Control Area
UTC Coordinated Universal Time
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
VFR Visual Flight Rules
VHF Very High Frequency
VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions
VNAV Vertical Navigation
VNC Visual Navigation Chart
VOR VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range
VTC Visual Terminal Chart
WAC World Aeronautical Chart
WGS World Geodetic System

9 References
Title Number

AIP Book

Civil Aviation Order (CAO) 20.1.1B

ERSA

ICAO Annex 4
ICAO Doc 8697
ICAO Doc 9905

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