Mechatronics Module 4:

Sensors and Actuators

Dr. Vladimir V. Vantsevich

[email protected]

1
 Introduction to Sensors
Sensors are essential components of automotive electronic
control systems. Sensors are defined as “devices that
transform (or transduce) physical quantities such as
pressure or acceleration (called measurands) into output
signals (usually electrical) that serve as inputs for control
systems.”

Vehicle with 360-degree sensing capability [4]

2
 Introduction to Sensors
The three major areas of
systems applications for
automotive sensors are the
powertrain, chassis, and
body.

Ø  In the present systems-

classification scheme,
anything that isn’t powertrain
or chassis is included as a
body systems application.

Ø  The automotive industry

has increasingly utilized
sensors
in recent years. 3
Major of systems applica@on for automo@ve sensors [1]
 Introduction to Sensors

Powertrain control system [1] Chassis control system [1]

4
Body control system [1] 5
 Current-product Sensor Technologies
Rotational motion sensors: measure shaft rotational motion (they
also detect reference points such as those created by the absence of
one tone-wheel tooth).

Pressure sensors: have some very diverse automotive applications.

They measure pressures ranging from 10kPa to 180 MPa. This is an
18000:1 variation in full-scale pressure range measurement
requirements.

Engine Knock: To obtain maximum power, high-performance engines

are run at their borderline limit of incipient knock. This is done using
closed-loop control of spark timing based on knock sensor feedback.
Vibration/knock sensors consist of piezoelectric sensing elements in
spring-mass sensor packages
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 Current-product Sensor Technologies

Mass Air Flow: MAF (mass air flow) sensors are used on
high-performance engines, sensors based on a thermal
heat-loss principle, including a hot-wire element (plus a
companion compensating hot-wire element), to measure
mass air flow into an engine.

Exhaust Gas: EGO (exhaust gas oxygen) sensors use in

closed-loop three-way catalytic-converter emissions control
of engines.

Position sensors: measure linear displacements ranging

from less than one micron to over 200 mm.

7
 Current-product Sensor Technologies
Linear Acceleration: Linear-acceleration inertial sensors are used
as inputs for chassis applications such as adaptive suspension,
vehicle stability, and ABS braking systems, as well as inputs for
body-systems frontal, side and rollover crash-sensing applications.

Angular-rate sensors: are used as inputs for chassis suspension

(vehicle roll and pitch) and for vehicle stability as well as inputs for
body rollover-crash-sensing (roll) and for vehicle-heading navigation
applications.

Engine-Crankshaft Speed Variation Due to Cylinder-Firings:

Math algorithms are used to derive the engine torque from
measurements of engine-flywheel speed modulation due to
individual cylinder firings—high-resolution rotational motion sensors
are utilized. 8
 Current-product Sensor Technologies

Fuel Level: optical, ultrasonic and capacitive—the potentiometer

float-arm technology for fuel-level measurement prevails
because of its low cost, high reliability and durability. Thick-film
resistive tracks are generally used in the potentiometer. The float
is designed to traverse a path near the tank’s center for all fuel
levels. An appropriate functional relationship between sensor
angle and fuel quantity for the particular tank shape used in each
vehicle is used. A running average of fuel sensor output signals
is utilized to compensate for fuel slosh created due to vehicle
motion.

Engine Combustion Sensors: Detects misfire and detonation/

knock; and also indicates in-cylinder peak pressure and air-fuel
ratio.

9
 Introduction to Actuators
An actuator is a type of motor for moving or controlling a
mechanism or system.

Ø  It is operated by a source of energy, usually in the form

of an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure or pneumatic
pressure, and converts that energy into some kind of
motion.
Ø  An actuator is the
mechanism by
which an agent acts
upon an
environment.

Vehicle electrical actuator [2]

10
 Automotive Electronic Actuators
The airbag inflator is one of the many components of an
airbag system. The main purpose of an airbag is to slow
the passenger's forward motion as evenly as possible
immediately after a collision.

How the airbag system works [3] 11

 Automotive Electronic Actuators
Fuel Pump: powered from the vehicle battery and
connected to the engine ECU to give the engine the fuel at
the right pressure suitable for its work.

Injector: is an injection nozzle with solenoid that is

controlled by the ECM. Using intake air quantity and engine
rpm, the ECM calculates basic fuel injection time and
calculates corrective fuel injection period time on the basis
of engine coolant temp, and feedback signal from oxygen
sensor during close-loop-control.

Fuel Pressure Regulator: injection rate through injector

depends on injection pressure, injection time and orifice
size.
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 Automotive Electronic Actuators
Cooling Fan Control: in order to maximize cooling
efficiency and minimize cooling fan motor drive current,
radiator fan and condenser fan speeds are controlled using
three speed modes such as low, medium, and high speed
on the basis of coolant temperature, car speed, air
conditioning switch signal, and conditioning compressor
operation signal.

Generator Current Control: when turning on the

headlamp or heater in idling, engine RPM will instantly fall
down and then be recovered due to increased generator
load. At that time increasing electrical load will generate
rapid engine RPM changes, resulting in vibrations and
passenger discomfort. Generator current control system
depends on the engine ECU.
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 Automotive Electronic Actuators

A/C Compressor Control: A/C Compressor Control is

used when accelerating or engine load is instantly
increased greatly in order to improve engine acceleration
by temporarily turning off A/C compressor.

Ignition coil: functions as an energy-storage device and

transformer. It is supplied with DC voltage from the
alternator, and provides the high tension ignition pulses for
the spark plugs. The MFI engine adopts a computerized
ignition system. The ECM calculates ignition timing, timing
advance, and knocking control by the sensor signals.

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 Automotive Electronic Actuators

AC Motors:

15
 AC Motors

AC Motors are electrical machines that convert electrical

energy to rotational mechanical energy by the interaction of
magnetic fields and conductors.

Ø  Unlike motors that run

directly on a DC current,
AC motors generally do
not require brushes and
commutators. AC motors
transfer the AC current to
the mechanical rotation.

16
 Brushed DC Motors
A brushed DC Motor consists of two
magnets facing the same direction
that surround two coils of wire
residing in the middle of the motor
around a rotor.

Ø The coils are positioned to face

the magnets, causing electricity to
flow to them.
Ø This generates a magnetic field,
which ultimately pushes the coils
Simple Two-pole Brushed DC Motor [5]
away from the magnets they are
facing and causes the rotor to turn.
17
 Brushed DC Motors
Most automatic car windows
and seat adjustments are
operated by a brushed DC
Motor.

Ø  The brushed motor has been

an automotive industry favorite
because of its relatively low
cost and simple design.

Ø  A brushed DC Motor comes

in all different sizes, and torque Simple Two-pole Brushed DC Motor [5]
and speed specifications.

18
 Brushless DC Motors
Brushless DC motors
generally employ a
permanent magnet on the
rotor and the windings are on
the stator.

Ø Electronic controls are used

to change the polarity of the
current in the windings.
Brushless DC Motor [6]

Ø Sensors monitor the

position of the rotor and feed
this information back to the
electronic controls 19
 Brushless DC Motors
Brushless DC motors are
more akin to synchronous AC
motors than to brushed DC
motors.

DC motors transfer direct

current to the mechanical
energy. Until recently, most
electric cars were built using
Brushless DC Motor [6]
DC motors.

20
Ground Vehicles With Mechanical Powertrains
and the Reasons for HEV Development
IC engines are the most
commonly used power
plants for land vehicles to
date.

The figure to the right shows

representative
characteristics of a gasoline
engine, which has torque-
speed characteristics far
from the ideal performance
characteristics required by
traction. Typical performance
characteristics of gasoline
engines. [7]
21
Ground Vehicles With Mechanical Powertrains
and the Reasons for HEV Development
The electric motor is another candidate as a
vehicle power plant.

Ø  Electric motors with

good speed
adjustment control
usually have a speed-
torque characteristic
that is much closer to
the ideal.

Typical performance characteristics of electric motors for

traction [7]

22
 References
[1] William J. Fleming, “Overview of Automotive Sensors”, IEEE
SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 1, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2001.

[2] http://www.micro-tronik.com/actuators_76.html

[3] http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/actuators/auto-actuators.html

[4]
http://low-powerdesign.com/sleibson/2011/05/01/future-cars-the-word-
from-gm-at-idc%E2%80%99s-smart-technology-world-conference/
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushed_DC_electric_motor

[6] http://jahidbdk.webnode.com/products/brushless-dc-motor/

[7] Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Ali Emadi, Modern Electric Hybrid
Electric and Fuel Cel Vehicles Fundamentals ,Theory, and, Design;
23
Second Edition.