Solved Numerical Problems Example 12.1 : A satellite at a distance af 40,000 Km from a point on the earth’s ean radiates a power of 2 watt from an antenna with a gain of 17 dB in the direction of the observer. Find the flux density at the receiving point and the power received by the antenna with an effective area of 10 m?. [Uniy. of Raj. 2003] Solution : According to question following parameters are given () Transmitted power, P, = 2 watt Gi) Radius or distance from earth, R = 40,000 Km (ii) Gain of antenna, G, = 174B = 50 (iv) Effective Area, A= 10 m2 Using equation (12.38) for flux density PG, Fp = PtSe DT anR2 ie 2x50 =, = 4.97 x 107 w / m? 6 4x 3.14 x (40x 108) Fp in dB = 10log,0(4.97x 10") =—-143dBw/m? Ans. The power received with an effective collecting area of 0m? is therefore, using equation (12.39) P, =FpA =4.97x 1074 W/m? P, in dB =10log,9(4.97 x10" 133dBw Ans. Example 12.2 : If the satellite in Example 12.1 operates at a frequency of 11 GHz. The receiving antenna has a gain of 52.3 dB. Find the received power. Solution : First of all, we have to calculate the path loss in dB P.(in dB) = aviend( =) ‘ 8 3 put the value of A= S = x1 =2.721%107 Foirxto 4x 3.14 x 40 x 10% By 200agi| ee IO a of 2.727107 } P, = 2053dBNow apply the equation (12.45) for received power P,=EIRP+G,-Lp dBW Put EIRP = 10logi9(PkG,)=20 dB P, =20+52.3-2053 dBW P,=-133 dBW Ans. imple 12.3 : Consider a satellite transmitting 25 watt at a frequency of 4 GHz via an antenna of 18 dB gain. An earth station in the network uses an antenna of 12m diameter with an efficiency of 65% determine : (a) The gain of earth station (b) The path loss (c) The flux density at the earth station, assuming the satellite earth station range to be 40,000 Km. (da) The power received at the output of the earth station antenna. [MNIT 2004] Solution : According to question following parameters are given (i) Transmitted power, P, = 25 (ii) Transmitted frequency f = 4GHz (iii) Transmitted antenna gain, G, = 18dB (iv) Diameter of earth station antenna = 12 m (v) Efficiency of earth station antenna 1 = 65% (vi) Distance between transmitter and receiver, R = 40,000 Km. (a) Gain of the antenna is given by equation (12.40) and (12.42) a 4 x 3.14 x 113.04 x 0.65 eee (0.075) = 164063.74 G in dB=52.15 dB Ans,(b) Path loss is given by equation Lp= 20106 =) dB 4x 314 x 40x 10° ip = rtogg( Aes) dB Lp = 196.53 dB Ans. (c) The flux density is given by equation (12.38) pay PGy £ w/m? 4nR Fp p= 25% 6309 _ pg 10" 4x 3.14 x (40x 108) Fp (in dB) =-131.05 dBW Ans. (d) The received signal level at the output of the antenna is given by the equation (12.45) P, =(EIRP+G, -L,) dBW : Put EIRP = 10logy9(25 x 63.09) = 3198 dBW P, =3198+5215- 196.53 dBW P, =-112.48 dBW Ans. ‘ample 12.4 : Consider a earth station receiver at 4 GHz has following gains and noise temperatures : Ta=60K = Gap =17dB Tar =60K | Gy =0dB Ty = 600K Gp =25dB Typ =1200K Calculate the system noise temperature. Solution : The system noise temperature is given by equation (12.53) t-[fe Tyee te Grr GaGpe First of all, we have to convert value of gain from dB to normal value Gpp =17dB=50Gy =0 dB= Gyp =25 dB = 316.22 put these value in equation Ts =| 60+ 60+ ls peal 50 50 Ty=156K Ans. Exam ple 125 : An amplifier has a quoted noise figure of 3.5 dB. What is equivalent noise temperature? Solution : For equivalent noise temperature, we apply equation (12.55) Ty = To(NF-1) put Ty = 290K, NF=3.5 dB=2.238 Ty = 290(2.238 - 1) Ty=3593K Ans. Example 12.6 : An earth station antenna has a diameter of 30 m, has an overall efficiency of 68% and is used to receive a signal at 4150 MHz. At this frequency, the system noise temperature is 79 K when the antenna points at the satellite at an elevation angle of 28°. What is the earth station G/T ratio under these condition ? If heavy rain cause the sky temperature to increase so that the system noise temperature rises to 88K, what is the new G/T value? Solution : First of all, calculate the antenna gain for a circular aperture 4nA__x°D? we 14)? x (30)* x 0.68 “ (3% 108 74150 105)" (: Ne ) G,=606dB Ans. Convert Tg into dBK Ts = 10logy9 79 = 19.0dBK The G/T ratio is given by equation (12.56) RG PG, T kBL4mR]PG, AT, the term xe | aar| § constant, so (G/T) in dB=G, -Ty G/T=606-19=416dBK Ans. If Ty =88K in heavy rain, then G/T = 60.6 -10logi988 . : G/T=60.6-19.4=412 dBK' Ans. Example 12.7: For an earth station transmitter with an output power of 40 dBW°(10,000 W), a back off loss of 3 dB, a total branching and feeder loss of 3 dB and a transmit antenna gain of 40 dB, determine the EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power) I, Solation : The EIRP is given by equation EIRP = P; Gy EIRP (in dB) = Py (in dB) + Gr (in dB) where P; is the overall transmitter power and Gris gain of a transmitting antenna, P= Power — Loss due to back off — Loss due to branching Py (dB) = 40-3 -3 = 34 dBW Hence, EIRP (in dB) = 34 dBW + 40 dB . EIRP = 74 dBW Ams. : 4 Exhmple 12.8 : A satellite in GEO orbit is at a distance of 39,000 Km from a earth. station. The required flux density at the satellite,to saturate one transponder at a frequency of 14.3 GHz is — 90 dBW/m?.. The earth station has a transmitting antenna with a gain of 52 aB at 14.3 GHz, Find eee : (a) The EIRP of the earth station. (6) The Output power of the earth station transmitter. [Univ. of Raj. 2005] Solation: According to question following parameters are given * He @ Gain of transmitting antenna (Gp) = 52 dB s (i) Flux density required (F,) = - 90 dBW/m?" (ii) Carrier frequency (f) = 14.3 GHz (iv) Distance between Tx and Rx (R) = 39,000 KmWe know the equation of flux density is p< ESE a 4nR? Fq (in dBW/m?) = 10 logig (Py Gy) ~ 20 logy (42) and we know that EIRP (in dB) = 10 logy (Py Gy) (a) Fy (dBW/m?) = EIRP — 20 logy (4 * 3.14 * 39 10%) EIRP = Fy (BW/m2) + 20 logyg (4 * 3.14 x 39 x 10°) EIRP =- 90 + 173.80 EIRP = 83.80 dB 4 Ans. (b) | Output (Transmitting) power of earth station transmitter is EIRP = P; G EIRP (4B) = P (dB) + Gy (dB) So, Py (dB) = EIRP (4B) - Gy (dB) P (dB) = 83.80 — 52 P, = 31.80 dBW Ans. ‘ple 12.9: An earth station has an antenna with a transmission gain of 54 dB. The trantnitter output power is set to 100 watt at frequency of 6.1 GHz. The signal is received by a satellite at a distance of 37,500 Km by an antenna with a gain of 26 dB. Calculate (a) Path loss at 6.1 GHz (b) Power at the output port of the satellite antenna. [U of Raj. 2005] Solation: According to question following parameters are given () Gain of transmitting antenna (G-) = 54 dB Gi) —_ Output power of transmitting antenna (P;) = 100 watt (ii) Carrier frequency (f) = 6.1 GHz (iv) Distance between Tx and Rx (R) = 37,500 km (v) Gain of receiving antenna (G,) = 26 dB (a) _ The path loss in dB is PL (dB) =20 log, [24] 4a3 8 = 3x10 0.49107 Where value of A = 2 f 6.1x10° 049x107 P= 219.66 dB aa (b) Power at output port of the satellite or receiving power at receiver is in dB P,= Py + Gy + G,— Path loss The value of Py in dB is Py (4B) = 10 logy 100 = 20 dB Putall the values from question P, dB. = 20 dB + 54 dB +26 dB —219.66 dB P,=— 119.66 dB Ans. Example 12.10: 4 quasi Geo satellite is in a circular equatorial orbit close to geosynchronous attitude. The quasi Geo satellite, however, doesn't have a period of radius sidereal day; its orbital period is exactly 24 hours one solar day. Calculate (a) The radius of the orbit (b) The rate of drift around the equator of subsatellite point in degrees per (solar day) (c) Is the satellite moving towards the east or towards the west. [Univ. of Raj. 2006] Solution : (a) The radius of the orbit is given by 2/3 ee) ea oN 2n Put the values of T & 2/3 a [pexeoxsoasesnt | 2x3.14 a=42241,58 Km ‘Aus; (b) The oct period of the satellite (one solar day) is longer than a sidereal day by 3 min. 55.9s = 235.9s. This will cause the subsatellite point to drift at a rate ye ) per day or 0.983° per day. Pi pes ift at a rate of 360° x 235.9/86400 (c) The satellite follow the path of movement 7 i of earth and i satellite also moving towards the west. Ans. Se 3 $0, P; (4B) =20 logyo [= 14x37,500x10* Example 12.11: What’is L-band ? Calculate the delay between two locations of earth under direct satellite communication. Assume there are no factors that affect communication. : ; [Uniy. of Raj. 2006] Solution: L-band is the frequency spectrum from | GHzto 2GHz use in satellite communication. Let us assume the distance between two location of earth under LOS is d meters Because wireless communication signal (electromagnetic waves) travels with the speed of light ie. 3*108 m/s. So, delay of signal from transmitter to receiver is distance _ d Delay, ae c c ue , : 4 sec A =—y 8. Delay = 3108 . ample 12.12: For a satellite transponder with a-receiver antenna ain 7 224 an ee i i i £22,dBK, determine the G/Te figure of merit. gain 4nd 10dB and equivalent noise temperature of 22, (tint oF Raj. 2004} | Solution: According to question following parameters are given (3 Gain of receiver antenna (G,) = 22 dB (i) Gain of LNA (Gy) = 10 4B (ii) “ Equiivalent noise temperature (T,)=22 dBK | So 7p, pattern is o> G_GrxGina Be oT watt ' — G ae = GB) + Gpya(dB) — T.(dBK) =22+10-22 = -1 7) 7 104BK Ans. Examplé 12.13: Consider a geosynchronous satellite whose global beam covers all of the visible earth’s surface. The radius of the earth is about 6400 Km and the altitude of the satellite is 36,000 Km. Consequently, the satellite antenna gain, relative to the isotropic situation, is equivalent to the inverse ratio of the cross-sectional area of the earth to the surface area of sphere at 36,000 Km, assuming 100 percent efficiency and equivalent noise temperature is 290°K. Find, the system. G/T. ratio, i [Univ. of Raj. 2004] «Solution: According to question the gain.of the antenna is 4mR3y _ 4x3.14x 36000)" 5 eee Ruth 3.14% (6400)2 OGGoat = 126.6 In the decibels, the gain and temperature is G.g(dB) = 10logy9 126.6 = 21.0 dB TAB) = 10 log,) 290 = 24.6 dB The system G/T is 21-24.6 =— 3.6 dBK"! 1 —3.6 dBK"! Ans. s1Q Alo