Computer Architecture

MIPS Instruction Set Architecture

( Supporting Procedures )
 MIPS Register Naming

0 $zero constant 0 16 $s0 permanent

(For variables in a high-level
1 $at reserved for assembler ··· language program)

2 $v0 return values 23 $s7

3 $v1 24 $t8 temporary

4 $a0 arguments 25 $t9

5 $a1 26 $k0 OS kernel (reserved)

6 $a2 27 $k1
7 $a3 28 $gp global pointer

8 $t0 temporary 29 $sp stack pointer

··· 30 $fp frame pointer
15 $t7 31 $ra return address

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 2

 Calling Convention (Caller Save)

Caller Callee

• save (live) registers • allocate stack frame

• set up arguments
• save return address
and jump to the callee

• restore saved registers

• place return value

• free stack frame
• restore and jump to the
return address

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 3

 Calling Convention (Callee Save)

Caller Callee

• set up arguments • allocate stack frame

• save return address • save registers(that may
and jump to the callee be modified in the callee)

• place return value

• restore saved registers
• free stack frame
• restore and jump to the
return address

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 4

 MIPS Calling Convention (Hybrid)

Caller Callee

• save (live) caller-saved registers: • allocate stack frame:

$t0~$t9, $a0~$a3, $v0~$v1, $ra $sp ← $sp – frame size
• set up arguments : first four in • save callee-saved registers
$a0~$a3, rest on stack (that may be modified in the
• execute jal instruction callee) : $s0~$s7

• restore caller-saved registers

• place return value in $v0~$v1

• restore callee-saved registers
• free stack frame :
$sp ← $sp + frame size
• return by jr $ra

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 5

 MIPS Register Convention

0 $zero constant 0 16 $s0 permanent (callee saves)

(For variables in a high-level
1 $at reserved for assembler ··· language program)

2 $v0 function return value 23 $s7

3 $v1 (caller saves) 24 $t8 temporary (caller saves)

4 $a0 arguments (caller saves) 25 $t9

5 $a1 26 $k0 OS kernel (reserved)

6 $a2 27 $k1
7 $a3 28 $gp global pointer (caller saves)

8 $t0 temporary (caller saves) 29 $sp stack pointer (preserved)

··· 30 $fp frame pointer ($s8 for cc)
(callee saves)
15 $t7 31 $ra return address(jal) (caller saves)

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 6

 Compiling a Leaf Procedure

C Assembly
leaf_example :
sub $sp, $sp, 12
int leaf_example ( int g, sw $t1, 8($sp)
int h, int, i, int, j ) sw $t0, 4($sp)
{ sw $s0, 0($sp)
int f ; add $t0, $a0, $a1
add $t1, $a2, $a3
f = ( g + h ) – ( i + j ); sub $s0, $t0, $t1
return f; Actually add $v0, $s0, $zero
} Not needed lw $s0, 0($sp)
lw $t0, 4($sp)
lw $t1, 8($sp)
add $sp, $sp,12
jr $ra

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 7

 Stack Allocation

FIGURE 3.12 Illustration of the stack allocation (a)before, (b)during, and (c)after the procedure call

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 8

 Compiling a Non-Leaf Procedure

C Assembly
int nonleaf_example (int arg) nonleaf_example:
{ sub $sp, $sp, 12
int result; sw $s0, 8($sp)
result = arg + sw $ra, 4($sp)
leaf_example(5,4,3,2); sw $a0, 0($sp)
return result; add $a0, $zero, 5
} add $a1, $zero, 4
add $a2, $zero, 3
add $a3, $zero, 2
jal leaf_example
lw $a0, 0($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
add $s0, $a0, $v0
add $v0, $zero, $s0
lw $s0, 8($sp)
add $sp, $sp, 12
jr $ra

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 9

 Compiling a Recursive Procedure

C Assembly
fact :
int fact ( int n ) sub $sp, $sp, 8
{ sw $ra, 4($sp)
if ( n < 1 ) return (1) ; sw $a0, 0($sp)
else slt $t0, $a0, 1
return ( n * fact ( n – 1) ); beq $t0, $zero, L1
add $v0, $zero, 1
} add $sp, $sp, 8
jr $ra
L1 : sub $a0, $a0, 1
jal fact
lw $a0, 0($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
add $sp, $sp, 8
mul $v0, $a0, $v0
jr $ra

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 10

Compiling and Starting a Program

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 11

 Object File Example

Object file header Object file header

Name Procedure A Name Procedure B

Text size 100hex Text size 200hex

Data size 20hex Data size 30hex

Text segment Address Instruction Text segment Address Instruction

0 lw $a0, 0($gp) 0 sw $a1, 0($gp)

4 jal 0 4 jal 0

… … … …

Data segment 0 (X) Data segment 0 (Y)

… … … …

Relocation information Address Instruction type Dependency Relocation information Address Instruction type Dependency
0 lw X 0 sw Y
4 jal B 4 jal A
Symbol table Label Address Symbol table Label Address
X - Y -
B - A -

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 12

MIPS Memory Allocation

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 13

 Executable File Example

Executable file header

Text size 300hex
Data size 50hex
Text segment Address Instruction
0040 0000hex lw $a0, 8000hex($gp)
0040 0004hex jal 40 0100hex
… …
0040 0100hex sw $a1, 8020hex($gp)
0000 0104hex jal 40 0000hex
… …
Data segment Address
1000 0000hex (X)
… …
1000 0020hex (Y)
… …

Computer Architecture & Network Lab 14