Name:

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 9 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. collect data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1);
2. present and interpret data in tabular form (CS_RS12-IId-g-2); and
3. use statistical techniques to analyze data – study of differences and relationships limited for
bivariate analysis (CS_RS12-IId-g-3).

QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses
and evaluate outcomes.

MOST FREQUENTLY USED DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Using research instrument play a crucial role in collecting data, according to Yaya (2014) that it is
significant for every researcher to know what kind of data should be collected and what method
should be used. Methods that researchers use in collecting desired data is called measurement
instrument.

1. Observation
• Using sense organs to gather facts or information about people, things, places, events by
watching and listening to them.
• Expressing sensory experience to quantitative data, the researchers record them with the use of
numbers. Observations are then made of their user behaviour, user processes, workflows etc,
either in a controlled situation (e.g lab based) or in a real world situation (e.g. the workplace)
o Direct observation – seeing, touching, and hearing the sources of data personally
o Indirect observation – with the use of technological and electronic gadgets like audiotapes,
video records and other recording devices used to capture earlier events, images, or
sounds.

Example: Watching STEM students lining up for enrolment, instead of centering your eyes on looks of
people, you focus your attention on the number of students, measurement of their height and
weight, etc.

2. Survey
• Technique to obtain facts or information about the subject or object of your research through the
data-gathering instruments of interview and questionnaire.

Questionnaire – It is a list of questions about a particular topic, with spaces provided for responses.
Each question offers a number of probable answers from which the respondents, on the basis or
their own judgment, will choose the best answer. Responses yielded by this instrument are given
their numerical forms (numbers, fractions, percentages) and categories and are subjected to
statistical analysis. It is less expensive, yields more honest responses, guarantees confidentiality
and minimizes biases.
o Structured questionnaires – provide possible answers and respondents just have to select
from them.
o Unstructured questionnaires – do not provide options and the respondents are free to give
whatever answer they want.

Interview – a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the interviewee)
where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee. A more
structured approach would be used to gather quantitative data.

3. Experiment
• Situation in which variables are controlled and manipulated to establish cause-and-effect
relationships.
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 9 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

• Scientific method of collecting data whereby you give the subjects a sort of treatment or
condition then evaluate the results to find out the manner by which the treatment affected the
subjects and to discover the reasons behind the effects of such treatment on the subjects.
• Involves selection of subjects or participants, pre-testing the subjects prior to the application of
any treatment or condition, and giving the subjects post-test to determine the effects of the
treatment on them. These components of experiment operate in various ways.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT:

1. It must be concise yet able to elicit the needed data.
2. It seeks information which cannot be obtained from other sources like documents that are
available at hand.
3. Questions must be arranged in sequence, from the simplest to the complex.
4. It must also be arranged according to the questions posed in the statement of the problem.
5. It should pass validity and reliability.
6. It must be easily tabulated and interpreted.

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT SCALES

The type and scale of measurement that you have to use in your quantitative research is important
because your measurement choices tell you the type of statistical analysis to use in your study.

1. Nominal scale – It is also called categorical variables. It is used for labelling variables. The numbers
assigned to the variables have no quantitative values.
Example: Gender, religion, naming data for statistical purposes like “Male 1” and “Female 2”

2. Ordinal scale – Ranking or arranging the classified variables to determine who should be the 1st,
2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc., in the group
Example: Order in honor roll (First honor, second honor, third honor)
Likert-type questions (e.g., very dissatisfied to very satisfied)

3. Interval data – It has equal units of measurement, thereby, making it possible to interpret the order
of scale scores and the distance between them. It has no true zero
Examples: Scores of test, differences in the temperatures between 10 am and 12 pm, etc.
4. Ratio data – It is considered as the highest level of measurement.It has characteristics of an interval
scale but it has a “zero point”.
Examples: Height, age

PRESENTATION OF DATA IN TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL FORM

• Commonly used tools of data presentation in quantitative research are figures, tables and graphs.
• These are tools to clearly and easily present one or more sets of data series to readers.
• Before the actual presentation of data, these non-prose forms must be properly introduced or
described. Here are some ways of introducing graphs or tables:
1. The pie graph presented in Figure 2 shows the total number or enrolled Grade 11 senior high
school students for school year 2014-2015.
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 9 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

2. The bar graph in Figure 1 presents the level of performance of senior high school students in
different subjects such as English, Mathematics, Social Science, and Management.
3. Table 9, entitled "Weighted Mean of the Responses of the Grade-Vi Teachers Regarding
CIinical Supervision during Post-Conference, appears on page 34.
4. Table 4, below, shows the weighted mean of the level of validity of test papers in terms of
hierarchy of taxonomy

COMMONLY USED TOOLS OF DATA PRESENTATION

A. Tables
• Provide exact values and illustrate results efficiently as they enable the researcher to present a
large amount of data in a small amount of space
• Data usually shown as specific numerical figures, are arranged in an orderly display of rows
and columns to add in comparison

A good table should include the following parts:

1. Table number and title- these are placed above the table. The title is usually written right
after the table number.
2. Caption subhead- this refers to columns and rows
3. Body- It contains all the data under each subhead
4. Source- it indicates if the data is secondary and it should be acknowledged.
5. After the presentation of the table, there is a need for a written analysis.

Example:
Elrod, Emily, and Joo Young Park. "A Comparison of Students’ Quantitative Reasoning Skills in STEM
and Non-STEM Math Pathways." Numeracy 13, Iss. 2 (2020): Article 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/
1936-4660.13.2.1309

Table 2 shows the percentage of females and males who displayed the pattern SATQ >
SATV. A minority of females had this pattern (40.2%), whereas the majority of males (55.8%)
displayed the pattern. Within every major, the proportion of females displaying the pattern
was lower than the proportion of males. Our hypothesis that SATQ > SATV is less common
among females was supported.

B. Graph
• shows relations, comparisons, and distributions in a set of data like absolute values,
percentages, or index numbers
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 9 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

• A graph or chart portrays the visual presentation of data using symbols such as lines, dots, bars or slices.
The x and y axis has a heading and units are included. The known value is plotted on the x-axis and the
measured value is plotted on the y-axis.

Types of Graphs
1. Area Graph - This graph shows the relationship of different parts to a whole over time

This area chart shows the profits made by a chain of grocery stores over a six month
period. The contribution of each store to the total profit is shown in a different color.
2. Bar Graph - This graph usually present categorical and numeric variables grouped in class
intervals. They consist of an axis and a series or labelled horizontal or vertical bars. The bars
depict frequencies of different values of a variable or simply the different values themselves.

3. Line Graph - This graph features values at different points in time. It is a visual comparison of
how two variables, shown on the x- and y-axes, are related or vary with each other. It shows
related information by drawing a continuous line between all the points on a grid.
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 9 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

4. Pie Graph - This type of chart is a circle divided into a series of segments. Each segment
represents a particular category. The area of each segment is the same proportion of a circle
as the category is of the total data set. It usually shows the component parts of a whole.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

• It is used to properly test the hypothesis, answer the research questions, and present the results
of the study in clear and understandable manner.
• Statistics – the body of knowledge and techniques used in collecting, organizing, presenting,
analyzing, and interpreting data.

TYPES OF STATISTICAL DATA ANAYSIS

Types of statistical analysis of variables in a quantitative research are as follows:
1. Univariate Analysis – analysis of one variable
2. Bivariate Analysis – analysis of two variables (independent and dependent variables)
3. Multivariate Analysis – analysis of multiple relations between multiple variables

BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
1. Descriptive statistics – It involves tabulating, depicting, and describing the collected data. The
data are summarized to reveal overall data patterns and make them manageable.
2. Inferential statistics – It involves making generalizations about the population through a sample
drawn from it. It also includes hypothesis testing and sampling. It is concerned with a higher
degree of critical judgement and advanced mathematical modes such as parametric (interval
and ratio scale) and non-parametric (nominal and ordinal) statistical tools.

COMMON STATISTICAL TOOLS

A. Descriptive Statistics
1. Measure of central tendencies – It indicates where the center of distribution tends to be located.
It is a way to describe what’s typical for a set of data.
a. Mean – Average of a set of numbers. It is the most widely used measure of central
tendency. It is equal to the sum of all scores divided by the number of cases.

x̄ = mean
∑x = sum of x
n = number of data

Example: Suppose you chose eight students who entered the campus with the following
ages, what is the mean age of this sample?
Students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Age 18 19 18 17 16 18 21 18

18 + 19 + 18 + 17 + 16 + 19 + 21 + 18
x̄ = = 18.25
8
The mean age of the sample is 18.25 years.
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 9 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

b. Mode – It refers to the most frequently occurring score in a distribution. It locates the point
where the observation values occur with the greatest density. Mode of a sample is denoted
by (“𝑥 hat”).

A data set can have one mode, more than one mode or no mode:
• Bimodal – two values occur with the same greatest frequency
• Multimodal – more than two data values occur with the same greatest frequency
• No mode – when no data value is repeated

Examples:
• 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9 (No mode)
• 12.5, 9.2, 11.4, 12.5, 8.6, 3.4, 12.5 (One mode: 12.5)
• 98, 95, 93, 99, 92, 95, 97, 99 (Bimodal: 95 and 99)
• 4,1,2,1,3,6,5,4,2 (Multimodal: 1,2,4)

c. Median – middle value of a given set of measurements, provided that the values are
arranged in increasing or decreasing order.

= median
n = sample size

Examples:
In a laboratory experiment, the students have gathered the following reaction time in
seconds: 50, 54, 35, 49, 38, 43, 46. What is the median?
Solution: Arrange the data in increasing order:
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
35 38 43 46 49 50 54
Since n = 7 (odd)
=𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥7+1 =𝑥 =46
2 2 4

The following are grades of senior high school students in Physics: 90, 86, 87, 91, 81, 88,
84, 83. Find the median.
Solution: Arrange the data from least to greatest:
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8
81 83 84 86 87 88 90 91
Since n = 8 (even)
𝑥𝑛+𝑥𝑛+1 𝑥8 +𝑥8
= 𝑥4+2 𝑥5 = 86+87
+1
= 2
2
2 = 2
2
2
2
= 86.5
2. Frequency distribution – a table that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample.
Each entry in the table contains the count of the occurrences of values within a particular group
or interval, and in this way, the table summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.

• The relative frequency of a class equals the fraction or proportion of the observations
belonging to a class or category. Thus, the relative frequency can be computed using:

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Example of Frequency Distribution Table with Relative Frequency and Percentage of Total
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 9 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

3. Standard deviation – The standard deviation (SD) is a measure of spread or variation of data
about the mean. SD computed by calculating the average distance that the average value is
from the mean. It is used to measure the confidence in statistical conclusion.

Inferential Statistics
1. Parametric tests – These tests require a normal distribution. The level of measurements must
either be interval and ratio.
a. T-test
• This test is used to compare two means: the means of two independent samples
or two independent groups or the means of two correlated samples before and after
treatment. It can be used for samples composed of at least 30 elements.
b. Z-test
• It is used to compare two means: the sample mean and the perceived population
mean. It can be used when the sample has 30 or more elements.
c. F-test
• Also known as the analysis of variance (ANOVA), it is used when comparing the
means of two or more independent groups. One-way ANOVA is used when there is
one variable involved and two-way ANOVA is used when there are two variables
involved. The results of this statistical analysis are sued to determine if the difference in
the means or averages of two categories of data are statistically significant.
• Example: If the mean of the grades of a student attending tutorial lessons is significantly
different from the mean of the grades of a student not attending tutorial lessons
d. Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation
• It is an index of relationship between two variables. It measures the strength and
direction of the linear relationship of two variables and of the association between
interval and ordinal variables.
• Example: Types of research questions a Pearson correlation can examine: Is there a
statistically significant relationship between age, as measured in years, and height,
measured in inches? Is there a relationship between temperature, measured in degree
Fahrenheit, and ice cream sales measured by income?
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 9 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

2. Non-parametric test – It does not require the normal distribution of scores. It can be utilized
when the data are nominal or ordinal.
a. Chi-square test
• This is a test of difference between the observed and the expected
frequencies. It is the statistical test for bivariate analysis of nominal variables,
specifically, to test the null hypothesis. It tests whether or not a relationship exists
between or among variables and tells the probability that the relationship is caused
by chance. This cannot in any way show the extent of the association between two
variables.
b. Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coefficient
• This is the non-parametric version of the Pearson product-moment correlation. This
measures the strength and direction of association between two ranked variable. the
test to measure the dependence of the dependent variable on the independent
variable

REFERENCES:
Cristobal, A and Cristobal, M., Practical Research for Senior High School (2017) C&E Publishing, Inc,
Quezon City, Philippines
Baraceros, Esther L., Practical Research 1,First Edition 2016, Rex Book Store, 856 Nicanor, Sr. St., Manila,
Philippines.
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C., & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical Research 2: Quantitative. (pp. 119-121).
Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Tables and graphs | Assessment Resource Banks. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 October 2020, from
https://arbs.nzcer.org.nz/tables-and-graphs
Statistics: Power from data! Graph types: Circle graphs/pie charts. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 October 2020,
from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-pouvoir/ch9/pie-secteurs/5214826-eng.htm