13a Grammar: Clauses

*****

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
**************************** *******

Full intinitive is commonly used to

express purpose. We can also use in order to and so as to. In order to and so as to
ore more emphatic and also more formal.
He left early (in order/so as) to avoid the heavy troffic.
Note
We cannot the full infinitive with
use a
subject different from that ot the main verb. Instead we can use so that/in order that.
Clauses of purpose are introduced with so that/in order that in the
so that
following way
+will/can/present tense (reference to the present)
order
in
that+would/could/pasttense (reference to the past) common structure)
Wake him up eorly so that he catches/"ll catch the first bus.
We bought more food so that we would have enough for the extra guests.
so that +may/might
in order that + shall/should intinitive (formal structurel
The President let early so that he should not be late for his next meeting.
Note:
We use so that rather than the to-infinitive structure when the main and the
subordinate clause have different subjects.
Kate left some salad so that James could eat it later.
Negative purpose can be expressed with:
s o as
not to + infinitive (only when the subject of the verb is also the
We in this
subject of the infinitive
are staying weekend so as not to spend any money.
so that + won't/can't/present tense (present reference)
so that+ wouldn't/couldn't (past reference)
Theyve locked the gate so that we can't/don't get in.
He left an hour ago so that he wouldn't be caught in the traffic.

.forfear that)+ might/should/would (very formal)

for fear of sth/doing sth
lest +
(might/should) + infinittve (formal subjunctive) (very formal)
They osked their neighbours to keep an eye on the house for fear (that) burglars might break in.
She didn't make a noise for fear of waking her parents.
She banned smoking lest the house should cateh fire.
for+noun (to express the purpose of an action)
We went out for some fresh air.
for +gerund (to express the general purpose of a
thing)
A saw is a tool for cuting wood.

in cose+ Present Simple/should (refers to the present/fuhure)

in case + Past Simple/should (refers to the past)
Take an umbrella in case it rains/should rain.
They let early in case the tralfic was/should be heavy.
Note:
Will/would are never used with in case
Toke your coot in cose it gets cold.
NOT Toke your coat in case it willget cold.
prevent + noun/pronoun+ (from) gerund
I's impossible to prevent cats (rom) scrotching furniture.
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 avoid + gerund
You should avoid carying heavy bags if you have a bad back.
Clauses of Purpose follow the rule of the sequence of tenses.
l leave early so that I'll be/l'm home before they come.
He avoided mentioning it so that he wovldn't offend her.

cONVERSATIONAL GAAMMAR

3 Choose the correct item.

0 What's in all the boxes?" 4 "The baby's not screaming any more.'
"Some extra refreshments ***** we run out." "He's teething and I gave him an aspirin so that he

Ain case C so that down."

B to prevent D for tear A are calming C should calm

B would calm D calmed
T "Did you go around to see Janet's newborn son?"
5 Whot are you doing over the summer?"
"1 had the fHu so I didn't go for fear.. intecting
"'ve got a temporary j o b . . . . can save some
the baby."
money."
A for C that
A so that C so as to
B of D lest
B in case D in order
2 "Why is everyone so busy?"
6 "m not sure what to say to Paul."
They're tidying the show room in case the managing
"You could alwaystellawhite lieto. . hurting his
director......... in."
A drops C will drop feelings."
A avoid C prevent
B dropped D would drop
B prevent from D avoid to
3 Why didn't you go to the party on Saturday
7 "What's the use of this object?"
night? "It's a device.. screwing bolts into nuts."
I wanted to avoid . . Josh."
A of C so that
A see C seeing9
B tor D so as to
B that I see D to see

r STRUCTURAL CONUERSION
2 I didn't go out because I didn't want to catch cold.
1 Hepuston a mask to avoid being recognised by his wife.
He put on a mask to prevent his wife (from) recognising I didn't go out so that I wouldn't cotch cold.
him. I didn't go out to avoid catching cold
He put on a mask for foar his wife might recognise him. I didn't go out in case l caught/should catch cold.
He puton a mask so that his wife wouldn't recognise him. 3 rd bether wait because it's possible he'll come back
He put on a mask in case his wife recognised/should rd better wait in case he comes back.
recognise him. 4 daren't make a noise because John might hear me.
I
He put on a mask because he didn't want his wife to I daren't make a noise for hoar (thal) John might/should
recognise him. hear me.

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 3 Grammar: Clauses

4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not chonge the word given. You must use between throe and eight words, including the word given.

1They tied the dog up for fear it might escape. 5 They were reluctant to announce the news because
Case they didn't want to worry the public.
The fear
.escaped. They were reluctant to announce **************

2 We didn't phone you in case we woke you up. . the public.

SO 6 He hid the package in case his mother found i.
We didn't ***
from
**** **********
****************°************
.. You up. He hid the package . .
3She opened the door quietly because she didn't *******c..... t.

want to wake the baby. 7 He turned down the music for fear of upsetting the
to
neighbours.
She would
**************************** ... the baby. SO .......
4 He did the exercise caretully because he didn't he turned down the music.
want to have to do it again. 8 She carried an umbrella so she wouldn't be wet.
as

He did
getting
****************-***
Shecarried an umbrella
to redo it - . . wei.

**********************

CLAUSES OF RESULT
*****************************************************

Clauses of Result are introduced with such (a)... that, hat,

Would you be so kind as fo open the door for me?
so.. so ... as to, (and) so, and are used as follows:
They missed the last train, (and) so they had to walk home.
such aln)+ adjective + singular countable noun
It was such a hrilling novel that I couldn't put it down.
such +
adjective + uncountable or plural noun
He played such moving music that many people in the audience felt close fo tears.
such+ a lot of + noun
There was such a lot of noise that the children couldn't hear what the
teacher was saying.
so + adjective/adverb
We were so pleased with their
present that we rang them immediately.
much/many/litmle/tew +
so +
We had
noun
so lite time hat we didn't manage to visit all our riends.
so
+adjective +aln) singular noun (not usual)
So beautifulo gird was she that the prince fell in love with her at first sight.
Note:
Clauses of Result follow the rule of the
He is so tall that he can reach the sequence of tenses.
lop shel.
She was such a good actress that
everyone admired her.
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 13a urammar: Liauses

STRUCTURAL CONUERSION
The trousers were so tight that he couldn 't put them on. 5 He was so tired that he couldn't work any more.
The trousers were foo tight for him to put on. He was too tired to work any more.
So tight were the roUsers that he couldn't put them on. So tired was he that he couldn't work any more.
Ihe snow was so deep that they couldn t leave the house. 6 His fear was such that he almost fainted.
was such deep snow that they couldn't leave the house. Such was his fear that he almost fainted.
So deep was the snow that they couldn't leave the house He was so araid that he almost fainted.
The exercise was so hard that I couldn't do it. 7 There was so much dirt in the room that she couldn't
It was such a hard exercise thatl couldn't do it. clean it.
The exercise was too hard for me to do. The room was so dirty that she couldn't clean it.
It was such an expensive dress that I couldn't buy it. So dirty was the room that she couldn't clean it.
The dress was too expensive for me to buy. t was such a dirty room that she couldn't clean it.
The dress wasn't cheap enough for me to buy.

5 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

1 The day was so beautiful that we went tor a walk. 7 Genetic scientists are advanced enough to ortificially
such produce even endangered species like elephants
and tigers.
w e went tor a walk. clone
2 It was such an impressive painting that had an Genetic scientists are so **

irresistible urge to buy it. .. endangered

so species like elephants and tigers.

It 8 The house is considered to be too small for the
.. I had an irresistible urge to buy it. family to live in.
3 He ate so many chocolates that he felt sick. expected
lot The family
He ****. . . . a Small house.

h e felt sick. 9 Her dog was too badly behaved for her to control.
4 The weather was so nice that we were able to sit disobedient
outside. Her dog
.... couldn't control him.
pleasant ********.

10 The water was too shallow for us to swim in.

we were able to sit outside. enough
5 t was such a beautihul cake that she didn't want to The water was
cut i ... to swim in.

reluctont 11 He was too lazy to answer the door.

The bothered
to cut it. He
.. he door.
6 She considered climbing the stairs, but decided she
was too tired. 12 David was so enthusiastic about the proposal that
exhausted he accepted immediately.
She was
not to climb the stairs. Such.
... hat he accepted immediately.

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 form at the beginning of the sentence.
with an interrogative negative
Isn't she sweet!
Doesn't he eat a lot!

by beginning the with an adverb or an adverbial

sentence particle (away, up, out, etc) followed by a
verb of
movement + noun, or pronoun verb ot movement.
Off went the boys!
Out they went!

cONUERSATIONAL GRAMMAR
5 "Hariet is always so considerate."
9 Choose the correct item.
she a kind person!"
0 "Did you see Sharon's place?" A Isn't C How is
u n t i d y that flat was!" B Such is D Doesn't
C How an teacher?"
AHow 6 "What do you think of your new English
B What an D What "She speaks.. fast!"
the economics lecture!" C how
1 1 fell asleep during A such
" boring presentation!" B so D what
A Was it C Such grandmother's hand-
7 "Have you seen my
B What a D How embroidered quilt?"
2 "I really like Gerald." " meticulous piece of work!"
C Such
.. friendly smile he has!" A How
D So a
A How a C What B What a
B How D What a 8 "Are you going to take the new job?"

3 I feel sorry for Patricia and John."

"Oh yes. Iti s . . . . exciting opportunity!"
have rough time!" A so C such
" they a

C Didn't B so an D such an
A Can't
B Aren't D Wouldn't out that we cannot
9 "Robert concluded by pointing
'Dracula'." increase productivity with this poor machinery."
4 "We've just been to see

". it a scary movie!" " a n apt remark!

C What A How C Wasn't it
A Was
D How B So D Was it
B Wasn't

***********************

CLAUSES OF REASON
* * * * * * o * * * * * * * * * * * * *

*********

for, and follow the rule of the sequence of tenses.

Reason introduced with as, since, because,
Clauses of are

Since she hasn't got any money, she can't go shopping.

He failed his test because he wasn't well prepared.
clause of reason. However, for can't be used at the beginning
for both be used to introduce a
Because and can
there is always a comma before it in written speech,
of a sentence, or as an answer to a why-question. If used,
or a pause in oral speech.
Because I didn't know how, I didn't do it.
how.
I didn't do it because I didn't know
how
I didn't do it, for I didn't know

Also: because of + noun/gerund -

owing to/due to + noun

cancelled.
Because of/Due to the rain, the match was
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 3 q Grammar: Clauses

We con olso the preposition in view of finite clouse

use or a
(o clouse bosed on o verb tense) after in view of
the foct thot
The scheme was obondoned in view of he hct hot it was
proving unpopular
Out of noun con also express o motive tor an oction
hod o ook just ot of curiosity
A porticiple cdouse (with a present or perfect porticiple) con olso oxpress roason
lots ot fons were waiting at the airport, hoping to soe Ricky Martin arrive. (- becouse they were hoping to see
him arrive
Hoving lost my
1D, Ihave to opply for a new
one. (- bocause Ihave lost my 1D
Considering/Seeing hat can introduce clouses of re0son
Considering (that) she's sixty, Morgoret is remarkably fi

STRUCTURAL CONUERSION .
T m s o r y I didn 1 buy you o birthday p r e s e n , " he s a i d
4 Being unable to fix the top. I forced call
He apologised for not buying/having bought me a
was to a
plumber.
birthdoy present. As I didn '1 know how to fix the tap,
I was forcodo cal
He said he wos sorry for not buying/havi bought me o plumber
a birthday present. Not being oble to fix the tap, I was forced o call a
What reascn did he grive for octing that way? plumber.
What reason did he give for his actions? I was forced to call a plumber because I coudn t ha te
Did he give any reason why he octed that way?
tap
Was here any reason given why he octed that way? 5 Didn't he søy why he hodn't turned up at the meenng'
3They thought it woas going to be hot, so hey went to Didn't he give any reason for not turning up a
he beoch te
meeting?
They went to the beoch becouse they thought it wos Did he give ony reason why he hodn't urned up ar he
going to be hot meeling?
Fhoy hodn 1 thought it was going to be hot, they 6 He's ill so he won t be coming to the party
wouldn 1 have gone to the beach. He won't be coming to the party because he's il.

cOMUERSATIONAL GRAMMAR
10 Choose the correct item.
1 "Why wos Danny given a month off?" 4 "ls Dennis buying a house?
"I think if's he's worked so hard lately."
. . .

"Yes.......... he's earning more money now, he can

A due to the foct that C seeing that afford one."
B becouse of D owingto A For C Since
B Due to D Because of
2 "Should I toke the dog for a
walk
. .
if's raining right now, wait until it stops." 5 "Why aren't you going away for your holidoys?"
A Becouse of C Due 1to my daugher's wedding in September, we've
B Seeing hat D Owing to many expenses coming up"
3 "You didn't come to the fooball match last night." A Because of C Seeing that
" hod so much homework to do, I didn't B Becouse D for
have a choice." "Were the necessary contacts signed yesterday?"
A For C Due to "No, .. One member of the board was absent."
B Owing to D As A due to C because
B because of D owing to
258
 13a Grammar: Cladses

TComplete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
Do not
change the word given. You must use between three and eight words,
sentence, using the word given.
including
the word given.
1 l'm
sorry that I didn't phone yesterday", said 4 We were forced to go by bus because
Gary have enough money for a taxi.
we didn't
for
afford
Gary s . . Not . .
********* *********

***** the previoUs day. ***********...... . . . . , we had to go by bus.

2 Did he
explain why he looked so miserable? 5 If they hadn't trusted him, they wouldn't have
reason
followed is advice.
Did he
took
. . SO miserable?
3 If it hadn't been for Mr They
Copley's efforts, the ** .him.
campaign wouldn't be so successful. 6 Sandra quit her job because she found the work
due
very dull.
The success *****

uninspiring
Mr Copley's efforts.
Sandra found. *****

. .
she left her job.

CLAUSES OF PLACE
************************************* ****

Clauses of Place are introduced with where, wherever, as far as, as

high as, as low as, as near as, etc as folows:
where +present tense/may present/future reference No mater where Igo, Ialways bump into someone Iknow.
wherever
as high as
as low as
as tar as +past tense/might past reference The dog went wherever I went/did.
as near as

Note:
Simple Future is not normaly used in clauses of place. He'l go wherover I go.

CONUERSATIONAL GRAMMAR)
12 Choose the correct item.
1 1 hear little Isabella is walking now." 3 "Does Joanna walk to work?"
Well, she can walk.... hat chair before falling. "No. . . . . it is, she always takes the car."
A where C wherever A Where C As near as
B as far as D as high as B Wherever D As far as
2 "Are you going away for Christmas?" 4 "Does Peter enjoy going away on business?"
"Yes, 'l be going to Hull, which is . . . my family "He does; . . . he goes, he always manages to
lives." enjoy himself."
A wherever C as near as A as far as C where
B as far as D where B as near as D wherever

259