Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Central Environmental Authority (CEA)

Democratic Socialist Republic

of Sri Lanka
Pollution Control and Reduction of
Environmental Burden in
Solid Waste Management
(ReEB Waste)

Final Report
Final Report

February 2019

Japan International Cooperation Agency

(JICA)

EX Research Institute Ltd.

GE
Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.
JR
19-012
Exchange Rate: 1LKR=0.610150 JPY (February 2019)
 Contents

1 Outline of the Project ............................................................... 1

1.1 Background and Objectives ............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Project Implementation Structure.................................................................................... 2

1.3 Project Design Matrix ......................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Flow Chart............................................................................................................................. 7

1.5 Plan of Operation ................................................................................................................ 8

2 Detailed Activities .................................................................... 9

2.1 Production and authorisation of Work Plan .................................................................. 9

2.2 Production of progress reports ........................................................................................ 9

2.3 A.1: Project meetings ......................................................................................................... 9

2.4 A.2: Public Relations ........................................................................................................ 12

2.5 B.1: Analysis and Evaluation for Selection of Candidate Pilot Project Sites...... 15

2.6 B.2: Site Selection and Preliminary Plan Preparation of Pilot Projects ............... 17

2.7 B.3: Study on Solid Waste Management Regulations ............................................ 21

2.8 B.4: Study on SWM Program of CEA and Authorities Concerned ...................... 25

2.9 B.5: Current Solid Waste Management Survey ........................................................ 28

2.10 B.6: Planning, Design, Bidding and Contracting of Pilot Projects......................... 57

2.11 C.1: Implementation of Pilot Projects ......................................................................... 106

2.12 C.2: Safety Management during Construction Phase for PP Implementation 135

2.13 C.3: Public Awareness Regarding 3Rs Promotion ................................................ 141

2.14 C.4: Support on Monitoring and Maintenance Activities for Pilot Projects ....... 198

2.15 C.5: PP Kick-off and Intermediate Report Seminars ............................................. 212

2.16 D.1: Pilot Project Evaluation ......................................................................................... 217

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 2.17 D.3: Preparation of a 3Rs Promotion Manual.......................................................... 250

2.18 D.4: General Advices for Development of New Landfill Project.......................... 252

2.19 D.5: Recommendation for Improvement of the legal system regarding SWM254

3 Findings and recommendations ......................................... 256

3.1 Objectives of pilot projects ............................................................................................ 256

3.2 Findings and recommendations.................................................................................. 256

4 General recommendations ................................................. 258

5 Others .................................................................................. 259

5.1 Study tour at Shibushi city and Fukuoka city in Japan .......................................... 259

5.2 Study tour in Shibushi Cityn and Nerima Ward, Japan......................................... 266

5.3 Current condition of incinerator plan and final disposal sites in Western province
including Colombo Municipal Council ........................................................................ 271

5.4 Inspection of pilot project site at Kurunegala MC and Kataragama PS by Prof.

Kawamoto of Saitama University................................................................................ 273

5.5 Hand over equipment..................................................................................................... 274

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 Contents of Figure

Figure 2-1: Current waste flow in Kurunegala MC .................................................................................. 32

Figure 2-2: Organization structure of KMC (under bar part is in charge of solid waste management) 33
Figure 2-3: Current waste stream of RMC ................................................................................................ 37
Figure 2-4: Organizational structure of Health Department in RMC...................................................... 39
Figure 2-5: Schematic configurations of box system composting in RMC............................................ 44
Figure 2-6: Windrow composting system in RMC .................................................................................. 45
Figure 2-7: Location of Kanadola disposal site in RMC .......................................................................... 49
Figure 2-8: Layout of facilities of Kanadola site in RMC ........................................................................ 50
Figure 2-9: Methods of garbage discharge by residence in RMC area ................................................... 51
Figure 2-10: Willingness of residence for a source separated garbage collection system in RMC ...... 52
Figure 2-11: Punctuality of garbage collection service received by business community in RMC ..... 53
Figure 2-12: Reasons for dissatisfaction of business community ............................................................ 53
Figure 2-13: Organizational structure of KPS ........................................................................................... 56
Figure 2-14: Topographic map of existing disposal site at KMC............................................................ 58
Figure 2-15: Topographic map of existing disposal site at KPS.............................................................. 59
Figure 2-16: Future waste flow in Kurunegala MC (without 3Rs) ......................................................... 61
Figure 2-17: Future waste flow in Kurunegala MC (with 3Rs) ............................................................... 61
Figure 2-18: Future waste flow in Ratnapura MC (without 3Rs)............................................................ 63
Figure 2-19: Future waste flow in Ratnapura MC (with 3Rs) ................................................................. 64
Figure 2-20: Current waste flow................................................................................................................. 67
Figure 2-21: Future Waste Flow (With 3Rs)............................................................................................. 67
Figure 2-22: PHI areas, pilot project areas and composition survey areas of RMC .............................. 72
Figure 2-23: Leaflet distributed by KPS to their citizens in June to promote separate discharge ......... 79
Figure 2-24 : Indicators to measure the impact of PP on separation of bio-degradable waste in KPS. 81
Figure 2-25: Indicators to measure the impact of PP on separation of valuable waste in KPS............. 81
Figure 2-26: Implementation plan of PP in KPS....................................................................................... 82
Figure 2-27: Sample points of water quality survey at Sudarapola disposal site in KMC .................... 85
Figure 2-28: Sample points of water quality survey at Galapitigalayaya disposal site in KPS ............. 91
Figure 2-29: Concept of PRB ................................................................................................................... 108
Figure 2-30: The Model of PRB installation ........................................................................................... 111
Figure 2-31: The plan of PRB installation ............................................................................................... 112

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Figure 2-32: Flow diagram of the leachate collection, pumping and Leachate and gully waste
co-treatment system ......................................................................................................................... 113
Figure 2-33: Structure of leachate collection facility .............................................................................. 114
Figure 2-34: Location of test pits .............................................................................................................. 115
Figure 2-35: Mining of dumpsite and waste sampling procedure ......................................................... 117
Figure 2-36: Air drying, sieving and composition analysis of mined-waste ........................................ 119
Figure 2-37: Particle size and distribution of mined waste..................................................................... 120
Figure 2-38: Average composition of mined-waste ............................................................................... 121
Figure 2-39:Layout of final disposal site at Katharagama PS ................................................................ 123
Figure 2-40: Control house ....................................................................................................................... 124
Figure 2-41: Construction of final disposal site at Katharagama PS ..................................................... 126
Figure 2-42: The image of the improvement of the dumpsite in KPS .................................................. 126
Figure 2-43: General process flow of the COTS system........................................................................ 132
Figure 2-44: Standard structure of the hanging fence ............................................................................. 137
Figure 2-45: Electric diagram of the hanging fence................................................................................ 137
Figure 2-46: Are you separating wastes? (Left: 200 HHs, Right 143 Commercials) .......................... 142
Figure 2-47: How do you discharge wastes? (Left: 200 HHs, Right 143 Commercials) .................... 142
Figure 2-48: Collection service of recyclable items (Left: 200 HHs, Right 143 Commercials) ......... 143
Figure 2-49: Satisfaction level of SWM service in RMC (Left: 200 HHs, Right 143 Commercials) 143
Figure 2-50: Result of WACS in RMC (1) ............................................................................................. 145
Figure 2-51: Result of WACS (2) ............................................................................................................ 146
Figure 2-52: Measurement of fill factor ................................................................................................... 147
Figure 2-53: Front and back pages of the leaflet of Ratnapura MC ...................................................... 149
Figure 2-54: Main contents page of the leaflet of Ratnapura MC ......................................................... 149
Figure 2-55: Mixed waste collection route map (tractor, Monday)....................................................... 161
Figure 2-56: Recyclable waste route map (one three wheeler) .............................................................. 161
Figure 2-57: Notice board (bigger size: 90 cm x 120 cm, smaller size: 60 cm x 60 cm) .................... 165
Figure 2-58: Location of notice boards installed (Bigger size: 3 x 4, Smaller size: 2 x 2) .................. 165
Figure 2-59: Utilisation situation of windrow compost yards and MRF (October 2017) ................... 166
Figure 2-60: Size of windrow ................................................................................................................... 167
Figure 2-61: Design of windrow compost yard (Right: Boxed system, Left: Windrow system) ....... 167
Figure 2-62: Information board installed in Kanadola............................................................................ 168
Figure 2-63: the set of separation bins placed outside of KPS office building (near its entrance) ...... 171

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Figure 2-64: Contents of separation bins placed outside of the KPS building (Oct. 2, 2017) ............. 173
Figure 2-65: Selected logo and slogan ..................................................................................................... 174
Figure 2-66: Awareness leaflet for Separation of Bio-degradable waste prepared by KPS ................ 175
Figure 2-67 Progress of Bio-degradable waste separation bins procurement in KPS ......................... 178
Figure 2-68: Composition of waste collected as “bio-degradable waste” in PP area .......................... 186
Figure 2-69: Composition of waste collected as “non-bio degradable waste” in PP area ................... 186
Figure 2-70: Newspaper Ads published on 10th July 2018 in three newspapers .................................. 188
Figure 2-71: Signboard to request cooperation for 3-category (bio-degradable, recyclables, and others)
separation.......................................................................................................................................... 189
Figure 2-72: Leaflet for Step 2 (3-category separation) in KPS ............................................................ 190
Figure 2-73: Recyclables waste collected on a day of recyclable collection ........................................ 190
Figure 2-74:: The revised collection schedule of KPS. .......................................................................... 191
Figure 2-75: The front cover of the booklet “How to use your compost bin better?”.......................... 198
Figure 2-76: Monitoring of waste amount at Kanadola site in RMC.................................................... 199
Figure 2-77: Progress of windrow compost in RMC ............................................................................. 204
Figure 2-78: Relationship of process days and temperature of windrows as of 14 March 2018 ........ 206
Figure 2-79: An example of home compost monitoring sheet .............................................................. 207
Figure 2-80: Result of temperature and process time ............................................................................. 208
Figure 2-81: Screen shot of the log sheet of collection waste (Manual calculation) ............................ 212
Figure 2-82: Evaluation results of drivers and collectors ....................................................................... 224
Figure 2-83: Evaluation results of supervisors ........................................................................................ 225
Figure 2-84: Are you separating wastes? ................................................................................................. 226
Figure 2-85: (For households) If self-disposing, how are you treating the wastes? ............................. 227
Figure 2-86: (For households) How do you discharge your wastes? .................................................... 228
Figure 2-87: (For households) Does RMC provide information on collection day/time?................... 228
Figure 2-88: (For commercials) Does RMC provide information on collection day/time? ................ 229
Figure 2-89: (For households) How do you satisfy with solid waste management service provided by
RMC? ............................................................................................................................................... 229
Figure 2-90: (For household) Do you know 3Rs? .................................................................................. 230
Figure 2-91: Zone 3 - Composition of “Bio-degradable waste” ............................................................ 234
Figure 2-92: Zone 1&4 - Composition of “Bio-degradable waste” ...................................................... 234
Figure 2-93: Zone 3 - Composition of “non bio-degradable waste” ..................................................... 234
Figure 2-94: Zone 1&4 - Composition of “non bio-degradable waste”................................................ 235

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Figure 2-95: Making gentle slope and turfing for closure of the landfill site (from discussion material)
........................................................................................................................................................... 252
Figure 2-96: The plan and cross section of sanitary landfill site at Athuthanagalla in Gampaha district253
Figure 2-97: Japanese law and regulation related to solid waste management .................................... 255
Figure 5-1: Current condition of incinerator plan and final disposal sites in Western province including
Colombo Municipal Council .......................................................................................................... 271

Contents of Table

Table 2-1: Plan of public relations.............................................................................................................. 13

Table 2-2: Plan for project newsletters....................................................................................................... 14
Table 2-3: Publications of Newsletter ........................................................................................................ 15
Table 2-4: PR through Mass Media ........................................................................................................... 15
Table 2-5: Basic screening criteria for long list ......................................................................................... 16
Table 2-6: Screening of PP sites for rehabilitation of disposal sites ........................................................ 16
Table 2-7: Screening of PP sites for improvement of compost plants .................................................... 17
Table 2-8: Possibility/ necessity of PPs for rehabilitation of disposal sites and improvement of compost
plants in each candidate PP site ........................................................................................................ 17
Table 2-9: Summary of the survey results and recommendation of PP sites.......................................... 19
Table 2-10: Decision of PP sites................................................................................................................. 21
Table 2-11: Law and regulation related to SWM...................................................................................... 22
Table 2-12: Guideline related to SWM...................................................................................................... 24
Table 2-13: Pilisaru project (2015)............................................................................................................. 26
Table 2-14: KOICA and EDCF project sites............................................................................................. 27
Table 2-15: Outline of Dompe final disposal site project......................................................................... 28
Table 2-16: Progress of current solid waste management surveys .......................................................... 29
Table 2-17: Main waste generation sources in KMC ............................................................................... 30
Table 2-18: Waste generation amount and waste generation rate of KMC ............................................ 30
Table 2-19: Detail of vehicles for collection of solid waste in KMC ...................................................... 34
Table 2-20: Detail of machineries and heavy machineries for the intermediate treatment and final
disposal of solid waste in KMC........................................................................................................ 34
Table 2-21: Main waste generation sources in RMC ............................................................................... 35

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Table 2-22: Waste generation amount and waste generation rate of RMC (2017)................................ 35
Table 2-23: Breakdown of waste discharge amount in RMC.................................................................. 37
Table 2-24: Waste management labour allocation in RMC..................................................................... 40
Table 2-25: Labour allocation for the different activities at Kanadola site in RMC .............................. 40
Table 2-26: Collection vehicles and machineries for SWM in RMC ..................................................... 41
Table 2-27: Machines available in the composting facilities of RMC .................................................... 41
Table 2-28: Workshop of RMC for vehicle maintenance ........................................................................ 42
Table 2-29: Collection vehicles, collection method and discharge amount in RMC............................. 43
Table 2-30: Compost production and sales at the composting facilities in RMC .................................. 45
Table 2-31: Different types recycling materials recovered at Kanadola site in RMC (Average Jan-Mar,
2017) ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Table 2-32: Collection amount of recyclable wastes in Ratnapura (unit: kg/month)............................. 47
Table 2-33: Categories and numbers of interviewees (RMC) ................................................................. 50
Table 2-34: Main waste generation sources in KPS ................................................................................. 54
Table 2-35: Waste generation amount and waste generation rate of KPS .............................................. 54
Table 2-36: Detail of vehicles and machineries for collection of solid waste in KPS ........................... 56
Table 2-37: Waste collection fees in KPS ................................................................................................. 57
Table 2-38: Outline of topographic surveys at existing disposal sites in KMC and KPS ..................... 57
Table 2-39: Outline of geological surveys at existing disposal sites in KMC and KPS ........................ 60
Table 2-40: Basic contents of Action Plan ................................................................................................ 60
Table 2-41: SWM Target in Kurunegala MC (2019-2023) ..................................................................... 62
Table 2-42: Action Plan in Kurunegala MC.............................................................................................. 62
Table 2-43: SWM Target in Ratnapura MC (2018-2022) ....................................................................... 64
Table 2-44: Action Plan in Ratnapura MC ................................................................................................ 65
Table 2-45: SWM Target in Katharagama PS (2018-2022) .................................................................... 68
Table 2-46: Action Plan (Draft).................................................................................................................. 68
Table 2-47: Outline of basic plan and detail plan for improvement of existing disposal site in KMC. 70
Table 2-48: Transition of SWM situation and input ................................................................................. 71
Table 2-49: Basic information of PHI areas, pilot project areas and composition survey areas of RMC72
Table 2-50: Indicators of PP outcome and data sources in RMC ............................................................ 73
Table 2-51: Outline of basic plan and detail plan for improvement of existing disposal site in KPS... 74
Table 2-52: The number of sample at Zone 3 and Zone 4 in KPS .......................................................... 75
Table 2-53: Manners of discharging kitchen waste in KPS ..................................................................... 76

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Table 2-54: Disposal manner of the institutions that are self-disposing kitchen waste with other waste in
KPS ..................................................................................................................................................... 76
Table 2-55: Disposal manner of the institutions that are self-disposing kitchen waste separately from
other waste in KPS............................................................................................................................. 76
Table 2-56: Institutions with own gardens in KPS ................................................................................... 77
Table 2-57: Disposal manner of garden waste in the institutions with own garden in KPS.................. 77
Table 2-58: Disposal manner of the institutions that are self-disposing garden waste separately from
other waste in KPS............................................................................................................................. 77
Table 2-59: Type of fertilizer used in their gardens in KPS ..................................................................... 78
Table 2-60: Type of fertilizer and expenditure for fertilizer (Rs. /month) in KPS ................................. 78
Table 2-61: Current status of separate discharge of valuable waste in KPS ........................................... 79
Table 2-62: Method of PP implementation in KPS .................................................................................. 80
Table 2-63: Environmental and social consideration survey at Sundarapola disposal site in KMC .... 84
Table 2-64: Environmental and social consideration survey at Galapitagarayaya disposal site in KPS84
Table 2-65: Result of water quality survey in household wells near Sundarapola disposal site in KMC86
Table 2-66: Result of air quality survey in residential areas near Sundarapola disposal site................. 87
Table 2-67: Result of noise survey ............................................................................................................. 88
Table 2-68: Result of vibration survey....................................................................................................... 88
Table 2-69: Standard of vibration value..................................................................................................... 89
Table 2-70: Result of water quality survey at Galapitigalayaya disposal site in KPS............................ 90
Table 2-71: Result of air quality survey in residential areas near Galapirigalayaya disposal site ......... 92
Table 2-72: Results of noise survey in Galapitigalayaya disposal site .................................................... 92
Table 2-73: Result of vibration survey in Galapitigalayaya disposal site ............................................... 93
Table 2-74: Impact assessment based on the survey result at Sundarapola site in KMC ...................... 96
Table 2-75: Impact assessment ................................................................................................................... 98
Table 2-76: Monitoring plan of Sundarapola disposal site (Draft) ........................................................ 100
Table 2-77: Result of water quality survey during construction phase in KMC .................................. 102
Table 2-78: Result of water quality survey in household wells during construction phase................. 103
Table 2-79: Results of air quality survey during construction phase in KMC...................................... 103
Table 2-80: Results of noise survey during construction phase in KMC.............................................. 103
Table 2-81: Results of vibration survey during construction phase in KMC ....................................... 104
Table 2-82: Results of air quality survey during construction phase in KPS........................................ 104
Table 2-83: Results of noise survey during construction phase in KPS................................................ 104

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Table 2-84: Results of vibration survey during construction phase in KPS ......................................... 105
Table 2-85: The items and outcomes of detailed plan ............................................................................ 105
Table 2-86: The items and outcomes of detailed plan of improvement work of Kataragama PS ...... 106
Table 2-87: Regular Meetings .................................................................................................................. 107
Table 2-88: The results of the compaction test for PRB......................................................................... 110
Table 2-89: Coding and description of mined-waste samples ............................................................... 116
Table 2-90: Sample size received at laboratory....................................................................................... 118
Table 2-91: Moisture content of mined-waste samples .......................................................................... 118
Table 2-92: Determination of particle sizes of mined-waste.................................................................. 120
Table 2-93: Mined-waste composition by weight .................................................................................. 121
Table 2-94: Mined-waste composition by weight percentages.............................................................. 121
Table 2-95: Average composition of mined-waste ................................................................................. 122
Table 2-96: Expected life time with landfill mining method ................................................................. 122
Table 2-97: The list of main guests for opening ceremony .................................................................... 134
Table 2-98: Comparative of types of electric fence ................................................................................ 136
Table 2-99: Procedure of installation of electric fence ........................................................................... 139
Table 2-100: Purpose of questionnaire survey in RMC ......................................................................... 141
Table 2-101: Respondents information of questionnaire survey in RMC ............................................ 142
Table 2-102: Overview of WACS ........................................................................................................... 144
Table 2-103: Discharge amount of wastes for WACS in RMC (29 Oct. – 4 Nov. 2017)................... 145
Table 2-104: Capacity of waste collection vehicle and bulk density by waste type in RMC ............. 147
Table 2-105: Procured equipment and machinery .................................................................................. 150
Table 2-106: Summary of procurement, plan included in RMC ........................................................... 150
Table 2-107: Record and plan of training programme ........................................................................... 151
Table 2-108: Plan of awareness programme ........................................................................................... 153
Table 2-109: Door to door explanation and community meeting to launch new waste separation (From
December 2017 to February 2018) ................................................................................................ 155
Table 2-110：Agenda and contents of SWM awareness event in RMC ............................................. 156
Table 2-111: Evaluation of SWM awareness event in RMC ................................................................ 158
Table 2-112: Distribution of Home compost barrel................................................................................ 158
Table 2-113: Information given to households who received home compost...................................... 159
Table 2-114: Frequency of waste collection and type of collection vehicle ......................................... 162
Table 2-115: Expectation of waste collection amount per collection in each PP area ......................... 162

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Table 2-116: GPS monitoring system...................................................................................................... 164
Table 2-117: Ratio of bio-degradable waste included in “other waste” ................................................ 170
Table 2-118: Ratio of the waste amount separately brought in as “bio-degradable waste” included in the
entire collection waste amount ....................................................................................................... 170
Table 2-119: Problems and Improvements regarding 3Rs of KPS ....................................................... 172
Table 2-120: Distribution of KPS Bio-degradable waste separation bins (Distributed number/prepared
number)............................................................................................................................................. 182
Table 2-121: Level of use of home compost bins distributed by KPS .................................................. 195
Table 2-122: Reasons for never using or stopped using ......................................................................... 195
Table 2-123: Willingness of restart using compost barrels .................................................................... 195
Table 2-124: Problems found in compost bins in use and advised countermeasures .......................... 196
Table 2-125: Monitoring result of source separation .............................................................................. 199
Table 2-126: Monitoring plan of source separation by PHI (4 PHI, 4 PP areas) ................................. 200
Table 2-127: Results of collection and transportation monitoring for biodegradable waste ............... 200
Table 2-128: Result of collection and transportation monitoring for non-biodegradable waste ......... 202
Table 2-129: Monitoring plan of collection and transportation of waste by 4 PHIs in 4 PP areas ..... 203
Table 2-130: Progress of windrow compost system in RMC ................................................................ 204
Table 2-131: Types of biodegradable waste and outcome and future expectation .............................. 205
Table 2-132: Monitoring results of distributed home compost barrels (Sep – Oct, 2018) .................. 207
Table 2-133: Survey results on work flow line in the Compost Yard ................................................... 210
Table 2-134: Outline of PP kick-off seminar .......................................................................................... 213
Table 2-135: Questions and answers of PP kick-off seminar ................................................................ 213
Table 2-136: The agenda of the PP intermediate report seminar........................................................... 214
Table 2-137: the summary of participants ............................................................................................... 214
Table 2-138: The agenda of the PP final report seminar ........................................................................ 215
Table 2-139: The comparison of EC, COD, BOD5, TSS, Pb and Fe before, during and after construction
of PRB .............................................................................................................................................. 218
Table 2-140: Comparison between influent and effulent at leachate treatment faciltiy....................... 219
Table 2-141: Transition toward 2022 in the Action Plan of Ratnapura MC ........................................ 220
Table 2-142: Outcome of the PP in Ratnapura (as of July 2018) .......................................................... 221
Table 2-143: Waste separation percentage before and after the PP....................................................... 222
Table 2-144: Evaluation items .................................................................................................................. 223
Table 2-145: Respondents information of questionnaire survey in RMC ............................................ 226

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Table 2-146: Outcome of 3Rs pilot project in RMC .............................................................................. 230
Table 2-147: Percentage (%) of bio-degradable waste amount to collection amount as “bio-degradable
waste ................................................................................................................................................. 231
Table 2-148: Percentage (%) of correctly separated recyclable material as 5 categories to separate
collection waste amount .................................................................................................................. 231
Table 2-149: Result of 1st monitoring committee.................................................................................... 232
Table 2-150: Summary of contents of the 3Rs promotion manual ....................................................... 251
Table 3-1: The objectives of pilot projects............................................................................................... 256
Table 3-2: details of findings and recommendations at each pilot project ............................................ 256
Table 5-1：Participant list of the study tour .............................................................................................. 259
Table 5-2: Schedule of the study tour....................................................................................................... 260
Table 5-3: Participant list of the 2nd study tour....................................................................................... 266
Table 5-4: Schedule of the 2nd study tour ............................................................................................... 267
Table 5-5: Current condition of incinerator plan and final disposal sites in the Western province
including Colombo Municipal Council ......................................................................................... 272
Table 5-6: List of handover equipment .................................................................................................... 274

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 Photos

Kick off meeting (7th March 2017) Discussion on pilot project sites (27th March 2017)

Sundarapola disposal site (KMC) (March 2017) Compost plant at Kanadola site (RMC) (March 2017)

Galapitagalayaya site and Compost plant (KPS) (March 2017)

Discussion with a short term expart on Sundarapola disposal site KMC and Galapitagalayaya disposal site KPS

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Leachate sampling at the disposal site in KMC Groundwater sampling near the site in KMC

Preview of composition survey areas in RMC Sorting yard in Kanadola site of RMC

Geological survey at the disposal site in KPS Awareness rising by KPS during Kataragama festival

Explanation of POS at KPS and practice of the Interview to public of KPS in survey
interview

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 Project kick-off seminar (27 October 2017)

Discussion with a short term expart (RMC) Cooperation with JOCV (KPS)

Meeting to explain to residents (KMC) Start of windrow system compost in RMC

(December 2017)

Construction of elephant fence at Galapitigalayaya Promotion of 3Rs - home compost - (KPS)

disposal site (KPS)

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Construction of a Security Hut in theDumpsite in KPS Sight Visit for the Tender at the Dumpsite in KPS

SWM awareness event (RMC) Awareness rising at community meeting (RMC)

Material of PRB in the dumpsite of KMC The location to install PRB in dumpsite of KMC

Study Tour of Shibushi City, Japan Prof. Kawamoto visited the dumpsite in KMC

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 Progress of construction of disposal site in KPS Construction of night soil treatment plant in KPS

Compost site visit by KPS Zone 4 community leaders Meeting on monitoring system with guesthouse owners
of Zone 3

Progress of windrow type-compost production (RMC) Home compost monitoring by supervisor (RMC)

Rehabilitation of night soil and leachate treatment

Stocked PRB material at landfill site in KPS
faicility in KMC (May2018)

xvi
Construction of the PRB at KMC Completion of the construction of landfill site in KPS

xvii
 Abbreviations
AMOH Additional Medical Officer of Health
C/P Counterpart
CBO Community-Based Organization
CEA Central Environmental Authority
CMOH Chief Medical Officer of Health
CPHI Chief Public Health Inspector
EDCF Economic Development Cooperation Fund
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JOCV Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers
KMC Kurunegala Municipal Council
KPS Kataragama Pradeshiya Sabha
MC Municipal Council
MoH Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine
MoLGPC Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils
MoMDE Ministry of Mahaweli Development & Environment
MoMWD Ministry of Megapolis and Western Development
N/A Not Applicable
NSWMSC National Solid Waste Management Support Centre
PHI Public Health Inspector
PP Pilot Project
PRB Permeable Reactive Barrier
PS Pradeshiya Sabha
ReEB Waste Pollution Control and Reduction of Environmental Burden in Solid W
Management
RMC Ratnapura Municipal Council
SWM Solid Waste Management
UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
Pacific
UDA Urban Development Authority
WMA Waste Management Authority
WP Work Plan

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 N

Kurunegala MC

Ratnapura MC Kataragama PS

Map: Sri Lanka and pilot project sites

Source: Google Maps（https://www.google.lk/maps/@7.8860103,80.1473432,8z）

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 Outline of the Project

1 Outline of the Project

1.1 Background and Objectives

The Government of Japan, through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), has been
providing various assistances to the Government of Sri Lanka in the field of Solid Waste
Management (SWM), since the National Strategy for Solid Waste Management was established
in the year 2000. The Study on Improvement of Solid Waste Management in Secondary Cities
(2002-2003) recommended an institutional system in which the central government assisted
local governments, taking into account their limited capacity in this field. This recommendation
established the National Solid Waste Management Support Centre (NSWMSC) and its capacity
was enhanced through the JICA Technical Cooperation between 2007 and 2011. Meanwhile,
the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) started up the Pilisaru Programme in 2008, which
supported local governments in construction of waste disposal sites and composting facilities.

These efforts have improved sanitation problems such as uncollected wastes and clandestine
dumping, which were recognized as issues in the abovementioned study on SWM in secondary
cities, since its implementation in 2002/2003. In recent years, environmental improvement of
waste disposal sites and waste minimization by composting are of growing significance, as
waste generation amount is increasing in line with economic development.

To cope with these challenges, a technical cooperation program, “Science and Technology
Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) - Pollution Control and
Environmental Restoration Techniques for Solid Waste Landfills in Sri Lanka”, was carried out
between 2011 and 2016, and several techniques were developed. These techniques were
presented in scientific papers and international conferences. A guide for utilizing the techniques,
hereinafter referred to as “SATREPS Guide”, was developed in a project by the Ministry of
Higher Education, CEA, NSWMSC and others, is planned to be finalized in a stakeholder
meeting on 13th June 2017.

This Project aims to verify the practical usefulness of the techniques presented in the SATREPS
Guide in the field and disseminate the guide to improve the environmental situation of as many
final disposal sites in Sri Lanka as possible by experts in Pollution Control and Reduction of
Environmental Burden in Solid Waste Management

1
Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 Outline of the Project

1.2 Project Implementation Structure

1.2.1 Organizations Concerned

The Project is to be jointly implemented between the Sri Lankan side and the Japanese side.
Organizations concerned are listed as below.

(1) Sri Lankan Side

The following are the organizations concerned of the Sri Lankan side. Each organization is to
assign personnel for this Project.

 Government Agencies

 Central Environmental Agency, CEA (responsible for project implementation)

 Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils, MoLGPC
 National Solid Waste Management Support Centre, NSWMSC
 MoMWD, Urban Development Agency, UDA
 Colombo Municipal Council, CMC
 Waste Management Authority – Western Province, WMA

 Universities (SATREPS Partners)

 University of Peradeniya
 University of Ruhuna
(2) Japanese Side

 JICA Project Team (responsible for project implementation)

 Long term Expert

 Technical Advisors (SATREPS techniques, final disposal, composting, waste
separation)
 Consultants (Chief consultant/solid waste management, final disposal,
composting, environmental education, environment and social considerations)

 JICA Sri Lanka Office

 JICA Tokyo Headquarters

1.3 Project Design Matrix

The following is the latest version of Project Design Matrix.

2
 Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 Outline of the Project

Pollution Control and Reduction of Environmental Burden in Solid Waste Management

Project Area: Whole country of Sri Lanka and pilot project sites Ver. 1
Duration: March 2017 – February 2019
1 March 2017
Narrative summary Objectively verifiable indicators Means of verification Important
assumptions
Overall goal
Environmental hygiene is improved by introducing
appropriate technologies to exisitng final disposal sites and
strengthening appropriate solid waste management
Project purpose
The capacity of CEA will be strengthened through Project 1. Pilot project(s) involving CEA using appropriate composting 1. Number of pilot projects implemented
activities, namely verification of appropriate technologies techniques and SATREPS technology is implemented 2．Number of mid-term reporting seminars and
for management of final disposal sites, and utilization of 2. CEA disseminates the SATREPS Guide and the manual which have output dissemination seminars held and
the existing SATREPS Guide and the newly developed the results of the pilot project reflected number of participants
manuals 3. Roles of CEA are defined in various manuals based on the actual 3. Various manuals
interaction of CEA during the pilot project

3
Outputs
1 The usefulness of SATREPS Guide and appropriate 1. Pilot project(s) using SATREPS technologies are implemented 1．Implemented pilot project(s) 1. Sri Lankan
technology for management of final disposal in Sri (quantitative indicators will be decided after deciding on pilot 2．Manual for improving final disposal site environmental
Lanka will be confirmed through pilot projects project sites and receiving advice from JICA short-term expert) facilities legislation and
implemented in the Project. Manuals for such purposes 2. Manual for improving final disposal site facilities with results of policy does not
will also be developed. pilot project(s) reflected is developed change
significantly.
2 Appropriate operational methods for composting 1. A pilot project using appropriate operational methods for composting 1．Implemented pilot project 2. Prices of
operations are confirmed through pilot project(s) in the operations is implemented (quantitative indicators will be decided 2．Manual for adoption of technology towards materials and
Project. A manual for this purpose is developed after deciding on pilot project site and receiving advice from JICA utilization of biogas and advancing fuel does not
short-term expert) composting technology increase
2. Manuals, reflecting pilot project results, are developed towards dramatically.
utilization of biogas and advancing composting technology 3. Security and
3 Outputs of SATREPS Guide is disseminated 1. Outputs of SATREPS technology implemented in pilot project(s) are 1. Manual for improving final disposal site safety situation
reflected in the manual for improving final disposal site facilities. facilities of pilot city(s)
2. Manual for improving final disposal site facilities is disseminated to 2. Holding of mid-term reporting seminar(s) remains stable.
stakeholders. and output dissemination seminar(s)
4 CEA furthers its understanding of SATREPS Guide New pilot project(s) utilizing SATREPS technology are planned or Plans or implementation records of new pilot
and implements pilot project(s) utilizing the Guide implemented by CEA project(s) utilizing SATREPS technology
 Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 Outline of the Project

Pollution Control and Reduction of Environmental Burden in Solid Waste Management

Project Area: Whole country of Sri Lanka and pilot project sites Ver. 1
Duration: March 2017 – February 2019
1 March 2017
Narrative summary Objectively verifiable indicators Means of verification Important
assumptions
5 CEA furthers its understanding of appropriate New pilot project(s) utilizing appropriate composting operational Plans or implementation records of new pilot
composting operational methods and implements pilot methods are planned or implemented by CEA project(s) utilizing appropriate composting
project(s) utilizing such methods operational methods
Activities Inputs Preconditions
Stakeholders
participate in
the Project
1 Utilization of SATREPS Guide and greater Sri Lankan side Japanese side
dissemination of outputs 1. Counterpart personnel from: 1. Long-term expert (SWM)
2 (1) Development and implementation of pilot - CEA 2 ． Short-term expert (in local government
project(s) utilizing SATREPS Guide - Other relevant organizations affairs)
(2) Development and implementation of pilot 2. Facilities 3. Consultant expert

4
project(s) utilizing appropriate composting technology - Office space for CEA experts 4. Costs of necessary surveys
3 (1) Advising on rehabilitation, operation and - Utility costs 5. Provision of equipment/materials (as
maintenance of existing landfills - Data and information necessary)
3. Operational costs 4. Support of operational costs
4 Promotion of development of new projects to upgrade,
rehabilitate existing landfills or to construct new
sanitary landfill disposal sites through discussions with
counterparts, etc.
5 Development and/or promotion of waste management
projects in areas besides those abovementioned based
on the results of the Survey to research and collect
information on waste management
 Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 Outline of the Project

Pollution Control and Reduction of Environmental Burden in Solid Waste Management

Project Area: Whole country of Sri Lanka and pilot project sites Ver. 2
Duration: March 2017 – February 2019
1 March 2017
Narrative summary Objectively verifiable indicators Means of verification Important
assumptions
Overall goal
Environmental hygiene is improved by introducing
appropriate technologies to exisitng final disposal sites and
strengthening appropriate solid waste management
Project purpose
The capacity of CEA will be strengthened through Project 1. Pilot project(s) involving CEA using appropriate composting 1. Number of pilot projects implemented
activities, namely verification of appropriate technologies techniques and SATREPS technology is implemented 2．Number of mid-term reporting seminars and
for management of final disposal sites, and utilization of 2. CEA disseminates the SATREPS Guide and the manual which have output dissemination seminars held and
the existing SATREPS Guide and the newly developed the results of the pilot project reflected number of participants

5
manuals 3. Roles of CEA are defined in various manuals based on the actual 3. Various manuals
interaction of CEA during the pilot project

Outputs
1 The usefulness of SATREPS Guide and appropriate 3. Pilot project(s) using SATREPS technologies are implemented 1．Implemented pilot project(s) 1. Sri Lankan
technology for management of final disposal in Sri (quantitative indicators will be decided after deciding on pilot 2．Manual for improving final disposal site environmental
Lanka will be confirmed through pilot projects project sites and receiving advice from JICA short-term expert) facilities legislation and
implemented in the Project. Manuals for such purposes 4. Manual for improving final disposal site facilities with results of policy does not
will also be developed. pilot project(s) reflected is developed change
significantly.
2 3Rs is promoted to properly operate composting 1. A pilot project promoting 3Rs to properly operate composting 1．Implemented pilot project 2. Prices of
facilities and material recovery facility through pilot facilities and material recovery facility is implemented (quantitative 2．Manual for adoption of technology towards materials and
project(s) in the Project. A manual for this purpose is indicators will be decided after deciding on pilot project site and utilization of biogas and advancing fuel does not
developed receiving advice from JICA short-term expert) composting technology increase
2. Manuals, reflecting pilot project results, are developed towards dramatically.
utilization of biogas and advancing composting technology 3. Security and
3 Outputs of SATREPS Guide is disseminated 1. Outputs of SATREPS technology implemented in pilot project(s) are 1. Manual for improving final disposal site safety situation
reflected in the manual for improving final disposal site facilities. facilities of pilot city(s)
2. Manual for improving final disposal site facilities is disseminated to 2. Holding of mid-term reporting seminar(s) remains stable.
stakeholders. and output dissemination seminar(s)
 Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 Outline of the Project

Pollution Control and Reduction of Environmental Burden in Solid Waste Management

Project Area: Whole country of Sri Lanka and pilot project sites Ver. 2
Duration: March 2017 – February 2019
1 March 2017
Narrative summary Objectively verifiable indicators Means of verification Important
assumptions
4 CEA furthers its understanding of SATREPS Guide New pilot project(s) utilizing SATREPS technology are planned or Plans or implementation records of new pilot
and implements pilot project(s) utilizing the Guide implemented by CEA project(s) utilizing SATREPS technology
5 CEA furthers its understanding of promotion of 3Rs to New pilot project(s) promoting 3Rs to properly operate composting Plans or implementation records of new pilot
properly operate composting facilities and material facilities and material recovery facility are planned or implemented by project(s) utilizing appropriate composting
recovery facility and implements pilot project(s) CEA operational methods
utilizing such methods
Activities Inputs Preconditions
Stakeholders
participate in
the Project
1 Utilization of SATREPS Guide and greater Sri Lankan side Japanese side
dissemination of outputs 1. Counterpart personnel from: 1. Long-term expert (SWM)

6
2 (1) Development and implementation of pilot - CEA 2 ． Short-term expert (in local government
project(s) utilizing SATREPS Guide - Other relevant organizations affairs)
(2) Development and implementation of pilot 2. Facilities 3. Consultant expert
project(s) utilizing appropriate composting technology - Office space for CEA experts 4. Costs of necessary surveys
3 (1) Advising on rehabilitation, operation and - Utility costs 5. Provision of equipment/materials (as
maintenance of existing landfills - Data and information necessary)
3. Operational costs 4. Support of operational costs
4 Promotion of development of new projects to upgrade,
rehabilitate existing landfills or to construct new
sanitary landfill disposal sites through discussions with
counterparts, etc.
5 Development and/or promotion of waste management
projects in areas besides those abovementioned based
on the results of the Survey to research and collect
information on waste management
 1.4 Flow Chart

Phase I: Preparation of Pilot Project Phase II: Implementation of Pilot Project Phase III: Evaluation of Pilot Project
Phase

Year 2017 2018 2019

Month Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Meeting

Meeting
Meeting

Meeting
Meeting
Meeting
Meeting

Meeting

A.1 Project

A.1 Project
A.1 Project

Through the

A.1 Project
A.1 Project
A.1 Project
A.1 Project

A.1 Project
entire
project period
A.2 PR

A.2 PR
A.2 PR

A.2 PR
A.2 PR

A.2 PR
C.1 Rehabilitation Works of Existing Landfill site at KMC and KPS D.1 Pilot Project Evaluation
C.1.1
Preparation works

C.1.2
D.2 Preparation of a Manual for Improvement of
Temporary works Existing Waste Disposal Site

B.1 Analysis and Evaluation

of Candidate PP Sites
B.2 Site Selection and
Preliminary Plan Preparation
of PP
C.1.3 Main improvement works (Kurunegara MC 3months, Kataragama PS 6months) D.3 Preparation of a Manual for Improvement of
Composting and Utilization of Biogas
B.5 Current SWM Survey in LAs

7
related to PP
C.1.4 Cleaning

B.6 Planning, Design, Bidding and Contracting of Pilot Projects D.4 General Advices for Development of New Landfill Project

B.6.1 Topographic and Geological Survey

Phase C.2
Safety Control of Improvement Work

I-III B.6.2 D.5 Recommendation for Improvement of the legal system

Preparation of Action Plan & Basic Plan regarding SWM
C.4 Monitoring of Pilot Projects
B.6.3 Environmental and
Social Considerations D.6
Survey Final
seminar
B.6.4 Detailed Planning and C.3
Bidding Preparation Public Awareness-raising for 3Rs Pilot Project

B.3 Study on SWM Regulations

C.５ C.５
Start-up Start-up
B.6.5 and and
B.4 Study on SWM Program of CEA
Bidding & Interme Interme
D.７
Preparation of
Final Report

and Authorities Concerne Contracting diate diate

Seminar Seminar
Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 Outline of the Project

1.5 Plan of Operation

The following is the first plan of operation.

Year 2017 2018 2019
Activities
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Through the entire

A
project period

　A.1 Project meeting

A.2 Public Relations

Phase I (6months)
Phase I: Preparation of Pilot
B
Project

Analysis and Evaluation of

　B.1
Candidate Pilot Project Sites

Site Selection and Preliminary

　B.2 Plan Preparation of Pilot
Projects

Study on Solid Waste

B.3
Management Regulations

Study on SWM Program of

B.4 CEA and Authorities
Concerne
Current Solid Waste
B.5 Management Survey in LAs
related to Pilot Project

Planning, Design, Bidding and

B.6
Contracting of Pilot Projects

Topographic and Geological

B.6.1
Survey

B.6.2
Preparation of Action Plan &
Basic Plan

B.6.3
Environmental and Social
Considerations Survey

B.6.4
Detailed Planning and Bidding
Preparation

B.6.5 Bidding and Contracting

Phase II: Implementation of Phase II (11months)

C
Pilot Project

Improvement Works of Pilot

　C.1
Project Facilitie

Safety Control of
　C.2
Improvement Work

Public Awareness-raising for

　C.3
３Rs Pilot Project

　C.4 Monitoring of Pilot Projects

Start-up and Intermediate

　C.5
Seminars

Phase III (6months)

Phase III: Evaluation of Pilot
D
Project

　D.1 Pilot Project Evaluation

Preparation of a Manual for

　D.2 Improvement of Existing
Waste Disposal Site
Preparation of a Manual for
　D.3 Improvement of Composting
and Utilization of Biogas
General Advices for
　D.4 Development of New Landfill
Project
Recommendation for
　D.5 Improvement of the legal
system regarding SWM

　D.6 Final seminar

　D.7 Preparation of Final Report

in Sri Lanka in JPN

8
Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

2 Detailed Activities
This chapter describes detailed activities of the Project.

2.1 Production and authorisation of Work Plan

Work Plan was discussed in the kick off meeting with relevant governmental agencies including
a counterpart organisation on the 7th March 2017. On 7the April 2017 after circulation of the
Work Plan to participants and absentees of the Kick off meeting, WP was approved by the
counterpart and approval letter was issued. (Please see appendix 1).

2.2 Production of progress reports

Progress reports are made and updated every three months to explain progress of the project and
discuss it in line with the date of project meetings shown below. This 2nd progress report is the
update of the 1st progress report, adding the activities from June to August 2017.

2.3 A.1: Project meetings

Purpose of the project meetings is to provide opportunities of shared understanding on the

indicators of project output and progress of the project, which will obtain an initiative of CEA.

2.3.1 Kick off meeting

Project kick off meeting was held with relevant governmental agencies including a counterpart
organisation on7th March. Meeting agenda is shown below. ‘Minutes of the meeting’ is
available in the appendix 2.

(1) Outline of the project (regarding Work Plan)

(2) Preliminary plans of pilot projects

(3) Selection of pilot project sites

2.3.2 1st project meeting

First project meeting was held combined with the meeting of finalization of SATREPS Guide in
13th June 2017. Participants included University of Peradeniya and University Rufuna. The
minutes of meeting is available in project Appendix 3-1.

(1) Explanation of the progress of pilot project by Dr. Sato

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

(2) Explanation of the outline of the SATREPS Guide by Dr. Gamunu

(3) Discussion

2.3.3 2nd project meeting

Second project meeting was held on 25th October 2017. The minutes of meeting is available in
project Appendix 3-2.

(1) Welcome and Opening Remarks by Chairman, CEA

(2) Project Progress of ReEB Waste and Progress of formulating new JICA SWM project and
conducting Surveys by Dr. Onuma, Long term expert

(3) Progress of the pilot project by Dr. Sato, Consultant expert

(4) Reviewing any inputs from the stakeholders for Draft SATREPS Guide (Ver.1)

(5) Close

2.3.4 3rd project meeting

Third project meeting was held on 24th January 2018. Minutes of the meeting are available in
the project Appendix 3-3.

(1) Welcome and Opening Remarks

(2) Project Progress of ReEB Waste
 Financial Progress
 Other activities progress and Activities plan for 2018
(3) Progress of the pilot project.
 Public Relations
 Detailed planning and bidding preparation
 Bidding and contracting
 Rehabilitation works of existing landfill site
 Safety control of improvement work
 Start up seminar on 27 October 2017
(4) Reviewing any inputs from the stakeholders for Draft SATREPS Guide (Ver.1)

2.3.5 4th project meeting

The 4th stakeholder meeting was held on 22nd March 2018 at CEA. The agenda of this meeting
is shown as below and a handout was attached as appendix 3-4.
(1) Welcome and Opening Remarks (Acting Chairman/DG, CEA)

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

(2) Project Progress of ReEB Waste

 Financial Progress
 Other activities progress
(3) Reviewing any inputs from the stakeholders for Draft SATREPS Guide (Ver.1)
(4) Progress of the pilot project
 Public Relation
 Detailed planning and bidding preparation
 Bidding and contracting
 Rehabilitation works of existing landfill site
 Safety control of improvement work
(5) Review of study tour in Japan

2.3.6 5th project meeting

The 5th stakeholder meeting was held on 29th June 2018 at CEA. The agenda of this meeting is
shown below. Meeting minutes are refered to in Appendix 3-5.
(1) Welcome and Opening Remarks (Acting Chairman/ DG/ DDG, CEA)
(2) Project Progress of ReEB Waste
 Financial Progress
 Other activities progress
(3) Distribution of SATREPS Guide (Ver.1)
(4) Progress of the pilot project
 Public Relations
 Rehabilitation works of existing landfill site
 Safety control of improvement work
 Public awareness-raising for compost pilot project
 Monitoring of pilot projects
(5) Schedule of upcoming activities
(6) Closing remarks

2.3.7 6th project meeting

The 6th stakeholder meeting was held on 23th October 2019 at CEA. The agenda of this meeting is
shown below. Meeting minutes are refered to in Appendix 3-6.
(1) Welcome and Opening Remarks (DG/DDG(WM), CEA)
(2) Project Progress of ReEB Waste
2.1 Financial Progress
2.2 Results of RMC SWM Working Hour Utilization Survey
2.3 Progress of Waste Flow and Recycle Industry Survey

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

(3) Progress of the pilot project

3.1 Monitoring of pilot project
3.2 Evaluation of Pilot Project
3.3 Preparation of Manual
(4) Closing

2.3.8 Final project meeting

The final stakeholder meeting was held on 29th January 2019 at CEA. The agenda of this meeting is
shown below. Meeting minutes are refered to in Appendix 3-7.
(1) Welcome and Opening Remarks (Chairman/DG/DDG(WM), CEA)
(2) Opening Remarks (JICA Sri Lanka Office)
(3) Project Progress of ReEB Waste
2.1 Financial Progress
2.2 Results of Waste Flow and Recycle Industry Survey and the Survey
(4) Result Dissemination Seminar on December 13th
2.3 Report on the result of the Japan study tour in January (Onuma & Ms. Sarojinie)
2.4 Presentation of Shibushi-city waste management policy introduction video translated
into 3 languages (Sinhala, Tamil, English)
(5) Progress of the pilot project
3.1 Monitoring of pilot project
3.2 Evaluation of Pilot Project
3.3 Preparation of Manual
(6) Closing remarks

2.4 A.2: Public Relations

Public relations activities are designed to publicize, in a timely manner, the progress of the
following activities:

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

Table 2-1: Plan of public relations

Implemented Contents of Media Targeted Language Timing
publication population
April 2017 CEA web site
TV, radio, 1st project
Introduction of English
newspaper Residents of meeting after
September 2017 the outline of Sinhalese,
(national and Sri Lankan deciding on the
the project Tamil
local) pilot project
November 2017 News letter
At he
Residents of beginning and
TV, radio,
local authority completion of
newspaper
November 2017 implementing construction
(national and
August 2018 the pilot project works under
local)
Introduction of and Sri Lanka pilot project.
Newsletter
pilot projects After interim
English
-plan of pilot seminar
Sinhalese,
projects Residents of
October 2017 CEA web site Tamil
-progress of Sri Lankan
On momentous
pilot project Residents of
Web site and occasions
local authority
SNS of local during
November 2017 implementing
authority implementation
Onward the pilot project
implementing pilot projects
and Sri Lanka
the pilot project
Residents of
February 2018 CEA web site
Sri Lankan
Web site and
SNS of local
Outcomes of
January 2018 authority Residents of
pilot projects English
implementing local authority At the time of
-evaluations of Sinhalese,
the pilot project implementing final seminar
pilot project Tamil
TV, radio, the pilot project
-final seminar
newspaper and Sri Lanka
January 2018 (national and
local)

Mr. Indrarathna, Deputy Director General in Waste Management, issued a letter on 6 April 2017
to request to set up a portal for the Project within the existing CEA Website addressed to
Deputy Director General in Human Resource Development, Administration and Finance, whose
department is in charge of maintenance of the website. By the end of June, a link to the
Project’s portal has been set up on the front portal of the CEA website, and the page explaining
project outline has been posted in three languages including English, Sinhalese and Tamil as
shown below.

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

(http://www.cea.lk/web/?option=com_content&view=article&layout=edit&id=1057),

Link to the Project

portal.

The updates to JICA website, which had been originally planned, has been cancelled because
the site focuses on JICA’s technical cooperation projects, while the Project is another scheme to
dispatch experts. However, the Project is willing to provide information whenever it is
necessary.

Project newsletter had not been planned to be issued because occasion requiring provision of
information through a paper-media was expected to be limited while use of internet is prevalent.
However, there have been cases where the counterpart institutions request for such, and the
Project has now planned to issue the newsletter according to the plan below.

Table 2-2: Plan for project newsletters

Contents of
Media Targeted populations Languages Timing
Publications
Newsletter
Project counterparts 1. Selection of
(A4-sized 4-page x
and relevant officials, PP sites
50 copies to be
personnel in the field 2. Start of PP
Project printed, PDF copy  English
of waste management 3. Mid-term of
outline and to be on CEA  Sinhalese
in relevant PP
progress website as well as  Tamil
institutions, and 4. End of PP
to be e-mailed to
officials involved in 5. End of the
the relevant
SWM Project
officials.)

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste Final Report
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

Table 2-3: Publications of Newsletter

No. of
Issue Timing Distribution Language
copies
No. 1 August 50 Every C/P institution, visitors, English, Sinhala, Tamil
2017 200 at PP kick-off seminar (3 languages in one
copy)
No. 2 December 500 Every C/P institution, visitors English, Sinhala, Tamil
2017 (3 languages in one
copy)
No.3 August 500 All participants of 2nd English, Sinhala, Tamill
2018 Seminar
No.4 February 200 All participants of final English, Sinhala, Tamill
2019 Seminar

Table 2-4: PR through Mass Media

Contents Timing Media Language
KPS Logo & Slogan
Contest Awarding October 24, 2017 Lakadeepa Katharagama issue Sinhala
Ceremony
PP Kick-off seminar (held
October 29, 2017 Nationalnetwork TV (1 station) Sinhala
on October 27, 2017)
Project Outline November 9, 2017 2 Katharagama local newspapers Sinhala
Plastic Waste minimization Sinhala,
Press Conference inviting
during Kataragama July 10, 2018 Tamil
Newspapers, TV stations
Perahera English
Special Message for Plastic
Divaina Sinhala,
Waste minimization during
July 10, 2018 Virakesari Tamil
Kataragama Perahera from
Daily News English
CEA/ KPS/ReEB

The promotion video which consists of pilot projects activities of Kurunegala MC, Rathnapura
MC and Katharagama PS was distributed to all participants of final seminar on 31st January
2019.

2.5 B.1: Analysis and Evaluation for Selection of Candidate Pilot Project Sites

A long list of candidate pilot project sites consisted of 10 local authorities in Data Collection
Survey on Solid Waste Management in Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (JICA and
Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd., February 2016) and six local authorities (three disposal sites and
compost plants each) recommended by CEA.

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
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Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

Screening of 13 pilot project candidate sites for rehabilitation of disposal site and 13 sites for
improvement of compost plant was conducted. Eight candidate sites out of 16 sites are short
listed.

Table 2-5: Basic screening criteria for long list

No land acquisition issue

No outsourcing operation of disposal site
No duplication of project
EIA is not required
SATREPS technics available

Table 2-6: Screening of PP sites for rehabilitation of disposal sites

(Short listed candidate pilot project sites are underlined)
Screening Item
Project
Candidate PP Land Applicability
No. Outsourcing duplication/
site acquisition EIA of SATREPS
operation Ongoing
issue technics
project
1 Jaffna MC No issues No issues On going ? Available
2 Trincomalee No issues Outsourcing No issues ? Available
UC (German)
3 Thamankaduw No issues No issues On going ? Available
a PS
4 Kurunegala No issues No issues No issues No Available
MC need
5 Katunayake ? No issues On going ? Not available
Seeduwa UC
6 Nuwara Eliya No issues No issues No issues No Available
MC need
7 Dehiwala Mt. No issues Outsourcing On going N.A- Available
Lavinia MC (Karadiyana) (WMA)
8 Moratuwa MC No issues Outsourcing On going N.A Available
(Karadiyana) (WMA)
9 Kesbewa UC No issues Outsourcing On going N.A Available
(Karadiyana) (WMA)
10 Kataragama No issues No issues No issues ? Available
PS
11 Puttalam PS ? ? On going ? ?
12 Matale MC ? ? ? ? ?
13 Hambantota No issues No issues No issues No Available
MC need

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Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
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Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 2 Detailed Activities

Table 2-7: Screening of PP sites for improvement of compost plants

(Underline shows candidate pilot project sites in a short list)
Screening Item
Candidate PP Existence of Project
No. Outsourcing
site compost duplication/ EIA
operation
plant Ongoing project
1 Jaffna MC Exists No issues Ongoing (EDCF) ?
2 Trincomalee UC None N.A N.A N.A
3 Thamankaduwa Exists OK Ongoing(EDCF) ?
PS
4 Kurunegala MC Exists No issues No issues ?
5 Katunayake None N.A N.A ?
Seeduwa UC
6 Nuwara Eliya None N.A N.A N.A
MC
7 Dehiwala Mt. Exists Outsourcing Ongoing N.A-
Lavinia MC (Karadiyana) (WMA)
8 Moratuwa MC Exists Outsourcing Ongoing N.A
(Karadiyana) (WMA)
9 Kesbewa UC Exists Outsourcing Ongoing N.A
(Karadiyana) (WMA)
10 Kataragama PS Exists No issues No issues ?
11 Ratunapura MC Exists No issues ? ?
12 Kelaniya PS Exists ? ? ?
13 Ja-Ela MC Exists ? ? ?

Table 2-8: Possibility/ necessity of PPs for rehabilitation of disposal sites and
improvement of compost plants in each candidate PP site
Possibility/ Necessity
Candidate PP site
Disposal site Compost plant
1 Kurunegala MC ✔ ✔
2 Nuwara Eliya MC ✔
3 Kataragama PS ✔ ✔
4 Matale MC ✔
5 Hambantota MC ✔
6 Ratunapura MC ✔
7 Kelaniya PS ✔
8 Ja-Ela MC ✔

2.6 B.2: Site Selection and Preliminary Plan Preparation of Pilot Projects

JICA Project Team visited all the candidate pilot project sites in the short list, conducted
interviews and a questionnaire survey for commissioners, secretaries, (chief) public health
inspectors ((C)PHI), medical officers of health (MOH), technical engineers and other officers in

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the local authorities. Possibility and/or necessity of pilot project for disposal sites and compost
plants were evaluated and applicable SATREPS techniques were suggested.

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Table 2-9: Summary of the survey results and recommendation of PP sites

Candidate PP Survey Possibility / Necessity of pilot projects
No Condition
site date Disposal site Compost plant
1 Kurunegala 14th High -Most of SATREPS techniques Low -Duplication of large scale compost Budget allocation
MC March and landfill mining can project planned by MoLGPC from the KMC is
contribute to improve the current required.
condition.
2 Nuwara 23rd Low Operation is good -
Eliya MC March
3 Kataragama 16th High -Final disposal implementation Mid -More efficient composting Personnel resource
PS March of pilot projects by SATREPS techniques may contribute to further may be insufficient
techniques may be possible minimization of organic waste. and is required as
-Measures against elephants are -As a supplementary work, condition of
indispensable for improving the awareness raising of tourists and implementation.
current dumping site. worshippers in /Land lease
waste separation may be efficient and agreement is

19
effective in reducing plastic wastes. necessary.
4 Matale MC 14th Low -There is a need to close the -
March current dumping site properly.
However, there is no other place
to dispose of waste. PP cannot
be implemented.
-It is recommended to close the
current disposal site as early as
possible.
However, there is no option for
the MC until a new landfill is
constructed.
5 Hambantota 16th Low -Strong need for the SATREPS -
MC March techniques is not found.
6 Ratunapura 15th - Mid -It seems that the RMC has sufficient
MC March human resources for implementing
 Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden
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Candidate PP Survey Possibility / Necessity of pilot projects

No Condition
site date Disposal site Compost plant
pilot project(s) and is undertaking the
pilot project(s) seriously.
-There may be possibility in
technical support for the new
composting facility and citizen
awareness raising in waste
separation.
7 Kelaniya PS 17th - Low -Duplication of Ministry or
March Megapolis project
8 Ja-Ela MC 17th - Low -Duplication of Ministry or
March Megapolis project

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Survey results of eight local authorities and contents of pilot projects were discussed on 27th
March 2017 with JICA Project Team and CEA. Out of eight local authorities, Kurunegala MC,
Kataragama PS and Ratnapura MC were recommended and approved as candidate sites.

On 3rd April 2017, JICA Project Team and CEA invited and discussed with representatives of
each of three local authorities regarding contents and conditions of the planned pilot projects
and the responsibilities of the local authorities. All three local authorities showed their interest
in the pilot projects.

As a result, Kurunegala MC and Ratnapura MC issued the commitment letters on 6th April
2017 (refer to Appendix 4: Commitment letter from Kurunegala MC, Appendix5: Commitment
letter from Ratnapura MC). Kataragama PS has gotten the land use permission from Forestry
Department and issued the commitment letter on 15th May 2017 (refer to Appendix 6:
Commitment letter from Kataragama PS).

Final decision on pilot project sites is as stated in the table below.

Table 2-10: Decision of PP sites

Pilot project Discussion Commitment
PP site
Disposal site Compost plant (3rd April 2017) letter
1 Kurunegala MC ✔ ✔ 6th April 2017
2 Ratunapura MC ✔ ✔ 6th April 2017
3 Kataragama PS ✔ ✔ ✔ 15th May 2017

2.7 B.3: Study on Solid Waste Management Regulations

(1) Policy
National Strategy for Solid Waste Management (NSSWM) was developed in the year 2000,
which stipulates prioritization in waste reduction prior to recycling. In 2005, Sri Lanka
Government formulated Mahinda Chintana: Vision for a New Sri Lanka, a Ten-year Horizon
Development Framework (2006-2016) for the preparation of investment plan, followed by

National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme (2009～2016), in which SWM in identified

as one of the priority issues. National Solid Waste Management Policy 2007 1 is available on
0F0F

the web site of Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment. President Maithripala
Sirisena announced and emphasised the importance of waste segregation in November 2016.

http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=175&Itemid=
291&lang=en

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Moreover, momentum of waste reduction is being gained in response to the collapse of

Meethotamulla disposal site on 14th April 2017.

(2) Laws and Regulations related to SWM are summarised in the table below.
From 1st of September 2017, production and sales of polythene or any polythene product which
is twenty (20) microns or below in thickness have been banned. Since many restaurants use
polythene lunch sheets for rice and curry In Sri Lanka, alternative organic resources such as
banana leaf or routes leaf started to use. High density polyethylene except for the garbage bag of
600mm (Length) - 260mm (Width) – 900mm (Height) or above is also banned.

Table 2-11: Law and regulation related to SWM

Year Policy & Regulation Description
Urban Council  Sections 118, 119, and 120
1939 Ordinance No. 61 of  Specify waste management responsibilities of UCs
1939
Nuisance Ordinance  Section 1-12
1946 No. 62 of 1939 and
No. 57 of 1946
Municipal Councils  Sections 129 Duty of council as to conservancy and
Ordinances No. 16 of scavenging
1947  Sections 130 All refuse collected to be property of
1947
council
 Sections 131 Places for disposal of refuse and
keeping equipment (MC ordinance No 16 of 1947)
Code of Criminal  Section 98
Procedure Act No. 15
1979
of 1979 – Public
Nuisances
National  Section 12 and 26
Environmental Act  Establishment of CEA
No.47 of 1980  Amended by Act No.56 of 1988 (Introduction of
1980
EPL, IEE, EIA)
 Amended by Act No. 53 of 2000, Gazette Extra
ordinary No.1466/5 of 2006
Pradeshiya Sabha Act  Sections 93 and 94
1987
No.15 of 1987  Specify waste management responsibilities of PSs
Provincial Councils  Amended by Act No.56 of 1988
1987
Act No.42 of 1987  LAs contain provisions for waste management
Gazette Extraordinary  Regulation for water quality, Regulations gazetted in
1990
No. 595/16 of 1990 relation to EPL and waste water discharge standards.
Waste Management  Western Province Waste Management Authority was
1999 Statute No: 9 of 1999 established under the statute of Western Provincial
Council
Gazette Notification  Regulation on Prohibition of Manufacture of
2006 No. 1466/5 dated Polythene or Any Product of 20 micron or below
10.10.2006 thickness
North Western  Waste Management Statute No: 9 of 1999 was
2007 Province amended to further strengthen of the legal status on
Environmental Statute waste management.

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Year Policy & Regulation Description

No 12 of 1990  North Western Province Environmental Authority
was established.
Prevention of  Prohibition against creating conditions favorable to
2007 Mosquitoes Breeding the breeding of mosquitoes.
Act No.11 of 2007
Gazette Notification  National Environmental (Protection and Quality)
2008 No. 1534/18 dated Regulations, No. 1 of 2008.
01.02.2008
National  Section 64 (a), (b), (c ) and Section 65
2008 Thoroughfares
Act No. 40 of 2008
 National Environmental (Municipal Solid Waste)
Regulations, No. 1 of 2009.
Gazette Notification
 General Rules on SWM discharge and collection of
2009 No. 1627/19 dated
waste (Prohibition of waste dumping at national
10.11.2009
highway and at any place other than places
designated for such purpose by the LA
Gazette Extraordinary  Maintenance of the services essential to the life of the
2015 no 2015/53 dated community
2017.04.20
 Prohibition of manufacture of polythene or any
polythene product of twenty (20) microns or below in
thickness
Gazette Extraordinary
2017  Prohibition of the sale, offer for sale, offer free of
No. 2034/33 of 2017
charge, exhibition or use of polythene or any
polythene product which is twenty (20) microns or
below in thickness
 Prohibition of the manufacture of food wrappers from
polythene as a raw material.
Gazette Extraordinary
2017  Prohibition of the sale, offer for sale, offer free of
No. 2034/34 of 2017
charge, exhibition or use of food wrappers
manufactured from polythene as a raw material.
 Prohibition of manufacture of any bag of high density
polyethylene as a raw material.
Gazette Extraordinary
2017  Prohibition of sale, offer for sale, offer free of charge,
No. 2034/35 of 2017
exhibition or use of any bag manufactured from high
density polyethylene as a raw material.
 National Environmental (Prohibition of open burning
Gazette Extraordinary
2017 of refuse and other combustible matters inclusive of
No. 2034/36 of 2017
plastics) Regulations No. 1 of 2017
 Prohibition of the use of all forms of polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyethylene products or
Gazette Extraordinary
2017 polypropylene products as decoration in political,
No. 2034/37 of 2017
social, religious, national, cultural or any other event
or occasion.
 Prohibition of the manufacture of food containers,
plates, cups and spoons from expanded polystyrene
Gazette Extraordinary  Prohibition of the sale, offer for sale, offer free of
2017
No. 2034/38 of 2017 charge, exhibition or use of food containers, plates,
cups and spoons manufactured from expanded
polystyrene within the country.

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(3) Guidelines related to SWM

In addition to the previous guidelines, so called SATREPS Guide has been developed and plans
to be authorised until the end of 2017.

Table 2-12: Guideline related to SWM

Year Guideline Relevant authority Descriptions
Healthcare Waste Ministry of Health, To provide evidence based
Management Guideline & Indigenous recommendation to clinicians to
2001 Medicine manage hospital generated
waste with minimum harm to
the environment.
Solid Waste Management Ministry of Home To support the SWM practice
Guideline for Local Affairs, Provincial for LAs
2003
Authorities Councils and Local
Government
Technical Guidelines on Central To support the SWM and siting
2005 Municipal Solid Waste Environmental of engineered landfills
Management in Sri Lanka Authority (CEA)
Technical Guidelines on Used Central To prevent adverse impacts on
Tyre Management in Sri Environmental health and environment caused
2005 Lanka Authority (CEA) by the emission from incomplete
burning from used tyres as well
as their improper disposal.
Technical Guidelines on Central To introduce safe handling of
2005 Management of Used Lead Environmental used lead acid batteries.
Acid Batteries Authority (CEA)
Technical Guides on Solid Central Update version of Technical
Waste Management in Sri Environmental Guidelines on Municipal Solid
2007
Lanka Authority (CEA) Waste Management in Sri
Lanka 2005
Guidelines for the Central To manage the scheduled waste
2008 Management of Scheduled Environmental management
Waste in Sri Lanka Authority (CEA)
Guide for Sustainable Ministry of Higher To introduce SATREPS
Planning, Management, and Education, CEA, techniques for pollution control
Pollution Control of Waste NSWMSC and environmental restoration
2017
Landfills in Sri Lanka. of solid waste landfills.
2011-2016 (SATREPS
guide)
Guideline for the island wide Ministry of Provincial As the 1st step of implementation
separate waste collection Council and Local of island wide source separated
programme Government, waste collection programme the
NSWMSC ministry introduced the separate
collection to all the Municipal
2017 Councils on 2016.11.01. The
second step scheduled to initiate
immediately from 2017.06.01
covering all the Urban Councils
and Pradeshiya Sabha’s island
wide.

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2.8 B.4: Study on SWM Program of CEA and Authorities Concerned

2.8.1 Pilisaru Program

Pilisaru Program started in 2008. So far, 134 composting facilities, one landfill and 12 bio-gas
plants have been constructed. Total budget is approximately 50 billion LKR, and 30 billion LKR
has been spent by 2016.

Total number of local government authorities is 335. Therefore, Pilisaru Program has covered
more than one third of them. The implemented 134 composting projects were reviewed and
various issues peculiar to respective projects were identified such as workers, waste collection
systems and machines. These issues are currently addressed. Furthermore, 15 sites will be newly
identified in 2017.

At the beginning of the programme, “hard” or physical aspects were focused on such as
construction of facilities and procurement of machines. This tends to change. “Soft,” or
non-physical aspects, such as training of public officers and workers, is also considered
important. Furthermore, the program has recently been approaching recycling associations,
hotel associations, schools, etc. for asking cooperation with the 3Rs.

Through implementation of the program, common issues, which are found in many project sites,
have been identified. These include: difficulties of finding sites for waste facilities, citizens’
opposition to transboundary transport of waste, and inefficient old composting facilities (static
box type compost).

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Table 2-13: Pilisaru project (2015)

Province District No. of facilities Capacity (ton/day)

Northern Province Jaffna 3 11
Anuradhapura 18 48.5
North Central Province Polonnaruwa 3 16
Sub total 21 64.5
Kurunegala 16 88
North Western Province Puttalam 5 30
Sub total 21 118
Kandy 4 17
Matale 4 8
Central Province
Nuwara Eliya 2 5
Sub total 10 30
Colombo 6 48
Kalutara 7 69
Western Province
Gampaha 10 46
Sub total 23 163
Hambantota 9 32
Matara 10 61
Southern Province
Galle 9 63
Sub total 27 156
Kegalle 6 34
Sabaragamuwa Province Rathnapura 5 39
Sub total 11 73
Badulla 5 52
Uva Province Monaragala 3 6
Sub total 8 58
Ampara 6 18
Baticaloa 1 9
Eastern Province
Trincomalee 1 3
Sub total 8 30
Total - 133 703.5
Note: The table shows the numbers as of Year 2015. Total number of composting facilities in 2017 is 134.

2.8.2 NSWMSC
A JICA project was launched in 2017 applying a special Japan made composting machine,
called the Kawashima Compost 2. 1F

Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils, to which NSWMSC belongs, secured
budget for purchasing nine (9) composting machines based on its evaluation of the JICA project
as being successful. NSWMSC mentioned the following reasons why the machine would be
introduced.

2
Pilot Survey for Disseminating Small and Medium Enterprises Technologies for Recycling Project of
Organic Garbage and Agricultural Waste by Screw Type Composting Plant

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 Manual composting requires many good quality of works. It is recently very difficult to
secure such workers. Kawashima Compost can deal with a considerable amount of
waste with less workers.
 Kawashima Compost operates in a vessel, preventing wild animals from accessing the
waste.
 Kawashima Compost applies forced aeration, which accelerates aerobic digestion with
less odour.

Meanwhile, NSWMSC pointed out its high cost: 120 million LKR for a machine purchase and 6
LKR per kg for operation.

Another important point is the capacity of Kawashima Compost, 50 ton/day feeding waste
amount. Generally, each Local Government Authority (LGA) in Sri Lanka generates a small
amount of waste. In order to collect 50 ton/day of organic waste, several LGAs have to work
together. This may cause opposition among citizens against the transboundary transport of
waste. Agreement among target LGAs is a prerequisite for a successful project.

2.8.3 KOICA and Korean Economic Development Cooperation Fund, EDCF

Korean Economic Development Cooperation Fund, EDCF, have been designing and
constructing the landfills listed in the table below with a loan of 33 million USD from Korean
Import and Export Bank. Among the landfills, Dompe funded by KOICA has been constructed
and is being operated as of May 2017.

Table 2-14: KOICA and EDCF project sites

Name of Landfill Life Service
Province Status Area Capacity
Disposal Site area span target LAs
7 LAs
32 including
Monriviawatte Southern Planning 8.1ha 3.4ha 37.8t/d
years Rajgama
PS
29 All LAs of
Keeramalai Northern Planning 15ha 4.6ha 50t/d
years Jaffna (17)
2 LAs
North including
Central 32 East
Keerikulama Planning 9.7ha 4.6ha 15.2t/d
years Nuwaraga
mpalatha
PS
All LAs of
North 32
Meegaswewa Planning 6ha 3.2ha 20t/d Polonnaru
Central years
wa (7)

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2.8.4 KOICA
(1) Construction of the Dompe Final Disposal Site
KOICA started the project for Sri Lanka’s first sanitary landfill in Maligawatte in 2008 with the
CEA as a counterpart. The construction started from 2014 and the operation started in April
2015. The Korea Kunhwa Engineering & Consulting Co., Ltd. was in charge of the design.
KOICA and the Sri Lankan Government funded the project with 4.5 million USD and $ 1.5
million USD respectively 3. It was designed for a cluster system in the beginning of the project
1F2F

but only accepts waste from the Dompe PS due to opposition from the community. In Sri
Lanka, not only in the case of the Dompe landfill site but across the country, there is always
strong public opposition towards the construction of such waste treatment facilities and many of
the projects have been suspended. Therefore, careful consideration and consultation with
residents are needed in this regard.

Table 2-15: Outline of Dompe final disposal site project

Name of Landfill Life
Province Status Area Capacity
Disposal Site area span
6
Dompe Western Operating 5ha 2ha 90t/d
years

(2) Pilot Project for Volume Based Bag (VBB) System

The KOICA planned to introduce the volume based bag (VBB) system with the WMA as a
counterpart since 2013. They started the pilot project in October 2015 and sell plastic bags
(20L) for mixed waste for 40Rs each.

2.9 B.5: Current Solid Waste Management Survey

Progress of current solid waste management survey in Kurunegala MC, Ratnapura MC and
Kataragama PS is listed in the following table. Although Ratnapura MC is affected by the
flooding in May 2017 and survey had been slightly delayed, it was completed by mid of July.

3
JST-JICA SATREPS Project: Environment Business Survey in Sri Lanka (May, 2014)

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Table 2-16: Progress of current solid waste management surveys

Kurunegala MC Ratnapura MC Kataragama PS
Duration of From 15th to 21st of From 20th May to From 9th June to 8th of
site survey May 2017 mid-June due to heavy July
rain
Survey 1. Waste discharge 1. Waste discharge  Waste discharge
item 2. Waste collection incl. Public  Waste collection
and transportation Opinion Survey and transportation
3. Compost (POS)  Compost
4. Recycling/3Rs 2. Waste collection  Recycling/3Rs
survey and transportation survey
5. Disposal site 3. Compost  Disposal site
4. Recycling/3Rs
survey
5. Disposal site
Progress  The survey was  POS of 200 samples  The survey was
conducted for a week (150 households and conducted for a week
to update Data 50 commercial) was to update Data
Collection Survey on conducted from 20th Collection Survey on
Solid Waste to 24th May 2017. Solid Waste
Management in  150 (POS) households Management in
Democratic Socialist consisted of high-, Democratic Socialist
Republic of Sri Lanka mid- and low-income Republic of Sri Lanka
(JICA and Kokusai households, selected (JICA and Kokusai
Kogyo Co., Ltd., randomly from the Kogyo Co., Ltd.,
February 2016) MC. February 2016)
 Eight surveyors in  12 surveyors in total:  Eight surveyors in
total: three survey five survey teams of total: three survey
teams of two staff two staff each; an teams of two staff
each; an assistant, and assistant, and a each; an assistant, and
a manager. manager. a manager.
 POS was not  POS was not
conducted. conducted.

Orientation before POS survey in RMC Role-play during the orientation in RMC

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Waste discharge survey in RMC  Waste discharge survey in RMC 

2.9.1 Kurunegala MC

(1) Waste generation sources (WGS)

Waste generation source of Kurunegala MC consists of household, commercial, school, office,

market and so on. Main waste generation sources in Kurunegala MC are shown in below table.

Table 2-17: Main waste generation sources in KMC

Source Description
Household Kitchen waste, domestic waste such as cleaning house, garden waste.
Commercial Restaurant, hotel, organic shop, non-organic shop and so on.
Institute Schools, hospital, clinic, office, government institute, religion institute, police,
military facilities and so on.
Industry Waste generated from garment industries, agro-food industries and paper
manufacture industries.
Others Large scale mark called as “Pola” , small markets, slaughter house and so on.

(2) Waste generation amount (WGA)

Waste generation amount of Kurunegala MC is estimated based on the waste generation rate of
NSWMSC SWM Action Plan (2008), SATREPS research reports (2011-2016) and JICA data
collection survey (2016), and data collection survey under ReEB waste project. The result
shows that waste generation amount of Kurunegala MC is 53.75 t/day and waste generation rate
is 1,878.2g/day per capita (including instructional, commercial waste).

Table 2-18: Waste generation amount and waste generation rate of KMC
Category Source Generation Units Sources Amount Sub %
rate (MT/D) total
Residential High, middle & 0.25 kg/person 28,618 7.15 7.15 13.3%
law income
Large size 69.2 kg/restaurant 8 0.55
restaurants

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Category Source Generation Units Sources Amount Sub %

rate (MT/D) total
Middle size 43.25 kg/restaurant 40 1.73
restaurants
Small size 9.65 kg/restaurant 143 1.38
restaurants
Large size hotel 51.9 kg/hotel 9 0.47
Medium size 25.95 kg/hotel 59 1.53
hotel
Commercial Small size hotel 9.65 kg/hotel 75 0.72 27.82 51.8%
Organic shops 207.6 kg/shop 0
(large)
Organic shops 25.95 kg/shop 0
(middle)
Organic shops 9.65 kg/shop 98 0.95
(small)
Non-Organic 43.25 kg/shop 2 0.09
shops (large)
Non-Organic 9.65 kg/shop 0
shops (middle)
Non-Organic 9.65 kg/shop 2,114 20.4
shops (small)
Schools 70.28 kg/school 17 1.19
Hospitals 4650 kg/hospital 1 4.65
(government)
Hospitals 202.85 kg/hospital 5 1.01
(private)
Health clinics 9.65 kg/clinic 90 0.87
Public office 19.04 kg/office 64 1.22
Institutional Bank/private 19.04 kg/office 183 3.48 13.04 24.3%
office
Buddhist temples 17.3 kg/temple 14 0.24
Hindu temples 17.3 kg/temple 6 0.1
Mosques 17.3 kg/mosque 6 0.1
Churches 17.3 kg/church 10 0.17
Navy/Police/ 9.65 kg/institute 1 0.01
Army basses
Industries (large) 1490 kg/industry 1 1.49
Industries Industries 95 kg/industry 2 0.19 2.3 4.3%
(medium)
Industries (small) 9.65 kg/industry 64 0.62
Pola 1440 kg/pola 1 1.44
Public parks 150 kg/park 2 0.3
Public 9.65 kg/center 52 0.5
centers/halls
Other Slaughter house 200 kg/shop 1 0.2 3.44 6.4%
Fish market 200 kg/shop 1 0.2
Road/drain 600 kg (sum) 1 0.6
cleaning waste
Hazardous 200 kg (sum) 1 0.2
(Special)
TOTAL 53.75 53.75 100%
Waste Generation Rate (g/day/capita) 1.878

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(3) Waste flow

Based on the survey of institution, recyclable waste, waste generation, Sudarapola and disposal
site, the following waste flow is formulated.

Figure 2-1: Current waste flow in Kurunegala MC

The amount of waste collection self-dispose, illegal dumping, onsite- recycling, on-site
compost are 92.1%, 1.1%, 1.5%, 0.1% and 2.6% of waste generation amount respectively.

(4) Organisation of municipal solid waste management

The collection of municipal solid waste in Kurunegala town is executed by Kurunegala MC

without involving any private sector or CBO (Community Based Organization). The slaughter
house, some meat processing factories and households directly haul their waste to the
Sundarapola disposal site by themselves.

Solid waste management of Kurunegala MC is management by Chief Medical Officer of Health

(CMOH) under Health Department. The organization chart of solid waste management of
Kurunegala MC is shown in below figure.

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Figure 2-2: Organization structure of KMC (under bar part is in charge of solid waste
management)

The solid waste management of Kurunegala MC consists of CMOH, Additional Medical Officer
of Health (AMOH), Chief Public Health Inspector (CPHI), four (4) Public Health Inspectors
(PHIs) and SWM- PHI. The main duty of PHI is not only solid waste management but also
health care management, sanitary issue management, prevention of infectious disease, public
awareness, operation of clinics and so on. Kurunegala MC appoints SWM-PHI to assign only
solid waste management. The main duly of SWM-PHI is management of fifteen (15) drivers of
collection vehicles, supervisors of regular market and health supervisors.

(5) Equipment for SWM (as of 2017)

The detail of vehicles and machineries for solid waste management is shown as below table.

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Table 2-19: Detail of vehicles for collection of solid waste in KMC

Type of vehicle Type number of units Condition
Handcarts Steel handcart 38 All are good
4WL-Tractor Tractor & trailer 13 Working
Compactor trucks (small) ISUZU garbage truck (2T) 2 Working
Dump truck (small) Leyland dump truck (3T) 1 Working
Compactor trucks (small) ISUZU garbage truck (2T) 4 Under repair
Compactor trucks (small) ISUZU garbage truck (2T) 1 Condemned
Dump truck (small) Leyland dump truck (3T) 1 Condemned

Table 2-20: Detail of machineries and heavy machineries for the intermediate treatment
and final disposal of solid waste in KMC
Equipment/ machinery Model Qty. Repair & maintenance
Excavator Sumitomo SH-130-5 1 Service after working 250 hrs
(130)
Skid steer loader Bobcat S-450 1 Service after working 250 hrs
Screening machines (2) Local n/a 1 No
4 WT & trailer TAFE 45DI 1 Service after working 250 hrs

(6) Waste collection / disposal fees

The collection fee of solid waste is not charged from anyone.

(7) SWM bylaws

A draft bylaw prescribed six wastes segregations into (a) biodegradable waste, (b) paper and
cardboard, (c) plastic and polythene, (d) ferrum and coconuts husk, (e) broken glass and bottle
and (f) other, and was waited for being authorized by Northwestern Province until May 2017.
However, after integrated island wide separation programme has been started since June 2017,
KMC has changed its separation categories accordingly, which are (a) Biodegradable, (b) Glass,
(c) Plastic and (d) Paper.

2.9.2 Ratnapura MC

(1) Waste Generation Sources (WGS)

The main sources of municipal solid waste (MSW) considered in this Study is households,
commercial enterprises, institutions including schools, hospitals, public offices and religious
places, and other including Pola, markets, slaughter houses etc. Each of these sources is briefly
described below.

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Table 2-21: Main waste generation sources in RMC

Source Description
Household Waste generated from domestic activities, including food processing, cleaning,
fuel burning, yard sweeping, gardening and other miscellaneous household
waste.
Commercial Waste generated from restaurants, hotels, organic and non-organic shops.
enterprises
Institutions Waste generated from schools, hospitals, clinics, public offices, banks and
private offices, religious places and navy/police/army bases.
Industries No small, medium and big industries in RMC.
Other Waste generated from Pola, markets, public parks, public halls, slaughter
houses, fish market, road/grain cleaning waste and special hazardous wastes.

(2) Waste generation amount (WGA)

Measuring of waste generation rates and the estimation were done from a combination of
quantitative data and interview surveys. Total Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation is
53.76 t/d, equivalent to 0.9346 person/kg/day. Compare to the survey conducted in 2009, total
MSW generation (43.87t/d in 2009) and per persons generation (0.823 person/kg/day in 2009)
increases 22.5% and 13.5% respectively. The following table illustrate estimated waste
generation by each source in RMC area.

Table 2-22: Waste generation amount and waste generation rate of RMC (2017)
Waste Generation Data Waste Generation
Source No. of Amount
WGR WGR Unit Subtotal %
Units (T/d)
Residential 14.38 26.75%
High, middle and low 0.25 kg/person/day 51,193 12.8
income
Non-collection (11%) 0.25 kg/person/day 6,327 1.58
Commercial 18.9 35.16%
Restaurant (Large) 69.2 kg/restaurant 2 0.14
Restaurant (Medium) 43.25 kg/restaurant 53 2.29
Restaurant (Small) 9.65 kg/restaurant 0.00
Hotel (Large) 51.9 kg/hotel 0.00
Hotel (Medium) 25.95 kg/hotel 131 3.4
Hotel (Small) 9.65 kg/hotel 0.00
Organic shops (Large) 207.60 kg/shop 0.00
Organic shops (Medium) 25.95 kg/shop 0.00
Organic shops (Small) 9.65 kg/shop 99 0.96
Non- organic shops 43.25 kg/shop 74 3.20
(Large)
Non- organic shops 9.65 kg/shop 0.00
(Medium)
Non- organic shops 9.65 kg/shop 885 8.54

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Waste Generation Data Waste Generation

Source No. of Amount
WGR WGR Unit Subtotal %
Units (T/d)
(Small)
Non-collection (2%) 25 0.37
Institutional 10.99 20.44%
Schools 70.28 kg/school 22 1.55
Higher education 250.00 kg/institute 1 0.25
Hospitals (government) 4650.0 kg/hospital 1 4.65
0
Hospitals (private) 202.85 kg/hospital 4 0.81
Health clinics 9.65 kg/clinic 17 0.16
Public office 19.04 kg/office 138 2.63
Bank/private office 19.04 kg/office 22 0.42
Buddhist temples 17.30 kg/temple 16 0.28
Hindu temples 17.30 kg/temple 6 0.10
Mosques 17.30 kg/mosque 6 0.10
Churches 17.30 kg/church 2 0.03
Navy/Police/ Army 9.65 kg/institute 1 0.01
basses
Industries 0.00 0.00%
Industries (large) 1490.0 kg/industry 0.00
0
Industries (medium) 95.00 kg/industry 0.00
Industries (small) 9.65 kg/industry 0.00
Other 9.49 17.65%
Pola 7600.0 kg/pola 1 7.60
0
Market 120.00 kg/market 1 0.12
Public parks 150.00 kg/park 2 0.30
Public centers/halls 9.65 kg/center 7 0.07
Slaughter house 200.00 kg/shop 1 0.20
Fish market 200.00 kg/shop 1 0.20
Road/drain cleaning kg (sum) 1 0.00
waste
Hazardous (Special) 1000.0 kg (sum) 1 1.00
0
Total 53.76 53.76 100.00%

(3) Waste Stream

Waste stream is established based on the result of household survey and business/recycler
survey, available records at Kanadola site, household waste discharge survey in 2014, and
composition survey conducted in Ratnapura in 2009.

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1. Waste generation
53.76 t/d
(100.0%)

2. Discharge 3. Direct haulage

48.02 t/d 0.80 t/d
(89.3%) (1.5%)
4. On-site Compost 8. On-site recycling
0.30 t/d 0.42 t/d
(0.6%) (0.8%)
5. Self disposal 7. Collection
2.24 t/d 47.60 t/d
(4.2%) (88.6%)
9. Recycling (1)
2.7 t/d
(5.0%)
6. Illegal dumping 10. Landfill site
1.97 t/d 44.9 t/d
(3.7%) (83.5%)
11. Offsite compost
2.1 t/d
(3.9%) 12. Other LAs
3.8 t/d
(0.0%)

13. Recycling (2)

0.1 t/d
(0.3%)

12. Final disposal

47.3 t/d
(87.9%)

Figure 2-3: Current waste stream of RMC

From above mentioned waste stream, collection rate 4 achieves 90.8%, onsite discharge 2F3F

including burning and bury is 4.1%, illegal discharge is 3.67%, recycling is 0.78% and onsite
compositing is 0.57%.

(4) Breakdown off Waste Discharge Amount

Breakdown of waste discharge amount is tabulated below.

Table 2-23: Breakdown of waste discharge amount in RMC

Source On site On site Discharge for Recy Illegal Generation
disposal composting collection cling dumping (Tonne)
Residential
Residential 1.55 0.27 10.49 0.21 0.27 12.80
Residential 0.19 0.03 0 0.03 1.33 1.58
(Non-collection)
Commercial
Restaurants - - 2.42 0.01 - 2.43
Hotels - - 3.38 0.02 - 3.40
Organic shop - - Collected 0.65 0.01 - 0.96
Carried in

4
(Discharge amount + Carried in wastes) / waste generation amount

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Source On site On site Discharge for Recy Illegal Generation

disposal composting collection cling dumping (Tonne)
0.30
Non-organic shop - - 11.67 0.07 - 11.74
Non collection - - 0 - 0.37 0.37
Institutional
Schools - - Collected 1.69 0.01 - 1.8
Carried in
0.10
Hospitals 0.5 - 4.96 - - 5.46
Clinics - - 0.81 - - 0.16
Offices - - 3.03 0.02 - 3.05
Religious places - - 0.51 - - 0.51
Navy/Police - - 0.01 - - 0.01
/Army bases
Other
Pola - - 7.55 0.05 - 7.6
Market - - 0.12 0.00 - 0.12
Public parks/halls - - 0.37 - - 0.37
Slaughter house - - Carried in 0.2 - - 0.2
Fish market - - Carried in 0.2 - - 0.2
Hazardous (incl. - - 1 - - 1
Electronic waste)

Total 2.24 0.31 48.02 0.42 1.97 53.76

(5) Organization of municipal solid waste management

Medical Officer of Health is the main responsible officer in Health Department. The current
organizational structure of SWM is described below.

Accordingly, the chief executive officer of the health department is Chief Medical Officer of
Health (CMOH) and the CMOH is assisted by Additional Medical Officer of Health (AMOH).
The both positions are held by officers of Government Medical Service (Medical Doctors).
Under the preview of CMOH and AMOH, there is a chief Pubic Health Inspector (CPHI). There
are four Public Health Inspectors working under the instruction of CPHI. Those officers are
recognized as officers with authority (decision making powers at different levels). However,
duties related to SWM are only part of their duties because several other duties such as
maintenance of health and sanitation in the city, disease prevention, public awareness on health
related issues, operation of health clinics and safeguard of worker’s health.

In Sri Lanka in 2017, dengue fever outbreak has occurred, and number of cases have been
counted reaching 151,330 since January 2017 (as of 15th September 2017). After the flooding

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in May in Ratnapura, reported number of cases were 1,161 in May, 1,908 in June, 3,130 in July
and 1,595 in August 5, where has the fourth biggest number of cases next to Colombo, Gampaha
3F4F

and Kandy within Sri Lanka.

Out of all PHIs, there is a PHI wholly assigned for activities related to SWM at Kanadola Waste
Management facility and city centre waste collection. Other three PHIs assigned different zones
of the MSW collection, in addition to other health department duties assigned for them by the
Municipality. Under the PHIs, there are three (03) health supervisors, seven (07) health overseas
and 15 vehicle drivers, public fair caretakers, and four watchers. The total labor cadre for the
MSW section is 123 labors. In addition, two (02) office assistances are fully involved in MSW
management activities Kanadola waste management facility.

Figure 2-4: Organizational structure of Health Department in RMC

The waste collection within entire RMC area is handled by the Municipality and there are no
privatization or other CBO involvement in waste collection. The transportation of waste to final
disposal site and recycling center is also managed by the RMC. However, it was revealed that
some amount of special wastes (slaughterhouse and fish waste from fish stalls), generated
within the city are directly transported to dumpsite in small trucks by traders/venders.

5
Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, 2017.
http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_casesanddeaths&Itemid=448&lang=en

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(6) Waste Management Services Labour Force

Labors allocation is as follows;

Table 2-24: Waste management labour allocation in RMC

Collection Kanadola disposal site
Shift Number Types Number
Morning shift 11 Officers 3
Day shift (permanent) 72 Permanent Labour 11
Day shift (casual) 18 Casual Labour 15
Night shift (permanent) 19
Night shift (casual) 6
Bus stand 1
Cemetery 20
Total 148 Total 29

Following table shows the different activities performed at the intermediate treatment facility
and Kanadola disposal site for a weekly working cycle. Highest number of labours are allocated
for sorting of non-degradable waste at recycling centre. Then 3-6 labours are allocated for
making composting piles in Box and window systems.

Table 2-25: Labour allocation for the different activities at Kanadola site in RMC
Number of labours allocated
Activity
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7
Waste unloading 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Compost sieving 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
Compost mixing 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Compost piling 4 6 6 3 3 4 4
Sorting non-degradable 11 9 5 8 9 6 11
waste
Cleaning around stores 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Sweeping 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Office assistance 2 2 2 2 1 2 2
Total 21 20 18 16 16 14 20

(7) Equipment for SWM (as of 2017)

Vehicles use in waste management activities by RMC is as follows;

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Table 2-26: Collection vehicles and machineries for SWM in RMC

Types of Vehicle Type No. of Status Capacity Way of using
units (m3)
For waste collection
4WL-Tractors Tractor & trailer 4 Working 7.02 Primary
4WL-Tractors Tractor & trailer 7 Working 5.08 collection
Compactor trucks Hino ranger (2T) 1 Working unknown
(small)
Crew cab JAC (2T) 1 Working 4.03 Non-biodegradabl
Three wheelers Piaggio (0.5T) 3 Working 2.46 e/recyclable waste
collection
For the operation in Kanadola site
Skip Steer Loader Bobcat, USA 1 Working - Composting,
waste unloading
and falling at the
site
Screening Local 1 Working Composting
machines
Multi-chopper Jinasena, Sri 1 Working
Lanka
Hydraulic bailer N/A. Chine 1 Working
WT-tractors Tractor & trailer 3 not 5.08 -
working

Following table shows equipment and machinery in the compost plant.

Table 2-27: Machines available in the composting facilities of RMC

Equipment/ machinery Brand Country Model Year of Repair &
of origin Manufacture maintenance
Skid steer loader Bobcat USA S-450 2015 Service after
working 250 hrs
Screening machines (1) Local Local n/a 2015 Changed the mesh
in 2016
Multi-chopper Jinasena Sri Lanka n/a 2015 n/a
Hydraulic bailer n/a China n/a 2017 In stores

(8) Workshop
The vehicle maintenance, service and repairs are done by municipal workshop at the RMC. The
municipal workshop is under the department of works headed by municipal engineer. The
workforce and capacity of municipal workshop is shown in following Table.

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Table 2-28: Workshop of RMC for vehicle maintenance

Item Description
MC workshop 1
Place/address MC COUNSIL, Ratnapura
Head MC Engineer
Supervisors Technical Officer -1
Mechanics One (One assistant mechanic)
Labour (permanent) 8
Labour (casual) 3
Total area 90 m2
Management of spare parts/ stocks No Stocks, Purchase on demand
Outsourcing activities On demand
Specific issue with brand/model Air compressor, Welding plant, Tools,
Grinders, Hydraulic jacks, Drilling tools

(9) Waste Collection / Disposal fees

At present, Ratnapura MC does not charge any waste discharge fee from any sources, including
the large waste generated.

(10) SWM Bylaws

A draft bylaw prescribed five wastes segregations into (a) food waste and other bio-degradable
waste, (b) re-usable and recyclable waste, (c) hazardous waste, (d) animal carcasses, body parts or
dung and (e) dust and other dry waste collected after sweeping the premises, and was waited for
being authorized by Sabaragamuwa Province until May 2017. However, after integrated island wide
separation programme has been started since June 2017, RMC has changed its separation categories
accordingly, which are (a) Biodegradable, (b) Glass, (c) Plastic and (d) Paper.

(11) Discharge, Collection and Transportation System

Ratnapura MC collects biodegradable and non-biodegradable separately by days of week by
four-wheel tractor & trailers (4WT) and compactor trucks. Parts of non-biodegradable wastes
are also collected by three wheelers. The waste collection within entire RMC area is handled by
the Municipality and there are no privatization or other CBO involvement in waste collection.
On the other hand, wastes from slaughterhouse and fish wastes are directly transported to the
site by traders.

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Table 2-29: Collection vehicles, collection method and discharge amount in RMC
Discharge  The waste is usually packed in used glossary bags (called “shopping
ways bags”) or in garbage bags (20-30L, black).
 Significant amount of traders, specially eating houses and restaurants
directly empty the garbage bin to the larger collection vehicle.
Collection  The collection routes of RMC are divided into seven (07) for residential
method areas. Other than that, one tractor at the hospital and Pola premises collect
daily.
 Door to door collection is either curb side or directly collecting from
residences/traders.
 Large waste generators such as restaurants directly discharge wastes.
 The collection vehicle in one route is having the bell collection system.
 In addition to the daily collection from 6am to 2pm, RMC has night
collection from 6pm to midnight in central commercial areas.
Collection  Only larger collection vehicles; four-wheel tractor & trailers (4WT) and
vehicles compactor trucks.
 Parts of the non-biodegradable wastes are collected by three wheelers.
 Handcarts are not used in RMC waste collection

(12) Intermediate Treatment

a. Composting
The composting system established by SEVANATHA in Ratnapura has previously been tested
in Matale Municipal Council Area since 2007. The original technology was developed by
Bangladesh Social Business Enterprise (SBE) which is also called “Waste Concern”. This is
also called “Box composting” method.

A series of (17 in parallel) large perforated clay brick-masonry box (7.5 m L, 1.5 m H, 1.5 m W)
was constructed on top of a concreted floor, inside a roofed building. A perforated bottom grid
and aeration pipes are fixed on waste pile to increase the aeration. Passive aeration is induced by
perorations on the walls and through pipes. Perforated bottom also act as drainage to facilitate
excess leachate draining. After manually filling about 15 tons of waste in to a box (it takes 1 to
1.5 weeks at RMC), waste is kept in box for 3 to 3.5 months. Then, waste in the box is manually
turned in 3rd, 5th and 6th week. After 3 months of active composting, composting mass is
transfer to maturing box where it is kept for 2-3 weeks for curing process. After curing and
sufficiently dry, the cured compost screen through the 4 mm screen to grading and packaging.

In present configuration, the Box method of composting involve manual labor thus most labor
complains about hardship. Also, the original system designer of the system, Waste Concern,
recommend this system for small and medium scale operations. Therefore, scaling up to large
amounts of waste is a challenge.

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Figure 2-5: Schematic configurations of box system composting in RMC

The facility also conducts windrow composting in small scale due to limitation of space. Major
part of the building developed for windrow composting is temporally used for storage of
recyclable materials. However, there is a project to construct a recycling facility in an adjacent
land, and the building works have been nearly completed. Therefore, the window system will be
expanded in near future.

The current windrow composting is operating with 1-2 tons of waste per day. Most of the
operations are manually conducted due to limited space availability for machine handling.

The collection from Market is having less amount of non-biodegradable waste, thus waste is
directly unloaded on the open concrete floor. The larger plastic and non-degradable items are
manually separated from the bulk waste by two labors. Then, waste is piled up in rectangular
elongated piles (1-2m wide, 1-1.5 m height and 2-3m long).

As of September 2017, most of the compost yard is used for stock yard of recyclable wastes.

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Figure 2-6: Windrow composting system in RMC

Table 2-30: Compost production and sales at the composting facilities in RMC
Date Production Stock at end Sales Unit Price Income
of month
2017 (kg) (kg) (kg) (Rs/kg) (LKR)
January 2,316 133 2,284 10 22,840.00
February 2,449 0 1,625 10 16,250.00
March 2,284 30 3,315 10 33,150.00

b. Resources recovery

The RMC is involved in recycling promotion through two main activities; collection of
recyclable items through source-segregation activities and selection of recyclables through
screening of non-degradable waste at Kanadola waste management facility. In addition, there
are six (06) well established privet recycling businesses operate within the RMC area. The
privet businesses also purchase recyclable items from citizens, vendors, middlemen, MC
workers and also from any sources outside the MC limit.

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The collected waste is unloaded at the sorting facility and recyclable that can be readily market
is manually separated from non-degradable waste. The recyclable materials are usually sorted
into 17 categories as shown in Table below. The recyclables are mainly sorted into cardboard,
Box boards, newspaper, white paper, polythene, and polysack bags. The amount of other
valuable recyclables (eg. Metal) is not much. Once a reasonable amount of materials is stored,
recyclables are sold to buyers. Non-recyclable fraction is directly brought to disposal site and
dispose of. Though the bailing machine is available, the machine has not been installed due to
space limitation and issue with power supply.

Though records are not available, facility management explained that 3-5 loads of
non-degradable waste is received from other local authorities; Nivithigala PS and Ratnapura PS.

Table 2-31: Different types recycling materials recovered at Kanadola site in RMC
(Average Jan-Mar, 2017)
Category Previous Collection Selling Sold Revenue Stock Stock
stock (kg) rate quantity (Rs.) (kg) value
(kg) (Rs/kg) (kg) (Rs.)
Polythene 903 811 5 1,169 5,469 545 2,379
Plastics 130 568 25 604 15,108 93 2,325
Cardboard 24 270 11 126 1,410 158 249
Box board 157 399 6 393 2,383 129 253
Cardboard 9 25 2 25 50 69 1
pipe
Newspapers/ 66 114 7 59 413 71 233
book
LDP mixed 16 116 10 98 977 72 717
polythene
PET bottle 294 282 10 463 4,541 58 582
Glass 3,931 804 6 5,227 25,765 935 1,725
(white)
Fe metal 11 1 0 0 16 0
Beer can 30 208 45 24 1,095 14 113
Aluminums 24 1 0 0 27 0
Saline bottle 22 24 25 28 692 8 200
Tin 100 224 4 183 733 315 380
Coconut 349 345 5 252 1,258 228 342
shell
HDPE 0 7 0 0 0 0
polythene
Glass 0 0 0 0 0 0
(brown)

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Result of interview for private recyclers is shown in the following table. Private recyclers
collect 8.63 tons of recyclable wastes every month, whereas municipal council collects 4.19
tons of them.

Table 2-32: Collection amount of recyclable wastes in Ratnapura (unit: kg/month)

Item Private sector collector Kanadola disposal site
1 Plastic 640 568
2 Polyethylene 952
3 Polysack 1,400
4 Paper 1,500 114
5 Cardboard 2,150 694
6 White glass pieces 550 804
7 Metal 1,820 1
8 Aluminum 335 1
9 Copper 8
10 Brass 23
11 Coconut shells 200 345
12 PET bottles 282
13 Tin 224
14 Beer cans 208
15 Vehicle batteries
Total 8,626 4,193

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(13) Final Disposal

Final disposal site is located at Kanadola, at about 4 km away from the Ratnapura town.
Kanadola waste disposal site is one of the largest dumpsite in Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri
Lanka. The site is commonly shared by RMC and Nivitigala PS for MSW and toilet waste
disposal since early 1900’s. In addition, several government and privet organizations also use
the site for MSW and non-hazardous solid waste disposal.

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Figure 2-7: Location of Kanadola disposal site in RMC

As shown in the following Figure, there is an entrance to the site from the
Ratnapura-Palawela-Kuruvita road. The entrance road divided to two sub-access roads running
toward composting facility and residential areas on South-East. Internal access roads up to
composting facility and disposal area have not paved. All other internal access roads are
temporally constructed with soil.

As shown in the following figure, Kanadaola site consists of waste dumping area, two types of
compost plant, recyclable waste sorting and stock yard and night soil treatment facility. Due to
flooding occurs in May 2017, dumped wastes covered beyond the boarder, even across the road
to east side. Also, probably due to the disaster wastes after the flooding, more than half of the
original windrow system compost yard are currently used for recoveries of recyclable wastes
and stocks of 17 materials after site separation. Although there are a bailing machine and
crushing machine at the future recycling centre, they are still not ready to operate because of the
electricity problem. Night soil treatment facility funded by NSWMSC is under construction as
of September 2017.

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Figure 2-8: Layout of facilities of Kanadola site in RMC

(14) Public opinion survey and interview

Public opinion survey was conducted for the following interviewees in May 2017. Household
interviewees consists of 93 % Sinhalese, 2% Tamil and 4% Muslim.

Table 2-33: Categories and numbers of interviewees (RMC)

Category No of households/ institutes
High income household 50
Middle income household 53
Low income household 53
Commercials 45
Large size dischargers 8
Market 2
Private recyclers 6

Result is shown below.

a. Household survey

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 In Ratnapura MC, 91% of surveyed households are provided with a garbage collection
service, of which 89% stated they use this service.

 52% of surveyed households are “very satisfied” with present SWM service provision,
while 36% are “somewhat satisfied”. There are about 4% of households who are not
satisfied at all, while 4% of households are less than satisfied with garbage collection
service provided by RMC.

 Households’ main methods of waste discharge are shown in the Figure. The most
common methods are carrying garbage to collection truck (41%) and carrying to garbage
collection point (33%) and discharging it outside their premises for house to house
collection (13%).

 Only 10% of surveyed households receive a daily garbage collection service while 67%
stated that they received the service 2-3 times/week.

 In general, adult females handle waste in about 62% of surveyed households.

 As shown in the Figure, 25% of households currently separate their garbage into organic
and inorganic waste at the source of generation. Only 1% of surveyed households are
not/less willing to cooperate with source separation for recycling. Rests of the
household are very much willing (63%) and somewhat willing (6%) to cooperate in
source separated garbage collection system.

 Further, 56% of surveyed households stated that there are recyclable collectors or
someone who comes to collect their reusable or recyclable materials.

Figure 2-9: Methods of garbage discharge by residence in RMC area

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Figure 2-10: Willingness of residence for a source separated garbage collection system
in RMC

b. Business institute

 In Ratnapura MC, 100% of surveyed businesses are provided with a garbage collection
service, of which 98% stated they use this service.

 69% of surveyed businesses are “very satisfied” with present SWM service provision,
while 29% are “somewhat satisfied”. There are about 2% of businesses who are not
satisfied at all, while 2% of businesses are less than satisfied with garbage collection
service provided by RMC.

 However, 56% of businesses in the view that the garbage collection service is not regular.

 98% businesses stated that SWM awareness programmes are very necessary while only
2% stated “somewhat necessary”. None of the surveyed businesses expressed that
awareness campaigns are not necessary or not needed at all.

 Only 27% of businesses do not like to pay for SWM service mainly because of the revenue
tax they paid for RMC. The average WTP (willingness to pay) for improved SWM
services is 99 ± 154 Rs/month per business.

 Out of all surveyed businesses, 5% stated that they sale/give-off Glass & Bottle for
recycling but none of the shops sale/give-off Plastics for recycling. Cardboard and paper
recycling were 3% and 3%, respectively.

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Figure 2-11: Punctuality of garbage collection service received by business community

in RMC

Irregular
50%

Figure 2-12: Reasons for dissatisfaction of business community

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2.9.3 Kataragama PS

(1) Waste Generation Sources (WGS)

Waste generation source of Kataragama PS consists of household, commercial, school, office,

market and so on. Main waste generation sources in Kataragama PS are shown in below table.

Table 2-34: Main waste generation sources in KPS

Source Description
Household Kitchen waste, domestic waste such as cleaning house, garden waste.
Commercial Restaurant, hotel, organic shop, non-organic shop and so on.
Institute Schools, hospital, clinic, office, government institute, religion institute, police,
military facilities and so on.
Industry Grain factories and rice milling plants
Others Large scale mark called as “Pola” , small markets, slaughter house and so on.

(2) Waste generation amount (WGS)

Waste generation amount of Kataragama PS is estimated based on the waste generation rate of
SATREPS research reports (2011-2016) and JICA data collection survey (2016), and data
collection survey under ReEB waste project. The result shows that waste generation amount of
Kataragama PS is 16.38 t/day and waste generation rate is 723.5g/day per capita (including
instructional, commercial waste).

Table 2-35: Waste generation amount and waste generation rate of KPS
Category Source Generation Units Sources Amount Sub %
rate (MT/D) total
Residential High,
income
middle & law 0.41 kg/person 22,640 9.282 9.282 56.7%
Large size 155 kg/restaurant 3 0.465
restaurants
Middle size 4.1 kg/restaurant 343 1.406
guesthouses
Small size 13.8 kg/restaurant 78 1.076
restaurants
Large size hotel 155 kg/hotel 0 0
Medium size hotel 29 kg/hotel 10 0.29
Small size hotel 4.1 kg/hotel 28 0.115
Commercial Organic shops 11.5 kg/shop 0 0 4.587 28.0%
(large)
Organic shops 6 kg/shop 0 0
(middle)
Organic shops 11 kg/shop 57 0.627
(small)
Non-Organic shops 7.25 kg/shop 2 0.015
(large)
Non-Organic shops 1.9 kg/shop 0 0
(middle)
Non-Organic shops 1.9 kg/shop 312 0.593
(small)

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Category Source Generation Units Sources Amount Sub %

rate (MT/D) total
Schools 127.5 kg/school 5 0.638
Hospitals 1087 kg/hospital 1 1.087
(government)
Hospitals 202.85 kg/hospital 1 0.203
(private/Ayurveda)
Health clinics 9.65 kg/clinic 0 0
Public office 20 kg/office 14 0.28
Institutional Bank/private office 2 kg/office 11 0.022 2.35 14.3%
Buddhist temples 2 kg/temple 32 0.064
Hindu temples 5 kg/temple 9 0.045
Mosques 1.1 kg/mosque 1 0.001
Churches 0.5 kg/church 0 0
Navy/Police/ Army 9.65 kg/institute 1 0.01
basses
Industries (large) 187.5 kg/industry 0 0
Industries 6 kg/industry 0 0
Industries (medium) 0.042 0.3%
Industries (small) 6 kg/industry 7 0.042
Pola 120 kg/pola 1 0.12
Public parks 150 kg/park 0 0
Public centers/halls 9.65 kg/center 0 0
Slaughter house 200 kg/shop 0 0
Other 0.12 0.7%
Fish market 200 kg/shop 0 0
Road/drain 600 kg (sum) 0 0
cleaning waste
Hazardous 200 kg (sum) 0 0
(Special)
TOTAL 16.381 16.381 100.0%
Waste Generation Rate (g/day/capita) 723.5
*Waste generation from Kataragama Devala, Kirivehera & Abhinawarama are not included.
**Amount of waste generation from religious places is 6.3 MT/day

(3) Organization of municipal solid waste management

Solid waste management of Kataragama PS is implemented by Kataragama PS, Kataragama
Devala and Physidal Planning Department. Kataragama PS is in charge of collection of solid
waste in the town, transportation, treatment and dispose waste at Galapitiyagala exising disposal
site and Sellakataragama disposal site. On the other hand Physical Planning Department is
execution body of solid waste management at Pooja Bhumi Area where is religion area, while
Kataragama Devala is the execution body of collection and dispose the solid waste at Devalaya.
The solid waste management of Kataragama PS is mainly managed by Technical Officer (TO)
who supervises health Division. The organization chart of solid waste management of
Kataragama PS is shown in below figure.

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Figure 2-13: Organizational structure of KPS

The health division consists of health supervisor, labor/work supervisor, collection vehicle
driver, one road worker and two sanitary workers. The duty of road worker and sanitary workers
drive the collection vehicles as other post. There is no MOH and PHI at Kataragama PS, while
they are assigned at Provincial Health Ministry.

(4) Equipment for SWM (as of 2017)

The detail of vehicles and machineries for solid waste management is shown as below table.

Table 2-36: Detail of vehicles and machineries for collection of solid waste in KPS
Type of vehicle Type # of units Condition
Handcarts Steel handcart 6 All are good
2WL-Tractor Tractor & trailer 1 Working
4WL-Tractor Tractor & trailer 6 Working
Compactor trucks (small) IZUSU garbage truck (3T) 1 Under repair
Gully Bowser Mitsubishi FUSO 1 Working
Gully Bowser Tractor mounted 1 Working

(5) Cost of solid waste management

Any household is not charged the waste collection fee, however commercial and business
institutes are charged by Kataragama PS in accordance with Pradeshiya Sabhas Act (9.3 article,
No. 15 of 1987). The number of commercial and business institutes is approximately 950
numbers. The waste collection fee is charged by 10th day of every month. The detail of waste
collection fees is shown as below table.

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Table 2-37: Waste collection fees in KPS

No Category Tariff amount (LKR)/ Month
Shops
1.1 Retail shops and other shops 150.00
1.2 Fruit shops 250.00
1.3 Canteens/ restaurants 1,000.00
Rest houses/ hotels
2 1-5 rooms 500.00
3 6-10 rooms 1,250.00
4 11-20 rooms 2,500.00
5 21-50 rooms 5,000.00
6 50< rooms 7,500.00

(6) SWM Bylaws

A draft bylaw prescribed six wastes segregations into (a) biodegradable waste, (b) paper and
cardboard, (c) plastic and polythene, (d) ferrum and coconuts husk, (e) broken glass and bottle
and (f) other, and was waited for being authorized by Northwestern Province until May 2017.
However, after integrated island wide separation programme has been started since June 2017,
KPS has changed its separation categories accordingly, which are (a) Biodegradable, (b) Glass,
(c) Plastic and (d) Paper.

2.10 B.6: Planning, Design, Bidding and Contracting of Pilot Projects

2.10.1 Topographic and Geological Survey

(1) Topographic Survey

The topographic surveys at the existing disposal sites at Kurunegala MC and Kataragama PS
were carried out and the outline is shown as below table.

Table 2-38: Outline of topographic surveys at existing disposal sites in KMC and KPS
Kurunegala MC Kataragama PS
Survey period 11 May2017-9 June 2017 9 June2017-8 July2017
Survey company NUN Engineering Pvt Ltd NUN Engineering Pvt Ltd
Topographic survey at Topographic survey at Galapitagalayaya
TOR Sundarapola disposal site at disposal site at Kataragama PS : approx. 3ha
Kurunegala MC : approx. 20ha
 Topographic map  Topographic map (scal:1/1000, contour
(scal:1/1000, contour interval :0.5m) : 3 sets
Outcome interval :0.5m) : 3 sets  AutoCAD CD-R: 2 sets
 AutoCAD CD-R: 2 sets  Report: 2 sets
 Report: 2 sets

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Figure 2-14: Topographic map of existing disposal site at KMC
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Figure 2-15: Topographic map of existing disposal site at KPS
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(2) Geological survey

The geological surveys at the existing disposal sites at Kurunegala MC and Kataragama PS
were carried out and the outline is shown as below table. Each geological survey report is
attached as appendix 7.

Table 2-39: Outline of geological surveys at existing disposal sites in KMC and KPS
Kurunegala MC Kataragama PS
Survey period 5May2017-9June2017 17July2017-15August2017
Survey company NUN Engineering Pvt Ltd GEOTECH (Pvt) Ltd
Location : Sundarapola existing Location : Garapitigalayaya existing
disposal site in Kurunegala MC disposal site
1. Borehole (15m, 5 places) 1. Borehole (15m, 4 places)
2. Monitoring well(3 places) 2. Monitoring well(2 places)
TOR
3. Sampling (5 places) 3. Sampling (4 places)
4. SPT (2places) 4. SPT (4places)
5. Permiable coefficient 5. Permiable coefficient test(4places)
test(5places)
 AutoCAD CD-R: 2 sets  AutoCAD CD-R: 2 sets
Outcome
 Report: 2 sets  Report: 2 se

2.10.2 B.6.2: Preparation of Action Plan and Basic Plan

(1) Action Plan

Creation of 5-year Action Plan in three pilot project local authorities were formulated which has
four chapters below.

Table 2-40: Basic contents of Action Plan

Chapter Title Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction  Purpose of Action Plan
 Revision of Action Plan
 Basic Information of LA
 Applicable Bylaw and Policy on SWM
Chapter 2 Current SWM  Waste Stream and result of current SWM survey
Condition  Waste Management Institutional Setting
 SWM System Components
Chapter 3 Assessment of Current  Solid waste management
SWM Condition  Night soil management
Chapter 4 Action Plan  Outline i.e. Policy, Overall Goal, Scope, Target
 Strategy of Action Plan
 Detailed Technical System
 Detailed Plan
 Action Plan

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a. Kurunegala MC
Based on the current solid waste management survey, current waste flow in 2017 and future
waste flow in 2023 in the 5-year Action Plan (2019-2023) – which are predicted in accordance
with GDP and population growth – were agreed with Kurunegala. The pilot project plays the
role of the first year of the Action Plan.
Waste Flow of Kurunegala MC in 2023 Without 3Rs

1. Waste generation
64.5 t/d
(100.0%)

2. Discharge 3. Direct haulage

60.2 t/d 1.4 t/d
(93.3%) (2.2%)
4. On-site Compost 8. On-site recycling
1.4 t/d 0.1 t/d
(2.2%) (0.2%)
5. Self disposal 7. Collection
0.6 t/d 60.1 t/d
(1.0%) (93.2%)
9. Recycling (1)
1.2 t/d
(1.9%)
6. Illegal dumping 12. KPS 10. Landfill
0.8 t/d 8.7 t/d 58.9 t/d
(1.3%) (13.5%) (91.3%)
11. Recycling (2)
2.0 t/d
(3.1%)
13. Final disposal
67.0 t/d
(103.9%)

Figure 2-16: Future waste flow in Kurunegala MC (without 3Rs)

Waste Flow of Kurunegala MC in 2023 With 3Rs

1. Waste generation
64.5 t/d
(100.0%)

2. Discharge 3. Direct haulage

59.6 t/d 1.4 t/d
(92.5%) (2.2%)
4. On-site Compost 8. On-site recycling
2.0 t/d 0.1 t/d
(3.1%) (0.2%)
5. Self disposal 7. Collection
0.6 t/d 59.5 t/d
(1.0%) (92.3%)
9. Recycling (1)
1.2 t/d
(1.9%)
6. Illegal dumping 12. KPS 10. Landfill
0.8 t/d 8.7 t/d 58.3 t/d
(1.3%) (13.5%) (90.4%)
11. Recycling (2)
39.7 t/d
(61.5%)
13. Final disposal
28.8 t/d
(44.6%)

Figure 2-17: Future waste flow in Kurunegala MC (with 3Rs)

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Table 2-41: SWM Target in Kurunegala MC (2019-2023)

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Waste generation 53.8 55.4 57.0 58.8 60.6 62.5 64.5
Discharge 49.7 51.1 52.7 54.5 56.3 57.6 59.6
Direct haulage 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
On-site
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.0 2.0
composting
Self disposal 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Illegal dumping 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Collection 49.6 51.0 52.6 54.4 56.2 57.5 59.5
On-site recycling 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Recycling (1) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Landfill 46.4 49.8 51.4 53.2 55.0 56.3 58.3
Recycling (2) 2.0 2.0 35.0 36.2 37.4 38.3 39.7
KPS 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7
Final disposal 56.5 57.9 26.6 27.2 27.7 28.2 28.8

Table 2-42: Action Plan in Kurunegala MC

No Activities 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1.1 Formation of SWM Department X XX XXR XX
1.2 Allocation of competent human resources at X XX XX XX
SWM managerial level
1.3 Improved management X X XX XX XX
1.4 Improved labourer management X X XX XX XX
1.5 Improved financial management X XX XX XX
1.6 Enforcement of law XX XX XX XX XX
1.7 Monitoring committee X XX XX XX XX
2.1 Encouraging 3Rs through education/ awareness X XX,R XX XX,R XX
and enforcement
2.2 Support for recycling system X XX XX XX,R XX
2.3 Promoting on-site composting X X XX XX X,R
2.4 Promoting use of organic waste as animal feed X X XX X,R XX
2.5 Special charging system for commercial/industrial X XX X,R XX
enterprises
2.6 Separate collection system X X,R XX XX XX
2.7 MCK SWM 3Rs Plan preparation/ implementation X X,R XX XX X
3.1 Improved public-MCK communication X XX XX XX XX
3.2 Implement education/awareness programme X XX X XX X
3.3 Creation of “Shibushi Model Area” X XX,R X,XX X,XX X,XX
3.4 Monitoring, evaluation and revision R R
4.1 Discharge, Storage, Collection and X X XX XX X,R
Transportation Improvements
4.2 Separate work category for street sweeping and X XX XX X X,R
drain cleaning
4.3 Clinical waste management X X X X XX

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No Activities 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

4.4 Improving vehicle/equipment system X X X X X,R
5.1 Improving composting X X XX XX XX
5.2 Compost process control X XX,R XX XX XX
5.3 Quality assurance XX XX XX XX XX
5.4 Processing polythene and plastic X XX XX XX XX
6.1 Improved operation of current landfill site XX XX XX XX XX
6.2 Closure of current landfill X
6.3 Ongoing monitoring XX XX XX XX XX
6.4 New Landfill Site X
6.5 Surveying, engineering and environmental X
investigations
6.6 Construction XX XX
6.7 Sanitary landfill operation at new site X
6.8 Landfill Monitoring committee XX XX XX XX XX

b. Ratnapura MC

Based on the current solid waste management survey, current waste flow in 2017 and future
waste flow in 2022 in the 5-year Action Plan (2018-2022) – which are predicted in accordance
with GDP and population growth – were agreed with Ratnapura MC. The pilot project plays the
role of the first year of the Action Plan.
1. Waste generation
58.88 t/d
(100.0%)

2. Discharge 3. Direct haulage

53.13 t/d 0.88 t/d
(90.2%) (1.5%)
4. On-site Compost 8. On-site recycling
0.45 t/d 0.60 t/d
(0.8%) (1.0%)
5. Self disposal 7. Collection
2.45 t/d 52.53 t/d
(4.2%) (89.2%)
9. Recycling (1)
12.5 t/d
(21.2%)
6. Illegal dumping 10. Landfill site
1.97 t/d 40.1 t/d
(3.3%) (68.0%)
11. Offsite compost
2.6 t/d
(4.4%) 12. Other LAs
3.8 t/d
(0.0%)

13. Recycling (2)

3.1 t/d
(5.3%)

12. Final disposal

39.0 t/d
(66.3%)

Figure 2-18: Future waste flow in Ratnapura MC (without 3Rs)

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1. Waste generation
58.88 t/d
(100.0%)

2. Discharge 3. Direct haulage

52.80 t/d 0.88 t/d
(89.7%) (1.5%)
4. On-site Compost 8. On-site recycling
0.78 t/d 0.60 t/d
(1.3%) (1.0%)
5. Self disposal 7. Collection
2.45 t/d 52.20 t/d
(4.2%) (88.6%)
9. Recycling (1)
12.1 t/d
(20.5%)
6. Illegal dumping 10. Landfill site
1.97 t/d 40.1 t/d
(3.3%) (68.1%)
11. Offsite compost
15.0 t/d
(25.5%) 12. Other LAs
3.8 t/d
(0.0%)

13. Recycling (2)

9.1 t/d
(15.5%)

12. Final disposal

20.6 t/d
(34.9%)

Figure 2-19: Future waste flow in Ratnapura MC (with 3Rs)

Table 2-43: SWM Target in Ratnapura MC (2018-2022)

2017
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
(Current)
No. of HH doing home
6 6.9 8 9 10 10
composting (%)
Receiving amount of
biodegradable waste at 2.34 5.33 8.55 11.78 15 15
Kanadola (ton/day)
Compost production at
2.3 5.33 8.55 11.78 15 15
Kanadola (ton/month)
Receiving amount of
2.86 5.36 12.18 12.44 12.78 13.1
recyclable items (ton/day)
Sales amount of recyclable
wastes at Kanadola 0.14 2.14 4.87 6.22 7.64 9.14
(ton/day)
Sales amount/ Receiving
4.9 40 40 50 60 70
amount (%)
Final disposal amount
35.76 33.77 28.58 24.81 21.16 20.56
(ton/day)

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Table 2-44: Action Plan in Ratnapura MC

No. Description 18 19 20 21 22
1 Strengthening of institutional and organization system
Establish bylaw related to separate waste collection.
Create annual action plan.
Request annual budget based on action plan for the
following years.
Monitor performances of SWM operation using actually
measured data.
Create (revised) action plan for next 5 years
Conduct waste composition survey
2 Promotion of 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) system
Plan awareness programmes to promote 3Rs and source
separation.
Conduct awareness programmes to promote 3Rs and source
separation.
Promote onsite composting by providing compost bins or
introducing “Jeewakotu”.
Plan awareness programmes regarding hazardous wastes.
Conduct awareness rising programmes regarding hazardous
waste
Procure necessary equipment for waste separation.
Monitor separation practices at generation level, collection
and transportation level and Kanadola site.
Monitor the practice of home composting and Jeewakotu
3 Improvement of waste collection and transportation system
Schedule waste collection system and share with waste
generators i.e. residents and businesses.
Monitor waste collection vehicles by GPS and regularly
adjust waste collection and transportation system.
Maintain collection vehicles
4 Improvement of compost production
Expand compost facility for windrow system.
Connect a pipe from compost yard to the night soil
treatment facility.
Experiment producing compost using different
biodegradable resources
Compare compost production and quality between two
different compost systems
Find new land for composting and construct a yard
5 Effective operation of the integrated intermediate treatment
facility
Maintain machineries at the facility.
Record sales and amount of recyclable stock and take
action on it.
Communicate with private recyclers regularly
6 Waste disposal system
Acquire a new landfill site.

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No. Description 18 19 20 21 22
Formulate a basic design of new sanitary landfill site
facilities
Make consensus with local people
Design (detailed) the sanitary landfill site facility
Obtain environmental clearance
Construct the sanitary landfill site facility
Procure equipment.
Operate and maintain sanitary landfill site
Monitor the operation and maintenance
Close current disposal site
7 Proper operation of night soil treatment facility
Operate night soil treatment facility
Replace coco-nut fiber biofilm media
8 Multi stakeholder involvement
9 Development of materials
Make/ revise leaflet for waste separation and collection
system.
Make/ revise educational materials/tools for public
Make/ revise training materials for staffs of SWM
Provide training to the staff of SWM regularly
10 Establish emergency management system

c. Kataragama PS
An action plan was drafted based on the data collection survey and discussion with counterpart
of Kataragama PS were started in April, 2018. The action plan covers the terms from 2018 to
2022 and it describes that efforts will be implemented in accordance with three overall goals.
An outline of the action plan is shown below.

<The Overall Goals of the Action plan>

Goal A:
Develop a system of programs and facilities for effectively and economically managing solid waste,
using 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycling), composting, and landfill.

Goal B:
Utilize the elements of source reduction, recycling and composting to reduce the amount of waste
being landfilled.

Goal C:
Develop Emergency Management Plans to assure that Authority facilities are properly prepared to
respond to localized disasters.

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Waste Flow of Kataragama PS in 2017 WITHOUT 3Rs

1. Waste generation
16.8 t/d
(100.0%)

2. Discharge 3. Direct haulage

11.1 t/d 0.1 t/d
(66.0%) (0.6%)
4. On-site Compost 8. On-site recycling
0.3 t/d 0.7 t/d
(1.8%) (4.0%)
5. Self disposal 7. Collection
4.7 t/d 10.4 t/d
(27.7%) (61.9%)
9. Recycling (1)
0.1 t/d
(0.6%)
6. Illegal dumping 10. Landfill
0.7 t/d 10.3 t/d
(4.1%) (61.3%)
11. Recycling (2)
2.1 t/d
(12.5%)
12. Final disposal
8.3 t/d
(49.2%)

Figure 2-20: Current waste flow

Waste Flow of Kataragama PS in 2022 WITH 3Rs

Final disposal (-25%) 9.9->7.4 t/d

1. Waste generation
18.5 t/d
(100.0%)

2. Discharge 3. Direct haulage

12.7 t/d 0.1 t/d
(68.3%) (0.6%)
4. On-site Compost 8. On-site recycling
1.0 t/d 0.7 t/d
(5.4%) (3.6%)
5. Self disposal 0.3->1.0t/d 7. Collection
4.8 t/d 11.3 t/d
(25.7%) (60.9%)
9. Recycling (1)
0.1 t/d
(0.5%)
6. Illegal dumping 10. Landfill
0.7 t/d 11.2 t/d
(3.8%) (60.4%)
11. Recycling (2)
3.9 t/d 2.1->3.9 t/d
(21.1%)
12. Final disposal
7.3 t/d 9.9->7.4 t/d (-25%)
(39.3%)

Figure 2-21: Future Waste Flow (With 3Rs)

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Table 2-45: SWM Target in Katharagama PS (2018-2022)

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Waste generation 16.8 17.1 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.5
Discharge 11.1 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.7 12.0
Direct haulage 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
On-site composting
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0
w/3Rs
Self disposal 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.8
Illegal dumping 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Collection 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.9 11.0 11.3
On-site recycling 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Recycling (1) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Landfill 10.3 10.4 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.2
Recycling (2) w/3Rs 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.9
Final disposal w/3Rs 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.3

Table 2-46: Action Plan (Draft)

No. Description 18 19 20 21 22
1 Strengthening institutional and organization system
To establish bylaw related to separate waste collection.
To create annual action plan.
To request annual budget based on action plan for the
following years.
To monitor performances of SWM operation by actually
measured data.
To create (revised) action plan for next 5 years
To conduct waste composition survey
2 Promotion of 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) system
To plan awareness programmes to promote 3Rs and source
separation.
To conduct awareness programmes to promote 3Rs and
source separation.
To promote onsite composting by providing compost bins.
To plan awareness programmes regarding hazardous
wastes.
To conduct awareness rising programmes regarding
hazardous waste
To secure necessary number of staffs for waste separation.
To monitor separation practice at generation, collection and
transportation levels.
To monitor the practice of home composting.
3 Improvement of waste collection and transportation system
To schedule waste collection system and share with waste
generators i.e. residents and commercials.
To monitor waste collection vehicles by GPS and regularly
adjust waste collection and transportation system.
To maintain collection vehicles
4 Improvement of compost technology

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No. Description 18 19 20 21 22
To expand compost facility to make a windrow system.
To connect a pipe from compost yard to the night soil
treatment facility.
To experiment producing compost using different
biodegradable resources
To compare compost production and quality between two
different compost systems.
5 Effective operation of the integrated intermediate treatment
facility
To maintain machineries at the facility.
To install a weigh bridge
To record sales and amount of recyclable stocks and take
action on it.
To communicate with private recyclers regularly
6 Waste disposal system
To construct the sanitary landfill site facility
To procure equipment.
To operate and maintain the sanitary landfill site
To monitor the operation and maintenance
7 Proper operation of night soil treatment facility
To construct the night soil treatment facility
To operate night soil treatment facility
To replace coconut fiber biofilm media
8 Multi-stakeholder involvement

9 Development of materials
To make/ revise leaflet for waste separation and collection
system.
To make/ revise educational materials/tools for public
To make/ revise training materials for staffs of SWM
To train staffs of SWM regularly
10 Establishment of emergency management system

(2) Basic Plan

a. Improvement of existing disposal site at Kurunegala MC
The basic plan and detail plan for improvement of existing disposal site at Kurunegala MC was
formulated by Japanese expert and local consultant. The outline of basic plan and detail plan for
the improvement of existing disposal site at Kurunegala MC is shown in below table.

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Table 2-47: Outline of basic plan and detail plan for improvement of existing disposal
site in KMC
Design period by
26July2017-8September 2017
local consultant

Consultant Waste to Energy Technologies Limited

 Installation of PRB to filter groundwater

Items of basic
 Establishment of leachate treatment facility
plan
 Landfill mining

The basic plan of improvement of existing disposal site at Kurunegala MC is attached as

Appendix 8.

b. Promotion of 3Rs in Ratnapura MC

b.1. Waste separation categories, discharge, collection & transportation, and disposal
Ratnapura MC provides biodegradable and non-biodegradable collection service. Household
waste – normally discharged in grocery bags – is collected by tractors on certain days of the
week. Part of non-biodegradable wastes is also collected by a three wheeler. To meet an
integrated four separation categories started from 1st June 2017, the pilot project in RMC will
introduce the six separation categories in selected pilot project areas within RMC. The biggest
issue in Ratnapura MC is the dumping of large quantities of biodegradable waste without
composting, most of which is partially separated at generation level. During the pilot project,
dumping amount of biodegradable waste, which is a major cause of environmental impact, will
be decreased by increasing the capacity of windrow compost production and training collection
vehicle drivers and collectors, in addition to public awareness to promote separation of
biodegradable wastes at a generation level.

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Table 2-48: Transition of SWM situation and input

Current (August 2017) End of PP Input by the project

Assistance in creating
Five categories of leaflet, poster, and notice
biodegradable waste, board, promotion of
Two categories of
Separation plastic and polythene, public awareness
biodegradable and
category paper and cardboard, programmes,
non-biodegradable
glass, metal and coconut establishment of
shells and others. monitoring system of
separation.

Green separation bin is

used for biodegradable
wastes. Recyclable items
There is no specific
including plastic, paper,
announcement to public Procurement of
glass & metal &
regarding way of separation bins and poly
coconuts shells are
Discharge discharge. At the sacks, and establishment
discharged in orange,
moment, they discharge of monitoring system of
blue and red coloured
wastes with shopping discharge behaviour.
poly sacks respectively.
bags.
Other wastes are
discharged in varying
ways.

Collection area will be Procurement of a three

expanded by introducing wheeler.
Mainly tractor is used
a three wheeler. In
for wastes collection.
household pilot project Creation of collection
Biodegradable wastes
Collection areas, biodegradable and transportation plan.
are dealt with as mixed
and wastes will be collected Procurement of GPS.
wastes and
transportation by tractors, and
non-biodegradable Establishment of
recyclable items and
wastes are dealt with as monitoring system for
other wastes will be
recyclable wastes. daily collection
collected by a three
wheeler. coverage.

All mixed wastes are Dumped wastes are only

dumped directly at a what is categorised as
disposal site. Only ‘other’ in PP area.
market wastes are used Biodegradable wastes
for boxed system are used for making Establishment of
Treatment
compost yard. compost in windrow windrow composting
and Disposal
Recyclable items from system. Expectation of system.
non-biodegradable increasing resource
wastes are recovered and recovery by promoting
sold to recyclable items separation at generation
traders. levels.
b.2. Pilot Project Areas

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Each of four PHI areas, pilot project areas in the PHI areas and composition survey areas are
shown in the figure below. Also, areas information are listed. Considering Ratnapura MC has a
population of 54,373 and 12,931 households, the pilot project covers a quarter of households.

Kospolawinna

PHI Area 02
PHI Area 03 60HH
Town North
Town West – portion
Daily night shift area

80HH

PHI Area 01
Muwagama 100-120HH

Batugedara
PHI Area 04

Pilot Project Area Composition survey Area

Figure 2-22: PHI areas, pilot project areas and composition survey areas of RMC

Table 2-49: Basic information of PHI areas, pilot project areas and composition survey
areas of RMC
Pilot Project Composition survey
PHI Expected waste
Residents/ No No
area Area Name generation
Commercial Household Household *
amount (/week)
PHI-1 Batugedara Residents 423 100-120 700kg
PHI-2 Part of Town Commercial
north and 698 64F5F 165* 1650kg
Town West
PHI-3 Kospolawinna Residents 1158 60 420kg
PHI-4 Muwagama Residents 514 80 560kg
Total 2,793
Note * means number of commercials

b.3. Objectives of pilot project

 To reduce discharge amount of wastes

 To increase waste separation percentage

 To reduce disposal amount of wastes at dumping site

6
PHI2 has 463 commercial dischargers in addition to 698 households.

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 To cover the collection of inaccessible area

 To start formulating manual of intermediate treatment

b.4. Indicators of pilot project outcome

Indicators of the pilot project outcome and data sources are shown in the following table, which
is the same as the 1st year target of the 5-year Action Plan described in 2.10.2.1 (2) Ratnapura.

Table 2-50: Indicators of PP outcome and data sources in RMC

Indicators of Pilot Project Before and
Data sources
Outcome After PP
Discharge amount of waste   Questionnaire survey in the WACS
from households level areas
 Number of compost barrels distributed
 Monitoring results of distributed home
compost barrels
Number of household doing   Number of distribution of home
home compost compost bins
Percentage of separation   WACS
 Questionnaire survey in the WACS
areas
 Monitoring results of waste separation
to the residents by RMC supervisors
Production of compost at   Data record of compost production at
Kanadola Kanadola
Sales of recyclable wastes at   Sales record of compost production at
Kanadola Kanadola
Disposal amount of waste at   Data record of disposal amount
dumping site (Non-valuable including residue from a compost yard
waste and residues from the at Kanadola site
compost yard)
Door to door collection service   GPS tracking
coverage  Collection and transportation plan
Creation of 5-year Action Plan NA  Draft of RMC’s Action Plan
(2018-2022)

b.5. Improvement of existing disposal site at Kataragama PS

The basic plan and detail plan for improvement of existing disposal site at Kataragama PS was
formulated. The outline of basic plan and detail plan for the improvement of existing disposal
site at Kataragama PS is shown in below table.

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Table 2-51: Outline of basic plan and detail plan for improvement of existing disposal
site in KPS
Design period by
29September2017-early November (tentative)
local consultant

Consultant Selection procedure

 Leachate collection facility constructed by local available material

 Leachate treatment facility
Items of basic  Improvement of access road
 Installation of electric fence to avoid wild elephant
plan  Covering soil
 Night soil treatment facility
 Installation of weigh bridge

The basic plan of improvement of existing site at Kataragama PS is attached as Appendix 9.

c. Promotion of 3Rs in Kataragama PS

c.1. Issued of Kataragama PS SWM:
Through the survey conducted for selection of PP target local governments, the following two
issues have been identified:

 Waste generation amount largely fluctuate due to tourists and worshippers to temples;

 Waste amount sharply increases in festival, vacation seasons and weekends.

c.2. PP target areas in KPS

As a result of discussion with KPS, two areas have been selected as the target areas of the PP.
The process of selection is as follows.

Primarily, it was decided to target hotels,

guesthouses and restaurants who host the
visitors, who are the major dischargers of the
waste which KPS needs to tackle with.

i. Zones according to the on-going waste

collection routes

Currently, Kataragama PS area has been divided

in to six zones according to their waste
collection routes as shown in the picture on left.

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ii. Characteristics of each zone

Zone Characteristics

Zone 1  Mixed composition including government institutions, shops, residents,

guesthouses, etc., too will require many inputs and resources, and difficult to
measure the impact of PP.

 KPS distributed a total of 200 compost bins in 2016 only to “half” of each of these
zones. The rest of half has not been taken care of, thus require more attention.

Zone 2  Market only

Zone 3
 Hotels/Guesthouses, 2 Markets near two major Dewales.

 KPS distributed a total of 200 compost bins in 2016 only to “half” of each of these
zones. The rest of half has not been taken care of, thus require more attention.
Zone 4  Hotels/Guesthouses (including Government circuit bungalows), close to the centre
of the town

 KPS distributed a total of 200 compost bins in 2016 only to “half” of each of these
zones. The rest of half has not been taken care of, thus require more attention.
Zone 5  Mainly residential and less hotels/guesthouses and restaurants
Zone 6

c.2. Objectives of PP
A questionnaire survey was conducted from 10 July till 12 July, 2017, in cooperation with KPS,
in order to understand the current status of public opinion and waste discharging practice, with
targeting hotels, guesthouses and restaurants in Zone 3 and 4; the sizes of sample are 34 in Zone
3, and 21 in Zone 4, and in total 55.

i. Composition of the sample:

The compostion of the sample is shown as below table.

Table 2-52: The number of sample at Zone 3 and Zone 4 in KPS

Zone 3 4
Hotels 2 4
Guest house 30 11
Restaurant 1 1
Others 1 5
Total 34 21

ii. Survey result

i) Treatment of kitchen waste

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KPS has been promoting separation of organic waste even before the Project, and a certain
number of the interviewed institutions does “separate and discharge bio-degradable waste”

 Both in Zone 3 and 4, there are a certain number of institutions who claim to be
discharging kitchen waste separately to the waste collection services.

Table 2-53: Manners of discharging kitchen waste in KPS

a b c d e Total
Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
Hotels 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 0
Guest house 0 2 8 7 11 1 11 2 0 0 30 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Others 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0
Total 0 2 10 11 11 3 13 6 0 0 34 22

[ a. discharged together with other waste to the regular collection service / b. discharged separately to the
regular collection service /c. disposing together with other waste in own premises / d. disposing separately
in our own premises / e. other]

 On the other hand, those who are disposing kitchen waste in their own premises
separately or together with other waste, almost all of them “burn” the waste, and only two
guesthouses in Zone 3 were found to be composting their kitchen waste.

Table 2-54: Disposal manner of the institutions that are self-disposing kitchen waste
with other waste in KPS

Feeding to Burying to use Using compost

Burning Burying Other
animals as fertilizer bin
Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4

Hotels 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 9 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 9 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 2-55: Disposal manner of the institutions that are self-disposing kitchen waste
separately from other waste in KPS

Feeding to Burying to use Using compost

Burning Burying Other
animals as fertilizer bin
Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4

Hotels 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 7 2 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 8 6 2 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0

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ii) Garden waste

 Almost all institutions in both Zone 3 and 4 have own gardens, and the garden waste
from their gardens are burnt in their own premises.

Table 2-56: Institutions with own gardens in KPS

Yes No Total
Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4
Hotels 2 3 0 0 2 0
Guesthouse 30 10 0 1 30 0
Restaurants 1 1 0 0 1 0
Others 1 5 0 0 1 0
Total 34 19 0 1 34 20

Table 2-57: Disposal manner of garden waste in the institutions with own garden in KPS

a b c d e n/a Total
Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
Hotels 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 2 4
Guesthouse 0 1 4 4 1 0 24 6 0 0 1 0 30 11
Restaurants 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Others 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 5
Total 1 1 4 6 1 0 26 13 0 0 2 1 34 21

［a. discharged together with other waste to the regular collection service / b. discharged
separately to the regular collection service / c. discharged separately to a garden waste
collection service / d. disposing in own promises / e. Other］

Table 2-58: Disposal manner of the institutions that are self-disposing garden waste
separately from other waste in KPS

Burying to use Using compost

Burning Burying Other n/a Total
as fertilizer bins

Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
Hotels 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3
Guesthouse 0 6 4 2 1 0 24 0 0 0 1 0 30 8
Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Others 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3
Total 1 12 4 2 1 0 26 0 0 0 2 0 34 14

 On the other hand, they purchase organic fertilizer preferring to chemical ones, and
some pays more than Rs.3,000/month for fertilizer. (Although it is questionable that many
say they use home-made organic fertilizer despite that there are few that are composting, it
is still can be considered that they prefer organic waste.)

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Table 2-59: Type of fertilizer used in their gardens in KPS

Purchased Home-made
Chemical
organic organic cow dung None Other n/a Total
fertilizer
fertilizer fertilizer
Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
Hotels 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 4
Guesthouse 0 0 6 2 4 3 3 1 14 2 1 0 2 2 30 10
Restaurants 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 5
Total 0 0 7 4 5 3 3 4 14 6 2 1 3 2 34 20

Table 2-60: Type of fertilizer and expenditure for fertilizer (Rs. /month) in KPS

　　　　 Type of
Fertilizer Purchased Home-made
organic organic cow dung None
Expenditure fertilizer fertilizer
(Rs./Month)
Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
1~499 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
500~999 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
1000~1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2000~2999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3000~ above 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Total 5 4 0 0 2 0 0 1

There seems to be a large possibility for promoting home composting considering that
having a space for burning waste could mean a possible space for composing, and that they
have a garden where compost can be utilized and preference for organic fertilizer.

iii) Treatment of valuable wastes

In Sri Lanka it has been instructed since 1st of June, 2017 to collect waste separately to all
local governments, and KPS follows the instruction and calls for separate discharge to their
citizens.

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Figure 2-23: Leaflet distributed by KPS to their citizens in June to promote separate
discharge
Instructing to separate organic waste (green), paper/ cardboard (blue), plastic/ polyethylene (orange),
metal/ coconut shell (brown), broken glass/ glass bottles (red)。（ ） indicate colours containers.

There was a confusion over the question about separate discharge of valuables, but it still
revealed that the interviewed institutions discharge separately some kinds of valuables to
some ones.

Table 2-61: Current status of separate discharge of valuable waste in KPS

(Collectors are not limited to the PS)

Not
no recyclable
I don’t know separating Glass PET Other plastic newspaper
discharged
recyclables
Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
Hotels 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 1
Guesthouse 2 3 0 3 8 0 16 7 5 2 3 0 2 2
Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Others 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1
Total 2 6 0 8 8 0 19 12 7 5 3 1 3 4

cardboard other paper iron aluminum other metals others

Zone 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
Hotels 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Guesthouse 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Total 3 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

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Mainly glass bottles, PET, newspaper and cardboards are separately discharged, but even
PET which can relatively easily be separated is separated only by 5/21 (about 25%) in
Zone 4, and 7/34 (20.6%) in Zone 3.

Regarding glasses, according to the interviewers, there are traditional glass collectors in
Kataragama, and unbroken bottles are discharged to them. However, broken glass pieces
are not discharged even though KPS has started collecting them.

iii. Conclusion

Based on the result of survey as described above, the targeted population have some kind of
understanding about separate discharge, but they do not know sufficiently the rules and methods
of separate discharge. Therefore, the objectives of PP in KPS has been set as “Separation of
recyclables to be more neatly conducted” by hotels, guesthouses and restaurants where visitors
and worshippers to temples are hosted.

c.3. PP implementation method

The secretary of KPS has assigned Development Officer in addition to field staff in charge of
each target zone (fire brigades who had been co-assigned to waste management by KPS before
the Project started) as main implementation counterparts of the PP

The PP will be implemented in the following manner in each zone.

Table 2-62: Method of PP implementation in KPS

Zone 4 Zone 3
Separation i Step 1: 2 Categories (4 months as leading step for introducing
Categories 6 categories)
① Biodegradable , ② Non-biodegradable, with encouraging home
composting (jeewakotu and bins)

ii Step 2: 6 Categories
①Biodegradable, ② Paper & Cardboard, ③ Plastic & Polyethylene,
④ Iron & Coconut shells, ⑤ Broken glass & glass bottles, ⑥
Others, with with encouraging home composting (jeewakotu and bins)
Transportation 7 days/week 7 days/week

3 days/week
7 days/week (reduce to 2
days/week)

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i. Indicators of PP:

Three indicators for bio-degradable waste and two for valuable waste have been set as shown
below. The amount and the composition ratio to be measured at the disposal site and the
compost plant are to be measured with the incoming waste to the respective facilities by Waste
Amount and Composition Survey (WACS) before and after the PP. The level of practice of
composting is measured by Public Opinion Survey before and after the PP.

The anticipated scenarios for each indicator are shown below.

Figure 2-24 : Indicators to measure the impact of PP on separation of bio-degradable

waste in KPS

Figure 2-25: Indicators to measure the impact of PP on separation of valuable waste in

KPS

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ii. PP implementation plan

2017 2018
Activity Purpose July August September October November December January February March April May June July August September October November December
Construction-related progress Landfill construction
Compost plant expansion completed
Separation trial within Kataragama Development of effective leaflet
and posters (draft idea)
PS office
Finding out habits of separation
Waste composition survey (baseline) To measure the degrees of
at the Compost Plant and the Landfill separation
To measure the degrees of
Public opinion survey understanding and cooperatoin
among the citizen
Katharagama Waste Recycling Logo To bring the people’s attention
& Slogan contest in cooperation with towards the waste and PS’s
activities by involving the Planning a schedule of activity
CEA Monaragala & KPS community people
Preparation of application forms and a poster for the contest
To share the same objectives
throughout the PP
Distribution of application forms and announcing
implementation period (and to the public about the contest
after) by using one logo and
slogan for all relevant activities Forming a committee for selection of
best logo & slogan

Selection of logo & slogan and awarding

ceremony with involving mass-media

STEP 1:
2-category Separation

Preparation for Stage 1 (2 category To develop ownership to the

separation activity among the
separation)
community (separation is not
only PS’s work, but all.) Preparation of Leaflets & Posters
'-Leaflet to include
- notice of 6-separation to Distribution of leaflets & Posters
start in Feb.
-Encouraging home

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Distribution of bins for biodegradable
compost, Jeewakotu
Community meetings

Possible improvement of transportation - To improve efficiency of

method (including adjustment of collection work
- To make separation more
collection schedule, installation of recognizable to the public
partition tools – bins or partitions- to studying on-going status and suggest improvement
the truck)
Recognition of “Eco-friendly” business – - To encourage separation
linked with trade license. activities at the entry points of
Recognition of “Eco-friendly” business Evaluation for 2019 Eco-friendly recognition
visitors from outside.
Studying the current evaluation method of KPS

Preparation of recognition mark

STEP 2: 6-category separation

Awareness activity for starting Step 2 To develop ownership to the

separation activity among the Preparation of leaflets & posters, reusable bags for
community (separation is not Step 2 (designing, order for print)
only PS’s work, but all.)
Community meeting

Distribution of reusable bags to hotels/ guesthouses,

Awareness activities through - To make the public (with

Monitoring activities involving CBO, emphasis on hotel and
guesthouse, and restaurants )
feedback through mass-media, know the rules and methods of
newsletters, etc… separation
- To give recognitions to their
day-to-day cooperation.

Figure 2-26: Implementation plan of PP in KPS

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2.10.3 B.6.3: Environmental and Social Considerations Survey

(1) Scoping
According to EIA regulations in Sri Lanka as well as Ms. Shyamani Periyapperuma, the DDG of
EIA department, since both Sundarapola disposal site in Kurunegala MC and Galapitagarayaya
disposal site in Kataragama PS have already been used for solid waste disposal sites, neither EIA
nor IEE were required. The projects are also classified as category C in the guidelines for
Environmental and Social Considerations published JICA.
A municipality who handles a prescribed activity that may cause environmental issues must obtain
an Environmental Recommendation. For Galapitagarayaya disposal site, Kataragama PS as a
project proponent will plan to submit a project proposal and obtain an Environmental
Recommendation from CEA.

On that basis, scoping was conducted for both disposal sites, and items to be addressed were
assessed. The detailed screening results are referred to in Appendix10: Screening result of
Sundarapola disposal site, and Appendix 11: Screening result of Galapitagarayaya disposal site.

Regarding the ratings for scoping, current dumpsite or disposal site is evaluated as baseline
condition, and environmental impacts of during construction and after construction are evaluated by
comparing baseline conditions.

(2) Environmental and social consideration survey method

Based on the results of the scoping, baseline surveys on environmental and social considerations are
planned. The purpose of the surveys is to assess and monitor predictive important environmental
and social considerations and to verify the effect of introduced technologies for rehabilitation of the
disposal sites.

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Table 2-63: Environmental and social consideration survey at Sundarapola disposal site in
KMC
Survey item Overview of the survey Survey method
Water quality  Check water quality of two (2) wells inside of Sundarapola  Water Quality survey
disposal site and three (3) wells outside of the site conducted by an
(residential area). outsourcing company
 Check water quality of three (3) boreholes and above  Questionnaire survey for
mentioned five (5) existing wells to verify the effectiveness surrounding residents in
of Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) installed in PP. the explanatory meeting
 Check quality of leachate, quality of existing night soil before construction
treatment plant and its outlet to verify the effectiveness of
leachate and night soil treatment plant rehabilitated in PP.
 The parameter includes heavy metal in three monitoring
wells and groundwater.
Air quality,  The survey will be conducted at the residential areas close  Air quality including noise
noise, to the disposal site. and vibration surveys
vibration  Parameters are referred to in Gazette Notification No. conducted by outsourcing
1562/22 dated 15 Aug. 2008. company
Offensive  Confirm the nearest climate station in Sri Lanka and wind  Meteorological data at the
odour direction at the station. closest climate station
 Questionnaire survey is also planned for the residences available in Sri Lanka.
nearby.  Questionnaire survey for
surrounding residents in
the explanatory meeting
before construction
Condition of  Kurunegala MC plans to have a questionnaire survey on  Questionnaire survey for
groundwater the environment, groundwater usage and its quality for surrounding residents in
and its usage approximately 100 residents nearby the disposal site. the explanatory meeting
Timing of this survey will be when Kurunegala MC before construction
explains rehabilitation of the disposal site and its possible
impacts on the residents nearby.

Table 2-64: Environmental and social consideration survey at Galapitagarayaya disposal

site in KPS
Survey item Overview of the survey
Water quality  Check the quality of leachate from current open dump  Water Quality survey
site to verify the effectiveness of installed leachate conducted by an
treatment plant in PP. outsourcing company
 Check the quality of existing night soil treatment facility
to verify the night soil treatment facility.
Air quality,  The survey will be conducted at the area near to the  Air quality including noise
noise, vibration disposal site. and vibration surveys
 Parameters are referred to in Gazette Notification No. conducted by outsourcing
1562/22 dated 15 Aug. 2008. company
Biota  As a number of elephants are confirmed around the  Interview to relevant
disposal site, necessary measures are specified. ministries, NGOs and
Interviews to relevant ministries, NGOs and experts are experts.
planned if necessary.

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(3) Survey result

The result of the survey is shown below.

a. Sundarapola disposal site

a.1. Water quality survey

Water quality survey in Sundarapola disposal site was conducted in July 2017 dry season. The
following table lists the result of the survey. Parameters were selected by referring to SATREPS
guideline. Tolerance limits for discharge of industrial wastewater into island surface waters area in
Gazette. No. 1534/18 is referred to check an environmental standard in Sri Lanka.

From the result, as suspected from visual examination, most of the parameters of the leachate did
not meet the corresponding environmental standard. Two monitoring wells in the disposal site met
the standard except for total suspended solid (TSS) and faecal coliforms.

On the other hand, an environmental standard for existing wells in residences near the site refers to
Sri Lanka Standards for potable water SLS 614: 2013. Although results of the heavy metals were
below the tolerance limits, three existing wells in households did not meet the standard in turbidity,
COD and total coliforms.

Fence

Compost plant
Bor.No.5 (+monitoring well)
Existing well No.2
Permeable Reactive Barrier(PRB)

Bor.No.1 （Current disposal site）

Existing well No.3 (SPT + monitoring well)
Bor.No.2
(+monitoring well) Recycling Centre
Residential area Gate
Bor.No.4 （Old disposal area）
Existing well No.4 Existing well No.1

（Old disposal area）

Existing well No.5 （Old disposal area）

Leachate & pullulated

Landfill mining
underground water Bor.No.3 (SPT)
treatment facility Fence

Cemetery
1

Figure 2-27: Sample points of water quality survey at Sudarapola disposal site in KMC

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Table 2-65: Result of water quality survey in household wells near Sundarapola disposal
site in KMC
(1)Disposal site (2) Residential area
Para Existing wells Monitoring well** Leachate Tolerance
No Month
meter No.1 No.2 Bor. Bor. No.3 No.4 No.5 limit
Influent Effluent
No1 No2
1 pH July2017 7.4 7.1 6.5 6.8 4.85 - 6.5 6.8 7. (1)(2)6.5-8.5
Aug2018 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.7 8.0 9.6 6.4 6.6 6.6
Oct2018 7.2 6.9 6.7 6.7 7.2 8.1 7.2 7.2 6.6
Nov2018 6.6 7 6.8 6.8 8.0 8.2 6.5 6.7 6.2
2 EC July2017 4.06 2.84 3.33 3.94 33.5 - 3.40 1.86 0.39 -
mS/cm Aug2018 6.67 3.41 3.88 3.29 20.6 1.17 3.77 2.23 0.38
Oct2018 2.63 2.65 4.52 4.16 4.81 1.87 3.24 1.80 0.25
Nov2018 4.82 5.73 4.99 4.53 10.10 2.43 4.25 2.19 0.34
3 Temp July2017 30.01 30.48 31.61 32.09 31.24 - 31.24 30.02 28.59 (1)No exceed
Aug2018 29 30 30 32 29 30 30 29 28 40.0C
Oct2018 29 28 30 31 29 28 29 28 27 (2)-
Nov2018 28 30 30 31 30 28 30 29 28
5 Turbidity July2017 8 5 >999 >999 >999 - 2 4 2 (1)-
(mg/l) Aug2018 24.7 2.2 1000 8 180 76 0.1 1.1 0.9 (2)<2
Oct2018 5 35 113 157 132 164 8 6 10
Nov2018 4.9 3.8 21 144 150 175 4.5 1.7 1.6
4 COD July2017 30 50 80 80 10000 - 20 20 20 (1)<250mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 696 33 98 49 6002 148 26 12 8 (2)<10mg/l
Oct2018 76 41 64 44 9178 98 18 8 4
Nov2018 46 94 86 40 1512 363 19 10 4
5 BOD5 July2017 1 6 4 5 348 - 3 1 1 (1)<30mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 34 22 16 26 194 20 7 8 6 (2)-
Oct2018 30 13 25 16 241 10 8 3 1
Nov2018 5 13 13 7 136 76 4 3 1
6 TSS July2017 25 2 432 268 212 - 2 1 1 (1)<50mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 69 27 1352 67 254 60 19 12 1 (2)-
Oct2018 52 34 547 235 936 88 32 10 7
Nov2018 24 13 2904 64 276 158 1 3 8
7 Pb July2017 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (1)<0.1mg/l
mg/l Aug2018 <0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (2)<0.01mg/l
Oct2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Nov2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
8 Fe July2017 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (1)<3.0mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 9.36 <0.01 63.46 32.83 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (2)0.3mg/l
Oct2018 0.17 <0.01 0.33 1.09 - - <0.01 <0.01 1.40
Nov2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
9 Cr July2017 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (1)<0.5mg/l
(mg/) Aug2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (2)<0.05mg/l
Oct2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Nov2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.10 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
10 Cd July2017 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (1)<0.1mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (2)<0.003mg/l
Oct2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Nov2018 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
11 As July2017 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 (1)<0.2mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 (2)0.01mg/l
Oct2018 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Nov2018 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - - <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
12 Total July2017 2400 260 940 5400 >16000 - 9200 330 18 (1)-
Colifor Aug2018 >16000 9200 5400 4500 >16000 9200 78 790 20 (2)<10MPN/100
ms Oct2018 >16000 2800 >16000 >16000 >16000 >16000 >16000 2200 <1.8 ml
Nov2018 >16000 1100 82 110 >16000 >16000 2400 2400 <1.8
13 Fecal July2017 1300 220 700 540 16000 - 240 170 18 (1)40MPN/100
Colifor Aug2018 9200 5400 3500 3500 16000 5400 45 330 Absent ml
ms Oct2018 2200 40 16000 9200 16000 9200 2800 940 Absent
Nov2018 20 480 18 68 16000 3500 Absent Absent Absent

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a.2. Air quality survey

Baseline surveys regarding air quality, noise and vibration were conducted also in the dry season of
July 2017, and results are listed in the following table. Rainfall was observed from March to June
and October to November from the data throughout 2016 to 2017, and amount of rainfall was from
123 mm to maximum 738 mm (May 2016). As referred to Gazette No. 1562/22 August 15, 2008,
all corresponding parameters were within their standard limit.

Table 2-66: Result of air quality survey in residential areas near Sundarapola disposal site
Maimum
Sampling Time Collections at teach locations Permisible
Parameter Units
Date Ave. Level(ug/m3)
L1 L2 L3
SO2 14July2017 1hr Ug/m3 14 16 18 200
9Aug2018 14 13 10
29November2018 10 12 14
NO2 14July2017 1hr 35 40 31 250
9Aug2018 26 28 22
29November2018 21 29 27
CO 14July2017 1hr <1000 <1000 <1000 30,000
9Aug2018 <1000 <1000 <1000
29November2018 <1000 <1000 <1000
TSPM 14July2017 3hr 192 160 162 450
9Aug2018 32 28 27
29November2018 37 42 72
PM10 13-14 July2017 24hr 55 36 37 100
8-9Aug2018 16 13 29
28-29November2018 22 25 43
PM2.5 13-14 July2017 24hr 30 20 20 50
8-9Aug2018 19 17 16
28-29November2018 12 14 23

Noise survey result is listed in the table below. Standard limit is referred to Gazette No.924/12, May
23, 1996. The maximum permitted level of vibration amplitude during operational time is 65 dB
Leq (A) during daytime, therefore, the results were below this standard.

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Table 2-67: Result of noise survey

Location Time Hourly averaged Background
noise level leg(dB) noise level L90 dB(A)
N1 14July2017 58 50
8Augsut2018 60 58
28November2018 60 58
N2 14July2017 62 54
8Augsut2018 66 62
28November2018 62 62
N3 14July2017 59 49
8Augsut2018 59 59
28November2018 59 59

Following shows the result of vibration survey.

Table 2-68: Result of vibration survey

Vibration Sampling Date Vibration Vibration levels Maximum Frequency
Axis ppv Vibration in Range
(mm/sec) ppv (Hz)
(mm/sec)
V1 14July2017 Transgenic 0.063
Vertical 0.102 0.141 10-50
Longtical 0.11
8Augsut2018 Transgenic 0.166
Vertical 0.189 0.225
Longtical 0.205
28November2018 Transgenic 0.142
Vertical 0.087 0.182
Longtical 0.110
V2 14July2017 Transgenic 0.063
Vertical 0.126 0.158 10-50
Longtical 0.126
8Augsut2018 Transgenic 0.118
Vertical 0.221 0.239
Longtical 0.134
28November2018 Transgenic 0.150
Vertical 0.087 0.175
Longtical 0.102
V3 14July2017 Transgenic 0.166
Vertical 0.205 0.235 10-50
Longtical 0.150
8Augsut2018 Transgenic 0.063
Vertical 0.126 0.135
Longtical 0.102
28November2018 Transgenic 0.104
Vertical 0.095 0.154
Longtical 0.118

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According to CEA provisional vibration standard, spots to measure vibration are divided into four
types based on structures of building, and environmental standard is regulated by maximum
velocity amplitude (mm/sec) by the type of building. All three spots for vibration survey this time
are categorised as Type 3 and its provisional environmental standard is shown below. As a result,
vibration levels of all three spots were under the standard.

Table 2-69: Standard of vibration value

Type of Vibration Frequency of Vibration (Hz) Vibration in ppv (mm/sec)
0-10 1.0
Continuous 10-50 2.0
Over 50 4.0
0-10 2.0
Intermittent 10-50 4.0
Over 50 8.0

The result of water quality survey, air quality survey, vibration, and noise are attached as appendix
12,13,14 and 15 respectively.
a.3. Offensive odour

According to available wind direction data of nearest meteorological station to Sundarapola

disposal site from 2011 to 2016, there is a tendency for an easterly wind from November to March,
therefore residents living to the west of the disposal site are affected.
Planned questionnaire regarding offensive odour and groundwater usage in an explanatory meeting
of the construction for nearby residents of Sundarapola disposal site could not be conducted due to
sensitive issues. Residents might have been against the pilot project during the meeting, since some
of them had complained about their living environment because of the disposal site and asked the
chairman of CEA to improve the situation. In fact, it was a significant opportunity to obtain the
understanding of residents towards the pilot project in the explanatory meeting held on 25th
November 2017. However, the questionnaire still won’t be conducted to avoid over evaluation of
current polluted water and over expectation of improvement of the water quality soon after
completion of the construction.
The following groundwater usage is confirmed in JICA experts’ site visits and by water sampling.

 Among nearest housing group to the disposal site, a couple of residents who have wells in their
premises are using the water as domestic water but not for drinking.
 At least one house located in the southern part of the above mentioned housing group is
drinking groundwater from a well.

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b. Galapitigalayaya disposal site

b.1. Water quality survey

Water sampling was completed in December 2017 during the rainy season. The result is shown in
the table below. Parameters were selected by referring to SATREPS guideline. Tolerance limits for
discharge of industrial waste water into island surface waters area in Gazette. No.1534/18 is
referred to check an environmental standard in Sri Lanka. Water quality didn’t meet the standard,
especially the quality of No.2 monitoring well was worse than night soil, as suspected from visual
examination and offensive odour.

Table 2-70: Result of water quality survey at Galapitigalayaya disposal site in KPS
No Bor Night soil
Parameter No.1 No.2 Gala 4 Sela 5F 6F
Tolerance
1. Total 31 1988 5 84 <50 mg/l
Suspended
Solid
2. pH 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.5 6.0-8.5
3. Biochemical 16 54 11 37 <30 mg/l
Oxygen
Demand
4. Temperature 29.4 31.0 30.3 31.6 Less than 40
5. Chemical 68 428 19 272 <250 mg/l
Oxygen
Demand
6. EC (uS/cm) 0.49 2.26 0.24 2.62 None
7. As (mg/l) <0.001 0.009 - - < 0.2 mg/l
8. Cd (mg/L) <0.01 0.12 - - < 0.1 mg/l
9. Cr (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 - - < 0.5 mg/l
10. Pb (mg/L) <0.01 0.79 - - < 0.1 mg/l
11. Fe (mg/L) 1.72 147.4 - - < 3.0 mg/l
12. Total >16000 >16000 >16000 >16000 None
Coliforms
13. Fecal 5400 9200 3500 2400 <40 MPN/100ml
Coliforms

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Figure 2-28: Sample points of water quality survey at Galapitigalayaya disposal site in KPS

b.2. Air quality survey

Baseline survey on air quality, noise and vibration was conducted in December 2017 during rainy
season, and results are listed in the table below. The day before the survey conducted was a rainy
day. As referred to Gazette No. 1562/22 August 15, 2008, all corresponding parameters were within
their standard limit.

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Table 2-71: Result of air quality survey in residential areas near Galapirigalayaya disposal
site
Parameter Collections at teach Maimum
Sampling Time
Units locations Permisible
Date Ave.
L1 Level(ug/m3)
SO2 21Dec2017 1hr Ug/m 3 14 200
5June2018 21
26November2018 11
NO2 21Dec2017 1hr 35 250
5June2018 30
26November2018 20
CO 21Dec2017 1hr <1000 30,000
5June2018 <1000
26November2018 <1000
TSPM 21Dec2017 3hr 42 450
5June2018 47
26November2018 107
PM10 20-21Dec2017 24hr 25 100
4-5June2018 28
26November2018 64
PM2.5 20-21Dec2017 24hr 14 50
4-5June2018 15
26November2018 35

The noise survey result is listed in the following table. Standard limit is referred to Gazette in
No.924/12, May 23, 1996. The maximum permitted level of vibration amplitude during operational
time is 55 dB Leq (A) during daytime, therefore the results were below this boundary standard.

Table 2-72: Results of noise survey in Galapitigalayaya disposal site

Location Time Hourly averaged noise level Background Noise level L90
leg(dB) dB(A)
N1 21Dec2017 54 47
4-5June2018 47 *
26November2018 54 54
N2 21Dec2017 47 39
4-5June2018 47 50
26November2018 47 47
N3 21Dec2017 47 39
4-5June2018 47 58
26November2018 48 47
N4 21Dec2017 50 42
4-5June2018 50 53
26November2018 50 50

Following shows the result of vibration survey.

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Table 2-73: Result of vibration survey in Galapitigalayaya disposal site

Vibration SamplingDate Vibration Vibration levels Maximum Frequency
Axis ppv Vibration in Range
(mm/sec) ppv (Hz)
(mm/sec)
V1 21Dec2017 Transgenic 0.102
Vertical 0.102 0.224 10-50
Longtical 0.213
5June2018 Transgenic 0.166
Vertical 0.173 0.198
Longtical 0.102
26November2018 Transgenic 0.158
Vertical 0.110 0.198
Longtical 0.118
V2 21Dec2017 Transgenic 0.063
Vertical 0.158 0.209 10-50
Longtical 0.158
5June2018 Transgenic 0.126
Vertical 0.079 0.146
Longtical 0.087
26November2018 Transgenic 0.150
Vertical 0.095 0.163
Longtical 0.110
V3 21Dec2017 Transgenic 0.11
Vertical 0.11 0.145 10-50
Longtical 0.142
5June2018 Transgenic 0.142
Vertical 0.079 0.180
Longtical 0.110
26November2018 Transgenic 0.134
Vertical 0.095 0.154
Longtical 0.118
V4 21Dec2017 Transgenic -
Vertical - - 10-50
Longtical -
5June2018 Transgenic 1.332
Vertical 0.607 1.807
Longtical 1.230
26November2018 Transgenic 0.110
Vertical 0.142 0.165
Longtical 0.071

According to CEA provisional vibration standard, spots to measure vibration are divided into four
types based on structures of building, and the environmental standard is regulated by maximum
velocity amplitude (mm/sec) by the type of building. As a result, vibration levels of all three spots
were under the standard.

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b.3. Fauna

Galapitigalayaya disposal site in Kataragama PS is owned by the forestry department, from which
Kataragama PS has obtained a land lease agreement for the pilot project purpose only, and
surrounding areas also belong to the forestry department. As expected from this situation, JICA
experts have observed more than ten elephants at one time, and staff of Kataragama PS also
mentioned that elephants come to waste dumping areas to find food in the waste on a daily basis.
According to those staff, elephants are smart enough to listen for the sound of tractors and appear
after tractors have gone. Before starting the construction, monitoring wells were destroyed and a
project assistant and staff from Kataragama PS were chased by elephants while they were sampling
soil at the disposal site. Especially female elephants during times of breeding or child rearing are
likely to be aggressive.

Elephant in a proposed disposal site More than 10 elephants were confirmed

(4) Environmental impact assessment

The result of the survey is shown below.
a. Sundalapora disposal site

a.1. Water pollution and usage of underground water

The project is to rehabilitate the disposal site by installing a leachate treatment facility and a PRB
(Permeable Reactive Barrier) and by conducting landfill mining; and aims to reduce the negative
and increase the positive environmental impact of the site. Construction is planned during the dry
season, however rainy season and dry season cannot be clearly differentiated and recently there has
been cases of sudden rains. There is a short-term (during construction) possibility of leachate

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flowing into the construction zone or a side gully in the event of heavy rain. Also, construction of
PRB – the purpose of which is to mitigate pollution of groundwater – may have a negative impact
on groundwater quality, which, as aforementioned, is being used by some nearby residents.

a.2. Air, noise and vibration

Although baseline air quality was within its standard level, landfill mining in a pilot project may
increase dust pollution. Also, vehicles for construction and use of heavy machineries may cause air
pollution and increase noise and vibration levels. In Sri Lanka, construction until late at night to
meet the schedule constraints is common, however, it is not appropriate to have negative
environmental impact at night time because the site is quite close to the residential areas.

a.3. Offensive odour

Offensive odour by digging old wastes is predicted during PRB construction. Also, there is a
possibility to release offensive odour from water receiver tank of leachate treatment facility, where
treatment reaction has not been completed yet. Therefore, construction of the facility to treat
leachate from the disposal site and from the compost yard as well as the PRB are expected to have a
positive impact on offensive odours at the site.

a.4. Accident

Driving vehicles and operation of heavy machineries may cause accidents during the construction
phase.

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Table 2-74: Impact assessment based on the survey result at Sundarapola site in KMC
Impact assessment during the Impact assessment based on the
scoping period survye result
Reason if
Item Before and Implementario Before and Implementario
changed
during n during n
construction construction
1 Water quality Ground water: Ground Ground water: Ground Baseline survey
B7
7F6F water:P C water:P showed heavy
Surface water: Surface Surface water: Surface metals are within
C water:P C water:P the standard
limit, therefore,
little negative
impact is
expected.
2 Air quality Dust/Exhaust Dust/Exhaust Dust/Exhaust Dust/Exhaust
gas/ gas/ gas/ gas/
Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration
of exhaust gas: of exhaust gas: of exhaust gas: of exhaust gas:
C D C D
3 Noise and By heavy By heavy By heavy By heavy
vibration construction construction construction construction
equipment: C equipment: D equipment: C equipment: D
4 Offensive From leachate/ From leachate/ From leachate/ From leachate/
odour water water water water
pollution: C pollution: P pollution: C pollution: P
5 Condition of Surface water Surface water Surface water Surface water
groundwater pollution: C pollution: P pollution: C pollution: P
and its usage Groundwater Groundwater Groundwater Groundwater
pollution: B pollution: P pollution: B pollution: P
6 Accident Increase of Increase of Increase of Increase of
traffic traffic traffic traffic
accidents/ accidents/ accidents/ accidents/
Accidents of Accidents of Accidents of Accidents of
equipment: C equipment: D equipment: C equipment: D

b. Galapitigalayaya disposal site

b.1. Water pollution and usage of underground water

The project introduces and plans to install liner and leachate treatment plant at the Galapitigalayaya
disposal site and night soil treatment in a backyard of a compost plant. Although there was no
leachate on the day of water sampling, it is possible that negative ground water quality is affected

7
A : Very serious impact is expected, B : Serious impact is expected, C : Little impact is expected, D :
Impact is negligibly small/ no impact, U : Impacts are unknown, P : Positive impacts are expected

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by polluted leachate. Also detected heavy metals in ground water from monitoring wells are
possibly caused by night soil. If the proposed site faces heavy storm water during a construction
phase, there is a possibility of leachate flowing into public water areas.

b.2. Air, noise and vibration

During the construction, air quality, noise and vibration may be affected by soil excavation and an
increase of heavy machinery use or its traffic. However, other than a compost yard that is 2km away
from the disposal site, there is no residents nearby so environmental impacts on public are
negligible. Although traffic of waste vehicles is expected to increase a bit due to proper waste
disposal, still environmental impacts on staffs working for a compost yard and supervisors in a
safety hut of a disposal site are negligible.

b.3. Fauna

As mentioned above, destruction of monitoring wells was experienced, therefore protection and
ensuring safety from wild elephants were the main challenges in the disposal site area. Other than a
nearest compost building, which is 2 km away from the disposal site, there is no safe shelter in the
site area. Also, neither three wheeler nor normal van can use the access road, so it is necessary to
arrange access by a 4WD or tractor.

Even though elephants are visiting the area for organic wastes, non-organic wastes are also
disposed. Health problems of elephants from eating organic and non-organic wastes in disposal sites
have been reported in Sri Lanka.

b.4 Accident

Driving vehicles and operation of heavy machineries may cause accidents during the construction
phase.

Protected monitoring well damaged by elephant Electric fence 8

8F7F

8
2.11.2 Refer to Kataragama PS

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Table below shows a summary of environmental impact assessment of Galapitigalayaya disposal

site

Table 2-75: Impact assessment

No Item Impact assessment during the Impact assessment based on Reason if changed
. scoping period the survey result
Before and Implementati Before and Implementati
during on during on
construction construction
1 Water Ground Ground Ground Ground Although groundwater
quality water/ water/ water/ water/ exceeds
Surface Surface Surface Surface environmental
water: D water: D water: B water: P standards at the
moment, positive
improvement is
expected by
installation of leachate
treatment and night
soil treatment facility.
2 Air Dust/Exhaust Dust/Exhaust Dust/Exhaust Dust/Exhaust
quality gas/Concentr gas/Concentra gas/Concentr gas/Concentra
ation of tion of ation of tion of
exhaust gas: exhaust gas: exhaust gas: exhaust gas:
C D C D
3 Noise By heavy By heavy By heavy By heavy It turned out that
and construction construction construction construction number of waste
vibration equipment: C equipment: D equipment: C equipment: D collection vehicles
By garbage By garbage By garbage By garbage will not increase
truck: D truck: C truck: D truck: D significantly
4 Fauna Animals: B Animals: P Animals: B Animals: P
5 Accident Increase of Increase of Increase of Increase of
traffic traffic traffic traffic
accidents/ accidents/ accidents/ accidents/
Accidents of Accidents of Accidents of Accidents of
equipment: C equipment: D equipment: C equipment: D

(5) Mitigation measure

a. Sundarapola disposal site

a.1. Water pollution and usage of groundwater

Regarding the leachate during heavy rain, construction of leachate retention facility prevents
polluted leachate from releasing to public water. Leachate will be smoothly pumped up and

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transferred to the treatment facility, especially during heavy rain after the construction, and only
diluted leachate will be discharged from overflow weir to rain drainage.

Possible temporary deterioration of groundwater as a result of PRB construction will be announced

to nearby residents in an explanatory meeting of pilot project construction. Necessary measures will
be taken based on regular monitoring of water quality.

a.2. Air quality, noise and vibration

Sprinkling of water will be undertaken to mitigate expected increases of dust from land mining and
PRB during construction phase.

In addition to adjustment of schedule, pre-cautions will be announced to residents regarding

concentrated traffic of dump trucks. A guard is despatched during the construction for supervising
vehicles and machinery. Effective operation of heavy machinery can even contribute to reduction of
fuel consumption. Well-experienced constructor in terms of safety should be selected, and to avoid
night time construction, construction is limited to daytime through the development of an optimum
schedule.

a.3. Offensive odour

Decreasing open area and water sprinkling during boring for the construction of PRB will help to
prevent offensive odours. Odour from leachate will be reduced by spraying air freshener.

a.4. Accident

To prevent accidents during construction, safety training will be conducted. A supervisor will be
deployed to regulate traffic during construction.

b. Galapitigalayaya disposal site

b.1. Water pollution and usage of groundwater

Ground water quality is expected to be better by using proper leachate treatment and night soil. The
volume of storm water should be considered in deciding capacities of water diversion and a leachate
treatment facility. Construction is planned during dry season to avoid heavy rainfall, since
concentrated rainfall has been recorded from October to December according to the available data
in recent 5 years.
b.2. Fauna

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To separate living area of elephants and the disposal site, electric fence will be constructed prior to
the construction of the disposal site. After the construction of the disposal site, municipal wastes
should not be disposed outside of the site/fence. Current waste dumping area will also be covered
by soil to prevent elephants from eating the waste.

b.3. Accident

To prevent accidents during construction, safety training will be conducted. A supervisor will be
deployed to regulate traffic during construction.

(6) Monitoring
a. Sundarapola disposal site

Daft monitoring plan of Sundarapola disposal site based on the environmental assessment is shown
in the table below. Operation and maintenance including proper operation of leachate treatment
facility, reduction of disposal amount of biodegradable waste and regular soil covering will
contribute to reduction of environmental burden after the pilot project.

Table 2-76: Monitoring plan of Sundarapola disposal site (Draft)

No Item Location Parameter Frequency Regulatory standard
1 Water Groundwater well, pH, EC, TSS, Once in Gazette No.
pollution 9 monitoring well temperature, 1534/18, February
construction
9F8F

and leachate in the BOD, COD, 2008

disposal site coliform, heavy phase, once just
metal (As, Cd, Cr,
after the
Pb, Fe) for
groundwater construction and
once in
operational phase
during the project
period

Leachate pH, EC, TSS, Once a year after

temperature, the project
BOD, COD,
coliform and other
necessity items to
renew EPL
Groundwater well pH, EC, TSS, Once in a SLS614-2013
in residential area temperature, construction

9
Usage of groundwater will be considered for the monitoring of water quality.

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No Item Location Parameter Frequency Regulatory standard

BOD, COD, phase, once just
coliform, heavy after the
metal (As, Cd, Cr, construction and
Pb, Fe) once in an
operational phase
during the project
period.
Once a year after
the project.
2. Air quality, Disposal site, Dust (PM2.5, Once in Gazette No.
noise, residential area PM10), NO2, construction phase 1562/22, August
vibration close to the site SO2, CO, SPM, and once in 2008, Gazette
Noise, Vibration operational phase No.924/12, May
during the project 1996
period
Disposal site, Necessity Once a year after
residential area parameter to the project
close to the site renew EPL
3. Weather, Disposal site Temperature, Everyday -
Temperature, relative humidity,
Humidity, rainfall
Rainfall
4. Wind, rainfall Nearest Wind direction, Every month -
meteorological wind speed,
station to amount of rainfall
Kurunegala

a.1. Results of water quality survey during construction phase

The following tables summarise the results of the water quality survey in Sundarapola disposal site
on 8 August 2018.
TSS, turbidity Fe, faecal coliform exceeded the tolerance limit of discharge of industrial waste into
inland surface waters (Gazette. No. 1534/18) in borehole No.1 which is upper stream of PRB.
Although effects of excavation of old wastes throughout the construction period at around
installation place of PRB on the results of water quality are considered, final consideration as well
as evaluation of effectiveness of PRB are planned after getting results of the operation phase. These
information are described in 2.14.1 and 2.16.1.
Leachate from the landfill site is treated in a night soil treatment plant. Several parameters of water
quality were improved through the treatment process, including BOD and COD.

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Table 2-77: Result of water quality survey during construction phase in KMC
Existing wells
Monitoring Inlet of Outlet
inside disposal
No. Parameter well** Leachate the of the Tolerance limit
site
plant plant
No.1 No.2 No1 No2
Total <50 mg/l
1. Suspended 69 27 1352 67 254 3400 63
Solid
2. pH 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.7 8.0 NA 9.6 6.0-8.5
Shall not
exceed 40.0 C
in any section
of the stream
3. Temperature 29 30 30 32 29 NA 30
within 15 m
downstream of
the effluent
outlet.
2 max.
4. Turbidity 24.7 2.2 1000 8 180 NA 76
(SLS614-2013)
Chemical <250 mg/l
5.. Oxygen 696 33 98 49 6002 38376 148
Demand
Biological <30 mg/l
6. Oxygen 34 22 16 26 194 835 20
Demand
7. EC (uS/cm) 6.67 3.41 3.88 3.29 33.5 1.17 NA, mS/cm
8. As (mg/l) 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - < 0.2 mg/l
9. Cd (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - < 0.1 mg/l
10. Cr (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - < 0.5 mg/l
11. Pb (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 - < 0.1 mg/l
12. Fe (mg/L) 3.66 <0.01 63.46 32.83 - < 3.0 mg/l
Total NA,
13. >16000 9200 5400 3500 >16000 >16000 9200
Coliform MPN/100ml
Fecal <40
14. 9200 5400 3500 3500 16000 9200 5400
Coliform MPN/100ml

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Table 2-78: Result of water quality survey in household wells during construction phase
Existing wells nearby households
No Parameter Tolerance limit
No.1 No.2 No.3
1. Turbidity 0.1 1.1 0.9 <2
2. Total Suspended Solid 19 12 1 NA, mg/l
6.5-8.5 (250C +
3. pH 6.4 6.6 6.6
20C)
4. Chemical Oxygen Demand 26 12 8 <10 mg/l
5 Biological Oxygen Demand 7 8 6 NA, mg/l
6. EC (uS/cm) 3.77 2.23 0.38 NA, mS/cm
7. As (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 < 0.01 mg/l
8. Cd (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 < 0.003 mg/l
9. Cr (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 < 0.05 mg/l
10. Pb (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 < 0.01 mg/l
11. Fe (mg/L) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 < 0.3 mg/l
12. Total Coliform 78 790 20 <10 MPN/100ml
13. Fecal Coliform 45 330 Absent Absent

a.2. Results of air quality survey during construction phase in KMC

Air quality, noise and vibration surveys were conducted on 9 August 2018. The tables below
describe results of the surveys. All corresponding parameters were within their standard limit.

Table 2-79: Results of air quality survey during construction phase in KMC
Concentrations at each Maximum
Parameter Date of sampling Time average Units location permissible
L1 L2 L3 level (ug/m3)
SO2 09/08/2018 1 hr ug/m3 14 13 10 200
NO2 09/08/2018 1 hr ug/m3 26 28 22 250
CO 09/08/2018 1 hr ug/m3 <1,00
<1,000 <1,000 30,000
0
TSPM 09/08/2018 3 hrs ug/m3 32 28 27 450
PM10 08-09/08/2018 24 hrs ug/m3 16 13 29 100
PM2.5 08-09/08/2018 24 hrs ug/m3 19 17 16 50

Table 2-80: Results of noise survey during construction phase in KMC

Run time Measured noise level Leq Residual noise level Corrected
Location Time
(min) (dB) Leq dB (A) noise level
N1 Day 5 60 58 *
N2 Day 5 66 62 64
N3 Day 5 59 59 *
Leq: Equivalent Continuous Sound Pressure Level

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Table 2-81: Results of vibration survey during construction phase in KMC

Vibration levels ppv Maximum vibration in
Vibration Vibration axis Frequency range (Hz)
(mm/sec) ppv (mm/sec)
Transgenic 0.166
V1 Vertical 0.173 0.225 10-50
Longitude 0.102
Transgenic 0.126
V2 Vertical 0..079 0.239 10-50
Longitude 0.087
Transgenic 0.142
V3 Vertical 0.079 0.135 10-50
Longitude 0.110

b. Galapitigalayaya disposal site

A monitoring plan will be made based on discussion with CEA and Kataragama PS. Regarding the
impact on water quality and wild elephants, it is essential to monitor daily to ensure separated
biodegradable and night soil sludge are not dumped to the disposal site. In addition to instructing
workers on operational management of the disposal site, it is also important to instruct workers not
to dump municipal wastes outside of the disposal site.
b.1. Results of air quality survey during construction phase in KPS
Air quality, noise and vibration surveys were conducted on 5 June 2018. The tables below describe
the results of the surveys. All corresponding parameters were within their standard limit.

Table 2-82: Results of air quality survey during construction phase in KPS
Date of Concentrations at Maximum permissible
Parameter Time average Units
sampling each location level (ug/m3)
SO2 05/06/2018 1 hr ug/m3 21 200
NO2 05/06/2018 1 hr ug/m3 30 250
CO 05/06/2018 1 hr ug/m3 <1,000 30,000
TSPM 05/06/2018 3 hrs ug/m3 47 450
PM10 04-05/06/2018 24 hrs ug/m3 28 100
PM2.5 04-05/06/2018 24 hrs ug/m3 15 50

Table 2-83: Results of noise survey during construction phase in KPS

Run time Measured noise level Residual noise level Leq Corrected noise
Location Time
(min) Leq (dB) dB (A) level
N1 Day 5 54 54 *
N2 Day 5 52 47 50
N3 Day 5 58 47 58
N4 Day 5 55 50 53

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Table 2-84: Results of vibration survey during construction phase in KPS

Vibration levels ppv Maximum vibration in
Vibration Vibration axis Frequency range (Hz)
(mm/sec) ppv (mm/sec)
Transgenic 0.166
V1 Vertical 0.173 0.198 10-50
Longitude 0.102
Transgenic 0.126
V2 Vertical 0..079 0.146 10-50
Longitude 0.087
Transgenic 0.142
V3 Vertical 0.079 0.180 10-50
Longitude 0.110
Transgenic 1.332
V4 Vertical 0.607 1.807 10-50
Longitude 1.230

2.10.4 .B.6.4: Detailed Plan and Preparation of Bidding Documents

(1) Detailed Plan and Bidding Documents for Improvement Works at Kurunegala
The detailed plan and bidding document for improvement of disposal site at Kurunegala MC were
prepared by local consultant “Waste to Energy Technologies Limited” based on the discussion with
JICA team and Kurunegala Municipal council. The draft of detailed plan and bidding document
were approved by management committee of Kurunegala MC on 23rd October 2017 (refer to
Appendix 16). The items and outcomes of detailed plan are shown in the below table.

Table 2-85: The items and outcomes of detailed plan

Item Detail
 Installation of Permeable Reactor Barrier (PRB)to filter underground water
Items of basic
 Establishment of leachate treatment facility
plan
 Landfill mining
1. Data collection for basic design of PRB
TOR of detail 2. Design of structure and cost estimation of construction of PRB and
design leachate treatment facility
3. Preparation of tender document and support of tender
1. Inception report consisting of list of collected data, site survey results,
necessary conditions, and so on.
2. Main report consisting of basic plan, BOQ of construction cost, drawings,
Outcomes
specifications and so on.
3. Tender document consisting of general specifications, technical
specifications, drawings and so on.

(2) Detailed Plan and Bidding Documents for Improvement Works at Kataragama

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The detailed plan and bidding document for improvement of disposal site at Kataragama PS were
prepared by local consultant “Dakshina Cost Consultants (Pvt) Ltd.” based on the discussion with
JICA team and Kataragama PS. The draft of detailed plan and bidding document were approved by
management committee of Kurunegala MC on 22nd December 2017 (refer to Appendix 17). The
items and outcomes of detailed plan are shown in the below table.

Table 2-86: The items and outcomes of detailed plan of improvement work of Kataragama
PS
Item Detail
 Leachate collection facility constructed by local available material
 Leachate treatment facility
 Improvement of access road
Items of detail  Installation of electric fence to avoid wild elephant
plan  Covering soil
 Night soil treatment facility
 Installation of weigh bridge
1. Data collection for basic design of Permeable Reactor Barrier (PRB)
TOR of detail 2. Design of structure and cost estimation of construction of PRB and
design leachate treatment facility
3. Preparation of tender document and support of tender
1. Inception report consisting of list of collected data, site survey result,
necessary condition, and so on.
2. Main report consisting of basic plan, BOQ of construction cost,
Outcomes
drawings, specification and so on.
3. Tender document consisting of general specifications, technical
specifications, drawings and so on.

2.11 C.1: Implementation of Pilot Projects

2.11.1 Improvement Works at Kurunegala

(1) Meeting to explain to residents

The meeting to explain the pilot project to residents was held near Sundarapora disposal site on 25th
November 2017. The number of participants was approximately 40 residents and 10 people from
Kurunegala MC and CEA.

Dr. Sato, chief consultant of ReEB waste explained the outline of construction, purpose,
effectiveness, implementation schedule and so on. After the explanation by Dr. Sato, environmental
issues during construction, the duration of efficiency of PRB and monitoring procedures were

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discussed between residents and Kurunegala MC. After the discussion, residents agreed on the
project.

(2) Tendering, contracting and starting the improvement project at disposal site of Kurunegala MC

The tender document was distributed to the below four tenderers recommend by the counterparts on
28 November 2017 and the site explanation was held on 5th
December 2017. The tender was held on 19th December 2017 and
a company called TN Construction was awarded priority
negotiation rights.

 Asoka Construction
 Distinction Construction
 MSC Construction
 TN Construction
JICA consultant team immediately negotiated with TN Construction and made a contract on 22
December 2017. The improvement of Sundarapola disposal site started from 26 December 2017.
(3) Progress on the PP in Kurunegara MC
The following construction works were undertaken in accordance with drawings and construction plan .
 Preparation of Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) material
 PRB site clearance
 Construction of leachate collection pit
 Sampling of landfill mining (3 pits x 2samples=6samples）
Following the construction, regular meetings were convened appropriately, and efforts were made
to develop mutual recognition among Kurunegara MC, CEA, contractors, and project participants.
Table 2-87: Regular Meetings
Date Description
16 January, 2018 The First Meeting
Submission of a construction plan was required to the contractor.
Role sharing between the contractor and Kurunegara MC,was discussed.
13 February, 2018 The contractor reported the progress of the construction works
The design of the sign board to inform the PP was discussed.
27 February, 2018 The contractor reported the progress of the construction works
Role sharing on the preparation of PRB between the contractor and
Kurunegara MC,was discussed.
Site Observation was conducted.

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a. PRB

PRB is formed by making a wall-like structure in a pit in the ground from a mixture of crushed
brick and activated carbon (from burnt coconut fibres) as per Figure 2-29: Concept of PRB below.

Figure 2-29: Concept of PRB

(http://www.powellassociates.com/PAServices/PAservices.html)

The material was brought in early March because it is time-consuming to procure and prepare this
material. During the construction of PRB, several lessons were learnt - that need to be taken into
account in the work schedule - such as reducing procurement time for materials and the period
required for processing on site.

As of May 11, site clearance of land for PRB, levelling of the planned site, maintenance of work
yards, loading of materials to the site, leachate pits, and landfill mining study and improvement of
leachate treatment facility were implemented. Remaining work was to construct PRB, which has
been delayed due to weather conditions.

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PRB site clearance Preparation of PRB material

The location to install PRB Construction of the working yard

From 27th of July, site works of PRB installation was started. At first, a pre-compaction test was
conducted. The compaction test was conducted with the cooperation of Dr. Anurudda, Peradenia
University.
The PRB material should be compacted to meet optimum seventy-five percent (75%) standard
Proctor density (BS 1377:1990 soil test series) at 27±3 % water content, which is equal to 1000
kg/m3. Therefore, the required level of compaction is 1.0 – 1.1. kg/m3. As per the results of the test,
all samples met the above mentioned standards (table 2-76). Construction works started after
confirmation of the laboratory test results and completed at the end of September 2018.

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Sampling of the compacted PRB layer On-site testing

Table 2-88: The results of the compaction test for PRB

Wt of wet Dry Water Water Core Wet Bulk Dry Bulk

Sample soil (g) weight of content content volume density destity
soil (g) (%) (Wb) (%) (Db) (m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
S1 166.0 123.0 25.9 35.0 98.8 1,680 1,245
S2 126.0 110.0 12.7 14.5 98.2 1,283 1,120
S3 125.0 110.0 12.0 13.6 98.2 1,273 1,120
S4 118.0 104.0 11.9 13.5 98.6 1,197 1,055
S5 126.0 110.0 12.7 14.5 98.2 1,283 1,120
S6 123.0 107.0 13.0 15.0 98.2 1,253 1,090
Main parts of PRB construction were (1) material mixing process and (2) construction of PRB
process.

Bangadeniya Soil 12.5% : Biochar 12.5% : Brick particles 75.0%

Mixture of the materials

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Excavation Filling the mixed PRB materials

Compaction for the PRB layer

The compacted PRB layer
Required level of compaction is 1.0-1.1 kg/m3

Figure 2-30: The Model of PRB installation

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Figure 2-31: The plan of PRB installation
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b. Construction of leachate collation pit

In order to minimize the contamination of surface and ground water by leachate, the quantity generated
has to be collected and directed to an appropriate treatment facility.
From the present site conditions, it was considered suitable to install leachate interception drains and to
collect overland flows.
Proposed leachate collection system consists of horizontal pipes, trenches and collection tank.
The leachate collection tank is equipped with automated pumping system where the collected leachate
will be automatically delivered to leachate and gully waste co-treatment facility. Therefore, the tank
capacity has been estimated to be 2.0 m3.
As build drawings of PRB and leachate treatment facility are attached as appendix 18.

Disposal Site
Current Gully treatment facility
Leachate Pump
P

Collection
Tank

Figure 2-32: Flow diagram of the leachate collection, pumping and Leachate and gully waste
co-treatment system

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Figure 2-33: Structure of leachate collection facility

c. Sampling of landfill mining (3 pits x 2 samples = 6 samples)

c.1. Outline of landfill mining

Municipal solid waste (MSW) dumpsite (landfill) reclamation (also referred to as landfill mining) refers
to the process of excavating previously disposed of materials from a dumpsite/landfill to recover metal,
glass, plastic and other combustibles, soil, and the landfill volume itself. Landfill mining has been
practiced to a limited extent at several locations in the word. As an auxiliary activity of the project,
project-implementing agency seeks the feasibility of dumpsite/landfill mining, aiming to reclaim the
available space, recyclable materials, and soil-like substances for land reclamation or, to be used as cover
soil in the landfill itself.
The primary factors that have motivated landfill operators to consider and implement landfill mining at
their sites are;

a) to address groundwater contamination problems posed by wastes in old unlined landfills by

removing the source of pollution,
b) to create new capacity for future landfilling activities,
c) to reduce closure costs by reducing the footprint of the landfill,

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d) to recover recyclables, particularly metals, for resale, and
e) to recover soil/compost-like material to be used in land reclamation or as cover soil.

The correct identification of composition and quantity of waste dumped in a disposal site is important to
prepare site rehabilitation and a remediation plan, including the potential for resources recovery,
especially recyclable items and usable products such as decayed organic matter. However, soil boring is
not a practical method to examine the dumpsite as the mixed-waste, especially plastic residues, make it
difficult to penetrate. Therefore, pit excavation is often recommended for examining dumpsite wastes.

c.2. Scope of Works

The specific tasks and objectives of the project were as follows:

a) Identify suitable locations to dig test pits for mined-waste sampling.

b) Excavate test pits on the garbage dump with approximate sizes of L= 3.0m, W=3.0 m and D=5.0
m using a crawler excavator.
c) Obtain considerably large mined-waste samples (~ 50 kg) in two profiles; from surface to 2.5 m
depth and from 2.5 m to 5.0 depth.
d) Estimate moisture content of each waste sample.
e) Estimate particle size distribution of air-dried waste samples.
f) Determine composition of air-dried waste sample by separating waste into different categories.

c.3. Methodology Adopted

The exact location of the test pits were identified in order to extract representative samples from the old
dumpsite. The sampling locations are shown in the following map (Figure 2-34).

Figure 2-34: Location of test pits

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c.4. Mining process

The first step of the mining process was to identify suitable locations. As instructed by the Consultant,
three locations were identified on the top of the old dumpsite (Figure 2-34). The scrubs and overgrown
vegetation on each location were carefully removed to expose the ground surface. The area of the
excavation was marked on the ground (3 m x 3 m).
Excavation was done using a crawler excavator. Excavated waste was pilled up adjacent to the pit and a
sample of waste from each 0.5m depth of excavation (the approximate size of the excavator bucket) was
placed on a plastic sheet. The excavation continued until the depth of the pit reached 2.5 m below the
surface. The samples collected on the plastic sheet were thoroughly mixed and a representative sample
was taken for further laboratory analysis. The same procedure was followed to grab the second waste
sample from 2.5 to 5.0 m depth profile of the same pit. All samples were packed in large polythene bags,
labelled, and delivered to the laboratory for further analysis.
As instructed in the Specifications, three pit excavations were conducted from 13/03/2018 to 14/03/2018.
Two waste samples were collected from each excavation.

Table 2-89: Coding and description of mined-waste samples

Code S1N1 S1N2 S2N1 S2N2 S3N1 S3N2

# 1 2 3
Date 13/03/2018 13/03/2018 14/03/2018 14/03/2018 14/03/2018 14/03/2018
Time 11.00 am 2.27 pm 11.10 am 11.45 am 12.26 pm 12.55 pm
GPS 7°30ʺ498ʹN 7°30ʺ498ʹN 7°30ʺ510ʹN 7°30ʺ510ʹN 7°30ʺ483ʹN 7°30ʺ483ʹN
80°21ʺ223ʹE 80°21ʺ223ʹE 80°21ʺ232ʹE 80°21ʺ232ʹE 80°21ʺ228ʹE 80°21ʺ228ʹE
Depth (m) Down to 2.5m Between 2.5 & Down to 2.5m Between 2.5 & Down to 2.5m Between 2.5 &
below surface 5.0 m below surface 5.0 m below surface 5.0 m

Field observation confirmed that flowing or stagnated leachate (water table) was not encountered in any
of the excavations. No large obstacles (tree roots, boulders etc.), distinct soil layers, or bedrock were
found during the excavations.

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Figure 2-35: Mining of dumpsite and waste sampling procedure

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c.5. Sample size received at laboratory

Sample size received at laboratory is shown as below table. The fresh sample size was larger than the

minimum sample size (50 kg) specified in the specifications.

The fresh sample size was larger than the minimum sample size (50 kg) specified in the specifications.

Table 2-90: Sample size received at laboratory

Sample code Bag 1 (kg) Bag 2 (kg) Bag 3 (kg) Total sample size (kg)
S1N1 26.0 21.0 23.5 70.5
S1N2 23.0 22.5 26.0 71.5
S2N1 29.0 36.0 - 65.0
S2N2 28.5 29.0 - 57.5
S3N1 30.5 32.0 - 62.5
S3N2 30.5 30.0 - 60.5

c.6. Moisture content analysis

A sub-sample from each main sample was placed in an oven at 70 °C and dried until it reached a

constant weight to determine the moisture content. Moisture content of the waste samples varied from

147 to 25%, with an average moisture content of 21%.

Table 2-91: Moisture content of mined-waste samples

Sample Weight of Weight of Dried weight Dry weight of Moisture Moisture
empty Container + of waste + waste (g) Content (% db) Content (%
container (g) fresh waste (g) Container (g) wb)
S1N1 248.0 1468.0 1294.0 1046.0 17% 14%
S1N2 540.0 1550.0 1312.0 772.0 31% 24%
S2N1 350.0 1300.0 1120.0 770.0 23% 19%
S2N2 40.0 590.0 484.0 444.0 24% 19%
S3N1 40.0 614.0 488.0 448.0 28% 22%
S3N2 40.0 444.0 342.0 302.0 34% 25%
Average 26% 21%

c.7. Pre-processing of samples

The received samples were air-dried for two weeks to reduce dampness in order to conduct the

composition study. This was practiced to reduce the amount of contaminants adhering to large particles

such as plastic films and textiles.

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Figure 2-36: Air drying, sieving and composition analysis of mined-waste

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c.8. Determination of particle size of mined waste

Particle size of mined-waste materials was determined by dry sieving the samples through a series of

large sieves.

Table 2-92: Determination of particle sizes of mined-waste

Sample > 50 mm (kg) > 25 mm (kg) ˃ 4.0 mm (kg) < 4.0 mm (kg) Cumulative (kg)
S1N1 22.5 8.0 21.0 13.9 65.4
S1N2 22.4 11.0 21.0 10.1 64.5
S2N1 14.0 9.0 22.0 14.3 59.3
S2N2 16.5 7.0 16.0 12.3 51.8
S3N1 13.5 6.0 19.0 18.2 56.7
S3N2 22.5 4.5 14.5 12.9 54.4
Average (kg) 18.6 7.6 18.9 13.6 58.7
Average (%) 32% 13% 32% 23% 100%

Figure 2-37: Particle size and distribution of mined waste

c.9. Mined waste physical composition

Each sample was separated to sieve size fractions (> 50 mm, > 25 mm, > 4.0 mm and < 4.0mm). The

material in each size fraction were separated manually into the following categories and weighed. The

weight of each material in the sample was recorded as follows. Any remaining material (< 4.0 mm)

which could not be manually sorted into any of prescribed categories, was identified as compost-like

substances. Similarly, a large fraction of waste having particle sizes in between 4.0mm and 25.0mm

were also termed as compost-like substances, if further manual sorting is impossible.

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Table 2-93: Mined-waste composition by weight

Categories Weight of waste (kg)
S1N1 S1N2 S2N1 S2N2 S3N1 S3N2
Plastic (Hard) 1.552 1.645 1.050 2.246 0.801 1.669
Plastic (Soft) 9.500 10.750 7.488 8.000 6.949 6.000
Metal 0.105 0.523 0.300 0.216 0.045 0.490
Stones (X > 4.00 mm) 5.846 4.808 3.561 1.953 3.280 9.965
Paper 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.198 0.000 0.000
Textile 2.955 2.091 2.093 1.052 3.188 3.025
Glass and Ceramic 1.069 1.465 0.892 0.835 0.480 0.847
Rubber 1.765 0.613 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Other inert (Organic) 1.541 2.242 1.330 2.390 0.875 2.072
Other inert 3.400 6.084 4.066 4.872 1.630 1.229
Compost like substances (25 mm > X > 4.0 mm) 21.000 21.000 22.000 16.000 19.000 14.500
Compost like substances (< 4.0 mm) 13.911 10.068 14.268 12.270 18.173 12.930
Total 62.644 61.289 57.048 50.032 54.421 52.727
Table 2-94: Mined-waste composition by weight percentages
Categories Weight of waste (%)
S1N1 S1N2 S2N1 S2N2 S3N1 S3N2 Average (%)
Plastic (Hard) 2.5% 2.7% 1.8% 4.5% 1.5% 3.2% 2.7%
Plastic (Soft) 15.2% 17.5% 13.1% 16.0% 12.8% 11.4% 14.3%
Metal 0.2% 0.9% 0.5% 0.4% 0.1% 0.9% 0.5%
Stones (X > 4.00 mm) 9.3% 7.8% 6.2% 3.9% 6.0% 18.9% 8.7%
Paper 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
Textile 4.7% 3.4% 3.7% 2.1% 5.9% 5.7% 4.2%
Glass and Ceramic 1.7% 2.4% 1.6% 1.7% 0.9% 1.6% 1.6%
Rubber 2.8% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6%
Other inert (Organic) 2.5% 3.7% 2.3% 4.8% 1.6% 3.9% 3.1%
Other inert (inorganic) 5.4% 9.9% 7.1% 9.7% 3.0% 2.3% 6.3%
Compost like substances 33.5% 34.3% 38.6% 32.0% 34.9% 27.5% 33.5%
(25 mm > X > 4.0 mm)
Compost like substances (< 4.0 mm) 22.2% 16.4% 25.0% 24.5% 33.4% 24.5% 24.3%

Plastic (Hard)
3% Plastic (Soft)
14%
Compost like substances Metal
(< 4.0 mm) 1%
24%
Stones (X > 4.00 mm)
9%

Paper
0%

Textile
4%

Glass and Ceramic

2%
Rubber
1%

Other inert (Organic)

Compost like substances 3%
(25 mm > X > 4.0 mm)
33%
Other inert (inorganic)
6%

Figure 2-38: Average composition of mined-waste

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The obtained data was further processed to determine the amount of material recovery, especially

amount of plastics, textile, combustibles (plastics + textile), metal and compost size fraction, and shown

in following table.

Table 2-95: Average composition of mined-waste

Fraction (%) by total fresh weight S1N1 S1N2 S2N1 S2N2 S3N1 S3N2 Average (%)
Plastics 17.6% 20.2% 15.0% 20.5% 14.2% 14.5% 17.0 ± 2.9 %
Textile 4.7% 3.4% 3.7% 2.1% 5.9% 5.7% 4.2 ± 1.5 %
Combustibles (plastics + textile) 22.4% 23.6% 18.6% 22.6% 20.1% 20.3% 21.3 ± 1.9 %
Metal 0.2% 0.9% 0.5% 0.4% 0.1% 0.9% 0.5 ± 0.3 %
Compost size fraction ( < 4.00 mm) 22.2% 16.4% 25.0% 24.5% 33.4% 24.5% 24.3± 5.5 %

According to composition analysis and current waste amount at old disposal site, the approximately 7 years
life time is expected to extend with landfill mining.

Table 2-96: Expected life time with landfill mining method

Items Formula unit Qty.
Area of old disposal site (1) m2 40,000
Average height of old disposal site (2) m 5
Waste mount at disposal site (3)=(1)x(2) m3 200,000
Plastic (recyclable waste) (4)=(3)x17.0% m3 34,000
Metal (recyclable waste) (5)=(3)x0.5% m3 10,000
Compost (6)=(3)x24.3% m3 48,600
Volume of plastic, metal and compost (7)=(4)+(5)+(6) m3 92,600
Daily discharge waste amount (2019) (8) ton/day 26.6
Annual discharge waste amount(2019) (9)=(8)x365 ton/year 9,709
Annual discharge waste volume (10)=(9)x1.3 m3/year 12,622
Life time of extended year (11)=(7)/(10) year 7

2.11.2 Improvement Works at Kataragama

(1) Installation of Electric Hanging Fence

Improvement of the existing dumpsite at KPS is underway. As a part of this improvement, an Electric

Hanging Fence was installed at the Pilot Project Site in November 2017. Research into fences to

prevent intrusion by elephants, on-site information gathering and through the recommendation of the

counterparts, only one fence (Sri Lankan made) was found to be suitable for this purpose (difficult for

elephants to destroy and capable of preventing elephant intrusion). Therefore, submission of a proposal

was requested of the candidate by October 16, 2017. The candidate’s proposal was assessed in a

counterpart meeting (held the same day), and it was decided the amount was within the budget and the

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content of the proposal was judged to be appropriate. Hence, a contract with the following candidate was

concluded (also on the same day).

Contractor: Dr. S. Wijeyamohan (individual)

Field work to prepare for this was started the following day, the 17th of October. A detail description of

the field work is included in 2.1.21. A conceptual image of the improvement of the dumpsite is shown in

Fig. 2-23. Full-scale construction of the dumpsite improvement is planned to be started in January 2017.

(2) Construction of the security hut

On December 4, 2017, invitation of bidding was sent to the following three companies who received

introduction from the counterpart organization to estimate the construction of the Security House.

Bidding was opened on December 18th, 2017. Drawings of security hut is attached as Appendix 19

 Multy Engineers
 Sandamali Construction
 NUN Engineering Pvt Ltd

Since NUN Engineering Pvt Ltd submitted the lowest price estimate, contract negotiations were started

immediately and the contract was concluded on 22nd December. Substantial construction began on 26th

December. Construction of the security hut was completed by the end of March 2018.

Figure 2-39:Layout of final disposal site at Katharagama PS

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Construction of the Pillars Construction of Block walls

Completion of the Block Walls Form working of the roof

Completion of the Security hut (25th April) Completion of the security hut (26th April)
Figure 2-40: Control house

(3) The PP in Kataragama PS

Tender documents were distributed to the below companies as recommended by counterparts on 23

January2018 and a site visiting was held on 27January2018. The tender was held on 6th March 2018 and

21st Century Property Development (Pvt) Ltd. was selected as the first company prioritised for

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negotiations.

 21st Century Property Development (Pvt) Ltd

 CCD Construction (Pvt) Ltd

 Rovel Constructions (Pvt) Ltd

After the negotiation, EX Research Institute made contract with 21st Century Property Development

(Pvt) Ltd on 18March, 2018.

Site works were started by 26th March.. After the on-site construction was actually started, there were

issues such as slight differences in contour lines from previous surveys, existence of hard rocks in the

ground that could not be grasped by geological surveys. Amendments to these subject matters were

proposed through meetings attended by experts, designers, contractors, local governments and CEA,

therefore construction has continued since consensus was reached.

Site visit for the Tender on the PP in KPS Site visit for the Tender on the PP in KPS

Earth works at the landfill site, before removal of Earth works at the landfill site, after removal of hard
hard rocks (May 2018) rocks (May 2018)

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The photo after completion of earth works and Completion of the landfill site
leachate pipes were installed (August 2018)
Figure 2-41: Construction of final disposal site at Katharagama PS

By August of 2018, almost all construction works were completed. The results of the PP were as

follows.

Figure 2-42: The image of the improvement of the dumpsite in KPS

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a. Installation of Liner system

- The clay liner requirement with respect to hydraulic conductivity, i.e. 1 × 10-9 m/s, can be
achieved with the addition of 10% of bentonite to the original soil.

- Soil-bentonite mixture with 5% coconut coir fibers by volume is a good measure to control the
shrinkage cracks.

- 0.6 m thick soil + 10% bentonite + coir is determined to be adopted in the Kataragama pilot
project in accordance with technical calculation results.

Bags of the bentonite at a site Compaction for the liner

Coconut coir fibers were mixed with the

Compaction for the liner
bentonite-soil layers

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The bentonite-soil mixed liner was installed in The bentonite-soil mixed liner on the inside slope
the bottom of the landfill site of the landfill site

b. Installation of leachate treatment

The leachate treatment facility was installed under the ReEB waste project. The concept of the leachate

treatment plan is shown as follows:

1. Leachate Pipes - HDPV or HDPE pipes were installed to pump the leachate up to the
Leachate treatment facility. Dimension of the pipes were 60 mm. The pipes were installed
either buried or above ground.

2. The flow rate will be measured with a triangular weir by installing notch tank.

3. Primary Oxidation Tank - Capacity of the tank shall be secured with a 14 days processing
time to allow for the daily leachate generation amount. (11.2 m3/day x 14 days = 156 m3). It
is better to include 12% margin rate; 160×1.12=180m3.

4. The tank shall be separated to 4 sub-tanks - The size of each sub-tank: 10m Length, 2.5m
width and 1.8, depth (Effective water depth) 45m3/tank × 4 tanks = 180m3.

5. Coir-Fiber Biofilm Treatment System (COTS) shall be installed in the oxidation tank -

The tank shall be composed of a concrete wall (t=200mm) and concrete base (t-150).

Bars: D16, Single, pitch is 200 mm.

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Bars: D16, Single, pitch is 200 mm.

Partition wall shall be masonry mortar finished with a wall thickness of 100 mm.

6. Vegetation Purification Process - Vegetation Purification Process shall be designed in

accordance with “Case study on water purification measures” issued by Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport, Japan. According to the Case Study, surface loading rates are
1g/m2/day for T-N and 0.15 g/m2/day for T-P.

7. Instead of installing a structure, it is constructed as a structure that naturally accumulates, and

the treated effluent water from the oxidation tank flows naturally out of it.

c. Installation of leachate collection pipe networks

In order to collect and drain leachate in the landfill cell, a leachate collection pipe networks were

installed. The leachate collection pipe network was composed of (1) Main line pipe, (2) Branch line

pipes and (3) Vertical gas vent pipes.

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Leachate pipe networks Percolated concrete pipes for the trunk line

Trunk line pipe Cross section of the trunk pipe

A percolated pipe for the branch line is connected

Branch line pipe (covered by aggregates)
to the trunk line pipe

Percolated pipes for branch line is covered by

Cross section of the branch line pipe
aggregates

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d. Weigh bridge

In order to improve data management for SWM in KPS, a weigh bridge system (Capacity: 30 tons) was

installed to the compost site. The weigh bridge will be utilized to scale all incoming waste amounts and

outgoing waste amounts from the compost site. The weigh bridge system is composed of a weigh bridge,

management hut, and computers for data calculation and recording. Installation of the weigh bridge was

completed by the end of July, 2018 and operation of the weigh bridge was started from the 1st of August,

2018. An operation manual for the weigh bridge was prepared under ReEB waste project.

Weigh bridge data management

Weigh Bridge System Weight of incoming waste
system
e. Night soil treatment plant

A set of night soil treatment facilities were constructed at the compost site. The Coconut-fiber biofilm

treatment system (COTS), a type of low-cost leachate treatment facility was installed.

The COTS has been introduced in Sri Lanka to treat collected sewage and leachate from a solid waste

landfill. The COTS utilizes coconut-fiber as a biofilm support and is a kind of stabilization pond system.

Besides, the COTS uses no mechanical devices or electricity, and so requires very little maintenance.

The COTS facilities have been operating at Balangoda Urban Council (UC) and at Kuliyapitiya UC

since 2009 and at Tangalle UC since 2012 for sewage treatment. On the other hand, at Nuwara Eliya

Municipal Council (MC) site, the COTS has been operating since 2004 for treating the leachate from a

solid waste landfill.

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Figure 2-43: General process flow of the COTS system

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Night soil treatment plant

Percolated pipe for the sludge drying bed
(August, 2018)

Sludge drying bed

The COTS is installed
(August, 2018)
As build drawings of landfill site compost plant are attached as Appendix 20.

f. Opening ceremony

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The opening ceremony of the rehabilitated disposal site and compost plant was held on 17 September

2018. The number of participants was approximately 200 people from Uva province, KPS,CEA,

NSWMSC and citizens. The list of main guests is shown as below table.

Table 2-97: The list of main guests for opening ceremony

No. Name & title
1. Hon. Parliament member Monaragala district Mr.Vijitha Berugoda
2. Representative from the JICA. Ms. NEGISHI
3. Deputy director General (Solid Waste). CEA Mr. Upali Indrarathna Director (Solid Waste).
4. CEA Mrs. Sarojinee Jayasekara Director
5. National Solid Waste Management Support Center. Mr. Madawalagama
6. JICA volunteer Mr. INOUE SHINYA
7. Dr. Najeed Priyankara. University of Ruhuna.
8. Mr. Channa Ruberu. Chairman. 21st Centuries construction company.
9. Mr. Mangala Vijenayake Commissioner of local government.
10. Mr. D.M. Dissanayake. Assistant commissioner of local government.
11. Mr. Nandasiri. District Secretary. Katharagama.
12. Mr. Najeem. Provincial Director. Central Environmental Authority.
13. Mr. Rukshan. Assistant Director. Central Environmental Authority.
14. Mr. Nalin. Director. Pura Naguma project.
15. Mr. Nandasiri Nikawaththa. Hon. Chaiman. Buththala Pradeshiya Sabha
16. Mr. R. D. Haramanis. Hon. Chaiman. Wellawaya Pradeshiya Sabha
17. Mr. Ranjan Silva. Hon. Chaiman. Bibila Pradeshiya Sabha

Weigh bridge Night soil treatment facility Separation of waste at compost

plant

Unveiling event of signboard Inspection of waste discharge Inspection of waste discharge

area area

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Discharging of residue waste Ceremony participants Speech of JICA representative

2.12 C.2: Safety Management during Construction Phase for PP Implementation

2.12.1 Kurunegala MC

All staff and workers at the construction site are familiarized with the safety measures, such as putting on

long rubber boots, helmet, safety jacket and so on at regular meeting. And the excavated pit should be

strictly protected during construction to avoid anyone falling in.

2.12.2 Kataragama PS

(1) Circumstances of installation of electric fence

Countermeasures to protect the site from wild elephants’ invasion and to prevent their feeding on

disposed waste should be considered before starting the PP in KPS.

A. In KPS, some wild elephants have scavenged waste at the dumpsite because they eat kitchen

waste.

B. The wild elephants invading the dumpsite are not necessarily of a calm disposition

(temperament), and may be a threat to the dumpsite work as they threaten humans or sometimes

chase people to protect what they perceive as their own territory. Also, facilities and embankment,

etc. installed as part of dumpsite improvements are likely to be trodden on or destroyed by the

elephants.

C. Since elephants should not eat human leftovers – and because they may also unintentionally eat

plastic bags in the process – it is necessary to segregate the dumpsite from the elephants’ habitat to

protect the elephants.

In Sri Lanka, a method of installing an electric fence as a measure to prevent invasion of elephants onto

national roads and so on is generally established in areas such as national parks. Conventional electric

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fences, however, have proven unsuitable for such uses as intelligent elephants can easily mitigate their

usefulness such as by laying logs on the wires. Therefore, the Project needed to find an electric fence

able to successfully keep out elephants.

After researching this matter in the field and gaining the recommendation of the counterparts, it was

found that only one vendor in Sri Lanka makes a fence – a hanging-type fence with a successful track

record of excluding elephants.

Table 2-98: Comparative of types of electric fence

Type
Hanging Fence Conventional electric fence
Item
i The structure of the fence is a series Since the structure of conventional electric
of inverted L-shaped support posts fences is electric wires stretched horizontally
with electric wires hanging from between a series of posts, it is prone to being
these posts. This design overcomes damaged or destroyed by elephants as they
can use their trunks to lay (large) logs on the
conventional issues with elephant
wires, or step (stomp) on and break the posts.
behaviour and intelligence, mitigating
damage by wild elephants.
Uprooted

Technical
features

ii After establishing this type of fence at

the Hambantota disposal site, the Many existing electric fences are of this
fence has a track record of keeping design, and as such have been destroyed by
out elephants from the site. elephants, and are therefore not effective at
iii This fence has also proven effective keeping out elephants.
at keeping out elephants from the
compost facility of Kataragama since
its construction..
As a result of comparative consideration, it was decided that the hanging type electric fence had a proven

track record and it was judged to be suitable for the project site, and the procedures for the local

re-contracting were taken and completed. It was decided that the local sub-contractor would be Dr. S.

Wijeyamohan, who is the inventor of this hanging-type electric fence and who was formerly a researcher

at the Elephant Conservation Center, and who is also familiar with the behaviour and nature of elephants.

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General description of the electric fence is shown below.

a Aluminum pole and stainless steel wire

b High-voltage pulse generator, manufactured by Speedlite (of New Zealand, generated voltage
approx. 9,000 Volts
c 12 V battery powered with solar powered charger
d Length of contracted fence: 544 m Contract amount: 1,112,800.00 LKR (801,305 JPY) unit
price per 1 m approximately 2,046 LKR (1,473 JPY)
Horizontal Wires
PVC pipe (Insulation)

Post
H=13ft (4m)
Hanging wires
L=10ft=3.0m @1.0m

Horizontal Wire
PVC T Connector
(Insulation) GL + 1.0 m

GL
Basement Concrete (1ft x 1ft x 2ft)
Setting Depth
2ft (60cm) Reinforcing bars

1ft (30cm)

Figure 2-44: Standard structure of the hanging fence

High Voltage Pulse

Solar Panel Generator

9,000V charged
Electric Fence

Earthling
12V Battery
Figure 2-45: Electric diagram of the hanging fence

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The standard structure is as shown in the figure. It is suitable for installation in developing countries

because it is easy to manually construct and has a simple structure. In addition, PVC pipes are used for

the contact part of the electric wires, which is a substitute for porcelain insulator, which is an idea in

consideration of simplification of the structure, simple construction, and availability of materials.

Regarding the electric part, it is the same structure as the electric fence adopted for dairy farmers and

measures against bears, wild boars, and deer in Japan. The high voltage generating part is a pulse

generating type, only giving electric shock to animals, only current that will not cause death is allowed to

flow, and even if a human erroneously touches it, there is no danger to life. Also, a battery that can be

charged by a solar panel is a power supply, and it can operate even in places where commercial power

cannot be secured. A voltage of about 9,000 V is charged in the electric fence.

(2) Construction works of the electric fence

It took nine days to conclude the preparatory work to install the fence. KPS prepared heavy machinery

owned by KPS to prepare for fence installation and clearance of the site. The preparation work took three

days. The initial installation plan was three days, but since the construction period was in the rainy

season there were also interruptions due to rain and interruptions for safety assurance during the

appearance of wild elephants on the site. Therefore, the installation took a total of six days. The assembly

of the posts and fence, wiring of electric wires, and so on can all be undertaken manually. Therefore this

conforms with the general recommendation for such donor projects in developing countries that

general-purpose materials that do not require any special tools or equipment for installation or operation

is appropriate.

The outline of the construction is as follows.

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Table 2-99: Procedure of installation of electric fence

Date Description
Oct-17, 2017 Preparation, clearance/logging in the site
Oct-18 Preparation, clearance/logging in the site
Oct-19 Preparation, clearance/logging in the site, preliminary survey, material loading
Nov-4 Installing (ramming in) the posts, wiring of the outside fence wires, turning on the
current (of outside fence)
Nov-5 Installing (ramming in) the posts, wiring of the inside fence wires
Nov-6 Wiring, installation of solar panel, installation of electric power box
Nov-7 Wiring
Nov-8 Material loading
Nov-9 Finishing, checking, completion of the construction works
Nov-10 Instruction to KPS officers/workers

The site view after completion The site view after completion

The solar panel and the power box

(3) Results of the works of electric fence

Before the installation of the electric fence, the dumpsite was a feeding place for wild elephants, and

some groups of several elephants appeared daily, but after installation of the electric fence these

elephants ceased to come inside the fenced area. Even with observation using fixed-point monitor

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cameras set up by the subcontractor, no elephants were observed trying to enter the fenced area.

Therefore, it could be confirmed that the fence is effective at preventing invasion by elephants.

Moreover, as elephants were also frequently observed around the site, there is also sufficient evidence to

support the need for such a fence.

Observation and monitoring of the fence was continued, and it was confirmed that both the operation of

the fence and the charging of the battery have continued to work properly.

Before installation of the electric fence: Before installation of the electric fence:
elephants scavenging in the dumpsite elephants appearing during the construction works

After installation of the electric fence:

After installation of the electric fence:
Elephants no longer trying to enter the fenced area.
same as left (monitoring camera image)
(monitoring camera image)

(4) Safety management during the PP

After the starting of PP works from the 26th of March, safety management was conducted by the local
consultant and experts. Activities below were conducted as the safety management.
 Review of construction plans on the PP

 Patrol activities by the experts

 Providing safety advice during site visit

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Although unsafe activity at the PP sites was not actually observed, based on a preventative approach, to
prevent occupational accidents such as dropping/falls the following safety procedures were advised to
contractors and stakeholders. In addition, the operation status of the electric fence was monitored and
instructions to the KPS to grass reaping etc. leading to insulation decline of the electric fence (causing
shortages, decreased effectiveness), thus, the electric fence maintained functional and effective.

2.13 C.3: Public Awareness Regarding 3Rs Promotion

2.13.1 Ratnapura MC

(1) Questionnaire survey

Questionnaire survey for households and commercial areas was conducted in October 2017. The survey
areas were same as those for the waste amount and composition survey. The purpose of the
questionnaire survey is shown below.
Table 2-100: Purpose of questionnaire survey in RMC
 To know about public knowledge and practice of waste separation, ways of self-disposal and
number of households doing self-disposal, and ways of discharge.
 To know about public behaviour on recyclable items if they use RMC services or they sell them
to private recyclable collectors.
 To understand satisfaction level of municipal council’s solid waste management service.
 To know about public awareness programmes
 To understand public knowledge on solid waste management policy in Sri Lanka and 3Rs.
 To know about number of households and population from the questions regarding number of
family members per households for the purpose of estimating per person’s waste discharge
amount in composition survey.
The survey method used was determined from an efficiency perspective, and because of the inclusion of
questions regarding evaluation or satisfaction of RMC’s services. Respondents either directly ticked
multi-choice boxes or wrote down their own responses to questions, after getting an instruction from
RMC staffs, and RMC then collected the responses the following day. Questionnaire survey for
households was conducted on Sunday. The following shows the respondents information and some
representative results.

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Table 2-101: Respondents information of questionnaire survey in RMC

Household Commercials
Day of visit to 22 October 2017, Sunday 23 October 2017, Monday
instruct
No. of household Total No. of households: 252 Total No. of commercials: 165
and commercials Area 1 (Batugedara)：100 HH Basically the shops are: small textile,
Area 2 Town：12 HH food, grocery and book shops.
Area 3 (Kospalawinna)： 60 HH
Area 4 (Muwagama) ：80 HH
No. of respondent Total No. of households: 200 Total No. of commercials: 143
household and Area 1 (Batugedara): 56 HH
commercial Area 2 Town: 0 HH
Area 3 (Kospalawinna): 48 HH
Area 4 (Muwagama) : 96 HH
Age 50.46±12.44
Gender Female 44%, Male: 56%
No. of family 4.17±1.42
members on
average

b.No b.No
18% 10%

a.Yes a.Yes
82% 90%

Figure 2-46: Are you separating wastes? (Left: 200 HHs, Right 143 Commercials)
d.Other d.Other
2% 1%

a.Waste a.Waste
c.Poly sack bag
container c.Poly sack bag container
21%
28% 29% 33%

b.Shopping bag
49% b.Shopping bag
37%

Figure 2-47: How do you discharge wastes? (Left: 200 HHs, Right 143 Commercials)

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c.No, not using RMC

b.Yes, also c.No, not using
service 7%
other services RMC service
3% 2%
b.Yes, also
other services
2%

a.Yes, only RMC service a.Yes, only RMC service

91% 95%

Figure 2-48: Collection service of recyclable items (Left: 200 HHs, Right 143 Commercials)

c.Not satisfied c.Not satisfied

4% 7%

a.Very satisfied.
a.Very satisfied. 29%
37%

b.Somewhat satisfied. b.Somewhat satisfied.

59% 64%

Figure 2-49: Satisfaction level of SWM service in RMC (Left: 200 HHs, Right 143
Commercials)

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(2) Waste amount and composition survey (WACS)

Overview of WACS is highlighted in the following table.

Table 2-102: Overview of WACS

Date 28 October 2017, Saturday ～ 5 November 2017, Sunday
9 days in total due to WACS areas consisting night time collection
Place Kanadola site (combination of compost, MRF and dump site)
Purpose  To know about separation percentage of biodegradable wastes and
non-biodegradable wastes before starting PP.
 To know about collection amount in each composition survey area
 To know about waste composition by type of waste in each composition survey
area
Composition [Household area] Each of PHI1, 3, and 4 area has a composition survey area. Each
survey area area has approximately 60～100 HH.
[Commercials] Approximately there are 200 shops, which have night collection
services in the city centre.
Type of 2 waste types, biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
wastes
Basic  Households discharge designated type of wastes in designated dates as usual
principle without getting special announcement for the survey.
 WACS samples at the site are identified by checking vehicle (three-wheeler)
number and an interview to driver about collection areas.
 All WACS samples from three (3) residential areas are gauged basically.
Regarding the wastes from commercial areas on the other hand, at least 500 L
wastes are sampled by a consultant expert after measurement of capacities (m3)
of collection vehicles (trailer or loading platform) and fill factor (%).
 Wastes collected during night shift are sampled at night and analysis starts from
following morning.
Collection [Household area] Three wheelers are specially arranged for three composition survey
method areas, and drivers are instructed to collect wastes only from the specific areas.
[Commercials] Normal night time collection is conducted on a daily basis for
biodegradable wastes (mixed waste), but collection points are observed and recorded
by consultant to know about the number of dischargers.

Collection amount per week is shown in the table below. Waste discharge amount per household is

estimated as 1.57 kg/ households/ day10, and those amount per commercial shop is estimated as 6.72 kg/
10F9F

shop/ day.

10
From questionnaire survey described in (1), average number of family members per household is 4.17. Therefore,
per capita discharge amount of waste is calculated as 0.38 kg/day.

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Table 2-103: Discharge amount of wastes for WACS in RMC (29 Oct. – 4 Nov. 2017)
Area1 Area2 Area3 Area4 Sum (kg) Sum (%)
No. of household 99 0 54 72
No.of shop 0 248 0 0
1.Kitchen waste 340.55 5852.66 328.52 422.64 6944.36 49.38
2.Grass & wood 29.72 976.37 26.83 25.52 1058.44 7.53
3.Paper 109.40 2107.90 39.25 57.11 2313.67 16.45
4.Textile 35.83 203.08 6.54 10.96 256.42 1.82
5.Soft plastic 118.56 1390.61 43.62 52.43 1605.23 11.41
6.Hard plastic 15.51 85.81 16.43 36.05 153.79 1.09
7.Metal 11.19 89.85 21.08 27.41 149.53 1.06
8.Glass 115.65 172.65 69.65 33.92 391.87 2.79
9.Leather & Rubber 2.57 5.30 5.87 20.53 34.27 0.24
10.Ceramic & stone 11.93 17.56 4.68 20.70 54.88 0.39
11.Other 131.15 770.07 115.60 84.37 1101.18 7.83
Sum 922.06 11671.87 678.08 791.63 14063.64 100.00

Result of waste composition is described in the following pie chart. Biodegradable waste (kitchen wastes

and garden wastes) consists of 57 %, followed by 17 % paper, 11% soft plastic and 3 % glass.

0%
1% 0% 8%
1.Kitchen waste
1% 3%
2.Grass & wood
3.Paper
4.Textile
11%
5.Soft plastic
49% 6.Hard plastic
2%
7.Metal
8.Glass
9.Leather & Rubber
17%
10.Ceramic & stone
11.Other

8%

Figure 2-50: Result of WACS in RMC (1)

RMC practices two separation categories: biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The following

two pie charts show waste compositions of collected biodegradable wastes from households (right) and

commercials (left).

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Composition of biodegradable waste from Composition of biodegradable waste from

household in PP area (Sum of Area 1,3,4) commercial area in PP area (Area 2)
0%
1% 0%
1.Kitchen waste 1% 1.Kitchen waste
1% 6%
2%
13% 2.Grass & wood 2.Grass & wood
1%
3.Paper 3.Paper
1% 11%
1% 4% 4.Textile 4.Textile
2%
5.Soft plastic 5.Soft plastic
6.Hard plastic 6.Hard plastic
9% 52%
54% 7.Metal 17% 7.Metal
8.Glass 8.Glass
2%
9% 9.Leather & Rubber 9.Leather & Rubber
10.Ceramic & stone 9% 10.Ceramic & stone
4%
11.Other 11.Other

Figure 2-51: Result of WACS (2)

(3) Establishment of monitoring system of receiving amount, amount for intermediate treatment,

dumping amount at Kanadola

Kanadola site in Ratnapura MC has a dump site, composting facility and MRF for recyclable items. The

site had recorded the number of collection vehicles from RMC but had not recorded the number of

private vehicles carrying in waste, the number of loads from other local authorities and night collection

vehicles. Also receiving amount and dumping amount were not estimated. To establish monitoring

method to find out about such essential waste amounts, the following survey was conducted for a week

from 28 Oct. 2017.

 Measurement of capacity of all collection vehicles that transport wastes

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 Measurement of bulk density by type of waste

 Measurement of fill factor (%) and training for site staffs for its measurement

Below table shows the result of capacities of collection vehicles and bulk density by type of wastes.

Although a compactor was under repair during the survey period, the capacity has been measured and it

has been already used at the end of December 2017.

Table 2-104: Capacity of waste collection vehicle and bulk density by waste type in RMC
Collection vehicle Waste
Type of vehicle Capacity (m3) Type of waste Bulk density (kg/L)
Tractor (Daytime) 5.01 Mixed waste 0.29
Tractor (Night time) 5.30 Recyclable waste 0.18
Three wheeler 2.04 Biodegradable waste 0.51
Crew cab 2.32 Mixed waste from general hospital 0.49
Compactor Fish waste and chicken waste 0.51
Tractor (Nivitigara PS) 4.82 Other 0.32
Private (Other than three 6.59
wheeler)

During the survey, bumpy surface was measured by a scale, and fill factor (%) by collection vehicle

were recorded. Fill factor (%) was also measured visually by trained staff, so they can continue to

measure and record it. However, there is no staff who can observe fill factors of night collection vehicles

during the night. Therefore, a week-long survey of the average fill factor of night shift vehicles (6 tractor

loads per day) was conducted. The result of which was 78.03 %.

Figure 2-52: Measurement of fill factor

(4) Development of leaflet

At the start of implementation of new separation categories, a leaflet was made. Five new separation

categories were introduced by following a Sri Lanka-wide unified rule, and Ratnapupra MC added

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‘other’ categories to minimise unnecessary site separations. The category of ‘other’ waste are directly

dumped into the dump site. Also, the leaflet included information on 3Rs since the abovementioned

questionnaire survey showed that many of the public don’t know ‘what is 3Rs’. Basic principles for the

creation of a leaflet and a completed leaflet is shown below.

Basic Principle
 Draw simply with the use of pictures and photos as much as possible, for anyone to understand
easily
 Prepare both in Sinhalese and Tamil languages
 Explain separation categories, and use island-wide-unified colour codes prescribed in the
guideline.
 Explain the way of discharge, e.g. necessity of cleanliness, or dry condition, separation bins for
biodegradable wastes and poly sack for recyclable wastes.
 Make space for descriptions of each wastes’ collection date.
 Write down ‘Organization’ which is Ratnapura MC and ‘Inquiry’ which is phone number of
health department of Ratnapura MC.
 Provide information on the 3Rs

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Figure 2-53: Front and back pages of the leaflet of Ratnapura MC

Figure 2-54: Main contents page of the leaflet of Ratnapura MC

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(5) Procurement

Table below shows procured items.

Table 2-105: Procured equipment and machinery

Separation bin Poly sack bag Compost bin Three wheeler
Size: 50cm x 70cm, Height: 1090mm, Body weight: 415kg
Colour: Orange for Diameter: 435mm, Maximum load capacity:
plastic, Blue for Weight: 6.5kg, 560kg,
Specifi
Capacity: 20L, paper, and Red & Thickness:3.5mm, Fuel efficiency:
cation/
Colour: Green, Brown for glass & Material: LLDPE11, 36+/-4km/L,
Requir
1F10F

Condition: Covered metal & coconut No. of holes: 300, Colour: Green,
ed
container and shells, Volume: 160L, Maximum power output:
conditi
well-fitting lid Print: Organisation Condition: Durable 8bhp,
on
and type of wastes in Rated speed: 3,600 rpm,
Sinhalese, Tamil and Maximum speed:
English. 50km/h

Photo

Note: Red & Brown

Progress of procurement is shown in the table below. Purchased three wheeler, for the purpose to expand

waste collection of inaccessible areas, has been handed over to Ratnapura MC on 8 December 2017 and

plans to be used after installation of a frame on the back.

Table 2-106: Summary of procurement, plan included in RMC

Unit price Total price
Tools and equipment Quantity Suppliers
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Separation bin (20L, Green) 3,000 302.50 907,500 Phoenix
Polysack bag (Orange) 3,000 26.18
LN Polysacks (Pvt)
Poly sack bag (Blue) 3,000 26.18 286,379.2412
Ltd
12F1F

Poly sack bag (Red, Brown) 3,000 27.60

Home compost barrel (160L, Green) 250 4,350 1,087,500 Wayamba Polymers
Associated
Three wheeler (Piaggio, Green) 1 540,000 540,000
Motorways Limited
Leaflet 3,000 9.2 27,600 Image Maker
Notice board 35 Image Maker

11
Linear Low Density Polyethylene
12
In addition to NBT2% and VAT15%, this price included Rs.5,000 as a transportation fee

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(6) RMC staff training

Continuous training for SWM staffs is a key to success of the project. Due to dengue epidemic that had

more than 11,000 patients in 2017 in Ratnapura, all the staff working in the health department of RMC

were preoccupied with response to dengue programmes and cannot handle the works or have training on

solid waste management. To proceed with Ratnapura Action Plan as well as to start awareness

programmes in the pilot project, trainings were conducted. Ratnapura MC plans to conduct continual

trainings with available resources.

Table 2-107: Record and plan of training programme

Date and Time Training programme Trainer Participant
20 November 2017, Introduction of Shibushi city Mr. Masafumi MOH, CPHI,
Monday, 14:00～16:00 model Tomenaka, Shibushi PHI, Supervisor
city, Japan
8 December 2017, Training on public Officer, Communication Supervisor or
Friday communication department, RMC
22 December 2017, Waste flow, contents of the Dr. Gamini (MOH), Supervisor
Friday, 9:00～10:30 programme, project target, new Ratnapura MC
separation category with leaflet,
awareness programme and
awareness record
22 December 2017, Introduction of SWM Ms. Nayana, Project Supervisor
Friday, 10:30～13:30 coordinator (local
consultant),
26 March 2018, Training on compost including Ms. Nayana, Project Midwives
Monday 1. Basic information of home Coordinator (local
compost and 2. Monitoring consultant), Ms. Yuriko
form and monitoring method Honda, JOCV
26 March 2018, Training on compost including Agriculture department, Supervisor
Monday 1. Basic information of home Agriculture Instructor
compost and 2. Monitoring
form and monitoring method
27 March 2018, 1. Three (3) stages of SWM, 2. Ms. Nayana, Project Labour working
Tuesday 7.00 am– 9.00 Current situation of RMC, 3. Coordinator (local for Kanadola that
am Action Plan of RMC, 4. consultant), Ms. Yuriko has
Important role of workers in Honda, JOCV dump site,
SWM compost yard and
MRF
28 March 2018, 1. Three (3) stages of SWM, 2. Ms. Nayana, Project Supervisor
Wednesday 9.00 am – Current situation of RMC, 3. Coordinator (local
12.00 pm Action Plan of RMC, 4. consultant), Ms. Yuriko
Important role of workers in Honda, JOCV
SWM
28-29 March 2018, 1. Three (3) stages of SWM, 2. Ms. Nayana, Project Labourers
Tuesday and Current situation of RMC, 3. Coordinator (local working as waste
Wednesday 7.00 am – Action Plan of RMC, 4. consultant), Ms. Yuriko collectors and
8.30 am, evening time Important role of workers in Honda, JOCV drivers
for night shift collectors SWM
and drivers

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Training done by project coordinator (22 December)

Training on home compost monitoring done by Training done by project coordinator and JOCV
Agriculture Instructor (26 March) (27-29 March)

Training done by project coordinator and JOCV (27-29 March)

Training done by project coordinator and JOCV (27-29 March)

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(7) Public awareness programmes

The below table shows the plan of awareness programme for the project.

Table 2-108: Plan of awareness programme

Method Main player Object group Activity Record
Door to Supervisors All  Explanation and  Checklist consists of the
door visit households provision of the contents if supervisors
in PP areas leaflet 1) explained the leaflet,
 Simple questionnaire 2) announced date, time
and its record in and venue of
accordance with the community meeting, as
checklist (described well as understood
in “Record” on right). possibility of their
 Simple questionnaire attendance, 3)
on home compost for understood regarding
only suitable public’s collection
household to make service usage of
the home compost biodegradable wastes
provision list.  Questionnaire on home
compost to evaluate
eligibility.
 Record of questions,
comments and
complaints about SWM
by members of the
public.
Communit PHIs All  Further explanation  Attendance of the
y meeting households of the leaflet. meeting
and in PP areas  Feedback from  Name list, who received
distributio questions, comments bins and three colour set
n of and complaints of poly sacks
necessary regarding new
equipment separation or SWM
in general from the
same area of door to
door visit.
 Announcement of
collection day.
 Provision of
separation bin and
poly sack bags
Communit PHI, Total 250  Explanation of way  Attendance of the
y meeting Agriculture households to use home compost meeting
Instructor in PP areas, barrel  Name list, who received
(AI), ReEB who are  Provision of home home compost bin
Waste willing to compost bin
Project compost at
home
SWM Commission RMC staff,  1) Introduction of the  Attendance of the
Awarenes er of RMC, school project and the pilot meeting
s Event MOH, PHIs, children aged project, 2) Action  Comments sheet

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Method Main player Object group Activity Record

Supervisors, 15-16 Plan, 3) Hand over of
CEA, ReEB equipment provided
Waste by the project, 4)
Project Awareness activity,
5) Award ceremony
of logo and slogan
competition
 Explanation of new
separation categories
including group work
(mainly contents of
the leaflet)
Workshop Commission 1) Hotel and  Introduction of ReEB  Attendance of the
for er of RMC, restaurants, 2) Waste Project meeting
commerci MOH, PHIs, Textile shops,  Action Plan of RMC
al/business ReEB Waste and 3)  Progress of the PP in
people Project Grocery shop household area of
RMC
 Waste separation
category and waste
discharge method
 Collection method and
time of collection
Four (4) PHIs and all supervisors cooperated, starting door to door explanation as well as a community

meeting and distribution of necessary equipment from one (1) PP area out of four (4) PP areas. These

combination programmes have started since 28 December 2017. Normally 6-8 teams were available,

each of which consisted two to three supervisors, visiting 20-30 houses per team per day, and explaining

the aforementioned leaflet. At the same time, date, time and venue of community meetings were

announced for the residents to receive separation bins and polysack bags in three colours. Four (4) PHIs

conducted community meetings in 3-4 different places at the same time, they explained the leaflet again

regarding waste separation and collection days for each type of waste. By conducting the awareness plan

this way, each PP area was ready to start collection of new waste separation category after receiving

necessary tools.

The following table summarises completed dates of door to door explanation and community meeting by PP

area, and started periods of collection of 5 separation categories at a waste generation level. As for 16 March

2018, 2291 households have received separation bins and 2440 households have received polysack bags in

three colours. Since RMC has already allocated budgets for necessary equipment to expand 5 waste separation

categories in the latter half of 2018, the next program can be planned based on the experience.

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Table 2-109: Door to door explanation and community meeting to launch new waste
separation (From December 2017 to February 2018)
Awareness Programme for Public December January February
Contents Area 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Door to Door Explanation

AREA1 Area 1 Start Collection of New Separation Categories
Community Meeting
Door to Door Explanation
AREA2 Area 2
Community Meeting
Door to Door Explanation
AREA3 Area 3
Community Meeting
Door to Door Explanation
AREA4 Area 4
Community Meeting

Orientation before starting door to door visit for

RMC supervisor including ways for explanation of Explanation of the leaflet by door to door visit
the leaflet

Explanation of program in a community meeting by Distribution of necessary equipment by PHI and

PHI supervisors

Workshop for restaurant and hotel managers Explanation regarding way of discharge by PHI

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(8) SWM Awareness Event

The SWM awareness event was conducted on 20th February 2018. The program includes introduction

of a PP in RMC, new waste separation category (5 categories), handover of a three-wheeler and

necessary equipment for the project, and certification ceremony of logo & slogan contest. An agenda and

contents of the event are shown in the following table. In total 166 participants joined the event, which

consisted of 28 from a health department RMC, 26 from a divisional secretary office, 91 Grade8-13

students, 14 teachers and some others.

Table 2-110：Agenda and contents of SWM awareness event in RMC

Agenda Presenter Contents
1. Welcome and Mr.  Highlighted following SWM issues in RMC
opening A.S.J.Godallawatta  Fire and smoke occurred early February 2018
remark Commissioner,  Public awareness in waste separation
RMC  Explained the environmental pollution from dumpsite
 Described challenges faced for city cleanliness i.e. dog
problem, drainage cleaning
2. Current Mr.  The way to manage our household generated waste
situation of K.G.P.N.Kiriella,  Environmental pollution from dumpsites
SWM in Sri Provincial Director  Effects of inappropriate dumping
Lanka (Sambaragamuwa),  3Rs concept
CEA office  Amount of waste generated by a person per day
 Percentage of degradable to non-degradable waste
generated from a household
3. Current Dr. N.B.Gamini,  Current situation of health section in RMC and service
situation of MOH, RMC provided
SWM in  Proposed/Upcoming project in RMC
Ratnapura MC  Completed project in Kanadola
 Donated buildings, projects from different organizations
 Night soil treatment plant
 Issues occurred with the fire in Kanadola – health,
manpower used and cost spent to control the situation
 Composition of generated waste in Ratnapura
 Importance of educating students with regards to waste
separation
 Explanation of how RMC health section is doing their best
to manage the waste generated
4. Plan and Ms. Chiharu Iida,  Creation of a 5-year Action Plan of RMC and explanation
progress of a JICA ReEB Waste of numerical target at the end of the 5-year PP
pilot project Project  WACS conducted in 2017 and the result
 Preparation to start new waste separation categories,
such as procurement, making the leaflet, training, door to
door explanation, community meeting and distribution of
equipment.
 Progress of new waste separation practice at a generation
level
5. Handover Ms. Rie Tomita,  Handover of a key to a three-wheeler, separation bin,
ceremony Representative, polysack bag and compost barrel from JICA to a

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Agenda Presenter Contents

JICA Sri Lanka commissioner of RMC
Office
6. SWM Mr. Pathirana, PHI,  Leaflet made by RMC and 3Rs concept
Technical Health department,  Video – how environment especially flora and fauna is
System in Ratnapura MC affected by pollution.
Ratnapura MC  Earnings for RMC by selling separated wastes
 Amount of wastes separated at Kanadola
 Ways to use waste as resources
 Current situation in Kanadola site
7. Provision of  Certification ceremony of Logo & Slogan contest
certification conducted in September to November 2017.
8. Waste PHIs, Supervisor  Introduction of activities conducted at Kanadola by PHI
separation (which is in charge of the site)
work in  Waste separation group work in accordance with the
Kanadola leaflet under supervision of PHIs and supervisors.

Presentation regarding SWM situation in Sri Lanka

Handover of equipment from JICA to RMC
by Mr.Kiriella (CEA)

Provision of certification for Logo & Slogan contest Explanation regarding function of Kanadola by PHI

Evaluation of the event from other than students is shown below.

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Table 2-111: Evaluation of SWM awareness event in RMC

[Suggestion on the event]
 Get support from the media to increase awareness
 Evaluate the households who are doing proper waste separation
 Continue this kind of event in future too
 Give this knowledge to students, government officers and public.
 Conduct awareness programs for private sector, hotel owners, bus stand related officers and private
tuition class teachers.
 Give this knowledge to women’s associations (female societies).
 Conduct this program under the government sector and volunteer organizations too.
 Increase the number of participants (students) from schools (2).
[Opinion/Request in regards to SWM]
 Give waste separation bins to every institute.
 Arrange a general discharging place for each and every division.
 It’s better to collect waste 5.30pm onwards from households. Then RMC can find the responsible
person to notify, if there is any problem with the waste separation (most of the people will be
available in houses after 5.30pm).
 Conduct awareness for rural areas
 Frequent inspection of road sides
 Take legal actions (fines) against the public and institutes those who are not doing the proper waste
separation (2).
 Need a proper collection system for degradable waste in commercial areas and from temples.
 Install CCTV in problematic areas.
[Next topic request if any]
 E-waste management and need to know what will happened to collected e-waste (2)
 Identified problems when conducting a project like this and how to avoid them
 Important to share ideas from a farm family who has succeeded using compost.
 How to do the recycling within the household?
 How to do the waste separation practically, in schools?
 How to do the composting in schools?
[Other comments]
 Need to improve waste separation in schools according to this method.
 Need to conduct a practical session in each and every school.

(9) Distribution of home compost barrels and decision of monitoring plan for home compost

One of objectives of the project is to reduce waste discharge amount, so that RMC wants to increase
percentage of home compost from a current rate of 6% to 10%. RMC identified 250 households in four (4) PP
areas and distributed 250 compost barrels, to those who are willing to compost at home with sufficient space,
and/or households for whom it is difficult to receive waste collection service due to inaccessibility of
collection vehicles.

Table 2-112: Distribution of Home compost barrel

Area Area1 Area2 Area3 Area4
Name of PP area Batugedara Town Kospalawinna Muwagama
No. of distribution 48 32 90 80

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Following information was given by Agriculture Instructor (AI) to households who received home compost
barrels.

Table 2-113: Information given to households who received home compost

Items Information
 It is better to install away from a kitchen to avoid bad smell and insects.
Installation place
 Shaded area is better to avoid rain
 Make layers of food waste: dry leaves = 3: 2 in volume.
Layout of wastes
 Add animal manure if it’s available.
 It is better to make it small
Size of the waste
 Chopping or cutting of food waste or dry leaves are not needed.
 Large amount of coconuts powder may cause bad smell from coconuts oil. Oil
Bad smell also damages microorganism.
 Initially it smells, so try to avoid close to a kitchen. *Check ‘Installation place’.
 Always close a lid not to attract fly.
 Sufficient temperature* is a key to avoid insects. *In case it does not have
Insect
enough temperature, check ‘Layout’ and ‘Moisture level’. Also, check if halls are
open to get aeration.
 Use a stick to check moisture level. If the stick is wet when going down to the
Moisture level bottom, it is fine because water is going out from the barrel anyway. If the stick is
dry, water has to be added. *Check ‘Installation place’.
 Since decomposition is helped by soil microorganism, decomposition speed is
Demarcation with higher in using a Jeewakott than a compost barrel.
Jeewakottu  Recommend to use a Jeewakott for dry leaves mainly, and a compost barrel for
kitchen waste and dry leaves*. *Refer to ‘Layout’
 Convey positive perception of the benefits of organic compost such as using it to
Safety
grow plants instead of chemical fertiliser.
Economic
 Save around Rs.20 / kg if compost is made from the waste.
efficiency

Explanation of home compost by AI Discussion regarding monitoring method

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Register for the use of home compost barrels Distribution of home compost barrels

Monitoring form was decided based on discussion with AI and PHI At the beginning, once a month

monitoring is planned, gradually reducing this to every two months or every three months. On the other hand,

it is necessary to monitor frequently for those who have trouble.

(10) Collection and transportation plan

Creating collection and transportation plan is one of the most important and careful changes under this

project. Basically, since no additional collection vehicle is available, remodelling of trailer such as

installation of petitions or big collection bins and adjustment of the collection routes are required. Figure

below shows the example of current tractor coverage route on daytime Monday. Currently collection and

transportation is planned not by PHI area, but by covering whole MC area, and is mainly managed and

maintained by three supervisors. The four areas surrounded by black lines (in the following map) are the

four pilot project areas, from which routes of some tractors have to be changed to collect designated

wastes only from pilot project area or non-pilot project area. Creation of a collection and transportation

plan is currently under discussion.

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Monday

Technical
college

Hospital:
2-5 trailer

Police
Market: station
1 trailer

Tractor Daytime, Mix Waste

Figure 2-55: Mixed waste collection route map (tractor, Monday)

Sunday

Monday
Thursday
Wednesday (2)

Fraiday
Wednesday(1)

Tuesday

QY2767, Daytime, Recyclable Waste

Figure 2-56: Recyclable waste route map (one three wheeler)

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Frequency of waste collection and type of vehicle for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes are

summarised in the table below.

Table 2-114: Frequency of waste collection and type of collection vehicle

Biodegradable waste Non-biodegradable waste
Collection 3 times /week due to the necessity Once a week (Twice a week in town area only)
frequency  Week 1 & 3: Plastic, Glass and Metal in Area
1-3, Plastic and paper in Area 4
 Week 2 & 4: Paper and other wastes in Area
1-3, Glass and Metal and other wastes in area 4
Type of Tractor/ Compactor/ Three wheeler Crew cab/ Three wheeler
collection
vehicle

Collection amount by type of waste in each PP area is expected from WACS result.
Table 2-115: Expectation of waste collection amount per collection in each PP area
Batugerdara Town Kospalawinna Muwagama
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4
Biodegradable Amount (kg) 360.5 2346.3 2292.0 1590.1
waste Type of vehicle Tractor, Tractor Tractor Tractor
Three wheeler Three wheeler Three wheeler Three wheeler
Non-bi Week Amount (kg) 1524 6671 5835 2126
odegra 1&3 Type of Three wheeler Crew cab Crew cab Crew cab
dable vehicle Three wheeler
waste Week Amount (kg) 1699 3706 4087 1780
2&4 Type of Three wheeler Crew cab Crew cab Crew cab
vehicle Three wheeler

As shown in the previous section, collection and transportation routes are not managed by unit of area, so

it was necessary to revise collection and transportation plan for drivers and collectors in a less confusing

manner.

Although currently waste is not collected from 100 % of households, there are areas in the PP areas,

where RMC has newly started waste collection service. Three wheelers were dispatched to parts of the

pilot project area 1 and 4 to collect biodegradable wastes, where a tractor could not access because the

areas do not face main streets or are located in a hilly area. Monitoring result of waste collection and

transportation is described in the monitoring section.

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(11) Establishment of monitoring system of waste collection and transportation by GPS.

Monitoring of waste collection and transportation with the use of GPS was established for the purpose of

improving the collection and transportation plan and to find out and take action on pocket areas which

had not received waste collection services for a while. At the moment, 17 collection vehicles working

during day time are monitored once a week and evaluated if those vehicles are going to designated routes

and collecting waste from each designated area, and also if a collection and transportation plan made by

RMC is sufficient to cover the necessary areas. This monitoring system is planned to be conducted twice

a week, so that action is smoothly taken for identified non-collection areas. Also, GPS monitoring finds

out that some three wheelers which are collecting wastes far away from Kanadola site take a long time to

transport, although waste load capacity is not that big. Therefore establishment of a waste transfer station

is potentially discussed for efficiency of waste collection and transportation in RMC.

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Table 2-116: GPS monitoring system

Person in
Operation Photos
charge
Three (3)  Tick the attendance sheet of drivers (Form 1)
superviso for confirmation of waste collection areas and
r types of wastes.
 Submit Form 1 to Data handling officer on
Monday after morning registration.

↓
Drivers  Record collection route by trip
 Pass a GPS to Data handling officer at the
office on Monday evening or Tuesday morning.

↓
Data  Download GPS data and return a GPS to driver.
handling  Rename and export the data to Google Earth
officer  Waste type must be added in the file name, so
that Data evaluator (PHI) can understand if the
collection services are properly covered.

↓
Data  Check if waste collection service was provided
evaluator as planned in a previous week.
(PHI)  Check if there is no issue in a route plan.
 Categorise issues if urgent actions are required
or mid and long term actions are required.
 Take action for urgent matter.
 Take action for mid and long term actions.

(12) Making notice board

A notice board was created responding to the following matters. Therefore, the notice board will be

maintained by each area supervisor every month, and has to be updated to show actual collection dates by

inserting ‘collection date’ cards. The notice boards will be installed in the following locations.

 There are households in PP areas, of which waste collection days have been revised.

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 It is not easy for most of the public to understand the description of ‘week 1 & week 3 of day’

Each area name

Insert ‘Month’ card

Describe the way

like ‘1st and 3rd
Tuesday’

Same contents as the leaflet Insert cards of actual

‘Collection Dates’ by type of waste

Figure 2-57: Notice board (bigger size: 90 cm x 120 cm, smaller size: 60 cm x 60 cm)

2x2
3x4
2X2 (not printed)

Figure 2-58: Location of notice boards installed (Bigger size: 3 x 4, Smaller size: 2 x 2)

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(13) Improvement plan for intermediate treatment facility

Although Kanadola site had two windrow compost yards that had been expanded by Pilisaru fund in

2016, the yards were being used as a material recovery place and stock yard of those recovered items as

of October 2017.

Stock
Separation work

Rest
room

1
3

Outside 4
0
5

Figure 2-59: Utilisation situation of windrow compost yards and MRF (October 2017)

Ratnapura MC collects approximately 20 tons of biodegradable wastes every day. However, out of the

20 tons, only about 2 tons per day of biodegradable wastes from a market are used for composting in a

boxed compost system. Since Skid-Steer Loader, Bobcat, is available in Kanadola, compost production

in windrow system is an urgent issue.

Below shows the size of windrow and plan of facility usage. Volume of the windrow is 11.2 m3, which

accommodates 5.71 tons of biodegradable wastes if bulk density of biodegradable wastes is estimated as

0.51 kg/L. Decomposition speed and turning schedule need to be investigated, but basically the two

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windrow yards will accommodate 3.5 tons of biodegradable wastes every day, which is then shifted to

the maturation yards after at least two months of composting.

H: 6 Feet L: 11.5 Feet

W: 6 Feet

Figure 2-60: Size of windrow

19
20

18
21

17 Worker’s rest
room
16
22

15
9
10

14
23

8
13
11

7
24

12
6
25

5 Maturati
on
4 Sieving Compost
26

8.5 feet 3 machine stock yard

6 feet Bob cat

27

2
10.9 feet office
1 Unload
Unloa
d

Figure 2-61: Design of windrow compost yard (Right: Boxed system, Left: Windrow system)

(14) Information board installed in Kanadola site

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An information board installed in Kanadola site which consists of compost site and MRF was made in

September 2018. Following figure shows the design of information board.

Figure 2-62: Information board installed in Kanadola

2.13.2 Kataragama PS

(1) Objectives of PP in KPS

As described earlier (2.10.2.2 Basic Plan）, the objectives of the PP to be implemented during this Project

is “Separation of recyclables to be more neatly conducted” at hotels, guesthouses and tourist places that

are entry points for tourists and pilgrims.

(2) PP target areas

Zone 3  Hotels/guesthouses, 2 markets near two major dewales.

 KPS distributed a total of 200 compost bins in 2016 only to half of each of these
zones. The other half are yet to receive bins, thus, the remainder will need
distributing in future.
Zone 4  Hotels/guesthouses (including government circuit bungalows), close to the centre
of the town
 KPS distributed a total of 200 compost bins in 2016 only to half of each of these
zones. The other half are yet to receive bins, thus, the remainder will need
distributing in future.

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(3) PP Implementation method

a. Method

As Step 1 of PP, the period of 4 months starting from September 2017 was planned as a time to fully

establish the 2-separation system where organic waste and other wastes would be separated. After the

2-separation system had become established in the target community, Step 2 was to start introducing

separation of recyclable wastes, materializing fully the 6-category separation which has been once

informed to the public by KPS through distribution of leaflets and other activities. Meanwhile, from the

time of Step 1, composting at discharge sources will also be promoted.

However, as of December 2017, there has been a great delay due to the emergence of various challenges

(described later) since the start of the 2-separation system. Therefore, the implementation period of Step

1 will be changed to end in later half of April 2018 after Sinhala & Tamil New Year, from the initial “4

months” ending in December 2017.

Furthermore, 6-category separation in Step 2 is currently under review, and there is a possibility to make

it 3-category separation, namely: “Organic waste”, “recyclable waste (which KPS can deal with)” and

“other waste”.

On the other hand, a burden on waste transportation schedule has become noticeable if organic waste

collection would be carried out 7 days a week as initially agreed during the planning of PP, while the

actual status of waste collection services in the entire KPS service area becomes more and more evident.

The collection schedule will also need to be reconsidered after examining the collection routes in the

entire KPS area.

b. Indicators

 Indicator to measure impact of PP on separation of bio-degradable waste

i. Amount of bio-degradable waste measured at landfill site

At the time of planning of PP in July 2017, our understanding was that only the waste separated and

discharged as “bio-degradable waste” and “recyclable waste” by the dischargers were collected to

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KPS Resource Centre and other wastes were transported to the final disposal site without any

treatment. However, KPS revised their collection method on their own after the PP planning and all

collected waste transported by all KPS vehicles are now first transported to the Resource Centre

and offloaded for separation of bio-degradable and recyclable wastes before the “residue” is

transported to the final disposal site.

Therefore, to maintain this separate transportation of “(compostable) bio-degradable” and “other

waste” in Step 1 of this PP, the indicator will be the ratio of “bio-degradable waste” included in

“other (mixed) waste”

The data of pre-PP is as shown below (Refer to (4) d iv).

Table 2-117: Ratio of bio-degradable waste included in “other waste”

Zone %
Zone 3 44.1
Zone 4 45.06
Total of Zone 3, 4 44.44

ii. Amount of bio-degradable waste measured at the Compost Site

The ratio of the “compostable bio-degradable waste” separately transported to KPS’s Resource

Centre (in relation to the entire collection amount) will be measured.

The data of pre-PP is as shown below according to the WACS conducted in October (Refer to (4) d

iv.).

Table 2-118: Ratio of the waste amount separately brought in as “bio-degradable waste”
included in the entire collection waste amount
Zone %
Zone 3 18.0
Zone 4 34.3
Total of Zone 3, 4 24.5

iii. Ratio of residents practicing composting measured by POS

In the POS conducted in May 2017, 26 dischargers out of 34 in Zone 3 were practicing home

composting, while in Zone４, there was no dischargers among the 21 surveyed who were doing

so.(Table2-52)

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 Indicators to measure the impact of PP on separation of recyclable waste

i. Amount of recyclable waste measured at the landfill site

As per the baseline data, the ratio of recyclable waste amount included in the waste brought in to

the Resource Centre as “other waste.”

ii. Amount of recyclable waste measured at the Resource Centre

The ratio of “recyclable waste” correctly separated as “recyclables” and brought in to the Resource

Centre.

(4) Implementation activities of PP

a. Waste separation within KPS office

In cooperation with JOCV attached to NSWMSC, the waste separation was firstly undertaken within

KPS office.

i. Objectives

KPS staff themselves would find out possible ways of clearly describing the process and concept of

separation in the leaflet (to be distributed to residents) or in methods of notification necessary to

make people put the 5-category separation (5 recyclable wastes excluding the “other waste”) into a

practice. This leaflet was distributed by KPS in June 2017 (Figure2-18).

ii. Method of implementation

The JOCV explained the contents of the leaflet to the entire KPS staff, and placed two sets of waste

bins for 5-category separations in and outside of KPS office building.

From left, “paper”, “plastic”,

“metal”, “degradable”,
“glass”, “food waste”

Figure 2-63: the set of separation bins placed outside of KPS office building (near its entrance)

iii. Considerations

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Table 2-119: Problems and Improvements regarding 3Rs of KPS

Problems Improvements
1 It was difficult to find within Kataragama the Necessary to plan thoroughly how to deliver
bins in all colors designated in the leaflet（KPS the bins in colors, shapes, and sizes that are
used the bins in colors which could be found in difficult to find in nearby market.
Kataragama market, with labels attached with
the category of waste)
2 Some people may not be able to ReEB presented an example of Japanese
understand/read the labels written in Sinhalese. waste bins placed in public places, which
often indicate the separation categories with
illustrations

KPS will also use illustrations on labels to

visibly indicate waste category for a
separation bin.
3 Waste discharged outside of the building were In a public space, waste bins suitable for the
seldom discharged to separation bins nor specific kinds of wastes that are likely to be
separated well, even though the citizens coming discharged in the particular location should
to the building were also encouraged to do so. be installed.

4 Confusion over the duplicated categories Definition of each category of waste should
among ”degradable” “food waste” and “paper” be clearly indicated.
(it is commonly understood in Kataragama that
paper is “degradable”)
5 Instructions given in the leaflet uses different Rules should be discussed well during
colors in illustration from what is indicated in planning process so that the informed
the written labels, or color coding indicated in contents and the implemented contents will
the leaflet is different from the actual colors of not differ from each other.
bins.
6 The function of KPS building is more for It is more efficient to place separation bins
administrative works, and the “degradable” suited to the kinds of waste discharged at the
waste generated there includes only paper or the location.
leftover from lunches. (As for drinks, it is a
common practice in Sri Lanka that each
individual has their own bottle filled with water
ready at their desk.) Therefore, for the inside of
the office building of KPS, separate waste bins
only for food waste are eventually placed.
7 At the compost site of KPS, currently paper Considering the treatments provided at the
(except for cardboard), food waste, and garden intermediate and final disposal facilities,
waste are all composted. Therefore, even if categories of waste separation should be
these wastes are separately discharged, they are decided so that the citizens and KPS both will
eventually combined for processing. not take steps in vain.

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Polythin＊
Paper (＊referring to Plastic) Metal Degradable Food waste

No food waste
discharged on
this day.

Figure 2-64: Contents of separation bins placed outside of the KPS building (Oct. 2, 2017)

b. Logo & Slogan Contest

i. Objectives

 To disseminate knowledge, create buy-in and bring attention to the issue of 3Rs and to the
Project, in order to make 3R a participatory activity,
 To visualize the relevancy of a series of 3R activities to be implemented under the PP by using a
common logo and slogan.
ii. Method of Implementation

The JOCV made a presentation at four schools in KPS and Sunday religious class at temples to

explain the background of the project and 3R, and called for participation in the contest.

To the general citizens, participation in the contest was called for through posting on the notice

board at KPS. Government institutions within KPS were also informed.

The leaflet on the contest was distributed at the above-mentioned meetings, but the number of

copies previously printed was not sufficient and it was instructed to the children to come and collect

a copy from KPS.

iii. Result of the Contest

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In response to the distribution of about 200 copies of application forms, 22 applications were

received. The selection was conducted at CEA head office in Colombo upon request from KPS out

of fairness to all applicants. The Director of Waste Management, Assistant Director from CEA

Monaragala, and a local staff and a Japanese consultant of ReEB participated in the selection. Five

best works were selected for logo and slogan respectively. The best ones (shown below) were the

logo submitted by a 13-year old student, and the slogan submitted by a KPS staff. The logo

illustrates a town where people are collaboratively carrying out waste separation, surrounding

circles in colors indicating different religions and ethnicities, is embraced by a peacock symbolizing

Kataragama. The Tamil and English translation of the slogan originally in Sinhalese were done by

ReEB and agreed by KPS.

Figure 2-65: Selected logo and slogan

iv. Awarding ceremony

On 19th October, about 400 students were gathered at the City Hall in KPS and the awarding

ceremony was conducted for the logo and slogan contest. The ceremony was attended by a

Japanese consultant and the JOCV from ReEB. Certificates, plaques and books were awarded to all

runners-up, while all applicants were also recognized with a certificate for participation.

c. PP-Step 1: Preparation for implementation of 2-separation (separation of bio-degradable waste)

i. Development of a leaflet

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In KPS, separation of bio-degradable waste had been initiated even before the start of the Project,

and their collection trucks are equipped with a partitioned loading bed. However, separate discharge

by dischargers had not been fully practiced. Therefore, a leaflet was developed to make dischargers

aware of “what are categorized as bio-degradable waste” and “how the separated bio-degradable

waste is utilized” once again, and distributed to the discharges in the targeted Zone 3 and Zone 4.

The number of copies printed was 400, and about 200 copies have been distributed.

For developing the leaflet, ReEB prepared the first draft and had discussions over it with the

manager of the compost site and KPS officials to finalize it.

Figure 2-66: Awareness leaflet for Separation of Bio-degradable waste prepared by KPS
A4 folded into three. (First page (left) Waste to be discharged as “bio-degradable”, (middle) Waste

not to be included in “bio-degradable” (indicating those that are not composted at the KPS compost

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site), (right) Waste to be discharged as recyclables. Second page (left) introduction of

home-compost, (middle) “Composting and Separation of Bio-degradable waste”, (right)

Introduction of processes at the Compost Site, explaining that the waste brought in needs to be

separated for better work efficiency and quality of compost.)

ii. Discussion for procurement of waste bins by cost sharing with citizens

Picking up the momentum of the awarding ceremony of the logo and slogan contest, a discussion

was held to explain the current status of bio-degradable waste separation and planned activities

based on the contents of the new leaflet with participation of 10 dischargers from Zone 3 and 4

(owners of hotels and guesthouses) on October 25, 2017. During the meeting, an experiment was

done to make the participants aware of the merits of waste separation. This involved a group of

participants being asked to separate waste that they had discharged without separating and another

group were asked to separate their waste and discharge to waste bins separately categorized by

waste kinds.

The participants voiced their cooperative opinions for separately discharging waste to the waste

collection services, while pointing out the challenge of enforcing the separation rule and gaining the

cooperation of guests for separating waste. During the discussion, there was a unanimous proposal

from the participants “to use standardized colour coding of waste bins throughout Kataragama to

make it more recognizable to all visitors from outside including pilgrims and tourists, and that they

are prepared to purchase the waste bins designated by the PS for the purpose.”

Following this proposal, discussions were carried out with KPS on “procurement of waste bins by

sharing cost with citizens (dischargers)”, and another meeting with about 50 residents from Zone 3

and Zone 4 was held on November 14, while KPS secretary, DO, and their field staffs were present.

The participants included about 10 residents from households in Zone 4 other than business owners.

At the meeting, after explaining the separation of bio-degradable waste, the samples of waste bins

in different sizes of 20L, 40L, and 60L with lids were shown to help identify the necessary sizes of

their waste bins and to ask their willingness to pay for purchasing one.

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Community meeting held on 25th October Community meeting held on 14th November
The owners of hotels and guesthouses have a willingness to pay up to 500 rupees per a 40L-durable

waste bin with a lid (a commonly available one would cost about 800 rupees and a durable one

would be about 1500 rupees in market prices), while household residents have a willingness to pay

up to 250 rupees per 20L waste bin with a lid (a commonly available one would be about 800

rupees).

40L bin available at about 800 45L bin available at about 1500 20L bin available at about 800
rupees rupees rupees
iii. Procurement of separation bin for bio-degradable waste

In Progress Report (3), it was reported in detail that there has been a delay in procurement of about

150 separation bins to be purchased by KPS, which were supposed to have been distributed to Zone

3 and 4 before the end of December. By mid-March, they remain undelivered. The progress so far

is summarized in the following figure.

177
 Katharagama PS - Distribution Plan for Biodegradable W( Shared with KPS on 1128 / Updated on 0305)
2017 2018
Procurement
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
By Size No. 27 28 29 30 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Distribution to Zone3 (20)

Confirmation of Numbers of Business Waste Tax ◎
payers in 2 Zones

Prj 40L 50 Sticker sample

★
in Solid Waste Management ReEB Waste

confirmation Sticker Printing

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

Stickers picked up by KPS Sticking the stickers on the bins

Painting in green

Committee for purchase Final decision made Sec. signed order

★ for purchase ★ ★ Letter of approval from CLG for
Collection of 3 quotations
using the bins for PP

178
arranging paint for
Pollution Control and Reduction of EnvironmentalBurden

KPS 20L 45 "dirana" logo

"Problem in "170 left-over
sending vehicle to found in
Welisara" storage"

Final decision made Sec. signed order Delivery promised and waiting...
Communication with BOI Committee for purchase
through NSWMSC ★ for purchase ★ ★ ★
Cheque prepared
★
Collection of 3 "the stock has
KPS 40L 100 quotations confusion over been given to the
transportaion others due to late
arrangement order"

Sticker purchase Shibushi Sec mourning DO transferred

Election replaced w/another DO

Figure 2-67 Progress of Bio-degradable waste separation bins procurement in KPS

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Fifty 40L bins which ReEB Waste had procured in early December were prepared with necessary

stickers by early February, and they were distributed to businesses in Zone 3, one of the PP targeted

zones.

On the other hand, 20L bins are still to be procured by KPS and distributed to general households in

Zone 4. In early February, it turned out that KPS had 170 of the same kind of bins in the storage of

KPS. They were the bins provided by the Commissioner of Local Government (CLG) in 2014.

KPS requested to utilize these bins for the current PP, and CLG gave their approval to do so. By

mid-March, they were prepared with stenciled illustration of “degradable waste” and PP logo

sticker, and were ready for distribution. The delivery of the 40L bins to be procured by KPS had

been postponed repeatedly by the supplier, however, they finally arrived on 6th April. The supplier

was not charged any penalty for this delay in delivery.

d. PP-Step 1：Introduction of 2-Separation (separation of bio-degradable waste)

i Distribution of Bio- degradable Separation Bins to Zone 3

Out of Zone 3 and Zone 4 targeted under the PP, Zone 3 has about 50 business holders as the

targets of our PP including hotels, guesthouses, and restaurants. On the other hand, Zone 4 targets

include general households, and they will be provided with a smaller 20L separation bin for

bio-degradable waste. Moreover, business entities in Zone 4 exceeds 80 in number. Therefore,

they’ve given up trying to distribute all separation bins to both zones at the same time, and it was

decided to distribute the 50 40-L bins procured by ReEB Waste firstly to Zone 3 on 15th February

2018.

As agreed previously, KPS would receive 500 rupees per bin as the discharger’s share of cost, issue

a receipt in return, and record the beneficiaries’ information. For carrying out these tasks, the

appropriate venue of distribution was decided to be KPS. This explanation was included in an

invitation letter for the distribution day prepared by KPS, and their field coordinator and ReEB

Waste members handed it over to each target business entity on 13th February.

On the day of distribution on 15th February, the Secretary of KPS and ReEB Waste explained the

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background of the PP, the current status of waste management in Kataragama and its resulted

necessity for separation of “bio-degradable waste”. Zone 3 has hotels, guesthouses and restaurants

as the PP targets. The list of the targets prepared earlier by KPS included 48 business entities that

are subjected to waste tax, and they were given the invitations. However, the number of business

holders that showed up on the distribution day was only 20.

Through the monitoring activity being carried out by KPS field coordinator and ReEB Waste, two

more businesses came to KPS to purchase the separation bins. KPS hopes that once the initial few

businesses utilize the bins effectively, further cooperation might be obtained.

Field coordinator (2nd from right) and ReEB Separation bins painted in green, placed with
explaining the purpose while handing out the “degradable” illustration and logo stickers.
invitation for separation bin distribution.

KPS secretary explaining the background of the PP ReEB Waste shared the result of WACS to explain
and his observation about community cooperation only a half of available bio-degradable waste is being
in Japan. separately collected and the rest is merely dumped
without being composted.

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Business owners paying Rs.500 per bin and KPS official and ReEB Waste handing over the bin
receiving a receipt. to a business owner (center on the right).
.
ii Distribution of Bio- degradable Separation Bins to Zone 4

For Zone 4, the plan was to distribute 45-L bins to guesthouses and restaurants and 20-L bins to

general households. Both types were to be procured by KPS, but it was found that many 20-L bins

of the same type had been kept unused in KPS’ storage, and they were going to be utilized for the

PP with permission from ACLG (Assistant Commissioner of Local Government) who initially

distributed them to KPS. Initially one third of the price to purchase a bin was to be born by the

discharger, but it was decided to ask for only 150 rupees per bin because the product to be given

had been kept in storage for several years.

Distribution of them was organized on 29th March at a preschool of Mallikarama Buddhist temple

located in Zone 4. Thirty –nine (39) bins were handed over on the day, and five (5) more bins were

handed over at KPS afterwards to the residents of Zone 4. At the time of distribution held at the

temple, an awareness programme was conducted for the residents as well as to preschool children

and their parents. As an awareness programme, a simple game was conducted by preschool

teachers to teach the kinds of waste using picture cards, following a prior discussion conducted with

the teachers. There are many non-Zone 4 residents among the parents of the children, but the waste

discharged at the temple (which is within Zone 4) had not been separated well. The parents being

among the dischargers of such waste would need to be informed about separate discharge to change

the manner of waste discharge at the temple. KPS also facilitated painting of the temple’s existing

waste bins green and affixing “degradable” illustrations on them, to help ensure the discharge of

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waste at the preschool follows the rules.

KPS Development Officer opened the event at the ReEB Waste members introducing the newly painted
preschool’s hall filled with parents and children. and “degradable” labelled waste bin at the temple.

Preschool teacher explaining the rules using Resident of Zone 4 receiving 20L bin for
“degradable waste” picture cards. bio-degradable waste from KPS’ field coordinator for
Zone 4.

Meanwhile, the procurement of the 45-L bins to be distributed to guesthouses and restaurants in

Zone 4 took time as described earlier, and were finally delivered to KPS on 6th April. Sinhala-Tamil

New Year and Vesak Poya holidays followed this and issues with purchasing paint by KPS meant

the bins would not have been ready for distribution until the 28th May. After informing the targeted

recipients about the bins and conducting an awareness programme, the distribution was

re-scheduled for the 7th June and 15 businesses received the bins on that day.

Table 2-120: Distribution of KPS Bio-degradable waste separation bins (Distributed

number/prepared number)
Targeted Recipients Zone 3 Zone 4
Hotels/Guesthouses/ Hotels/ Guesthouses/
Type of Bin General Households
Restaurants Restaurants
45 L 25/50 15*/32 0
20 L 0 0 41/45
* As of 7th June 2018

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iii Forming community-based monitoring system

In Zone 3, hotels and other business holders are the target of the waste collection services, and any

form of their local association was looked for in order to utilize it for monitoring purpose, but it was

found out that no hotel association or tourism association exist in Kataragama specifically, but a

general business association for all kinds of business. Therefore, for the purpose of monitoring the

PP activity in the target area for the targeted business holders, it will be necessary to start

developing a participatory monitoring system from scratch.

On the other hand, Zone 4 includes a portion of general households. Existing organizations found to

have networks in this area include a funnel association, Sanasa Bank, and women’s association, and

a meeting with the representatives of the organizations was proposed to them. The representative of

Sanasa Bank of the area agreed to meet us and a meeting was held on 28th February with their

members in Zone 4 to discuss with KPS’ Development Officer, the field coordinator for Zone 4,

and ReEB Waste. The 27 participants of the meeting, while requesting improvements in their

zone’s waste collection services, showed willingness to cooperate in separate collection of

bio-degradable waste and reacted positively toward the monitoring by the community themselves.

Therefore, while consulting with the participants, nine groups of five to ten households living in one

neighbourhood for each group were formed, and a leader for each group was selected. Hereafter,

understanding toward the waste collection by KPS will be promoted through these leaders and KPS

will explain discharge rules and monitoring method to them and use them as a channel of

communication to gain insight on resident opinions.

A site visit to the compost site was conducted for these leaders on 23rd March. Eight leaders

participated and deepened their understanding about the necessity of separating wastes. The

participants appreciated it saying “I came and saw to understand the real necessity of separation. It

was worth coming.” And they promised to promote separation among their neighbours. The driver

and collection workers of the compactor in charge of Zone 4 have found that more people from the

general households in Zone 4 have come to separate the bio-degradable waste better.

On the other hand, it has been difficult to gain cooperation from the guesthouses and restaurants in

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the Zone to whom the distribution of 45-L bins have been delayed. In the compost site visit

organized for them on 18th May, only two participated although 30 had been invited.

As for Zone 3, a meeting was held with thirteen representatives from hotels and guesthouses with

participation of an environmental police on 27th March to discuss about their monitoring method.

They found it difficult for anyone particular to become a leader to take on a role of instructing other

neighbouring hotels, and thus selected four people to become mere “contact persons” with KPS.

Regarding the monitoring of the hotels, KPS will continue with their field coordinator and

Development Officer. The participants of this meeting were also invited to a visit to the compost

site on 4th of April, and nine of them participated. So far KPS has received good cooperation from

Zone 3 in separation of bio-degradable waste.

Separately from the above meeting, a meeting was organized to meet shops in Zone 3 (shops in two

areas in front of temples) but the participation was very low (80 were invited and only three showed

up in time and ten showed up right before the end of the meeting). The participants gave

information that they have an association that meets regularly. Another meeting was organized

using their regular meeting and met with 21 shops on 22nd April. A problem with waste in the two

areas of these shops is the scattering of waste thrown by visitors to the temples. Moreover, each of

their shops is a small shed with no space for placing individual waste bins within their shop.

Therefore, they requested a large communal waste bins to be placed. KPS had been provided three

sets of four-colour categorized 120-L bins by CEA through ACLG (Assistant Commissioner of

Local Government), but they had not yet decided where to place them and how to maintain them.

KPS decided to utilize them at these shop areas, and requested the support of a local company,

Kohomba, to make metal frames to securely place the bins. Once the frames are made, the bins will

be set up in the areas and their association will be responsible for maintaining them.

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Leaders from Zone 4 listening to the compost site After hearing the process of composting, the
manager explaining the process of separation. participants put their hands in the pile of compost to
feel the heat of it.

Visits of hotels from Zone 3 to the compost site. The four-color categorized bins distributed to LGs
by CEA for public areas.

iv Result of Step I – Waste Composition Survey at the Resource Center

In order to see the impact of Step 1 (bio-degradable waste separation), the second waste composition survey

was conducted in the end of June 2018.

The 9-day survey period covered four days of bio-degradable waste collection and another four days of non

bio-degradable waste collection.

As seen in the summary of the result shown below, almost no non-kitchen waste is included in the waste

collected on the days of “bio-degradable waste” collection, and only 2 % of the waste collected as “non-bio

degradable waste” was kitchen (The details of the survey is described in 2.16.4).

The non-bio-degradable portion found on “bio-degradable waste” collection days included plastic and paper

that is used for wrapping the kitchen waste. The “non-bio-degradable waste” still included a significant

portion of grass and wood, but this is expected to be reduced after introduction of a chipping machine which

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will enable them to collect “hardly bio-degradable waste” such as bulk tree branch, banana branch and

hard-shell of fruits.

This result is very encouraging: it has shown that 3 community people are capable of separating waste very

well once they are well informed about the method (by leaflet and house visit), purpose (by meeting), and the

outcome of their contribution (by compost site visit).

Figure 2-68: Composition of waste collected as “bio-degradable waste” in PP area

Figure 2-69: Composition of waste collected as “non-bio degradable waste” in PP area

e. Stage 2: Preparation for implementing 3-category separation (bio-degradable waste, recyclables,

other waste)

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i Preparation to shift to Step 2

Initially shifting to Step 2 from Step 1 was planned much earlier, but implementation of Step 1 was

largely delayed due to the time taken in procuring the waste bins, thus delaying the transition to

Step 2. However, it has been about three months since Zone 3 received the bio-degradable waste

bins, and about two months since the general households in Zone 4 received their bins. Therefore, it

is now planned to shift to Step 2 in early July.

It was also planned to separately collect recyclables by their kinds and collect all waste in six

categories, but considering the burden and the expected confusion, a simpler three-category

separation of bio-degradable, recyclables, and other waste will be introduced. The recyclables to be

collected by KPS will be the recyclables sorted and sold by KPS’ Resource Centre, which means to

include plastic, polyethylene, iron, coconut shells, broken glass and glass bottles.

Furthermore, it has been decided that a chipping machine will be purchased by ReEB Waste to

increase the recycling rate by composting such bio-degradable waste as banana branches, pineapple

stems, sugar canes, king coconut shells that require a long time for decomposition and were

excluded from bio-degradable waste collection during Step 1.

ii Preparation to deal with the Kataragama Perahera Festival Season

The biggest issue in KPS’ waste management is the treatment of the waste discharged by the

visitors coming from all over the country, and especially the waste management during the season

of Kataragama Perahera Festival (from 13 to 27th July in 2018) when the largest number of visitors

come to Kataragama.

At the time of the festival last year, their Perahera Committee carried out activities to set up waste

bins and distribute fabric bags to replace plastic bags at the entrances to the sacred area around the

Kirivehara Temple in order to stop plastic products (plastic shopping bags and PET bottles and

others) from being brought in to the area.

Similar activities were planned for this year as well by the committee. KPS, being a member of the

Perahera Committee, and ReEB Waste, in conjunction with shifting to Step 2 in their town areas,

will support the PR campaign related to the above activities.

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The support is planned to include the following:

 Press conference at the Colombo level in cooperation with CEA Head Office,

 Distributing news about the above through national TV networks, radios, and newspapers

 Newspaper advertisement in three newspaper (1 for each of Sinhala, Tamil, and English) to

prevent bringing in plastic to Kataragama on 10th July (See Figure 2-68: Composition of waste

collected as “bio-degradable waste” in PP area).

 Cooperation with civic groups to make t-shirts for attendants of waste collection points and

fabric bags.

 Setting up ten (10) signboards in relation to Step 2 of the Pilot Project at seven (7) locations in

KPS town areas (See Figure 2-69: Composition of waste collected as “non-bio degradable

waste” in PP area).

 Following up the operation, ReEB summarized their recommendation for the future operation

to be shared with the Perahera Committee. (See 2.13.2 g. v.)

Divaina (Sinhala) Virakesari (Tamil) Daily News (English),

Figure 2-70: Newspaper Ads published on 10th July 2018 in three newspapers

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Figure 2-71: Signboard to request cooperation for 3-category (bio-degradable, recyclables,

and others) separation

iii Implementation of Step 2

In July 2018, prior to Kataragama Perahera Festival, transition from Step 1 to Step 2 took place.

A leaflet was developed to explain the three categories of separation, namely bio-degradable, recyclables, and

others. At this point, it had been decided to install a chipping machine so that hardly-degradable waste could

also be composted. Therefore, the leaflet also included the explanation that hardly-degradable waste would

also be accepted as bio-degradable. However, procurement of the machine took far longer than expected

because of searching for the most affordable one, and it caused confusion and required re-explaination to

exclude them until further notice (until the end of September when the machine finally became operational.)

The leaflet also explained the “destination” of each separated recyclable waste and bio-degradable waste, in

order to help people understand better what impact their separation activity could make. The information

gained through the recyclable survey conducted earlier by ReEB was incorporated in this part of the leaflet.

KPS reviewed their entire waste collection vehicle arrangement, not only for the PP target area, but for the

entire waste collection area in order to send vehicles more efficiently and more conveniently to the

community.

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Figure 2-72: Leaflet for Step 2 (3-category separation) in KPS

Figure 2-73: Recyclables waste collected on a day of recyclable collection

iv Progress of and Development from Step 2

a) KPS continued their monitoring activities after implementing the above-mentioned awareness

activities, in order to get the practice of separation rooted in the community.

b) In Zone 3, the market areas near Hindu Temples in Sellakatharagama, hand-carts and workers

(one worker per cart) were assigned to make sure the waste would be discharged after

separation according to the KPS rules.

c) The field coordinators named by KPS had been responsible for disseminating the rules of

separation to the community, but they have now entrusted the responsibility to the collection

workers (3 workers in Zone 3, and 2 in Zone 4.)

d) Chairman, Secretary, DO, a council member of KPS in charge of SWM, and ReEB Waste’s local

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staff called for a meeting with all collection workers of KPS in order to start expansion of separate
collection to the areas other than PP target areas. In this meeting, the council member explained
about the separation collection and the principle of “no separation, no collection”, while the local
staff explained the contents of the leaflet indicating the three categories of separation. Furthermore,
at the same timing, KPS reviewed and revised once again the collection schedule to allocate
collection vehicles and workers for accommodate separate collection in all other areas, and the
new schedule was also explained at the meeting. The new schedule is as shown below.

Belon
Vehicle Type Vehicle No. Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
g to..
7.30 a.m.
Compactor LM-5617 PS Z01, Z04 Z01, Z04 Z01, Z04 Z01, Z04 Z01, Z04 Z01, Z04 Z01, Z04
4 days Bio degradable
7.30 a.m.
Z04
3 days Non bio degradable
7.30 a.m.
Tractor RA-2880 PS Z 03 Z03 Z 03 Z03 Z 03 Z03 Z 03 1 day per
week Recyclable waste

Z03
Hand cart (02 7.30 a.m. waste from
PS Z 03 Z 03 Z 03 Z 03 Z 03 Z 03 Z 03
Nos) 7 days sweepings
Z 02 & Z 02 & Z 02 & Z 02 &
Tractor RC-6954 PS Z 02 Z02 Z 02 Z02 Z 02 Z02 Z 02 Z02 Z 02 Z02
06 06 06 06 Mixed Waste
Hand cart ( 01
Z 06 Z 06
No)

Tractor RC-1117 PS Z 07 Z07 Z 05 Z 07 Z07

Figure 2-74:: The revised collection schedule of KPS.

f. Waste Amount and Composition Survey of Transported Waste as Baseline Survey

i. Objectives of the survey

To understand the composition of the waste before starting the implementation of PP in the zones

targeted under the PP.

ii. Survey period

From Friday 13th October 2017 until Friday 20th October 2017 (including a holiday of Deepavali

on 18th October, when many pilgrims and visitors are expected in Kataragama)

iii. Method of Survey

The amount and the composition of the waste, which are collected separately as “bio-degradable”

and “non-biodegradable (mixed)” wastes and transported to the Resource Centre on the collection

service vehicles collected separately from Zone 3 and Zone 4, were measured.

Regarding the waste amount, the “mixed waste” was measured with the fill-factor calculated with

the vehicle’s loading capacity and loading ratio, multiplying it with the weight of ten 100 litter bins

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of waste. The “bio-degradable waste” was weighed fully.

In terms of waste composition, “bio-degradable waste” was not measured (100%, for the collection

workers separate apparently unsuitable waste out while loading), and “mixed waste” were cut into

small pieces if they were large in size, mixed evenly, and about one 100-L bin full of waste was

taken out through fractional sampling to examine the composition.

iv. Result of the Survey

In the figures shown below, “Non-Biodegradable” (or “Non-Bio”) indicates the “mixed waste”;

“Bio+non-Bio” indicates the total of the waste collected in each Zone. In the ”Bio+Non-Bio”

figures, “Kitchen Waste (Bio)” means the waste transported in after being separately discharged as

“bio-degradable waste” and “Kitchen Waste (Non-Bio)” means the bio-degradable waste included

in the waste brought in as “mixed waste.”

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 Waste compositions of “mixed waste” and the total waste in Zone 3

 Waste compositions of “mixed waste” and the total waste in Zone 4

 Waste compositions of the “mixed waste” and the total waste in a total of Zone 3 and Zone 4

g. Survey on Use of Home Compost Bins Distributed by KPS

i. Background of the Survey

In both Zone 3 and Zone 4 targeted under the PP, home compost bins have been distributed by KPS

before 2017, but it is said that the level of usage among the recipients is very low. It is planned to

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encourage composting at discharge sources under the PP in the future, but if there is any decisive

reason for home compost not to be accepted, the plan itself needs to be reconsidered. On the other

hand, if any supportive efforts could encourage usage, future distribution should be conducted after

considering such supportive activities.

ii. Objectives of the Survey

The objectives are 1) to know the reasons that the recipients of a compost bin have not used it or

have stopped using it, and 2) to check the conditions of compost bins which are being used. Based

on an understanding of such reasons, supportive activities for home compost users will be

considered to increase the number of regular users of compost bins.

iii. Target of the Survey

The recipients of the compost bins that have been distributed by KPS within the PP target area.

Out of the distribution list kept by KPS, the target recipients in Zone 3 and Zone 4 were picked up

by checking their addresses, and 48 recipients in Zone 3 and 27 in Zone 4 are listed.

iv. Survey period and method

From October until December 2017, a field staff assigned by KPS to Zone 3 and Zone 4

respectively visited each recipient with a survey sheet (see appendix 21).

The first two days of the visits were accompanied by the local staff of ReEB in order to show the

way of interviewing and recording, as well as to give those recipients using their compost bins

advice on improving their composting techniques. The field staff were thus also able to further their

knowledge of composting using the bins through this activity.

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v. Survey Result

Table 2-121: Level of use of home compost bins distributed by KPS

Items Current use Experiences of “not in use”
No. of recipient
Targets In use Not in use Never used Stopped
Zone
using
Zone 3 48 46 2 1 1
Zone 4 27 13 13 8 5
*Zone 4 has one recipient left to be visited.

There is an apparent difference observed between Zone 3 and Zone 4. It is assumed that

explanations upon distribution or conditions for selecting recipients may be different, but the

official in charge of the activities is no longer available, and detailed information about the situation

at the time of distribution was not available. On the other hand, a leaflet that explains how to use the

bin was given to each recipient, and some users in Zone 3 still had this leaflet.

Table 2-122: Reasons for never using or stopped using

Never used I do not understand how to use it.
I have not tried using it.
I did not need it.
There is no space for using it.
Stopped using Bad smell and worms increased
Not sufficient waste generated
Guests discharged unsuitable wastes

Smell and worms were predictable answers as reasons, while “no space for using it” or “I did not

need it” pose questions needing asking before distribution. It is necessary to well define the

preconditions for distribution in any future distributions.

Table 2-123: Willingness of restart using compost barrels

Willing to use Unwilling to use
Zone 3 (out of 2) 2 0
Zone 4 (out of 13) 4 2 (no response: 7)

Among those who do not have a will to use, it is noteworthy that there was a response: “no space to

use it.” On the other hand, in Zone 3, there were a few residents who “could not receive one even

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though they wanted to use” which also highlights the necessity to clearly set the standards for

selection of recipients.

Table 2-124: Problems found in compost bins in use and advised countermeasures
Problems Countermeasures
Too much moisture in compost
- Insufficient sunlight (in many cases, only To move to sunnier place (where it will get
1-2 hours of sunlight a day) morning sun of about 3-4 hours)
- Only moist garden wastes are discharged. Discharge after drying and mix with wet layer.
Add rice husks or similar to control moisture.
- Garden waste and kitchen waste clogged When discharging, mix with layer below.
separately to form layers.
Many worms It is caused because the temperature does not rise
enough. Proper ventilation and moisture control
(by methods mentioned above)
Non bio-degradable waste are mixed. Not only they are not degraded, but they block
other waste from degrading, so as soon as
noticed, they should be removed.
- Paper waste is noticeable. Since paper takes longer to degrade, and blocks
ventilation of other wastes, should avoid
discharging paper.
Too dry
- Too strong sunlight Make shade or move to shadier place.
- Only dried leaves are discharged Mix with kitchen waste or undried garden waste
and discharge.
No kitchen waste discharged (this itself is not a problem, but it is necessary to encourage composting
kitchen waste in order to reduce waste amount by the use of compost bins)
- Worried about bad odor Mix with garden waste and prevent kitchen waste
from getting clogged and forming a layer.
- More worms and rats are anticipated. They emerge due to high moisture and strong
smell. Prevent them by the methods mentioned
above.

KPS・ReEB staff monitoring a compost bin Many bins are found with “compost” too wet.

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It was also observed that every user has difficulties controlling moisture in rainy season, while the

visits for this survey were made during the season with the highest rainfall in Kataragama. It will be

necessary to distribute further compost bins after considering countermeasures especially for the

rainy season.

Some of the users were re-visited, and were found to have made improvements following the

advice provided during the first visits. For example, a family which started discharging kitchen

waste to their compost bin testifies “it did not make any smells. I can continue discharging kitchen

waste.” These episodes make it clear that monitoring and providing advice after distribution are

required to encourage recipients to continue using their compost bins.

vi. Lessons Learnt for future promotion of use of compost bins

 To set clear standards for selection of recipients. (To distribute after indicating what conditions

are necessary for setting a compost bin and calling for applicants, and other methods should be

considered.)

 Monitoring and providing advice after distribution to find and respond to problems at an early

stage to prevent the recipient giving up and to encourage continuous usage.

 Method to control high moisture in rainy season to be presented prior to starting use.

 To compile a leaflet of “frequently asked questions” found in this survey, and to distribute to

users.

vii. Development of Compost User's Guidebook

In KPS, where the climate is harsh with heavy rain during a rainy seasons and strong driness in a dry

season, it is very difficult to manage a compost bin well. However, KPS is scarce of human resources

and it is very difficult to conduct close follow up of each compost user. Under such circumstances, the

number of compost users had not been increased and a good number of compost bins previously

provided to KPS remain undistributed in their storage. Considering the situations, the Project decided

not to provide yet more compost bins to KPS, and developed a small booklet summarizing "problems

and solutions" which have been identified during the above-mentioned monitoring activities, in a hope

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that the current users and future users of the existing compost bins would be able to utilize the bins

better.

Figure 2-75: The front cover of the booklet “How to use your compost bin better?”

2.14 C.4: Support on Monitoring and Maintenance Activities for Pilot Projects

2.14.1 Kurunegala MC

The Draft of Operation and Maintenance manual for Sundarapola disposal site including monitoring was

formulated based on the discussion between Krunegala MC and JICA team. The Draft of Operation and

Maintenance manual is attached as “appendix 22”.

2.14.2 Ratnapura MC

(1) Monitoring of collection amount, amount composted, amount of materials recovered and amount of

dumping

As described in 2.13.1, waste amount monitoring at Kanadola site has been started. Amount of wastes

are calculated based on capacities of collection vehicle and densities of each type of wastes as well as

measurement of fill factor (%) in each vehicle. Below figure summarises daily receiving amount, final

disposal amount, amount for composting and amount for material recovery in November 2017.

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40.96

37.57
36.25

32.36 31.80
30.50
29.21
27.50 27.05
25.77 25.31 25.88
25.22 24.60 24.73 24.68 24.30 24.15
22.58 23.00 22.50 23.14 22.48 22.97
22.24 21.79 21.68
21.25 20.90 20.60 21.08
19.22 19.82 19.59 19.69 19.81

17.09 17.49 17.36 17.38 17.12 17.51 17.69

16.72 16.57 16.52 16.21
14.83 14.94
13.14 13.08 12.70
12.28 12.33 12.10

9.08 8.56
7.66
6.13 6.31

3.56 3.56 3.76 3.45

2.86 2.63 2.59 3.08 2.66 3.05 2.58 3.05 2.66 2.75 2.59 2.69 2.97 2.45
2.03 2.14
1.76 2.03 2.14 2.14 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.14
1.87 1.73 1.73 1.83
1.69 2.35 1.73 1.93 2.17
2.14 1.83 1.93 1.73 2.14
2.03 1.83 1.93 1.83 1.83
1.77
1.53 1.54 0.94 1.26 1.23 1.12 1.12 1.39 1.26 1.26 0.92 1.14
0.54 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.62
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.49
0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Receiving amount Composting Recycling Dumping Other LAs

Figure 2-76: Monitoring of waste amount at Kanadola site in RMC

This data is very important to check progress of targets of Action Plan developed in the project and to

revise the waste flow data in the future. Although the data sheet has to be revised at the start of the new 6

separation categories at generation level in the pilot project and when introducing new collection

vehicles, data records and data input by site staff of RMC will contribute to capacity development on

SWM. Available data will also be used for evaluation of the pilot project in RMC.

(2) Monitoring for waste separation at a generation level

Monitoring results of source separation for biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste are shown

below.

Table 2-125: Monitoring result of source separation

Biodegradable waste Non-biodegradable waste
 Most of the separation bins distributed by the  It seems that it is not easy to
project were properly covered by differentiate ’polythene’ category and ‘other
biodegradable waste although small amount waste’ category.
of paper and polythene are founded.

All ‘polythene’ items that were discharged as

Easily separated biodegradable waste
‘other wastes’

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Each PHI has a different idea for the monitoring plan of source separation as summarised in the

following table.

Table 2-126: Monitoring plan of source separation by PHI (4 PHI, 4 PP areas)

PP Area No. Monitoring plan of source separation
Area1  A PP area supervisor follows collection vehicles on collection dates, checks
source separation at discharge points and instructs public about waste separation.
 PHI visits house by house and inspects waste bins and polysack bags for
improvement of waste separation during dengue control program.
Area2  Supervisors visit as a team, and house by house, record biodegradable and
non-biodegradable separation by using checklist, and instruct waste separation.
Area3  Supervisors visit as a team, and house by house, check biodegradable separation
and usage condition of the equipment, record them in a checklist and instruct
proper waste separation.
 RMC issues warning letters in the cases where waste separation is not in practice.
 Bins are forced to be retuned and distributed to households in need and can use,
in case of not using the necessary equipment.
Area4  PHI monitors waste separation practice by visiting households for the purpose of
dengue program or health related program
 Supervisors go as a team and visit waste generators in a daily manner and check
biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste separation.

(3) Monitoring of collection and transportation of waste

Monitoring of collection and transportation for biodegradable waste was conducted as follow.

Table 2-127: Results of collection and transportation monitoring for biodegradable waste
Observation Counterplan/ Instruction
 Biodegradable waste is collected only from
households who have received waste NA
separation bins in Area 1, 3 and 4
 In one area Area 2, a driver has to modify a
route since the original one route has  Route plan has to be revised and should add
households that received separation bins and types of wastes to collect.
households that don’t have bins.
 Keep non-biodegradable fraction separately
 Bins with some big non-biodegradable when separating them during the collection
fraction (polythene and paper) are observed. by waste collectors without disturbing waste
collection work.
 Instruct not to collect shopping bags together
with biodegradable wastes. Only if a resident
 Some households are discharging their
is available at a collection point asking
rubbish into shopping bags set within the
collectors to collect their shopping bag, then
separation bins.
collectors are to collect it separately to
biodegradable waste.
 There are residents who receive a leaflet that  As Soon as RMC staff know about the
does not describe proper collection days situation, they correct proper collection days

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Observation Counterplan/ Instruction

by type of waste.
 A lid should be used by the public when
 A bin without a lid may cause odour, dog emptying a bin.
attraction and effluent from rain water.  Close lids of waste separation bins when
collectors finish waste collection.
 Three wheelers are dispatched for
inaccessible areas of tractors.
 There are areas inside PP areas, where  Newly dispatched three wheelers in some
tractors cannot access. areas cannot go and collect waste in the same
day as with tractors, so notice boards are
built for those areas.
 Route of collection and transportation should
 There are some households on mixed-waste
be fixed and confirmed prior to the door to
collection routes that have received
door explanation and distribution of
separation bins from RMC
necessary equipment, for next time.

Big polysack bag for visible non-biodegradable Waste separation bin with shopping bag
waste during collection used by collectors

Instruction of waste separation by a supervisor on Collection of biodegradable waste by a three

biodegradable collection day wheeler with installation of large bins

Monitoring of collection and transportation for non-biodegradable waste was conducted as follow.

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Table 2-128: Result of collection and transportation monitoring for non-biodegradable waste
Observation Countermeasure / Instruction
 Intense instruction should be provided by
area PHIs and supervisors.
 Notice board includes the information not
 It is not easy for most residents to understand
only waste separation category, but also
the description ‘Week 1 & week 3 of days’.
collection days. As shown in the previous
section, actual ‘collection date cards’ will be
inserted into a notice board every month.
 Most of the paper waste is paper fraction or a
kind of cookie box, and there is not a lot of  Polysack bags* size of 70 L have started to
cardboard, newspaper or magazine. be used for paper waste collection. As it is
 Due to the light paper materials, action stretchy, paper can be compacted
should be taken to not drop and to not let fly Big size polysack bag (70 L or larger) is used
away during transportation. It is necessary to by workers in *Kanadola
prepare containers with lids or stone/tyre.
 Plan is to collect 2 items of
non-biodegradable waste every week. As  A big container, separation bin or partition
there is neither partition nor a container/ a should be installed in collection vehicles.
bin in collection vehicles, public may see and  Single items should be collected by a
think that separated wastes are collected collection vehicle.
together.
 Collection and transportation route should be
 Collection of separated wastes are not
revised and maintained to meet the current
limited in PP areas.
situation.
 Instruction to residents who have collection
 Make a warning sticker and attach it in cases
service on Sunday is limited because not so
where separation is not well practiced, or if
many residents are at home during the
collection days are incorrectly understood.
weekend.
 In the case where not many residents use  It is better for public in PP areas to use
distributed polysack bag for putting out distributed polysack bags in three colours for
rubbish, waste collectors need to check the purpose of collection services efficiency.
inside the bags.  Ask residents to use those distributed
 Some public in PP areas want to keep polysack bags as much as possible.
distributed bags only inside houses.
 The hone is continuously used during  Speaker should be installed and music
collection so residents know that the waste should be prepared without continuous use
collection vehicles are coming. of vehicle horn.
 Contents which speaker announce and
wastes which collectors collect are not  Speaker announcement and waste collected
corresponding with each other. i.e. Speaker should be same.
announces to collect ‘Glass, PET bottle,  Announcement should be modified or sound
paper, cardboard and metal’ when actually only is also fine.
glass, PET bottle and metal are the only
items to collect.
 Take action e.g. installation of sign board of
‘Prohibition of illegal dumping’, identified
 Illegal discharge points are identified.
areas surrounded with black and yellow
tapes.

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Checking type of waste to collect from several The three orange bags left are not the designated
waste bags by a collector and a driver waste to collect, only blue bag is the correct waste
to collect on the day

Vehicle (three wheeler) for paper collection Instruction by PHI on waste collection day

Each PHI has a different idea of the monitoring plan for collection and transportation of waste, which is

summarised in the table below.

Table 2-129: Monitoring plan of collection and transportation of waste by 4 PHIs in 4 PP areas
Area No. Monitoring plan for collection and transportation of waste
Area 1  Have a supervisor follow collection vehicles at least twice a week (one is for
biodegradable waste collection and the other is non-biodegradable waste collection)
 Submit the monitoring report to MOH.
Area 2  Have a supervisor follow collection vehicles still under discussion regarding how to
feedback findings of monitoring.
Area 3  Check if collection route is as planned by supervisor, and monitoring result written
in a designated form is submitted to PHI.
Area 4  Collection points for non-biodegradable wastes are decided based on the responsible
persons of the collection points. A couple of cooperative residents are gathered prior
to collection days and asked to send messages of non-biodegradable waste
collection to their neighbour.
 On non-biodegradable collection days, one area supervisor as well as a Kanadola
site labourer are despatched to collection points approximately one hour each, so
that further manual sorting supposed to be done in Kanadola can be conducted in
parallel at the collection points.
 Supervisor and collectors/drivers are monitored by PHI who do spontaneous visits
on both biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes collection day.

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(4) Monitoring of windrow compost

Windrow typed compost system has been started since 26 December 2017 before starting source

separation in PP areas. The following table shows progress of windrow compost as of 13 March 2018,

resulting 10 windrows have started compost process. The biggest issue at the moment is frequent break

down of bobcat and a long process for its repair.

Table 2-130: Progress of windrow compost system in RMC

No. of
Date started Date end 1st Turning 2nd Turning
Windrow
1 26 Dec 2017 5 Jan 2018 5 Feb 2018 24 Feb 2018
2 6 Jan 2018 15 Jan 2018 6 Feb 2018 24 Feb 2018
3 16 Jan 2018 26 Jan 2018 2 March 2018
4 27 Jan 2018 29 Jan 2018 2 March 2018
5 30 Jan 2018 4 Feb 2018 6 March 2018
6 5 Feb 2018 13 Feb 2018 9 March 2018
7 14 Feb 2018 19 Feb 2018 8 March 2018
8 20 Feb 2018 24 Feb 2018
9 25 Feb 2018 5 Mar 2018
10 6 Mar 2018

Locked stock yard Locked stock yard

of recyclable item of recyclable item

Worker’s rest Worker’s rest

room room

6 old 6 old

7 old 11 7
4
8 8
1&2

5 5

4 10

3 3

2
Initial windrow 9
1 After Turning

Figure 2-77: Progress of windrow compost in RMC

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Types of biodegradable waste for windrow compost are summarised in the following table, whereas a

boxed compost system accommodates biodegradable wastes from a market as before.

Table 2-131: Types of biodegradable waste and outcome and future expectation
Types of biodegradable wastes Outcome and future expectation
Kitchen waste and garden waste from PP areas  Segregated biodegradable waste from
households in PP areas, which is the
outcome of implementation of PP.
Biodegradable waste in shopping bags from  Degradable waste from planned expanded
areas for bin distribution.
small areas outside of PP areas, where residents
 Manual sorting work in Kanadola can be
separate and discharge, but do not receive waste reduced if the bins are distributed.
 It is possible to shift sorting work for
separation bins.
wastes from other areas to accommodate
more biodegradable wastes.
Wastes from a shrine named Saman Devalaya  Trailer from Saman Devalaya is taken in to
Kanadola once a week.
 Main waste from Saman Devalaya is
offering to god, which is biodegradable
wastes.
 It is possible to use boxed compost system,
however, high workloads are demanded to
handle waste even from one tractor.
Saw dust  Saw dust is laid out at the bottom of each
windrow to reduce leachate from food
wastes.
 Saw dust is expected to take a role of
moisture regulator.
Fish waste and chicken waste e.g. legs and  Although fish and chicken residues have
feathers that are directly carried into the site been dumped into the site, those are
daily nitrogen rich resources for compost.
 Since turning in boxed compost system has
been done manually, it was difficult for
workers to bear odour and gas from the
process in spite of wearing a mask.
 A pit is made in a windrow that keeps the
temperature higher than 50 degree celsius
for fish and chicken waste.

It is important to monitor the temperature of windrows with the purpose of knowing when to input fish and

chicken wastes as well as to obtain evidence to revise turning plan. The following figure shows the monitoring

result of temperature for windrow compost.

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Temperature of Processed day

80.0

70.0

60.0

50.0
y = 0.2871x + 44.324
R² = 0.4205
40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Figure 2-78: Relationship of process days and temperature of windrows as of 14 March 2018

Kitchen waste and garden waste from households Manual sorting of wastes from Saman Devalaya
in PP area

(5) Home compost monitoring

As written in 2.13.1 (9), monitoring of home compost bins, 250 of which have been distributed to

household under the project, is ongoing by RMC supervisors. An individual monitoring sheet is used for

for one user (bin) can be used for 18 monitoring entries.

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Figure 2-79: An example of home compost monitoring sheet

The table below summarises monitoring results of distributed home compost barrels by PHI’ four area,

which has been conducted by RMC supervisors from September to October 2018. As a result of the

monitoring for 211 households, 5 households had not been using the barrels, and total of 57 home

compost related issues were identified (Some households have multiple issues). For those non-users and

problematic households, RMC decided to conduct the monitoring frequently. As shown in 2.13.1, RMC

supervisors took training for home compost including the tips to solve the issues, so that they have

sufficient knowledge to manage issues and provide instruction.

Table 2-132: Monitoring results of distributed home compost barrels (Sep – Oct, 2018)
PHI area # of users who have problems on # of users whom
# of compost # of # of non
# of users 4.Inappropria 11.Installatio RMC has to visit
No Name bins monitored users 5.Waste size 6.Mixing 7.Bad smell 8.Insect 9.Heat 10.Wet
te waste n place frequently
1 Batugedara 47 44 44 0 1 3 1 5
2 Town North 47 22 20 2 5 4 4 1 3 3 2 2 24
3 Kospalawinna 76 76 74 2 8 3 8 19
4 Muwagama 80 69 68 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 9
Total 250 211 206 5 14 10 12 2 4 4 7 4

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2.14.3 Rehabilitation of a final disposal site in Kataragama PS

The Draft of Operation and Maintenance manual for Galapitagalayaya disposal site including

monitoring was formulated based on the discussion among KPS, Uva province, CEA and JICA team.

The Operation and Maintenance manual is attached as “appendix 23”.

2.14.4 Promotion of 3Rs in Kataragama PS

(1) Survey on temperature of Compost

A series of surveys were conducted to measure the temperature inside the compost providing basic data to

obtain hints for improving the compost manufacturing process and the relationship with the length of process

time was considered. The internal temperature of each windrow and each stage of compost was measured.

Changes over time in temperature were studied for items that show time series data from date tags. The results

are shown in the figure below.

90
80
70
Temperature (℃)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Process Time (Day)

At the Compost yard in KPS, 1st February, 2018

Plotted: Each Actual data, Blue Line: Average

Figure 2-80: Result of temperature and process time

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Thermometer

Windrow (Whole view) Measuring temperature

Indicated: 68℃

Although the standard procedure of the facility is set as every 15th day in the process of returning compost and

moving to the next stage. It actually only happened every 20 to 30 days, depending on work records and

listening. Due to a lack of personnel, delays in turning over the compost at regular intervals were observed. It

was observed that the turnover in Figure 2-52 is the 20th day for the first time and the 30th day for the second

time. The number of days is a factor required in raising the temperature, deteriorating the efficiency and

prolonging the necessary number of days. The maximum temperature is 70°C or higher, and it was observed

that the fermentation progresses. However, reaching the range from 60°C to 70°C took about 50 days or more

after ripening started, which is comparatively similar behaviour in Ratnapura measurement case (Fig. 2-51).

The temperature of the compost rises to 70°C or higher in the peak period, but then gradually decreases with

the passage of days. The number of days over 60°C was be about 90 days. Temperature distribution is due to a

lot of variables, a difference in content components, variation in work content and/or interval, etc. Because

there are differences in conditions, it is necessary to take more measurement results, in addition to those taken

at Ratnapura, but it is also presumed that there is a limit to the efficiency because the current windrow method

is reliant on manual labour.

(2) Survey on work flow line in the Compost Yard

Works in the compost yard are mainly carried out manually. Survey on work flow line in the Compost Yard

was conducted to observe and record how much time was spent on what work. The record was calculated by

multiplying the number of persons engaged and the time spent and calculating the unit of person x hour.

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Table 2-133: Survey results on work flow line in the Compost Yard
Day of observation: 2nd February, 2018 , Time: 9:00am – 16:00pm, Total Number of Workers: 12
Work Activity Person x Hour General Descriptions
Clean up at the Yard 1.00 Clean up at the yard
Implemented as maintenance work on the day
Repairing of the Water Tank 11.92 Officers are carrying out on-site maintenance
and repair at the site.
Four to six workers took over 2 to 3 hours. This
day was one tractor and one compactor car.
Segregation of unloaded waste 12.42
This work is necessary according to the loading
amount.
Transporting the compost in the Yard Three workers took over 2 hours more.
Windrow >> Open floor 7.92 (One for scoop, one for transport and one for
levelling)
This work is to stock biodegradable waste up to
Stocking biodegradable waste up to the the first box of compost.
0.67 One workers took over less than 1 hour.
first box of compost

Transporting the compost in the Yard One or two workers took over one hour by a
1.17
Open floor >> Trommel cart.
One worker dedicated on the process. This
process is light work to compress Cans and
Compress Cans and PET bottles 2.17
PET bottles by using machine. One worker
took over about 2 hours.
Loading waste
Compost Yard >> Dumpsite Three workers took a tractor to transport and
1.25
dump waste. One round trip took 30 minutes.
Daily Check-up for the electric fence was
Daily Check-up for the electric fence 0.42 conducted daily on the way of dumping waste
to the dump site.
Post shaping 5.25 Five to six workers took over one hour.

Manual transportation of compost Manual Segregation of mixed waste

(Using a Cart)

Based on these flow line surveys, ideas on improving work efficiency were considered. Two major works to

consume time are (1) segregation work of waste and (2) transportation of the compost / turnover work. (Since

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maintenance work does not occur every day, it is regarded as an irregular task and is excluded from

consideration.)

■ Segregation of waste in the yard

Issues Proposed measures
・ Currently it is collected as mixed waste, so the If separated discharge is adapted, it is possible to
operator must manually collect valuables (such eliminate or reduce the work of reloading on the
as cardboard, cans, plastic bottles, glass bottles, trailer, which separates manually after loading.
etc.) after loading. Moreover, there is a time If this work can be omitted, it will ideally have the
and effort to reload the dumped dust again on effect of increasing the time spent on turning
the trailer after sorting. compost etc.
・ Sorting accuracy is limited due to manual
separation.

■ Transportation and turning the compost

Issues Proposed measures
・ Because of manual work, you have to work ・ If saving labor in the above separation process
while taking a break and efficiency is not good. is possible, more people and time can be
・ Compost which must be processed has 6 lines devoted to movement and turnover of
as a box, and it is not keeping up switching compost.
frequently each stage. ・ Moving process: Improvement in efficiency,
・ Because of manual labour, there is a limit to the time reduction and improvement in working
amount and level of consistency of agitation accuracy can be expected by introducing
and turnover. mechanization for even part of the turnover.
Mechanization means, for example, Bobcat,
small backhoe, etc.

■ Composting process
Issues Proposed Measures
・ In the manual, the frequency of turnover is ・ As above mentioned, there is a possibility that
once in 15 days, but it is once in 20 to 30 days the manufacturing process can be improved if
as a matter of fact, which directly leads to a work efficiency is improved by optimizing
decrease in manufacturing efficiency. personnel allocation, mechanization, etc.
・ Temperature rise is slow and takes about 50 ・ Promote reaction by raising oxygen
days to reach peak temperature (about 65 to concentration by introducing aggressive
70 ). (Here, 50 days is an estimate from the aeration method by blower. (As an example
record of turnover) there are cases of Shibushi city in Japan)
・ Compost after aging has large grain. ・ Mechanical turning process is recommended
for grinding effect (achieving smaller particle
sizes).

An improvement of the sorting process and composting process including optimization of personnel allocation

in consultation with counterpart will be proposed.

(3) Weigh bridge operations

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A weigh bridge system was installed at the compost yard and experimental operation of the weigh bridge

was started from 1st of August. Recording of the weighting data also started. A staff of KPS has been

allocated at the weigh bridge control hut and she has been weighing the incoming and outgoing waste,

data recording and other related work using the system. The data is accumulated and used for the

monitoring activities of the project.

Figure 2-81: Screen shot of the log sheet of collection waste (Manual calculation)

2.15 C.5: PP Kick-off and Intermediate Report Seminars

2.15.1 PP Kick-off Seminar

At start of the pilot projects, a kick-off seminar was held for the purpose of introducing the project and

the pilot projects to Sri Lankan counterparts and officers working in SWM in local authorities. Not only

CEA and Dr. Gemunu, representative of SATREPS from Peradeniya University, made presentations,

but also representatives from three pilot project local authorities introduced each of the pilot projects by

themselves to the audience; which is considered to have developed their sense of ownership of the pilot

projects. Overview of the pilot projects will be described in the following table.

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Table 2-134: Outline of PP kick-off seminar

Date 27 October 2017, Friday 9:00～14:00
Venue Conference hall of CEA, 3F
Participants Total 185 participants including representative from CEA, NSWMSC, SATREPS.
Representatives of SWM departments from three PP local authorities, SWM
relevant officers from other local authorities.
Contents of 1. Introduction of ReEB Waste project, Dr. Naofumi Sato (ReEB Waste Project
presentations leader)
and presenters 2. Present status of Solid Waste Management and Challenges for Change, Dr.
K.H Muthukuda Arachchci (Deputy Director General Environment Pollution
Control, CEA)
3. Guide for sustainable planning, management and pollution control of waste
landfills in Sri Lanka., Dr. Gamunu Herath (Uiversity of Peradeniya)
4. Pilot project of Promotion of 3Rs in Ratnapura Municipal Council., Dr N B
Gamini (MOH, Ratnapura Municipal Council)
5. Pilot Project at Kataragama Pradeshiya Sabahas for ReEB Project., Mr.
K.L.A.L.Jayathilaka (Kataragama Pradeshiya Sabahas)
6. The Pilot Project at Kurunegala MC for ReEB Waste Project., Dr. Ratnakaya
(MOH, Kurunegala MC)
Language Sinhalese, Tamil and English

The table below shows questions and answers from the seminar.

Table 2-135: Questions and answers of PP kick-off seminar

Question Answer
How to manage the medical waste? Is there any The total responsibility of management of solid
mechanism to solve the medical waste problem? waste is on the health ministry. They have their
mechanisms to address this issue. If somebody
needs information, could contact the health
ministry.
What is the mechanism or procedure to collect Already, the CEA implemented a program to
and treat e-waste adopted by central collect e-waste through local authorities. Those
environmental authority? collected by this program were taken to the CEA
later on. There are plans for such future programs
to be implemented through local authorities and
to go for realistic treatment procedures.
There are some facilities done by NSWMSC and The responsibility for the provision of technical
PILISARU programmes. But, there are some support for such kind of facilities are mainly on
difficulties associated with these facilities on the NSWMSC. For further assistance on this kind
operation. Mainly the equipment and labour. of matters, you could contact NSWMSC director.
What sort of solutions could you, CEA can give Anyhow, the careful implementation and
for these issues? efficient management of available resources
could overcome such problems to a certain level.
Therefore, better to try with available resources
for the sustainability of the process.

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2.15.2 PP Intermediate Report Seminar

The PP Intermediate report seminar was held on 30 August 2018 at the auditorium of Central

Environmental Authority. The presentation of SATREPS technics by Prof. Kawamoto Saitama

University and progress of the PP at three local authorities was given to the participants. The number of

participants consisted of approximately 200 people from 122 organizations. The agenda and the

summary of attendance is shown as below table.

Table 2-136: The agenda of the PP intermediate report seminar

Time Activity
08.00- 9.00 Registration of participants & Tea
09.00-09.15 Welcome and opening remarks Director General of CEA
09.15 - 09.45 Key note Chairman of CEA
9.45 – 10.15 Present Pollution Aspects of Solid Director MSW, CEA
Waste Management in Sri Lanka
10.15-10.50 “Shibhushi Model” & Future of Deputy Director General, Waste
Solid Waste Management in Sri Management, CEA
Lanka
10.50 - 11.30 Concept of SATREPS Guide Professor Ken Kawamoto, University
of Saitama, Japan
11.30 - 12.00 Utilization of Draft 3Rs Manual & Chief Consultant -ReEB Waste Project
Landfill Site Operational Manual
12.00 - 13.00 Lunch
13.00- 13.30 Introducing Pilot Projects MOH, Kurunegala MC
Kurunegala MC
13:30- 14.00 MOH, Rathnapura MC
Rathnapura MC
14.00-14.30 Secretary, Katharagama PS
Katharagama PS
14.30-14.55 Discussion
14.55-15.00 Closing Remarks Deputy Director General, Waste
Management, CEA
Table 2-137: the summary of participants

Province PS UC MC Total
Southern 13 3 3 19
North Western 11 1 1 13
Eastern 10 2 1 13
Western 9 3 12
Northern 6 2 1 9
North central 7 1 8
Sabaragamuwa 7 1 1 9
Uva 8 8
Central 7 3 10
Unknown 2 2
Sub total 80 12 11 103
Uva province 1
JICA 1
CEA Head office 1
CEA Uva 1
WMA 1
MoMDE 1
NSWMSC 1
Univesity 2
Others 10
Total 122

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Presentation by Prof. Kawamoto Seminar Participant Presentation by MCK

2.15.3 PP Final Report Seminar

The PP final report seminar was held on 31 January 2019 at the auditorium of Central Environmental
Authority. Usage of ”Manual for Improvement of Solid Waste Disposal Site” and ”Manual for 3Rs
Promotion” and PP at three local authorities were given to the participants. The number of participants
consisted of approximately 170 people from 140 organizations. The agenda and the summary of
attendance is shown as below table.
Table 2-138: The agenda of the PP final report seminar
Time Activity
08.00- 9.00 Registration of participants
09.00-09.10 Welcome Director General of CEA
09.10- 09.15 Opening remarks JICA Sri Lanka Office
09.15 - 09.45 Key note Chairman of CEA
9.45 – 10.15 Pollution Management Aspects in SWM & Deputy Director General, Environmental
Environmental Standards Pollution Control -CEA
10.15- 10.45 CEA SWM initiatives for 2019 (Action Plan) Deputy Director General, Waste Management,
CEA
10.45-11.15 Proposed New National Waste Management Dr P. Batuwitage, Former Additional Secretary
Policy Ministry of Environment
11.15-11.30 Tea Break
11.30-11.45 Findings and Recommendations of Pilot Dr Naofumi Sato – Chief Consultant ReEB
Projects Waste Project
11.45- 12.15 Utilization of 3R Manual & Landfill Operational Director National Solid Waste Management
Manual Support Centre
12.15 – 12.45 Progress of Pilot Projects
Rathnapura MC MOH, Rathnapura MC
12.45-13.00 Kurunegala MC MOH, Kurunegala MC
13.00 -13.30 Katharagama PS Secretary/DO/Site Manager Katharagama PS

13.30-13.55 Discussion
13.55-14.00 Closing Remarks DDG, Waste Management, CEA
14.00-15.00 Lunch

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Opening remar Welcome speech

Q1
Why did you select Kurunegala MC, Rathnapura MC and Katharagama PS as pilot project
areas among 10 local authorities?
Answer
Critical observations and evaluations were done in LA level to identify the correct LAs to
initiate the pilot projects. Also considered the counterpart decisions and problems related to
land ownership and etc. All the decisions were discussed and finalized in the stakeholder
meetings.
Q2
Ehaliyagoda PS is collecting 10 – 12 tons of waste per day. We don’t have enough financial
strength to purchase collection vehicles and gully bowsers. Land issue also in a critical stage for
dumping the waste. What is the possibility of giving CEA support to Ehaliyagoda PS?
Answer
Ministry already imported 100 compactors and another 190 will be imported within this year.
We will distribute those vehicles in coming months by considering on how much waste
generation, how much waste collected, efforts done by LAs so far to manage the waste.
CEA is not responsible for finding a land for every small LA. CEA has selected lands for
dumping in national level but not for regional level. CEA will only give technical support for
waste dumping lands in regional level.
Q3
Balangoda MC is doing composting since 17 years ago. Our 2 acres landfilling site capacity is
over now. Bailing machine is broken, bob cat machine is older than 10 years and what can be
our alternatives for these issues?
Answer
LA should handle the situation in a creative manner. There are some institutes who are giving
loans for LAs in a very low interest rate. Also LA can move in to some money earning
alternatives through waste management and that earning can be dispatched for other sections
too.
Q4
Ruwanwella PS was planned to have a landfilling site in year 2018. But still we couldn’t
achieve it. We were able to participate in a night soil treatment program which I funded by
World Bank. Now we are facing financial issues even for tractor tailor repairing, bob cat tire
purchasing and etc. We are having some earnings from sales of compost, sales of PET/ plastic
bottles. But the cost for waste management is really high. So we are unable to give good

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service for the residence in PS area. It would be really grateful if CEA can support in small
things such as purchasing 3 tractor tailors and bob cat tires. Also, give us an opportunity to have
JICA support to establish the landfilling site as soon as possible.
Answer
Ruwanwella landfilling site which is in Kegalle district is already approved by CEA. We will
get all the resources and support from government to establish the landfilling site in near future.
Q5
Agalawatta PS is doing composting since 2009 under a PILISARU project. Compost
production is 10 tons per month and sales price is Rs. 12 per 1kg. Income will be used to pay
incentives for labors at composting yard. Also we received 2 crusher machines for recycling
items under a PURA NAGUMA project. Crusher machines consume higher electricity power
and PS cannot afford the cost. I believe we can improve the situation for recyclable items and
use the crusher machines effectively with the support from CEA. Also collection through gully
bowsers are transported to Galkissa treatment facility it takes a higher cost too. So it’s better if
we can have a night soil treatment facility within our PS area.
Answer
If you cannot pay the electricity bills for crusher machine, we can give crusher machines for
another LA those who are able to manage it properly. Some LAs are not using machines,
vehicles distributed by CEA 1 or 2 years ago. We should avoid this kind of situations. If we
cannot use that particular machine or vehicle, we should give it to a LA those who can use it.
Also every LA should share the available equipment/ machine and resources with other LAs.

2.16 D.1: Pilot Project Evaluation

2.16.1 Kurunegala MC

(1) PRB

The installation of PEB was started on 27July2018 and completed on 27 August 2018. The underground

water samplings at two monitoring wells were conducted before construction in July 2017, during

construction in August 2018 and after construction in October and November 2018. Although the high

value of “Fe”; 63.46 (mg/l) at Bor.No1 and 32.83 mg/l at Bor.No.2 during the construction was detected,

the low or less 0.01 value of those were detected after the construction. Since the majority of value of

EC, COD ,BOD5 TSS and Pb at Bor.No2 is less than Bor.No1 after the construction, PRB seems to

function to improve some parameters by filtration.

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Table 2-139: The comparison of EC, COD, BOD5, TSS, Pb and Fe before, during and after
construction of PRB
Monitoring well**
Parameter Sampling month
Bor. No1 Bor.No2
July2017 3.33 3.94
EC Aug2018 3.88 3.29
mS/cm Oct2018 4.52 4.16
Nov2018 4.99 4.53
July2017 80 80
COD Aug2018 98 49
(mg/l) Oct2018 64 44
Nov2018 86 40
July2017 4 5
BOD5 Aug2018 16 26
(mg/l) Oct2018 25 16
Nov2018 13 7
July2017 432 268
TSS Aug2018 1352 67
(mg/l) Oct2018 547 235
Nov2018 2904 64
July2017 <0.01 <0.01
Pb Aug2018 0.04 <0.01
mg/l Oct2018 <0.01 <0.01
Nov2018 <0.01 <0.01
July2017 <0.01 <0.01
Aug2018 63.46 32.83
Fe (mg/l)
Oct2018 0.33 1.09
Nov2018 <0.01 <0.01

(2) Leachate treatment facility

The leachate collected at the bottom of slop of current disposal site is pumped up to the existing night

soil treatment facility. Since the clogging during the pumping up easily happens, regular cleaning of

pumping system by Kurunegara MC is required.

As of January 2019, the night soil treatment facility sometimes does not function well due to over

loading of night soil. But it is expected to function soon after the sewage project lunches and proper

amount of night soil is loaded to night soil treatment facility.

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Table 2-140: Comparison between influent and effulent at leachate treatment faciltiy
No Item Date Influent Effluent Tolence
2 EC July2017 33.5 - -
mS/cm Aug2018 20.6 1.17
Oct2018 4.81 1.87
Nov2018 10.10 2.43
4 COD July2017 10000 - (1)<250mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 6002 148
Oct2018 9178 98
Nov2018 1512 363
5 BOD5 July2017 348 - (1)<30mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 194 20
Oct2018 241 10
Nov2018 136 76
6 TSS July2017 212 - (1)<50mg/l
(mg/l) Aug2018 254 60
Oct2018 936 88
Nov2018 276 158
12 Total July2017 >16000 - (1)-
Coliforms Aug2018 >16000 9200
Oct2018 >16000 >16000
Nov2018 >16000 >16000
13 Fecal July2017 16000 - (1)40MPN/100ml
Coliforms Aug2018 16000 5400
Oct2018 16000 9200
Nov2018 16000 3500

(3) Landfill mining

According to composition analysis and current waste amount at old disposal site, the approximately 7 years
life time is expected to extend with landfill mining.

2.16.2 Ratnapura MC

(1) Intermediate evaluation

a. Outcome of the pilot project

In Ratnapura MC, the PP was conducted based on the Action Plan from 2018 to 2022, which was

developed in cooperation with ReEB Waste Project and Ratnapura MC. Since the PP has been

conducted towards targets of the first year (2018) of the Action Plan, outcome of the PP is evaluated in a

way of comparison with 2018 target in the Action Plan. The table below shows the targets written in the

Action Plan. Target values of the PP are highlighted in blue.

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Table 2-141: Transition toward 2022 in the Action Plan of Ratnapura MC

Situation 2018 2019 Target

2020 2021
in 2017 PP-1 PP-2 In 2022
6.0
No. of HH doing home compost (%) 6.9% 8.0 9.0 10.0 10.0
(2014)

Receiving amount of biodegradable waste at Kanadola (ton/day) 2.3 5.3 8.6 11.8 15.0 15.0

Compost production at Kanadola (ton/month) 2.3 5.3 8.6 11.8 15.0 15.0

Receiving amount of recyclable items (ton/day) 2.9 3.7 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9

Sales amount/ Receiving amount (%) 4.8 10 10 20 30 40

Sales amount of recyclable wastes at Kanadola (ton/day) 0.14 0.37 1.49 3.00 4.47 5.78

Final disposal amount (ton/day) 38.5 35.3 20.1

The following table describes progress to the targets as of July 2018. Regarding (1). No. of HH doing

home compost has been achieved by distributing 250 home compost barrels in the project.

All the status figures of (2). (4). and (7). are constantly available at Kanadola site from the monitoring of

amounts of collection, treatment and disposal respectively shown in 2.14.2. Although target of (2). was

achieved in May 2018 at once, the numerical number in July 2018 was lower because of lack of

monitoring for night shift workers and data handling persons, since records of numbers of trips and fill

factor during night shift in Kanadola by night shift workers, which was conducted once in May 2018, it

was stopped after that. Currently, since Ratnapura MC is expanding biodegradable separation at the

generation level by distributing separation bins to 5 GN divisions other than the PP areas (the PP was

conducted in 4 GN divisions), it is expected to achieve this target at the final evaluation in November

2018, together with the instruction to night shift workers and data handling persons. With regard to (4).

Incoming amount of recyclable items, the result was about half of that in 2017, but recovery percentage

(selling amount / incoming amount) increased as shown in the achievement of (6) Average sales amount.

Daily final disposal amount in (7) dramatically decreased with achievement of the target of 2022.

Although baseline data was obtained from one week survey during May 2017 and from a survey during

WACS in October to November 2017, implemented dengue programmes throughout 2017 associated

with dengue epidemic in Ratnapura 2017 and disaster wastes from heavy flooding at the end of May

2017 may cause relatively higher baseline values.

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Other than that, (3) and (6) were acquired from sales data book maintained at Kanadola site. In

Ratnapura it normally takes 3-4 months to produce compost, however, it took much longer period

because a skid loader had not been available from January to June 2018 for compost turning, which was

assumed to be used in windrow system compost yard for increased amount of biodegradable waste from

PP areas, and had to rely on an excavator that was only available several times during the half year. For

this reason, there is a possibility that production amount of compost was not the same as amount of

biodegradable waste that was received 3-4 month ago.

Table 2-142: Outcome of the PP in Ratnapura (as of July 2018)

Situation Plan Actual in

In Ratnapura MC as a whole
in 2017 in 2018 July 2018
6.0
(1). No. of HH doing home compost (%) 6.9 6.9
(2014)

(2). Receiving amount of biodegradable waste at Kanadola (ton/day) 2.3 5.3 4.6

(3). Compost production at Kanadola (ton/month) 2.3 5.3 2.5

(4). Receiving amount of recyclable items (ton/day) 2.9 3.7 1.4

(6). Average Sales amount of recyclable wastes at Kanadola (ton/day) 0.14 0.37 0.46

(7). Final disposal amount (ton/day) 38.5 35.3 19.8

As shown in 2.10.2, waste separation percentage is another indicator of PP outcome, of which target is

90%. Since not all areas in Ratnapura MC have had the new waste separation categories applied, this

indicator is evaluated only in 4 PP areas. Following table shows before and after PP of waste separation

percentage by waste category. In 2017 when 2 waste separation categories were applied, biodegradable

and non-biodegradable wastes separation percentage were 60.1% and 96.5% respectively. Both of

biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes were discharged in shopping bags before starting the PP,

and although collected biodegradable wastes, of which actual percentage of biodegradables consists

60.1%, all of them used to be dumped at the dump site.

Awareness raising and monitoring activities after distribution of waste separation bin to PP areas made

biodegradable waste separation percentage massively increase to 96.6-99.9% from 60.1%. Currently

collected biodegradable waste from the PP areas is not dumped but used for composting. Also, as

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confirmed in the outcome of non-biodegradable waste separation percentage in July 2017, namely

99.8-100%; meaning the amount of biodegradable waste contaminating (mixed in) the waste collected as

non-biodegradables was extremely low. Therefore, waste separation percentage has been increased in

Ratnapura MC.

However, as described in the outcome of targeted non-biodegradable waste separation percentage in July

2018, although there are 4 non-biodegradable waste categories i.e. plastic/polythene, paper,

glass/metal/coconut shell, and others, percentage of targeted non-biodegradable waste out of collected

waste as targeted non-biodegradable remains 64.0-74.3% (therefore 25.7-36.0% are non-targeted

non-biodegradable wastes). For the purpose to increase this figure to 90%, awareness raising and

monitoring was evaluated in November 2018.

Table 2-143: Waste separation percentage before and after the PP

2017 July 2018

Types of waste （2 separation （5 separation
categories） categories）
Biodegradable waste
60.1% 96.6-99.9%
（Biodegradable waste/Collected wastes as biodegradables）

Non-biodegradable waste
96.5% 99.8-100%
（Non-biodegradable waste/Collected wastes as non-biodegradables）

Targeted non-biodegradable waste

- 64.0-74.3%
（Targeted non-biodegradable waste/Collected wastes as targeted non-biodegradables）

b. Capacity assessment

Factors that effect the above mentioned waste separation percentage are:

 Understanding of waste separation by drivers and collectors as well as waste collection and

transportation of separately discharged waste

 Implementation of public awareness raising initiatives

In Ratnapura MC, awareness raising program and distribution of equipment in accordance with start-up

of new waste separation categories in the PP started in December 2017 and has been ongoing, and

collection and transportation of new waste separation categories in all 4 PP areas started since February

2018. Therefore, from June to July 2018, that is a half year since starting the new waste separation

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categories, a project member and an evaluator assigned by Ratnapura MC evaluated the drivers, waste

collectors and supervisor for around a month, in addition to above mentioned survey of waste separation

percentage. Evaluation items are summarised in the following table.

At the same timing, self-evaluation regarding above described ‘Implementation of public awareness

raising’ were also implemented by PHI, supervisors and overseers.

Table 2-144: Evaluation items

Object person Evaluation item Detailed evaluation contents
Knowledge - Knowledge of collection route
- Knowledge of type of waste to collect
- Knowledge of collection days of the collected waste
- Knowledge of collection days by type of wastes in a route
Preparation - Having necessary sanitary items
- Having necessary equipment to collect separated wastes
separately
Behaviour - Collecting separated waste separately
Collectors and - Not collecting non-targeted waste
drivers - Dealing with tools and equipment neatly
- Taking care of collected wastes during transportation
- Recovering materials (picking up valuable items)
Communication - Communicating with public regarding simple matter
- Instructing public if necessary
- Communicating with public regarding advance matter
- Identifying issues
- Reporting/ Sharing issues to/ with supervisors and upper mangers
Cooperation - Cooperation
Knowledge - Knowledge of collection route
- Knowledge of type of waste to collect
- Knowledge of collection days of the collected waste
- Knowledge of collection days by type of wastes in a route
- Knowledge of equipment distribution (PP activities)
- General knowledge of area specific issue
Preparation - Having a leaflet of a route area
Supervisor Relationship - Communicating with public regarding simple matters
with public - Instructing public if necessary
- Communication with public regarding advanced matters
Instruction to - Instructing drivers/ collectors if necessary
drivers and
collectors
Problem solving - Identifying issues
skill - Reporting/ Sharing issues to /with appropriate upper managers
Evaluation results are given in the following figures. Basically, collection of biodegradable wastes got

higher scores than non-biodegradable wastes collection. About non-biodegradable collection, although

supervisors have relatively good level of knowledge, this knowledge has not been transferred to drivers

and collectors who are in charge of non-biodegradable waste collection.

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These results were shared with (C) PHIs, supervisors, overseers, drivers, collectors etc. in Ratnapura MC

in August 2018, therefore, it is expected to improve outcome of non-biodegradable waste separation

percentages in the final evaluation planned in November 2018.

(Biodegradable)
100

80

60

40

20

0
knowledge Preparation Behaviour Communication Cooperation

Area1 Area2 Area3 Area4

(Non biodegradable)
100

80

60

40

20

0
knowledge Preparation Behaviour Communication Cooperation

Area1 Area2 Area3 Area4

Figure 2-82: Evaluation results of drivers and collectors

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(Biodegradable)
100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
knowledge Preparation Public relation Instruction Problem solving

Area1 Area2 Area3 Area4

(Non biodegradable)
100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
knowledge Preparation Public relation Instruction Problem solving

Area1 Area2 Area3 Area4

Figure 2-83: Evaluation results of supervisors

(2) Final evaluation

a. Questionnaire survey after the pilot project

Questionnaire survey after the pilot project was conducted in October 2018, previous of which was

conducted in October 2017 before starting the project, so those results are compared. The survey method

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was same as the one conducted in 2017. The following shows the respondents information and some

representative results.

Table 2-145: Respondents information of questionnaire survey in RMC

Household Commercial
October 2017 October 2018 October 2017 October 2018
(Before the PP) (After the PP) (Before the PP) (After the PP)
Total number of respondents 200 179 143 78
Area 1 Batugedara 56 85
Area 2 Town 0 0
Area 3 Kospalawinna 48 42 143 78
Area 4 Muwagama 96 52
Age of respondents 50.5 51.4
Gender of respondents
Female 44% 38%
Male 56% 62%
Number of family member
4.2 4.3
on average
Before starting the pilot project, although RMC had been applying two waste separation categories, 18%

of household respondents and 10% of commercial respondents had not been practicing waste separation.

After the pilot project, however, 99% of household respondents and 98% of commercials respondents

answered that they separate their wastes.

Households Commercials
Before
b.No
b.No 10%
18%

a.Yes
a.Yes
82%
90%

After b.No
1%
b.No
2%

a.Yes a.Yes
99% 98%

Figure 2-84: Are you separating wastes?

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Regarding self-disposal method show in the figure below, 71 households and only 14 households

answered that they burn wastes and practice home compost respectively before the pilot project, whereas

the number of those burn wastes has decreased and make compost has increased to 27 households after

the project.

Before 71

20
14
5
0

a.Burning b.Burying c.Composting d.Feeding e.Other

domestic
animals
After 29
27

15
12

a.Burning b.Burying c.Composting d.Feeding e.Other

domestic
animals

Figure 2-85: (For households) If self-disposing, how are you treating the wastes?

As shown in the following table, the percentage of shopping bag which used to be the main material in
discharging, has significantly decreased from 49% to 3%, which is one of the most successful part in the
pilot project.

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Before After
d.Shopping e.Poly f.Other
d.Other
bag sack bag 1%
2% c.Waste 3% 5%
container
5%

c.Poly sack a.Waste

bag container
21% 28%
a.Green
container
given by
RMC
b.Bags 46%
(colour
code) given
by RMC
b.Shopping 40%
bag
49%

Figure 2-86: (For households) How do you discharge your wastes?

During the pilot project, information on collection days and time has been repeatedly provided for

households and commercials in the pilot project areas. As shown in the following figure, those

information are recognised by most of the residents and commercials.

Before After
b.No c.Dont
c.Dont 1% know
know 1%
3%

b.No
31%

a.Yes
66%
a.Yes
98%

Figure 2-87: (For households) Does RMC provide information on collection day/time?

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Before After
c.Dont know c.Dont know
4% 4%

b.No
b.No 6%
12%

a.Yes
84%
a.Yes
90%

Figure 2-88: (For commercials) Does RMC provide information on collection day/time?

Satisfaction on SWM service provided by RMC seems to be improved throughout the pilot project.

Before After
c.Not c.Not
satisfied satisfied
4% 0%

a.Very
satisfied.
37% b.Somewh
at satisfied.
42% a.Very
satisfied.
b.Somewh 58%
at satisfied.
59%

Figure 2-89: (For households) How do you satisfy with solid waste management service
provided by RMC?

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The percentage of those who know 3Rs and have heard about 3Rs was less than 20% before the pilot

project, however, as a result of the pilot project, close to 70% residents now know about or have heard

about 3Rs.

Before After
a.Yes, I
know
about
a.Yes, I
what ‘3Rs’
know
stand for.
about what
13% c.No.
‘3Rs’ stand
b.Yes, I 32%
for.
have heard 19%
about it.
16%

c.No. b.Yes, I
71% have heard
about it.
49%

Figure 2-90: (For household) Do you know 3Rs?

b. Pilot project outcome

The final pilot project outcome is listed in the table below

Table 2-146: Outcome of 3Rs pilot project in RMC

Target
Before
After PP in After PP in in 2018
Items September
July 2018 Nov 2018 of Action
2017
Plan
Number of household doing home compost 6 % (2014) 6.9 % 6.9% 6.9%

Receiving amount of biodegradable waste at 2.3 4.6 5.3 5.3

Kanadola (ton/day)
Production of compost at Kanadola (ton/month) 2.3 2.5 2.5 5.3

Receiving amount of recyclable items (ton/day) 2.86 1.4 2.3 3.7

Sales of recyclable wastes at Kanadola (ton/day) 0.14 0.46 0.37 0.37

Final disposal amount (ton/day) 35.76 19.8 28.5 35.3

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Waste separation percentage of non-biodegradable wastes, which was below the target of 2018 in the

intermediate evaluation conducted in July 2018, was confirmed again in the final evaluation. The result

is summarised in the following table. Waste separation percentage of targeted non-biodegradable waste

has improved in comparing the intermediate evaluation, but still could not achieve the target of the

Action Plan. In the final evaluation, only one sample among 14 samples composed about 4% of

biodegradable wastes in the collected waste as non-biodegradables and remaining all 13 samples did not

include biodegradable waste in non-biodegradable waste collections.

Table 2-147: Percentage (%) of bio-degradable waste amount to collection amount as

“bio-degradable waste

Timing of evaluation Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Average

Before PP in September 2017 43.65 58.82 65.98 72.11 60.14
After PP in July of 2018 99.12 97.23 99.05 98.28 98.42
After PP in November 2018 Evaluation was not conducted

Table 2-148: Percentage (%) of correctly separated recyclable material as 5 categories to

separate collection waste amount

Timing of evaluation Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Average

Before PP in Sep 2017 No category of recyclable material collection
After PP in July of 2018 74.3 68.6 64.0 71.4 69.6
After PP end of 2018 73.0 85.5 76.3 86.0 80.2

2.16.3 Rehabilitation of a final disposal site in Kataragama PS

The 1st monitoring committee was held on 17 November 2018 and the result of monitoring was

summarized below table.

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Table 2-149: Result of 1st monitoring committee

No Items Acceptable Medium Terrible Score
Rate 0 1 2
A1. Fire & Smoking 11 0 0 0
A2. Offensive dour 11 0 0 0
A3. Waste water control 10 1 0 1
A4. Withering of trees caused by discharged waste 11 0 0 0
A5. Waste scattering 10 1 0 1
A6. Animals (Wild elephants, Dogs, monkeys etc.) 10 1 0 1
A7. Vermin (Flies etc.) 11 0 0 0
A8. View 7 4 0 4
Entry of scavenger
A9. 11 0 0 0
(If no scavenger is the site : select “0” )
Total of Category A 7

No Items Functioning Medium No

functioning Total Score
Rate 0 1 2
Landfill site
B1. Drainage system
B1-1.Rip pap 9 1 1 3
B1-2.Earth drain 5 3 1 5
B2. Leachate collection & treatment system 4 2 2 6
B3. Gas ventilation system 8 1 1 3
B4. Fence 7 0 1 2
B4-1.Hanging type electric fence 9 1 2
B4-2.Normal fence 7 1 1 3
B5. Access road 0
B5-1. in Landfill site 8 1 1 3
B5-2. Cause way 6 2 1 4
B6. Security facilities
B6-1.Gate 9 0 1 2
B6-2.Security house 8 1 0 1
B7. Waste scattering prevention net fence 8 0 1 2
B8. Turffing 1 6 2 10
Compost plant
B9. Night soil treatment facility 3 0
B10. Weight bridge 5 0
Total of Category B 46

2.16.4 Promotion of 3Rs in Kataragama PS

(1) Monitoring for waResult of Step 1 (Bio-degradable waste separation)

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The second Waste Composition Survey was conducted in order to see the impact of the pilot project’s

Step 1, in which the community was requested to separate bio-degradable waste from non-biodegradable

waste.

a. Date of survey

From 21 June 2018 until 29 June 2018, and excluding the 27th June, a Poya holiday with no collection service.

b. Target Area of the Survey

b.1. Zone 3

b.2. Zone 1 and 4 (Although Zone 1 is not the target area of the PP, it has been covered by the same vehicle that

operates in Zone 4 on each collection day, and the KPS has requested the community in Zone 1 to follow the

same rules as in Zone 4. Therefore, the evaluation survey has been conducted without excluding this non-PP area.

c. Method of the Survey

All waste is brought to the Resource Center of KPS (the composting site) after collection from the community

according to the collection schedule set under the PP as below.

 Days of bio-degradable waste collection: Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday

 Days of non-bio-degradable waste collection: Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday

The following process thereafter was the same as in the baseline survey.

d. The result of Waste Composition Survey

d.1. Zone 3 (Refer to Appendix 24)

Non Biodegradable Biodegradable Non Biodegradable Biodegradable Biodegradable Non Biodegradable Non Biodegradable Biodegradable
21/06/2018 22/06/2018 23/06/2018 24/06/2018 25/06/2018 26/06/2018 28/06/2018 29/06/2018
total weightContainer weightNet weightPercentagetotal weightContainer weightNet weightPercentagetotal weightContainer weightNet weightPercentagetotal weightContainer weightNet weight total weightContainer weightNet weight total weightntainer weiNet weightPercentagtotal weightntainer wei Net weightPercentagtotal weightntainer wei Net weight
Kichen Waste 1.43 0.62 0.81 3.565926 361.4 97.35991 0 0 0 0 366.5 636.4 100 4.067 0.609 3.458 9.717305 0 0 0 0 650 98.63429
Grass and Wood 10.577 0.61 9.967 43.87849 9.763 0.598 9.165 22.82065 17.942 3.2 14.742 41.4264 15.169 0.63 14.539 41.83042
Paper 2.157 0.62 1.537 6.766454 1.536 0.61 0.926 2.305719 1.306 0.612 0.694 1.950205 1.408 0.613 0.795 2.287309 9 1.365706
Textile 0.934 0.611 0.323 1.421968 0 0 0 0 0.949 0.61 0.339 0.952622 1.315 0.61 0.705 2.028368
Soft Plastic 1.921 0.61 1.311 5.771517 9.8 2.640086 2.163 0.613 1.55 3.859466 2.47 0.62 1.85 5.198674 10.696 0.613 10.083 29.00998
Hard Plastic 0.95 0.6 0.35 1.540832 0.986 0.624 0.362 0.901372 0.206 0 0.206 0.578879 1.061 0.608 0.453 1.303335
Metal 0.815 0.61 0.205 0.902487 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glass 0 0 0 0 0.223 0 0.223 0.555265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Leather and Rubber 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ceramic and Stone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.523 0.613 0.91 2.557185 0 0 0 0
King coconut combs 8.56 0.618 7.942 34.96368 27.335 0 27.335 68.06354 13.77 0.62 13.15 36.95273 8.376 0.607 7.769 22.35233
Other 0.88 0.61 0.27 1.188642 1.208 0.608 0.6 1.493987 0.837 0.6 0.237 0.665992 1.023 0.61 0.413 1.18825
Total Weight 22.715 100 371.2 40.161 100 366.5 636.4 100 35.586 100 34.757 100 659 100

Fill Factor 90 10 75 10 10 75 100 40

Density (g/L) 175.62 307.26 335.03 519.667 595 363.85 319.8 292.615
Total Volume (m3) 7.0668 6.588 3.283 3.2832 3.2832 3.3048 3.3048 3.2832

d.2. Zone 1 + 4 (Refer to Appendix 27)

Non Biodegradable Biodegradable Non Biodegradable Biodegradable Biodegradable Non Biodegradable Non Biodegradable Biodegradable
21/06/2018 22/06/2018 23/06/2018 24/06/2018 25/06/2018 26/06/2018 28/06/2018 29/06/2018
total weightContainer weightNet weightPercentagetotal weightContainer weightNet weightPercentagetotal weightContainer weightNet weightPercentagetotal weightContainer weightNet weight total weightContainer weightNet weightPercentage
total weightntainer weiNet weightPercentagtotal weightntainer wei Net weight total weightntainer wei Net weight
Kichen Waste 0 0 0 0 489.6 100 0 0 0 0 994.4 100 916 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1910.6 100
Grass and Wood 3.695 0.66 3.035 27.03305 13.869 3.2 10.669 55.78562 5.724 0.614 5.11 39.62776 19.04 3.2 15.84 52.72092
Paper 2.307 0.608 1.699 15.13316 1.52 0.61 0.91 4.75817 2.118 0.61 1.508 11.69446 4.604 0.613 3.991 13.28341
Textile 0 0 0 0 0.665 0.588 0.077 0.402614 0.683 0.6 0.083 0.64366 2.348 0.6 1.748 5.81794
Soft Plastic 2.424 0.611 1.813 16.14857 1.539 0.621 0.918 4.8 5.258 3.2 2.058 15.95967 5.052 3.2 1.852 6.164087
Hard Plastic 1.51 0.607 0.903 8.04311 1.97 0.622 1.348 7.048366 2.155 0.615 1.54 11.94261 1.957 0.61 1.347 4.483275
Metal 0 0 0 0 0.044 0 0.044 0.230065 0.142 0 0.142 1.101202 1.412 0.58 0.832 2.76918
Glass 1.971 0.612 1.359 12.10475 1.09 0.622 0.468 2.447059 0.191 0 0.191 1.481194 1.382 0.59 0.792 2.636046
Leather and Rubber 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.137 0 0.137 0.455983
Ceramic and Stone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
King coconut combs 2.29 0.612 1.678 14.94611 3.016 0.61 2.406 12.58039 2.74 0.612 2.128 16.50252 1.16 0.58 0.58 1.930438
Other 1.345 0.605 0.74 6.591253 2.89 0.605 2.285 11.94771 0.75 0.615 0.135 1.046917 3.535 0.609 2.926 9.738725
Total Weight 11.227 100 489.6 19.125 100 994.4 100 916 12.895 30.045 100 1910.6

Fill Factor 95 10 100 15 20 100 100 30

Density 103.45 863.81 109.04 854.524 824.6 109.493 114.63 903.175
Total Volume 4.86 4.86 4.86 6.897 6.897 6.897 6.897 6.897

d.3. Composition of waste collected on the day of Bio-degradable waste collection

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Figure 2-91: Zone 3 - Composition of “Bio-degradable waste”

Figure 2-92: Zone 1&4 - Composition of “Bio-degradable waste”

d.4. Composition of Non bio-degradable waste collection

Figure 2-93: Zone 3 - Composition of “non bio-degradable waste”

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Figure 2-94: Zone 1&4 - Composition of “non bio-degradable waste”

d.5. The impact of Step 1

As shown in d.4. and d.5. above, Zone 4 (with Zone 1) successfully separated kitchen waste from the other waste,

although “non-bio degradable waste” still contained a large portion (by weight) of garden waste as well as hardly

bio-degradable waste.

The force behind this success was the commitment of the team of the collection vehicle driver, collection workers

and the monitoring staff, although the area that is covered by this vehicle has been added to non-PP targeted (thus

no provision of separation bins) area. They made sure that every discharged waste is separated, and otherwise they

would not accept it. Another encouraging aspect to Zone 4 was that they had been provided the separation bins

earlier, and they had a longer period of time to get themselves accustomed to the new practice than their cohorts in

Zone 3.

Meanwhile, garden waste (grass and tree branches) are still discharged as “non bio-degradable” waste, even though

the leaflet explains it is bio-degradable. This might be because bulky branches along with other hardly-degradable

waste (such as banana branch, pineapple stem, king coconut shells, and other hard-shell of fruits) are currently

excluded from bio-degradable waste and are sent to the landfill. Separating “garden waste” into “soft” garden waste

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and “hard” garden waste could have been too confusing. This is expected to be solved after installing a chipping

machine to the site.

(2) Result of Step 2 and the PP: Changes in Waste Composition.

The third waste composition survey was conducted in order to measure the impact of 3-category separation

(Bio-degradable waste, Recyclables, and Other Waste) implemented during Step 2, targeting the waste transported

in to the compost site.

a. Schedule of the Survey

From 11 November, 2018 to 18 November, 2018
b. Targeted area of the Survey
Zone 3 and Zone 4 combined with Zone 1 were targeted as the second WACS.
c. Method of the Survey

The waste collected according to the schedule developed in PP were surveyed as they were transported in to the

compost site. The collection schedule is as following:

⁃ Collection of Bio-degradable waste: Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday

⁃ Collection of Recyclables: Wednesday
⁃ Collection of other waste: Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday

d. Result of the 3rd WACS and Comparison between pre-PP and post-PP

Progress of Separation of Bio-degradable Waste

Before the implementation of PP, waste was separated by workers on the loading compartment of a collection
vehicle while collecting waste and by the time the waste was brought in to the compost site, so the waste brought in
to the compost site was "separated". Under PP1, the days of collection for bio-degradable waste and
non-biodegradable waste were designated respectively, and one load of a vehicle transported the waste in one
category. On the other hand, hardly bio-degradable waste such as king coconut comb and banana stems were
categorized as "other waste". Furthermore, the garden waste had not been recognized as bio-degradable waste as
kitchen waste, and had not been separated by the people. When PP2 was initiated, a chipping machine was
provided to the compost site, and the community was also informed "hardly bio-degradable waste" could now be
discharged as "bio-degradable waste". At the same time, garden waste became recognized as bio-degradable waste
which should be discharged together with kitchen waste.

Changes in “bio-degradable waste” in Zone 03

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1st WACS (Before PP1) 2nd WACS (After PP 1) 3rd WACS (After PP 2)
Changes in “bio-degradable waste” in Zone 04

1st WACS (Before PP1) 2nd WACS (After PP 1) 3rd WACS (After PP 2)

Progress of Separation of "Other Waste"

During PP1, separate collection of "recyclables" were not specifically instructed. Therefore, it had been expected
that such recyclable waste would be found mixed with other waste until the second WACS. However, some
private recyclable collection business had started operating frequently in KPS during the implementation period of
PP1, the result of the second WACS did not find the recyclables discharged as much as expected. Soft plastic
found in these survey mean that there is not market for them. In the third WACS, KPS themselves also
implemented collection of "recyclables" (which already have destinations after being sold) on a designated day of a
week, and "Other waste" no longer include such recyclables.

At the end of PP 1 (at the time of the second WACS), kitchen waste had no longer been found in the "other waste",
and at the end of PP2 (at the time of third WACS) garden waste was no longer found either. Moreover, hardly
bio-degradable waste, which is supposed to be "bio-degradable waste" but had been instructed to categorize in
"other waste", has also become separated as "organic waste" by the time of the third WACS. These results show
the high degree of acceptance of separate collection by the community as a result of the PP.

Changes in “Other Waste” in Zone 3

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1st WACS (Before PP1) 2nd WACS (After PP 1) 3rd WACS (After PP 2)
Changes in “Other Waste” in Zone 04

1st WACS (Before PP1) 2nd WACS (After PP 1) 3rd WACS (After PP 2)

Waste composition of “Recyclables” collected at the time of the third WACS

Zone 03（Data for Zone 04 was unable to collect.）

In KPS, destinations of “Soft Plastic” (Polythene bags, shopping bags, plastic lunch sheets, etc) have
not been found（supposedly due to the cost of transportation being a remote location of KPS）, and
have not been put on the process for recycling. In future, it will be necessary to consider securing
method and space for storing in bulk, and to establish a route for selling them. At the same time,
reduction of soft plastic use should also be promoted.

(3) Result of Step 2 and the PP: Changes in People’s practices of waste discharge

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The second public opinion survey was conducted in order to understand any changes in people’s practice

of waste discharge and their attitude toward waste management as a result of the PP.

a. Survey Schedule

19 November, 2018 to 22 November 2018

b. Target areas and number of samples

The PP target areas, Zone 03 and Zone 4, were targeted. The sample numbers in each area is as

below.

Zone 03 Zone 04
Hotel 3 Hotel 1
Guesthouse 35 Guesthouse 32
Restaurant 4 Restaurant 2
Others* 13 Holiday Bungalow** 3
Total 55 House 19
* Others (Zone 3) Retail Shop 1
Retail Shop 7 Other (Not specified) 1
Fabric business 1 Total 59
"Food city" super market 1
House 1
Not specified 3

c. Method of survey

A pair of interviewers visited each sample, selected randomly, and interviewed them used a

structured questionnaire.

d. Result of the Survey

Major findings are as below.

1) Treatment of food waste

Separate discharge of food waste to KPS’s waste collection services seems to be promoted
successfully, especially in Zone 4. Zone 3 might have reflected the delay in distribution of separation
bins.

a. discharged together with other waste to the regular collection service

b. discharged separately to the regular collection service

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c. disposing together with other waste in own premises

d. disposing separately in our own premises
e. other

POS 2017
Zone 03 Zone 04
a b c d e a b c d e
Hotels 0 1 0 1 0 Hotels 0 1 1 2 0
Guesthouse 0 8 11 11 0 Guesthouse 2 7 1 2 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 1 0 Restaurants 0 1 0 0 0
Others 0 1 0 0 0 Others 0 2 1 2 0
Total 0 10 11 13 0 Total 2 11 3 6 0
0 29% 32% 38% 0% 9% 50% 14% 27% 0%
POS 2018
Zone 03 Zone 04
a b c d e a b c d e
Hotels 0 3 0 0 0 Hotels 0 1 0 0 0
Guesthouse 1 10 2 14 0 Guesthouse 1 30 0 1 1
Restaurants 0 2 0 0 0 Restaurants 0 2 0 0 0
Holiday
Others 0 11 1 1 0 Bungalow 1 1 0 1 0
Total 1 26 3 15 0 House 0 15 2 3 0
(%) 2% 57% 7% 33% 0% Retail Shop 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 1 0 0 0
Total 2 50 2 5 1
(%) 3% 85% 3% 8% 2%

2) Method of self-dispose

Self-discharge, especially “burning” in Zone 03 is still widely in practice, while in Zone 4 it is no longer

their option. Further promotion of composting, or stopping self-disposing, need to be done.

____ a. burning
____ b. feeding to domestic animals
____ c. burying in soil (but not using for gardening or farming)
____ d. burying in soil to use later for gardening or farming
____ e. composting using any composting container
____ f. other

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POS2017
Zone 03 Zone 04
a b c d e f a b c d e f
Hotels 1 0 1 0 0 0 Hotels 3 0 1 0 0 0
Guesthouse 16 3 4 2 0 0 Guesthouse 2 0 0 0 0 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 1 Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 Others 3 0 0 0 0 0
Total 17 3 5 2 0 1 Total 8 0 1 0 0 0
71% 13% 21% 8% 0% 4% 89% 0% 11% 0% 0% 0%

POS 2018
Zone 03 Zone 04
a b c d e f A b c d e f
Hotels 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hotels 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 14 1 8 0 2 0
Guesthouse 0 1 0 0 0 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0
Holiday
0
Others 1 0 0 0 2 Bungalow 0 1 0 1 0 0
Total 15 1 8 0 4 0 House 0 0 1 3 0 0
(%) 67% 7% 33% 0% 5% 0% Retail Shop 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 2 1 4 0 0
0% 40% 20% 80% 0% 0%

3) Treatment of Kitchen Waste

Those who use plastic bags (garbage bags ans shopping bags) to discharge kitchen wastes have

decreased, contributing less amount of non-biodegradable waste to be discharge for bio-degradable

waste collection.

____ a. types of container do you use? (Select one):

(1) Green waste bin purchased from Pradeshiya Sabha (marked as “dirana”)
(2) Other kind of waste bin,
(3) garbage bag,
(4) shopping bag

POS 2017 ( “(1) Green waste bin” was not available at the time of first POS)
Zone 03 Zone 04
2 3 4 2 3 4
Hotels 1 0 0 Hotels 2 1 0
Guesthouse 12 2 7 Guesthouse 10 0 0
Restaurants 1 0 0 Restaurants 1 0 0
Others 1 0 0 Others 1 0 0
Total 15 2 7 Total 14 1 0
% 79% 11% 37% % 70% 5% 0%

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POS 2018
Zone 03 Zone 04
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 n/a
Hotels 1 1 0 0 Hotels 0 1 0 0 0
Guesthouse 6 20 1 0 Guesthouse 7 14 3 8 0
Restaurants 1 1 1 1 Restaurants 0 2 0 0 0
Holiday
Others 0 2 7 4 Bungalow 1 2 0 0 0
Total 8 24 9 5 House 4 7 1 7 0
% 15% 44% 16% 9% Retail Shop 0 0 0 1 0
Others 1 0 0 0 0
Total 13 26 4 16 0
% 36% 72% 11% 44% 0%

4) Degree of acceptance of bio-degradable separation bins distributed by KPS (asked in POS 2018 only)

Most of them think what have been provided are appropriate in price, size, and quality, but they would need more

in quantity.
Out of those who are using KPS's bin
a. price Zone 03 Zone 04
a.1 too high 0 1
a.2 appropriate 8 11
a.3 too low 0 0
b. about the size Zone 03 Zone 04
b.1 too big 0 0
b.2 appropriate 8 10
b.3 too small 0 2
c. about the number Zone 03 Zone 04
c.1 need more 3 4
c.2 appropriate 4 4
N/A 1 0
d. about the quality Zone 03 Zone 04
d.1 too good 2 4
d.2 appropriate 5 5
d.3 poor 1 2

5) Treatment of garden waste

In both zones, those who dispose their garden waste in their own premises have decreased, while those who

discharge separately to the collection service have increased. Especially in Zone 4, those who used to discharge

garden waste together with other wastes seem to have changed to discharge them separately.

Q. “Currently how is the garden waste treated?

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____ a. discharged together with other waste to the regular collection service
____ b. discharged separately to the regular collection service
____ c. discharged separately to a garden waste collection service
____ d. disposing in own promises
____ e. other

POS 2017
Zone 03 Zone 04
a b c d e n/a a b c d e n/a
Hotels 1 0 0 1 0 0 Hotels 3 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 0 4 1 24 0 1 Guesthouse 6 2 0 0 0 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 1 0 0 Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 0 0 1 Others 3 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1 4 1 26 0 2 Total 12 2 0 0 0 0
3% 12% 3% 76% 0% 6% 63% 11% 0% 0% 0% 0%

POS 2018 (Out of those who have gardens)

Zone 03 Zone 04
a b c d e n/a a b c d e n/a
Hotels 0 1 0 0 0 0 Hotels 0 1 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 1 4 5 11 0 3 Guesthouse 0 8 9 3 0 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 1 0 0 Restaurants 0 0 1 0 0 0
Holiday
Others 0 2 0 0 0 0 Bungalow 0 2 1 0 0 0
Total 1 7 5 12 0 3 House 1 7 2 2 0 1
% (out of 28) 4% 25% 18% 43% 0% 11% Retail Shop 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 1 18 13 6 0 2
%(out of 37) 3% 49% 35% 16% 0% 5%

For those who are disposing garden waste in their own premises, burning is still the primary method, which should

be discouraged.

“Q. If self-disposing, how are you treating the garden waste? “

____ a. burning
____ b. burying in soil (not using as compost)
____ c. burying in soil to use later for gardening or farming
____ d. composting using any composting container
____ e. other (Please specify: )

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POS 2017
Zone 03 Out of 24 who have garden Zone 04 Out of 19 who have garden
a b c d e n/a a b c d e n/a
Hotels 1 0 0 0 0 0 Hotels 3 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 21 0 0 0 0 1 Guesthouse 6 2 0 0 0 0
Restaurants 1 0 0 0 0 0 Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 Others 3 0 0 0 0 0
Total 23 0 0 0 0 1 Total 12 2 0 0 0 0
(%) 96% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% (%) (out of 19) 63% 11% 0% 0% 0% 0%

POS 2018
Zone 03(out of 12 those who dispose in Zone 04 (Out of 6 who dispose in “own’s
“own’s premises”) premises)
a b c d e a b c d e
Hotels 0 0 0 0 0 Hotels 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 8 2 1 0 0 Guesthouse 2 1 0 1 0
Restaurants 1 1 0 0 0 Restaurants 0 0 0 0 0
Holiday
Others 0 0 0 0 0 Bungalow 0 0 0 0 0
Total 9 3 1 0 0 House 1 2 1 0 0
(%) 75% 25% 8% 0% 0% Retail Shop 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 1 0 0
Total 3 3 2 1 0
% 50% 50% 33% 17% 0%

6) Recyclable (Valuable) Waste

More people seem to be more consciously discharging recyclable waste separately for recycling,

although it should be further promoted. The result of POS 2018 shows that people are now aware of the

KPS’s services of recyclables collection and utilizing it more than private recyclers.

“Q. What kinds of valuable waste do you discharge? Please select all applicable, and provide us
the following information.”
a. There is no recyclable discharged.
b. I don’t know what recyclables we have in our waste.
c. We have recyclables but do not separate them.
d. Glass j. iron
e. PET, k. aluminium
f. Other Plastic l. other metal
g. newspaper, m. others(1),
h. cardboard, n. others(2)
i. paper in general,

POS 2017
Zone 03

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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n

Hotels 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Guesthouse 2 0 8 16 5 3 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 2 0 8 19 7 3 3 3 2 1 0 0 2 0
% (out of 55) 4% 0% 16% 38% 14% 6% 6% 6% 4% 2% 0% 0% 4% 0%

Zone 04
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n

Hotels 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 3 3 0 7 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Restaurants 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 2 3 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Total 6 8 0 12 5 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
% (out of 21) 29% 38% 0% 57% 24% 5% 19% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 10% 0%

POS 2018
Zone 03
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o n/a
Hotels 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 0 0 0 20 14 13 11 12 10 13 7 5 8 0 0 15
Restaurants 0 0 0 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1
Others 0 0 0 11 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
Total 0 0 0 37 16 16 13 15 13 15 9 5 9 0 0 18

% (Out of all 55) 67 29 29 24 27 24 27 16 9 16 0 0 33

Zone 04
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o n/a

Hotels 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Guesthouse 7 0 3 27 19 18 17 17 17 16 8 5 4 0 0 2

Restaurants 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Holiday Bungalow 1 1 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0

House 2 0 0 14 12 12 11 10 11 10 2 0 6 0 0 2

Retail Shop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Others 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Total 10 1 3 46 35 34 33 31 32 30 14 6 10 0 0 6

% (Out of all 59) 17 2 5 78 59 58 56 53 54 51 24 10 17 0 0 10

“Q. To whom are you discharging such recyclables?”

Discharging recyclables (a): to Pradeshiya Sabha; (b) to private recycler

*POS 2017 could not collect valid data for this question.

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POS 2018
Zone 03
d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m
(a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b)
Hotels 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 12 11 8 10 11 10 7 8 8 12 7 7 8 5 6 5 5 4 4 8
Restaurants 3 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Others 11 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Total 29 11 11 10 13 10 10 8 11 15 9 7 10 5 8 5 5 4 4 9
% (Out of 37
76 29 29 26 34 26 26 21 29 39 24 18 26 13 21 13 13 11 11 24
who answered)

Zone 04
d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m
(a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b)
Hotels 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 24 4 16 3 16 2 16 1 16 2 16 2 11 6 8 0 3 2 4 2
Restaurants 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Holiday 3 0 3 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 1 0 1 1
Bungalow
House 14 1 12 0 12 0 11 0 12 0 12 0 6 4 2 0 0 0 1 6
Retail Shop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Others 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Total 43 6 34 3 32 2 33 1 34 2 33 2 22 10 15 0 5 2 6 9

% (Out of 53 81 11 64 6 60 4 62 2 64 4 62 4 42 19 28 0 9 4 11 17
who answered)

7) About the Pradeshiya Sabha’s collection services

In general, people seems to be satisfied with the current services. On the other hand, those who did not

answer to this question could be the key sector for full implementation of the system in the entire KPS

area. This portion of business may be the one which have not registered themselves for KPS’s waste

management, and it suggested that integration of this segment into the service is necessary.

“Q. Have you been provided with leaflet and necessary explanation about waste discharging
rules?”
____ a. Yes. (separation categories/ collection schedule/ discharging methods)
____ b. No.

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POS 2018
Zone 03 Zone 04
a b n/a a b n/a
Hotels 3 0 0 Hotels 1 0 0
Guesthouse 10 11 14 Guesthouse 31 0 1
Restaurants 3 0 1 Restaurants 1 1 0
Others 10 0 3 Holiday Bungalow 3 0 0
Total 26 11 18 House 12 1 6
％ 47% 20% 33% Retail Shop 0 0 1
Others 1 0 0
Total 49 2 8

83% 3% 14%

“Q. What do you think of the current collection rules?”

____ a. Very good ____ d. Not so good
____ b. Good ____ e. Bad
____ c. OK
POS 2018
Zone 03 Zone 04
a b c d e n/a a b c d e n/a
Hotels 1 2 0 0 0 0 Hotels 0 1 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 3 6 4 1 0 21 Guesthouse 12 16 1 2 1 0
Restaurants 2 0 1 0 0 1 Restaurants 1 0 0 0 1 0
Holiday
Others 6 5 0 0 0 2 Bungalow 1 1 1 0 0 0
Total 12 13 5 1 0 24 House 4 10 2 0 0 3
% 22% 24% 9% 2% 0% 44% Retail Shop 0 0 0 1 0 0
Others 0 1 0 0 0 0
Total 18 29 4 3 2 3
31% 49% 7% 5% 3% 5%

“Q. What aspects of the collection services should be improved? (check all applicable)”
____ a. Separation categories are confusing
____ b. Collection frequency is not sufficient (for which waste?:
Bio-degradable/ Recyclables/ Others)
____ c. Collection does not come on schedule
____ d. Leaflet is not easy to understand
____ e. Instruction from Pradeshiya Sabha’s collection staff is not clear
enough
____ f. Containers for separation of recyclables should be provided.
____ g. Signboards are not established in appropriate locations.
____ h. Explanation on signboards is not clear.
____ i. Attitude of Collection workers
____ j. Other:
____ k.
Zone 03 (could not obtain data)

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Zone 04
a b c d e f g h i
Hotels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guesthouse 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 2
Restaurants 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Holiday Bungalow 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
House 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 2
Retail Shop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1 1 7 0 0 1 2 1 6

Comment (Zone 04)

Collecting workers throw collecting bins (3)
Should improve disciplines
Do not put in to the bin. Because, the mouth of the bin is small and cannot unload easily.
Collection is not done by any vehicle in this area
Collection workers do not visit and collect waste
another method to inform while vehicles going through cross roads

(4) Outcome of 3Rs pilot project in KPS

Before PP in After PP After PP Target in 2018

Items
Sep 2017 in July 2018 in Nov 2018 of Action Plan
Bio degradable ton/day 1.7 1.6 3.5 1.9
Recyclable ton/day 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.6
Others waste ton/day 8.3 3.7 0.4 8.0
Total received waste ton/day 10.4 5.5 4.2 10.5
Final disposal ton/day 8.3 3.7 0.4 8.0

(5) Conclusions and Implications for Future Implementation

The PP in Katharagama Pradeshiya Sabha took two steps to successfully implement separate

collection of recyclable waste including bio-degradable waste. The results described above

indicates the following:

a) Starting with simple 2-category separation of bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes was

easy to be accepted, with proving ample information about why it is necessary and how

beneficial it would be, through layers of activities including distribution of leaflet to door to

door, site visit to the compost facilities by dischargers, and community meetings explaining the

separation rules and intentions of the new rules.

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b) Starting with separation of bio-degradable waste made it easier to further separate other

recyclables at the recycling facility as well as at the discharging points.

c) For bio-degradable waste separation, distribution of separation bins which are in appropriate

size and quality for both dischargers and collection workers, was an encouraging element. The

timing of distribution seems to be crucial. If implementing in several zones, all zones should be

provided with bins simultaneously (which requires administrative capacity of a local

government).

d) Collection crew’s strong commitment to keeping the rules during operation is necessary, being

the first counterface with dischargers.

e) Allocation of field staffs, while maintaining close communication with the official in charge of

SWM of the local government, to monitor the collection service and discharging practice was

essential especially in the early stage of implementation when people need to understand and

get used to the details of the rules.

D.2: Preparation of a Manual for Improvement of Existing Waste Disposal Site

The Draft Manual for the Improvement of the Existing Waste Disposal Site is being prepared among the
NSWMSC, CEA and JICA team. The draft content is shown as below.
Chapter 1 Risk Finding & Environmental Monitoring
1.1. Introduction 3.8. Leachate treatment facility
1.2. Methodology for Risk Finding 3.8.1 Basic component of leachate treatment system
1.2.1. Selection of attributes 3.8.2 Design Considerations
1.2.2. Allocation of scores and sensitivity 3.8.3 Calculation for Leachate generation volume
1.2.3. Risk evaluation
1.2.4. Risk management: Action plan for mitigation 3.8.4 Examples of low cost treatment trains
of risk 3.8.5 A case studies of low cost treatment train
1.2.5. Identification of policy options for risk 3.8.6 Advanced leachate treatment methods
management (options) in SATREPS guide
1.2.6. Implementation of policy options 3.9. Landfill administrative facilities
1.3. Environmental Monitoring 3.9.1 Site office and workers rest room
1.3.1 Purpose of environmental monitoring 3.9.2 Security
1.3.2 Typical parameters for environmental 3.9.3 Weigh bridge
monitoring 3.9.4 Access road
1.3.3 Formation of leachate and landfill gases from 3.9.5 Landfill site protection against wild animal
waste landfills issues
3.10. Buffer zone
Chapter 2 Landfill Site Selection 3.11. Rain water/ storm water management
2.1. Introduction 3.11.1 Rain water collection & drainage of landfill
2.1.1 Overview slope
2.1.2 Potential site screening 3.11.2 Storm water management system

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2.2. Ranking candidate sites

2.3. Factors to be Considered for Landfill Site Chapter 4Construction
Selection 4.1. Procedure of construction phase
2.4. Criteria for landfill site selection 4.2. Case studies of construction/rehabilitation of
2.5. Assessment for Landfill Site Selection landfill site
2.6. Methodology for Landfill Site Selection 4.2.1 Working procedures of the landfill
2.7. Administrative planning and public consensus construction/rehabilitation
building 4.2.2 Earth works
2.8. Conceptual site design and operational plan 4.2.3 Installation of Liner system
2.9. Preliminary cost estimation 4.2.4 Installation of the leachate treatment
2.9.1. Process of public consultation 4.2.5 Installation of the PRB
4.2.6 Leachate pipe networks
Chapter 3Planning & Designing of Landfill facility 4.3. (Reference) Cost information
3.1. Introduction
3.2. General requirements Chapter 5Operation & Management
3.3. Preliminary survey and studies 5.1. Legal Requirements for Operation and
3.3.1 Planning management
3.3.2 Surveys 5.2. Operation plan
3.4. Geomechanics and slope stability 5.2.1 Securing sufficient number of staffs
3.4.1 Geomechanics 5.2.2 Access Control
3.4.2 Turfing slope 5.2.3 Landfilling
3.5. Liner System 5.2.4 Spreading / Compaction
3.5.1 Liner System 5.2.5 Working face
3.5.2 A case study of design for Landfill liner 5.2.6 Soil Covering
3.6. Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) 5.2.7 Leachate control management
3.7. Leachate Collection Pipe networks 5.2.8 Gas management
5.3. Monitoring of operation and environmental
impacts and their records
5.3.1 Weighing
5.3.2 Operation records
5.3.3 Environmental monitoring and its records
5.3.4 Landfill mining test
5.4. Closure Plan

2.17 D.3: Preparation of a 3Rs Promotion Manual

‘3Rs Promotion Manual (tentative name)’ has started to be developed to encourage promotion of 3Rs in

Sri Lanka, with the experiences of PPs in Ratnapura MC and Katharagama PS in phase II of ReEB

waste project, results of surveys conducted by a long term expert, and visits to Shibushi City Japan by

CEA officers and other relevant officers of the PP sites. Target readers of this manual are assumed to be

relevant officers in charge of SWM in LAs and PCs. The table below shows the content and details of

the manual. These were shared in the Intermediate Report Seminar held on 30 August 2018 to the

participants (refer to 2.15.2) by Dr. Sato, the leader of ReEB Waste Project. Completion and distribution

of the manual are planned to be in January 2019 after the discussion with CEA and other relevant

organisations, and it will be shared to the participants at the final seminar.

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Table 2-150: Summary of contents of the 3Rs promotion manual

Content Details
Chapter 1 Introduction
1. What is 3Rs? - Explanation of 3Rs – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
2. Target wastes - Types of waste this manual covers
3. Requirement - Necessity of PDCA cycle in SWM
- Expected readers of the manual and their roles in SWM
- Introduction of policy and legal requirement related to 3Rs
Chapter 2 Survey and Planning
4. Waste flow - Terminology used in Waste Flow
- Ways to make Waste Flow – Current, Future with 3Rs activities,
Future without 3Rs activities
5. Action Plan - Understanding of current status of SWM
- Ways of survey (POS, recycling survey etc)
- Assessment of current SWM and identification of issues
- Introduction of linked activities for current issues
- Introduction of detailed activities
6. Waste Amount and - Plan and preparation of WACS
Composition Survey - Flow of WACS
- Example of result of WACS
Chapter 3 Implementation and Monitoring
7. Waste Generation and - Approaches that LAs have to implement in related to waste
Discharge generation and discharge
- Introduction of equipment for 3Rs promotion (separation bin,
compost barrels, etc)
- Examples of tools (leaflet, notice board, etc)
- Ways and tips of home compost practice
- Awareness raising activities conducted by LAs
- Monitoring of public discharge practice by LAs
8. Waste Collection and - Approaches that LAs have to implement in related to waste collection
Transportation and transportation
- Examples of waste collection plans
- Examples of waste collection method (installed equipment for
workers handling, collection with set of collection points, bell
collection, etc.)
- Monitoring of collection and transportation by the use of GPS and
monitoring sheet
9. Intermediate Treatment - Approaches that LAs have to implement in related to intermediate
treatment of waste
- Operation and management of intermediate treatment in general i.e.
resource and financial perspective
- Ways of data acquisition of waste amount with/without weigh bridge
- Introduction of compost and its process flow
- Comparison of couple of different composting technique
- Introduction of biogas and MRF
Chapter 4 Capacity Development and Communication
10. Capacity development - Introduction of results of workers satisfaction survey
- Importance of SWM training, contents of training and contact
numbers of training organisations
11. Communication with other - Introduction of results of recycling industry survey
relevant parties - Relationship with other stakeholders i.e. NGOs, media

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2.18 D.4: General Advices for Development of New Landfill Project

2.18.1 Kurunegala

JICA Project Team gives Kurunegala MC general technical advice for development of Sundarapola

landfill project. The contents of landfill facilities are shown as below;

 Waste discharge cell

 Embankment

 Leachate collection facility (liner sheet, collection pipe)

 Storm water drain and so on

In response to the decision of Kurunegala MC, further advice was given, mainly to make the slope

gentler and to cover it in turf as closure techniques of the existing landfill site.

3.3 Making gentle slope and turffing

(Design is supported by ReEB Waste project team)

Figure 2-95: Making gentle slope and turfing for closure of the landfill site (from discussion
material)

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2.18.2 Gampaha

JICA Project Team gives CEA general technical advice of the plan of sanitary landfill site at

Aththanagalla in Gampaha district which is at the design stage. Technical advice consists of concept

design of plan and cross section of disposal site as below.

Figure 2-96: The plan and cross section of sanitary landfill site at Athuthanagalla in Gampaha
district

2.18.3 Ratnapura

Since the current Sundarapora disposal site causes serious environmental issues because of poor

management and operation, Ratnapura MC plans to establish a new sanitarily landfill site. JICA Project

Team gives CEA general technical advice on the proposal of the sanitary landfill site. The contents of the

proposal are shown as below.

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Chapter 1 Introduction 5.2Necessary sanitary landfill site facility

Chapter 2 Project objectives 5.5.4Heavy equipment
2.1 Vision, Mission, goal and objective 5.5.5Occupational health and safety provided
2.2 Justification of the project 5.5.6 Operation and maintenance cost
2.3 Beneficiaries 5.3 Details of phased development activities and time schedule
2.4 Project sustainability 5.4Construction of sanitary landfill site
Chapter 3 Outline and current condition of Ratnapula MC 5.4.1 Construction details of major components of the landfill
3.1 Outline of Ratnapura MC facility
3.2 Current condition of solid waste management of 5.4.2 Construction cost
Ratnapura MC 5.4.3 Implementation schedule of construction
3.2.1 Legal provisions to deal with solid waste 5.5Operational and Maintenance
3.2.1.1 National environmental Act 5.5.1Details of operation and maintenance components of landfill
3.1.1.2 Municipal council’s ordinance facility
3.1.1.3 Fisheries and aquatic resources Act 5.5.2Details of usage of cover material
3.2.1 Organization of solid waste management 5.5.3Requirement of labour and employment of local people
3.2.1 Discharging, collection and disposal of waste
Chapter 4 Current condition of existing Kanadora disposal site Chapter 6 Assessment of Anticipated Environmental Impacts
6.1Scoping for the Impacts during construction and Operation
4.1 Outline 6.2Evaluation of Environmental Impacts for Each Item
4.2 Environment issue 6.3Constructional Impacts
4.3 Social issue 6.4Operational Impacts
4.4 Operation and maintenance issue Chapter 7 Proposed Mitigation Measures for the
Chapter 5 Description of the project Environmental Impacts
5.1 Nature of the project 7.1Required Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts
5.1.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management 7.1.1During the construction
5.1.2 Execution body and relevant authority 7.1.2Landfill facility
5.1.2.1 Responsible Agencies 7.1.3Landfill operation
5.1.2.2 Administrative Feasibility Chapter 8 Monitoring Plan
5.1.2.3 Legal and Political Feasibility 8.1The monitoring committee
5.1.2.4 Environmental Clearance 8.2Proposed member of the monitoring committee
5.1.2.5. Social Acceptability 8.3Monitoring frequency
8.4Monitoring check list
Chapter 9 Conclusion and Recommendations

2.19 D.5: Recommendation for Improvement of the legal system regarding SWM

JICA Project Team discussed with the CEA and NSWMSC counterpart regarding the enhancement of

the current legal system related to solid waste management based on the results of the pilot project, the

experience of study tour in Japan and the Japanese SWM laws and regulations shared at serval seminars.

CEA understood to the importance the formulation of proper SWM legal system in Sri Lanka similar to

Japanese one.

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Figure 2-97: Japanese law and regulation related to solid waste management

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