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1857-1947 Pak Study

1) The events from 1857-1947 led to the creation of Pakistan, starting with the 1857 War of Independence which saw an anti-British uprising and the collapse of the Mughal Empire. 2) In 1906, the All-India Muslim League was founded to safeguard Muslim interests and promote loyalty to the British government. 3) The 1940 Lahore Resolution called for independent states for Muslim majority areas in British India, laying the groundwork for an independent Pakistan. 4) Pakistan was achieved on August 14, 1947 when power was formally transferred to the constituent assembly of Pakistan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the country's first Governor General.

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228 views30 pages

1857-1947 Pak Study

1) The events from 1857-1947 led to the creation of Pakistan, starting with the 1857 War of Independence which saw an anti-British uprising and the collapse of the Mughal Empire. 2) In 1906, the All-India Muslim League was founded to safeguard Muslim interests and promote loyalty to the British government. 3) The 1940 Lahore Resolution called for independent states for Muslim majority areas in British India, laying the groundwork for an independent Pakistan. 4) Pakistan was achieved on August 14, 1947 when power was formally transferred to the constituent assembly of Pakistan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the country's first Governor General.

Uploaded by

Areeb Ur
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Events leading to creation of

Pakistan (1857-1947)
1857 War of Independence
• Anti-British uprising
• Final collapse of Mughal Empire
• Causes of revolt
– Exploitation of Britain
– Laws and regulations against traditions of
people
– Arabic and Persian language were abolished
from schools and offices
– Laws allow remarriage of hindu widow
– English officers’ racial superiority over indian
• Why revolt failed
– People were temporarily
united
– No organization and
central leadership
– Fought war without
planning
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan
• Born in Delhi on 17th October 1817
• Took service with East India Company
• He wanted Muslims to accept the
dominancy of Britain and Get education
and update themselves
• Muslims must be active in political
activities
• http://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-
affairs/156740-pakistan-
movement-1857-1947-a.html
1877 Pan-Islamization
• War between Russia and Ottoman Empire
• Syed Jamludin Afghani founder of
movement
• Muslim should free themselves from
foreign domination and establish
commonwealth of Muslims.
1885 Formation of Indian National
Congress
• Liberal Indian organization
founded by A.W. Hume
• Consolidate union
between British
government and Indian
people
• More Indian
representation in
provincial and central
legislations
1905 Partition of Bengal
• By Lord Curzon
• Primary purpose was administratvie
• Divided into two parts of east and west
Bengal
• Muslim majority in east Bengal and
Hindus in West
• British government gave some provision
to Muslims
• Hindus stood against it
1 st Oct: 1906 Simla Deputation
• Led by Agha Khan to Viceroy (Lord Minto )
of India
• Muslims should have representation in
electoral system
1906 Foundation of All-India Muslim
League
• Founded in Dhaka 30 December 1906 ,
• chairmanship of Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk
• Nawab Salim Ullah Khan presented a
proposal for establish a political party
• To safeguard Muslims’ interests
• Major aim: to promote loyalty to British
Government
• Party played big role in independence of
Pakistan
Continue…
• The headquarters of the All India Muslim League was
established in Lucknow, and Sir Aga Khan was elected
as its first president.
• Elected six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint
secretaries for a term of three years.
• The initial membership was 400, with members hailing
proportionately from all provinces.
• Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar wrote the constitution
of the League, known as the "Green Book". Branches
were also setup in other provinces.
• Syed Ameer Ali established a branch of the League in
London in 1908, supporting the same objectives.
Minto-Morley Reforms

• Called to be the Act of 1909


• Right of separate electorate was given to
the Muslims
1911 Bengal partition annulled
• Bengal Partition was annulled
• Muslims’ distance from government
increased
• The partition of Bengal was rescinded in
1911 and announced at the Delhi Durbar
at which King George V was crowned
Emperor of India
• Viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916
Charles Hardinge
1916-17 Laknow Pact
• World war – I (British against Germany)
• Lord Chelmsford's invitation for
suggestions from the Indian politicians for
the post World War I reforms further
helped in the development of the situation
• Congress agreed Muslims' demand for
separate electorates
• Extra seats for Muslims in Muslim
minority provinces
Continue…
• Bombay in December 1915
• October 1916
• November 1916
• The agreement was confirmed by the annual sessions of
the Congress and the League in their annual session
held at Lucknow on December 29 and December 31,
1916 respectively.
• Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah, the chief architect of the
Lucknow Pact, the title of "the Ambassador of Hindu-
Muslim Unity".
1919 Jallianwalla Bah Massacre
• 13th April
• British ordered to ban public assemblies
• Sikhs gathered for their annual celebration
in Amritsar
• General Dyer ordered to fire on crowd
1919 Khilafat Movement
• To maintain the Turkish Caliphate.
2. To protect the holy places of the
Muslims.
3. To maintain the unity of the
Ottoman Empire.
• Led by Ali broters (Ali Brothers,
Maulana Muhammad Ali and
Maulana Shaukat Ali),
• Gandhi supported and suggested
for non-corporations
1924 Khilaft Movement
• Lose momentum
• Turkish government abolished
1928 Nehru report
• Moti lal Nehru
• Anti muslim document
1. A declaration of Human
rights should be inserted
2. NWFP be given full provincial
status
3. Sindh be separated from
Bombay
4. Muslim representation in
central assembly be reduced
1929 fourteen point
• Against Nehru report
• Quaid-e-Azam gave
14 points
Round table conferences
• Simon commision
• December 1930 to February 1931 first
round table conference
• September 1931 to January 1932 second
round table
• 1932 third round table conference
1940 Pakistan Resolution
• March 1940 at Muslim
league session at
Lahore
• President ship of
Quaid-e-Azam
• Muslim Majority areas
be grouped to
constitute independent
state
World War - II
• 1939 to 45
• Between two alliance force
• Britain, Russia, France and America on
one side and Japan, Germany and Italy
1942 Cripps Mission
• To get support form Indian
• Sir Stafford Crisp arrived in New Delhi
• Met with Indian leaders
1944 Gandhi Jinnah Talk
• In bombay
• Resolve difference between Congress and
Muslim League
• Gandhi opposed two nations theory
1945 Simla Conference
• Held by Viceroy
• Congress insisted to represent muslims of
india but Muslim league claimed for it.
1946 Cabinet Mission
• Proposed center will
deal with defense,
foreign affairs and
communication and
three autonomous
groups of provience
• Congress opposed
1946 Action day
• Muslim league
declared direct
action day
• Calling for strikes
• Aim to press
Pakistan
1946 Interim Government Installed
in office
• A provisional government is an emergency
or interim government set up called
Interim Government
• Initially congress and Muslim league
reject but finally both became part for
coalition
1947 June 3 Partition Plan
• Prepared by Lord Mountbatten (last
viceroy)
• Division of Subcontinent into two
independent states
1947 Pakistan Achieved
• 14th August
• Formally transferred
the power of
constituent
assembly of
Paksitan
• 15th August Quaid-i-
Azam became
Governor General of
Paksitan

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