Q3_STAT & PROB Normal Distribution | WEEK 2

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) for STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

Lesson 4: Understanding the Normal Probability Distribution
I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:
✓ illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics.(M11 /12SP-IIIc-1)
Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. define the normal curve,
2. draw a normal curve
3. state and apply the empirical rule
II. CONTENT
❖ Observe the graphs generated in a few coin tossing experiment:

What can you infer about the shape of the distribution when 100 coins are simultaneously tossed? 1000 coins?

➢ We see that the relative frequency distribution generated from the sample data is comparable to the probability
distribution. Also, a large number of random variables have a natural tendency to approximate the shape of a bell.
➢ The probability distribution for a continuous random variable X is a bell-shaped curve. It is known as normal
random variable and its bell-shaped distribution is called a Normal Probability Distribution , also known as Gaussian
Distribution, or simply a normal curve.
➢ The curve is a function of the random variable X and is sometimes called a Probability Density Function. The probability
values under this curve enable us to make probability statements about a continuous random variable.
➢ Recall:

❖ A distribution is said to be symmetric if the sides have the same shape when the curve is folded vertically in the middle
❖ A distribution is negatively skewed or skewed to the left if the scores tails off to the left. There are more high scores
than low scores
❖ A distribution is positively skewed or skewed to the right if the scores tails off to the right. There are more low scores
than high scores
❖ A normal distribution is a continuous, symmetric, bell-shaped distribution of a variable and the equation that
describes it is:
where:
1 𝑋− 𝜇 2 Y = height of the curve of the particular value of X X = any score in the distribution
−2( 𝜎 ) 𝜇 = mean of the population 𝜋 = 3.1416 …
𝑒
𝑓(𝑋) = 𝑌 = 𝜎 = standard deviation of the population 𝑒 = 2.7183 …
𝜎√2𝜋
➢ The normal probability distribution has a continuous random variable and it uses two functions:
1) To determine the height of the graph representing the distribution, and
2) To determine the probabilities
Properties of the Normal Distribution
1. The normal distribution curve is bell- shaped
2. The mean, median and mode are equal and are located at the center of the distribution. The highest point on the
curve occurs at 𝑥 = µ (mean).
3. The normal distribution curve is unimodal (it has only one mode)
4. The curve is symmetric about the mean, which is equivalent to saying that its shape is the same on both sides of a
vertical line passing through the center.
TOTAL AREA:
• This means that the curve will have balanced proportions when cut in halves 100% or 1
and the area under the curve to the right of mean (50%) is equal to the area
under the curve to the left of the mean (50%).
5. The total area under a normal distribution curve is equal to 100% 𝑜𝑟 1.
6. The curve is continuous, that is, there is no gap or hole. For each value of X there is a
corresponding value of Y. The graph is a continuous curve and has a domain −∞ < 𝑋 < ∞.
7. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis.
8. The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis. The curve never touches the X-axis. The value of the variable gets closer and
closer but will never be equal to 0. Theoretically, no matter how far in either direction the curve extends, it never
meets the X-axis – but it gets increasingly closer
9. The spread of the curve depends on the standard deviation of the distribution
10. Every normal curve corresponds to the “empirical rule” (also called the 68 − 95 – 99.7% rule):
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 Q3_STAT & PROB Normal Distribution | WEEK 2
The area under the part of a normal curve that lies within 1 standard deviation of the mean is approximately 0.68 or
68%; within 2 standard deviation, about 0.95 or 95%; and within 3 standard deviations, about 0.997 or 99.7%

34.13 34.13 47.72 47.72 49.87 49.87

68.26% 95.44% 99.74% _

_ _

Consider the following examples:

1. Suppose the 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑠 60 and the 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 5,
sketch a normal curve for the distribution. This is how it would look like.

45 50 55 60 65 70 75
2. A continuous random variable X is normally distributed with a 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 45
and 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 6. Illustrate a normal curve and find the probability of the following:

a. 𝑃 (39 < 𝑋 < 51) b. 𝑃 (𝑋 > 45) c. 𝑃 (33 < 𝑋 < 63) d. 𝑃 (𝑋 < 39)

47.72+ 49.87 50.00 –34.13=15.87%

27 33 39 45 51 57 63 27 33 39 45 51 57 63
27 33 39 45 51 57 63 27 33 39 45 51 57 63
𝑃 (39 < 𝑋 < 51) = 68.26% 𝑃 (𝑋 > 45) = 50% 𝑃 (33 < 𝑋 < 63) = 97.59% 𝑃 (𝑋 < 39) = 15.87%

3. The score of the Senior High School students in their Statistics and Probability
quarterly examination are normally distributed with a 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 35
and 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 5.
Answer the following questions:
a. What percent will fall within the score of 30 𝑡𝑜 40?
b. What scores fall within 95% of the distribution?
Solution:
Draw a standard normal curve and plot the mean at the center.
Then, add the given standard deviation to the right of the
mean and subtract to the left. The illustration is provided: 2.15% 2.15%
13.59% 34.13% 13.59%
Answer: 34.13%

a. The scores 30 𝑡𝑜 40 falls within the first standard deviation of

the mean. Therefore, it is approximately 68.26% of the distribution
b. Since 95% lies within the 2 standard deviation of the mean,
then the corresponding scores of this distribution are from 25 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 45.
III. ACTIVITY
Direction: Check what you know. In a yellow pad paper, answer and do what is asked:
Activity 1: Write ND if the statement describes a characteristic of a normal distribution, and NND if it does not.
1. A normal distribution has a mean that is also equal to the standard deviation.
2. The two parameters of the normal distribution are the mean and the standard deviation.
3. The normal curve gradually gets closer and closer to 0 on one side.
4. The normal distribution curve is bimodal.
5. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
6. The normal curve can be described as asymptotic.
7. Two standard deviations away from the left and right of the mean is equal to 𝟔𝟖. 𝟐𝟔%.
8. The empirical rule states that almost all data fall within the 1, 2 and 3 of standard deviation of mean when the
population is normally distributed
9. The curve of the distribution is bell-shaped.
10. In a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode are of equal values.
Activity 2: Read, analyze, and answer the following involving the normal curve.
1. The district nurse of Candelaria East needs to measure the BMI (Body Mass Index) of the ALS students. She found out
that the heights of male students are normally distributed with a mean of 160 cm and a standard deviation of 7 cm. Illustrate
the normal curve and find the percentage of male students whose height is within 153 to 174.
2. IQ scores of the ALS students in the Division of Quezon are normally distributed with a mean of 110 and a standard
deviation of 10. What percent of the distribution falls within the IQ scores of 100 to 130? Illustrate the normal curve and
find the percentage
3. A normal distribution of data has a mean of 78 and standard deviation of 9. What percentage of the data would measure
87? Illustrate the normal curve and find the percentage
IV. REFERENCES:
Belecina, R. R., Baccay, E. S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store.
Ocampo, J. J., & Marquez, W. G. (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math & Beyond Statistics and Probability. Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.
Self-Learning Module for Grade 11 Mathematics
Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By:
RONNAH MARIE L. MAGDAUG (SGD) JULIE H. DELGADO (SGD) SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN, PhD
Mathematics Teacher, ANS SHS Mathematics Group Head Asst. Principal II, SHS

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 Q3_STAT & PROB Normal Distribution | WEEK 2
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) for STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
Lesson 5: The Standard Normal Distribution
I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:
✓ identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal values (M11 /12SP-IIIc-3)
Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. use the z-Table (Table of Areas under the Normal Curve) to find the area that corresponds to z-values.
2. sketch the normal curve showing the required area.
II. CONTENT
DEFINITION:
➢ The standard normal distribution, which is denoted by z, is also a normal distribution having a mean of 0 and a
standard deviation of 1. Since the normal distribution can have different values for its mean and standard deviation,
it can be standardized by setting the mean, 𝜇 = 0 and the standard deviation, 𝜎 = 1 . This is for the purpose of
simplifying the process in approximating areas for normal curves.

➢ A random variable with a standard normal distribution is denoted by the symbol z. The formula for the probability
𝑧2
−
𝑒 2
distribution for z is given by: 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑌 =
𝜎 √2𝜋

However, this formula is seldom used because a table was created to summarize the approximate areas under the standard
normal curve and to further simplify the process. This table of probabilities are found in the Table of Areas Under the
Standard Normal Distribution, which is also known as the z-Table.

By substituting the mean, 𝜇 = 0 and the standard

deviation, 𝜎 = 1 in the formula, mathematicians are able to
find the areas under the normal curve.
The z scores (1, 2, 3) are on the right of the mean and the
z scores (−1, −2, −3) are on its left.
The area between 𝑧 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = +3 is almost 100% (not
0.0215 0.0215
yet 100%) because the curve is asymptotic to the x-axis
(almost touches the horizontal line). Thus, there is a small
fraction of the area at the tails of the distribution.
Observe that 68.26% of the area is between 𝑧 = −1 and
𝑧 = 1 ; 95.44% is between 𝑧 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2; while the area  68.26% →
 95.44% →
between 𝑧 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3 is 99.74%  99.74% →

The z - Table
Let us get a closer look at the z-table. The outermost column and row represent the z-values. The first two digits of the
z-value are found in the leftmost column and the last digit (hundredths place) is found on the first row. (See the complete
table provided)

➢ Note: Using the z-table, we can determine specific regions under the normal curve and their areas. Area is the
graphical representation of a percentage, proportion or probability. The term probability is used in talking about
the chance that an event occurs.

Suppose the z-score is equal to 1.35, locate the first two digits 1.3 in the leftmost column and the last digit, 0.05, can be
located at the first row. Then find their intersection which gives the corresponding area. Therefore, given 𝑧 = 1.35, the area
is equal to 0.4115. (To denote correspondence, write 𝑧 = 1.35 ↔ 0.4115 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 "𝑧 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 0.4115 ))

Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
…
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177

Examples:
1. Find the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = 2.67
Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve
z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
…
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964

Answer: 𝑧 = 2.67 ↔ 0.4962

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 Q3_STAT & PROB Normal Distribution | WEEK 2
2. Find the area that corresponds to 𝑧 = −0.64
Note: The normal curve is symmetric. Finding the area for 𝑧 = −0.64 is the same as getting the area for 𝑧 = 0.64

Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
…
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549

Answer: 𝑧 = −0.64 ↔ 0.2389

Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve

Now that you already know how to use the z-table to find the corresponding area for the z-score, let us identify the regions
under the nomal curve that corresponds to different standard normal values.
STEP 1: Draw a normal curve and locate the z - scores and shade.
STEP 2: Locate the corresponding area of the z - scores in the z-table.
STEP 3: If you are looking for the area between two z - scores, simply subtract/add the corresponding areas
Examples:
Draw a normal curve and put a vertical line through the specified z values, shade the region and find the area
1. the area between 2. the area between 3. the area between 4. the area between
𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −2 𝑧 = −1.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2.36 𝑧 = −1.22 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −2.19
STEP 1: Draw a
normal curve and
locate the z - scores
and shade.

STEP 2: Locate the 𝑧 = 0 ↔ 0.0000 𝑧 = 0 ↔ 0.0000 𝑧 = −1.5 ↔ 0.4332 𝑧 = −1.22 ↔ 0.3888

corresponding area of
the z - scores in the z- 𝑧 = 1 ↔ 0.3413 𝑧 = −2 ↔ 0.4772 𝑧 = 2.36 ↔ 0.4909 𝑧 = −2.19 ↔ 0.4857
table.
STEP 3: If you are 𝐴 = 0.3413 − 0.0000 𝐴 = 0.4772 − 0.0000 𝐴 = 0.4332 + 0.4909 𝐴 = 0.4857 − 0.3888
looking for the area
between two z - scores, = 0.3413 = 0.4772 = 0.9241 = 0.0970
simply subtract/add
the corresponding
areas
III. ACTIVITY
Direction: Check what you know. In a yellow pad paper, answer and do what is asked:
Activity 1: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and modify the underlined word if it is false
1. The total area of the normal curve is 100.
2. Normal probability distribution is used to determine the probabilities of a discrete random variable
3. The mean, median and mode have the same value.
4. The distance of the number in the horizontal line or the x-axis should be in proportion to the mean.
5. The standard normal distribution has a mean µ = 1 and standard deviation 𝜎 = 0.
6. The standard deviation units at the base of a normal curve are also called means.
7. When the 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒, then a distribution is skewed.
8. The normal curve is U-shaped
9. The mean of a standard normal curve is 3.
10. There are two standard deviation units at the base of the standard normal distribution

Activity 2:
Draw a normal curve and put a vertical line through the specified z values, shade the region and find the area
1. the area between 2. the area between 3. the area between 4. the area between 5. the area between
z=0 and z =2.24 z=0 and z = -3.13 z=-1.68 and z = 2.67 z=-1.41 and z=-2.95 z=0.26 and z=2.44

IV. REFERENCES:
Belecina, R. R., Baccay, E. S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store.
Ocampo, J. J., & Marquez, W. G. (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math & Beyond Statistics and Probability. Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.
Self-Learning Module for Grade 11 Mathematics

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By:

RONNAH MARIE L. MAGDAUG (SGD) JULIE H. DELGADO (SGD) SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN, PhD
Mathematics Teacher, ANS SHS Mathematics Group Head Asst. Principal II, SHS

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 Q3_STAT & PROB Normal Distribution | WEEK 2
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) for STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
Lesson 6: The Z- Score
I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:
✓ convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice-versa (M11/12SP-IIIc-4)
Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. express a normal random variable (x) as a standard normal variable (z).
2. express a standard normal variable (z) as a normal random variable (x).
3. apply the concepts of normal random and standard normal variables in solving real-life problems
II. CONTENT
In solving real-life problems involving the normal curve, it is very important to convert a random variable x to a standard
normal variable or z-score. This procedure is known as “standardizing” or “standardization” of a random variable,
where a standardized value is called a z-score.
➢ A z-score is a measure of the number of standard deviations (𝜎) a particular data value is away from the mean (𝜇).
➢ The z-score is a measure of relative standing. It is calculated by subtracting the mean, 𝑋̅ (𝑜𝑟 𝜇) from the measurement
𝑋 and then dividing the result by the standard deviation, 𝑠 (𝑜𝑟 𝜎)
➢ The z-score, represents the distance between a given measurement X and the mean, expressed in standard
deviations. Either a z-score locates X within a sample or within a population.
➢ The formula for calculating z is:
𝑿− 𝝁 𝑿− 𝑿̅
𝒛= 𝝈 (z-score for population data) or 𝒛= 𝒔 (z-score for sample data)
where 𝑋 = given measurement 𝜇 = population mean 𝑋̅ = sample mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation 𝑠 = sample standard deviation
Examples:
𝑋− 𝜇 Solution:
1. Complete the table. Use the formula 𝑧 =
𝜎 A. Given: 𝑥 = 23 𝜇 = 18 𝜎 = 4 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑧
𝑿− 𝝁 23−18
Substitute the given values 𝒛 = = = 1.25
z x 𝝁 𝝈 𝝈 4
B. Given: z = −1.173 𝜇 = 125 𝜎 = 30 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
𝑋− 𝜇
A 23 18 4 𝑧= ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇 .
𝜎
Substitute the given values 𝒙 = 𝒛𝝈 + 𝝁 = (−1.17)(30) + 125 = 89.90
-1.17 B 125 30 C. Given: z = 0.40 𝑥 = 515 𝜎 = 100 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝜇
𝑋− 𝜇
𝑧= ⇒ 𝜇 = 𝑥 − 𝑧𝜎 .
0.40 515 C 100 𝜎
Substitute the given values 𝝁 = 𝒙 − 𝒛𝝈 = 515 − (0.40)(100) = 475
0.56 18.58 15.50 D D. Given: z = 0.56 𝑥 = 18.58 𝜇 = 15.50 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝜎
𝑋− 𝜇 𝑋− 𝜇
𝑧= ⇒ 𝜎= .
𝜎 𝑧
𝑿− 𝝁 18.58− 15.50
Substitute the given values 𝝈 = = = 5.50
𝒛 0.56
2. Given the mean, 𝜇 = 50 and the
standard deviation 𝜎 = 4 of a population Reading scores. Find the z-value that corresponds to a score 𝑋 = 58
𝑋− 𝜇 58−50
Solution: 𝑧= = = 2
𝜎 4
3. The time it takes for a cell to divide is normally distributed with an average of 60 minutes and standard deviation of 5
minutes. How long will it take for a given cell to divide if its mitosis has a z-score of -1.35?
Solution: 𝑥 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇 = −1.35(5 𝑚𝑖𝑛) + 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 53.25 𝑚𝑖𝑛
III. ACTIVITY
Activity 1: Answer the following problems. Show your solution Activity 2: Complete the table.
1. The heights of students in Antique National School are normally distributed with a mean X 𝝁 σ z
of 150 cm and standard deviation of 15 cm. The height of Juan has a z-score of 3.25. What
is the actual height of Juan? 90 82 6 (1)
2. The mean number of hours a Filipino worker spends on the computer is 3.1 hours per
workday. Assume the standard deviation is 0.5 hour and is normally distributed, how long (2) 75 10 -1.3
does a worker spend on the computer if his z-score is 1.25?
3. Each month, a Filipino household generates an average of 28 pounds of newspaper for
78 84 (3) -2
garbage or recycling. Assume the standard deviation is 2 pounds. Determine the z-score of a
household that generates 22 pounds of newspaper.
(4) 69 3 1
4. The Antique Automobile Association reports that the average time it takes to respond to
an emergency call is 30 minutes. Assume the variable is normally distributed and the
standard deviation is 4.5 minutes. How long will a call be responded if it has a z-score of 70 (5) 12 5
0.75?
5. Suppose the average monthly salary for first-year employees is P21,945. If the
distribution is approximately normal with a standard deviation of P3,250. How much will
an employee earn in a month if his salary has a z-score of 1.15?
IV. REFERENCES:
Belecina, R. R., Baccay, E. S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store.
Ocampo, J. J., & Marquez, W. G. (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math & Beyond Statistics and Probability. Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.
Self-Learning Module for Grade 11 Mathematics
Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By:
RONNAH MARIE L. MAGDAUG (SGD) JULIE H. DELGADO (SGD) SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN, PhD
Mathematics Teacher, ANS SHS Mathematics Group Head Asst. Principal II, SHS
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 Q3_STAT & PROB Normal Distribution | WEEK 2
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) for STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
Lesson 7: Probabilities and Percentiles Under the Normal Curve
I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:
✓ computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal distribution table. (M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1)

Learning Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. compute probabilities and percentiles related to a given z-score.
2. compute probabilities and percentiles related to a given normal random variable X.
3. solve real-life problems applying probabilities and percentiles related to a given z-score and normal random variable X.
II. CONTENT
DETERMINING PROBABILITIES
A normal distribution curve can be used as a probability distribution curve for normally distributed variables. The area
under the standard normal distribution curve can also be thought of as a probability.
➢ The following notations for a random variable are used in our various solutions concerning the normal curve.
Mathematical notations are convenient forms of lengthy expressions
𝑷 ( 𝒛 < 𝒂 ) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a
𝑷 ( 𝒛 > 𝒂 ) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a
𝑷 ( 𝒂 < 𝒛 < 𝒃 ) denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b
where a and b are z-score values
CASE 1: 𝑷 ( 𝒛 < 𝒂 ) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a
Example 1: Example 2:
Find the area below Find the area to the
Words Used Illustration STEPS 𝑧 = 1.5 left of 𝑧 = −1.5
The required area is Step 1: Identify the The area below 𝑧 = The area to the left of
“less than z” notation used based on 1.5 is the same as 𝑧 = −1.5 is the same
the words used. as 𝑃(𝑧 < −1.5)
“at most z” 𝑃(𝑧 < 1.5).
Step 2: Sketch the
“no more than z” normal distribution.
“not greater than z” Identify the region and
“to the left of z” z shade.
 0.5 →
“below z”
Step 3: Determine the 𝑧 = 1.5 ↔ 0.4332 𝑧 = −1.5 ↔ 0.4332
area of the shaded region 𝑃(𝑧 < 1.5) 𝑃(𝑧 < −1.5)
from the
= 0.5000 + 0.4332 = 0.5000 − 0.4332
z-Table
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟖
Step 4: Compute the
area and express as 𝒐𝒓 𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟐% 𝒐𝒓 𝟔. 𝟔𝟖%
z probability
CASE 2: P ( z > a ) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a
Example 3: Example 4:
Find the area above Find the area greater
Words Used Illustration STEPS 𝑧 = −1.7 than 𝑧 = 1.7
The required area is Step 1: Identify the The area above 𝑧 = The area greater
“greater than z” notation used based on −1.7 is the same as than 𝑧 = 1.7 is the
the words used. same as 𝑃(𝑧 > 1.7)
“at least z” 𝑃(𝑧 > −1.7).
Step 2: Sketch the
“no less than z” normal distribution.
“more than z” Identify the region and
“to the right of z” shade.
z  0.5 →
“above z”
Step 3: Determine the 𝑧 = −1.7 ↔ 0.4554 𝑧 = 1.7 ↔ 0.4554
area of the shaded region
𝑃(𝑧 ≻ 1.7) 𝑃(𝑧 > 1.7)
from the
= 0.5000 + 0.4554 = 0.5000 − 0.4554
z-Table
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟔
Step 4: Compute the
area and express as 𝒐𝒓 𝟗𝟓. 𝟓𝟒% 𝒐𝒓 𝟒. 𝟒𝟔%
z probability
CASE 3: P ( a < z < b ) denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b
Example 5: Example 6: Example 7:
Words Used Find the area between Find the area between Find the area between
STEPS 𝑧 = −1.85 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 𝑧 = −1.23 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.36 𝑧 = 0.67 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.75
−0.73
The required area is Step 1: Identify the The area between 𝑧 = The area between 𝑧 = The area between 𝑧 =
“between 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 ” notation used based on −1.85 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = −0.73 is −1.23 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.36 is 0.67 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.75 is the
the words used. the same as the same as same as
Illustration:
𝑃(−1.85 < 𝑧 < −0.73). 𝑃(−1.23 < 𝑧 < 1.36). 𝑃(0.67 < 𝑧 < 1.75)
Step 2: Sketch the
normal distribution.
Identify the region and
shade.

Step 3: Determine the 𝑧 = −1.85 ↔ 0.4678 𝑧 = −1.23 ↔ 0.3907 𝑧 = 0.67 ↔ 0.2486

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
area of the shaded region
𝑧 = −0.73 ↔ 0.2673 𝑧 = 1.36 ↔ 0.4131 𝑧 = 1.75 ↔ 0.4599
from the z-Table
Step 4: Compute the area 𝑃(−1.85 < 𝑧 < −0.73) 𝑃(−1.23 < 𝑧 < 1.36) 𝑃(0.67 < 𝑧 < 1.75)
and express as probability = 0.4678 − 0.2673 = 0.3907 + 0.4131 = 0.4599 − 0.2486
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟖 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟑
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Example 8.
Let X be a normal random variable with mean 𝜇 = 15 and standard deviation 𝜎 = 3. Find the following probabilities.
a) 𝑃(𝑋 < 19) b) 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < 19)
Solution:
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 < 19)
To find the probability, convert the normal random variable 19 to a z-score.
𝑥− 𝜇 19− 15 4
Thus, 𝑃(𝑋 < 19) = 𝑃(𝑧 < ) = 𝑃(𝑧 < ) = 𝑃(𝑧 < ) = 𝑃(𝑧 < 1.33). 1.33
𝜎 3 3
From the table, 𝑧 = 1.33 ↔ 0.4082. So, 𝑃(𝑧 < 1.33) = 0.5000 + 0.4082 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟗𝟎. 𝟖𝟐%

(b) 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < 19)

To find the probability, convert the normal random variables 10 and 19 to z values.
10−15 19−15 -1.67 1.33
Thus, 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < 19) = 𝑃( <𝑍 < ) = 𝑃(−1.67 < 𝑍 < 1.33)
3 3
From the table, 𝑧 = −1.67 ↔ 0.4525 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.33 ↔ 0.4082 .So, 𝑃(−1.67 < 𝑍 < 1.33) = 0.4525 + 0.4082 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟕 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟕%

LOCATING PERCENTILES
➢ “First Honor” “Top Ten”. These are expressions of relative standing. The normal curve can be used to show relative
positions of scores. In statistics, percentiles are used to indicate relative positions.
➢ For any set of measurements (arranged in ascending or descending order), a percentile (or centile) is a point in the
distribution such that a given percent of the cases is below it.
➢ A percentile is a measure of relative standing. It is a descriptive measure of the relationship of a measurement to the
rest of the data

Example 9:
Having obtained a score of 89 in a recently concluded unit test in Math, Rhian wanted to know how she fared in comparison
with her classmates. Her teacher told her that she scored at the 92nd percentile. This means that Rhian’s score is equal to
or higher than 92% of her classmates. Where is this score under the normal curve?
Solution:
This is denoted by 𝑃92 = 89 (Read: The 92nd percentile is 89)
Step 1: Express 92% as a decimal value up to four decimal places and as a sum.
92% = 0.9200 = 0.5000 + 0.4200
Step 2: Find the area 0.4200 in the z-Table. If it cannot be found, find the area nearest to it.
The nearest area value for 0.4200 is 0.4207
Step 3: Use the z-Table to find the corresponding z-value
The z-value for 0.4207 is 𝑧 = 1.41
Step 4: Draw a sketch of the normal curve 1.41
Under the normal curve, Rhian’s score of 89 corresponds to 𝑧 = 1.41
This implies that 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 represents the 92nd percentile for the distribution of raw scores in the test.
Example 10:
A score in Rhian’s class is found in the 95 th percentile. Where is this score under the normal curve?
Solution:
Step 1: Express 95% as a decimal value up to four decimal places and as a sum.
95% = 0.9500 = 0.5000 + 0.4500
Step 2: Find the area 0.4500 in the z-Table. If it cannot be found, find the area nearest to it.
If there are 2 nearest values, take these values.
The nearest area value for 0.4500 is 0.4495 and 0.4505
Step 3: Use the z-Table to find the corresponding z-value
The z-value for 0.4495 is 𝑧 = 1.64
1.65
The z-value for 0.4505 is 𝑧 = 1.65
1.64+1.65
Get the average of the z values: 𝑧 = = 1.645 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓
2
Step 4: Draw a sketch of the normal curve
This implies that 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 represents the 95th percentile for the distribution of raw scores in the test.
Example 11:
What percentile is depicted in the sketch of the normal curve?
Solution:
Step 1: Identify the given information
The given z-score is 𝑧 = −0.86 and the shaded region is 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑧 = −0.86 -0.86
Step 2: Find the area of z in the z-Table
𝑧 = −0.86 in the z-Table corresponds to 0.3051 (𝑧 = −0.86 ↔ 0.3051)
Step 3: Find the proportion of the area below 𝑧 = −0.86 expressed as probability.
𝑃(𝑧 < −0.86) = 0.5000 − 0.3051 = 0.1949
Step 4: Express the proportion as a percentage and interpret the shaded region
(0.1949)(100) = 19.49% which is approximately 19%.
This implies that approximately 19% of the distribution lies below 𝑧 = −0.86.
Thus, a raw score at the point 𝒛 = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 is in the 19th percentile.

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APPLYING CONCEPTS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
➢ The concept of the normal curve is applicable to various situations.
Example 12.
To help students improve their reading, San Jose District decides to implement a reading program. It is to be administered
to the bottom 5% of the students in the district, based on the scores on a reading achievement test which are normally
distributed. If the average score for the students in the district is 122.6 and the standard deviation is 18, find the cut off
score that will make a student eligible for the program.
Given: Area is at the bottom 5% , 𝜇 = 122.6 , 𝜎 = 18 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑋
Step 1: Draw a sketch of the normal curve showing the bottom 5%
Step 2: Convert the 5% to a decimal (5%=0.05) and separate this from one half of the curve.
Find a z-value and occupying an area of 5% or 0.05 from the left under
-1.645
the normal curve 0.5000-0.0500=0.4500
Step 3: Find the area 0.4500 in the z-Table. The nearest area value for 0.4500 is 0.4495 and 0.4505
Step 4: Use the z-Table to find the corresponding z-value
The z-value for 0.4495 is 𝑧 = 1.64. The z-value for 0.4505 is 𝑧 = 1.65
1.64+1.65
Get the average of the z values: 𝑧 = = 1.645 ⇒ −1.645 (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑃(𝑧 < −1.645) = 0.05)
2
𝑋−𝜇
Step 5: Find the required score X by using the formula 𝑧 =
𝜎
𝑋 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇 = (−1.645)(18) + 122.6 = −29.61 + 122.6 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟗𝟗
Therefore, a student will be eligible in the reading program if he scored 92.99 and below.
Example 13.
The Antique Automobile Association reports that the average time it takes to respond to an emergency call is 35 minutes.
Assume the variable is approximately normal and the standard deviation is 5.5 minutes. If 200 calls are randomly selected,
approximately how many will be responded to in less than 25 minutes?
Given: Number of calls to be responded to in less than 25 minutes, 200 calls selected, 𝜇 = 35 𝜎 = 5.5
25−35
Step 1: 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑋 < 25). 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑥 < 25 𝑡𝑜 𝑧. 𝑃(𝑋 < 25) = 𝑃(𝑍 < ) = 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.82).
5.5
Step 2: From the table, 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.82) = 0.5000 − 0.4656 = 0.0344 .
Step 3: There will be (0.0344)(200) = 6.88 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 7
Therefore, 7 calls will be responded to in less than 25 minutes.
Example 14:
The results of a nationwide aptitude test in mathematics are normally distributed with 𝜇 = 80 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 15. a) What is the
percentile rank of a score of 84? b) Find the raw score such that 99% of the score is below it c) What are the scores that
bound the middle 95%
a) Given: 𝑋 = 84 𝜇 = 80 𝜎 = 15 b) Given: 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 99% 𝜇 = 80 𝜎 = 15 c) Given: 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 95% 𝜇 = 80 𝜎 = 15
Step 1: Find the value of z. Step 1: Divide 99% as a sum. Step 1: Divide 95% into 2 to get the
𝑧=
84−80 4
= = 0.2666 ≈ 0.27 99% = 0.99 = 0.5000 + 0.4900 middle. 95% = 0.95
15 15
Step 2: Locate z with an area of 0.95 ÷ 2 = 0.4750
Step 2: Locate 𝑧 = 0.27 in the z-Table.
0.4900. Step 2: Locate z with an area of
𝑧 = 0.27 ↔ 0.1064
The nearest area is 0.4901 ↔ 𝑧 = 2.33 0.4750. The nearest area is
Step 3: Find the 𝑃(𝑧 < 0.27).
Step 3. Find the score 0.4750 ↔ 𝑧 = 1.96 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
𝑃(𝑧 < 0.27) = 0.5000 + 0.1064
𝑋 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇 = (2.33)(15) + 80 = 114.95 0.4750 ↔ 𝑧 = −1.96 (𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)
= 0.6064 𝑜𝑟 60.64%
Therefore, 99% of the score is Step 3: Find the scores
Therefore, the percentile rank of a
approximately below 115. 𝑋1 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇 = (1.96)(15) + 80 = 109.4
score of 84 is approximately 61%
𝑋2 = 𝑧𝜎 + 𝜇 = (−1.96)(15) + 80 = 50.6
Therefore, the scores that bound the
middle 95% of the distribution are
approximately 51 and 109
III. ACTIVITY
Activity 1: Answer the following problems. Show your solution Activity 2:
1) The weights of 1000 children average 50kg and the standard deviation is 5kg. How many A. Determine the area and
children weigh between 40kg and 55kg? show graphically. Use the
2) The intelligence quotient (IQ) scores for people are normally distributed with a mean of probability notation in your
100 and a standard deviation of 16. If Bettina was randomly selected to take the test, what final answer
is the probability that her score is between 100 to 120? 1) above 𝑧 = 1.46
2) between z = 0.76 & z = 2.88
3) The result of the National Achievement Test is normally distributed with 𝜇 = 88 and 3) to the right of 𝑧 = 1.32
𝜎 = 10. What is the percentile rank of a score of 83? 4) to the left of 𝑧 = 2.78
4) Given a population of 4000 test takers of an IQ Test with 𝜇 = 84 and 𝜎 = 10. 5) at most 𝑧 = −1.5
B. Suppose x is a normally
How many scores are a) between 84 and 94 b) above 114 c) below 64
distributed random variable
What are the raw scores that corresponds to the following z-scores d) z = 1 e) z = -1 with 𝝁 = 𝟒𝟎 and 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟎.
5) In her class in Statistics, Miss Kay told the students that they need a grade in the top 10% Find each of the following:
of the class to get an A in a particular test. In the standardization of the test, the mean was 6) 𝑃 ( 𝑋  50 )
70 and the standard deviation was 12. Assuming that the grades would be normally 7) 𝑃 ( 𝑋 ≥ 35.6 )
distributed, what must be the minimum grade needed to obtain an A? 8) 𝑃 ( 35  𝑋  56.8 )
9) 𝑃 ( 22.9  𝑋  33.2 )
IV. REFERENCES: 10) 𝑃 ( 𝑋  25. 3 )
Belecina, R. R., Baccay, E. S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store.
Ocampo, J. J., & Marquez, W. G. (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math & Beyond Statistics and Probability. Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.
Self-Learning Module for Grade 11 Mathematics
Prepared by: Checked by: Approved By:
RONNAH MARIE L. MAGDAUG (SGD) JULIE H. DELGADO (SGD) SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN, PhD
Mathematics Teacher, ANS SHS Mathematics Group Head Asst. Principal II, SHS

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