Name_________________________________________________________ Date __________

5.2 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

For use with Exploration 5.2

Essential Question How can you use reasoning to solve problems?

Recall that conjecture is an unproven statement about a general mathematical concept

that is based on observations.

1 EXPLORATION: Writing a Conjecture

Work with a partner. Write a conjecture about the pattern. Then use your conjecture to
draw the 10th object in the pattern.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

a.

b.

c.

2 EXPLORATION: Using a Venn Diagram

Work with a partner. Use the Venn diagram to determine whether the statement is true
or false. Justify your answer. Assume that no region of the Venn diagram is empty.
a. If an item has Property B, then it has Property A.
Property A

Property C Property B
b. If an item has Property A, then it has Property B.

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 Name _________________________________________________________ Date _________

5.2 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning (continued)

2 EXPLORATION: Using a Venn Diagram (continued)

c. If an item has Property A, then it has Property C.

Property A

Property C Property B
d. Some items that have Property A do not have
Property B.

e. If an item has Property C, then it does not have Property B.

f. Some items have both Properties A and C.

g. Some items have both Properties B and C.

3 EXPLORATION: Reasoning and Venn Diagrams

Work with a partner. Draw a Venn diagram that shows the relationship between
different types of quadrilaterals: squares, rectangles, parallelograms, trapezoids,
rhombuses, and kites. Then write several conditional statements that are shown in your
diagram, such as “If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a rectangle.”

Communicate Your Answer

4. How can you use reasoning to solve problems?

5. Give an example of how you used reasoning to solve a real-life problem.

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counterexample

counterexample
Name _________________________________________________________
deductive reasoning Date __________

Practice
deductive reasoning
5.2 For use after Lesson 5.2
Core Concepts
In your own words, write the meaning of each vocabulary term.
Core Concepts
Inductive Reasoning
conjecture
Recall that conjecture
Inductive Reasoning is an unproven statement about a general mathematical concept
that is based on observations. You use inductive reasoning when you find a pattern
Recall that cases
in specific conjecture is anwrite
and then unproven statement
a conjecture for about a general
the general case.mathematical concept
inductive reasoning
that is based on observations. You use inductive reasoning when you find a pattern
Notes:
in specific cases and then write a conjecture for the general case.

Notes:
counterexample

deductive reasoning
Counterexample
To show that a conjecture is true, you must show that it is true for all cases. You
Counterexample
Core
can showConcepts
that a conjecture is false, however, by finding just one counterexample.
To show that
A counterexamplea conjecture is true,case
is a specific youfor
must showthethat
which it is true is
conjecture forfalse.
all cases. You
can show
Inductive
Name a conjecture is false, however, by finding just one counterexample.
thatReasoning
_________________________________________________________ Date _________
Notes:
A counterexample is a specific case for which the conjecture is false.
Recall
Name that conjecture is an unproven statement about a general mathematical concept Date _________
_________________________________________________________
5 .2 Notetaking with Vocabulary (continued)
that is
Notes: based on observations. You use inductive reasoning when you find a pattern
5 .2 cases
in specific Notetaking withaVocabulary
and then write conjecture for the general case.
(continued)
Deductive Reasoning
Notes:
Deductive
Deductive Reasoning
reasoning uses facts, definitions, accepted properties, and the laws of logic to form
a logical argument. This is different from inductive reasoning, which uses specific examples
Deductive reasoning uses facts, definitions, accepted properties, and the laws of logic to form
and patterns to form a conjecture.
a logical argument. This is different from inductive reasoning, which uses specific examples
and
Lawspatterns to form a conjecture.
of Logic
Laws
Law of of Logic
Detachment
Counterexample
If
Lawtheofhypothesis
Detachmentof a true conditional statement
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is true, then the conclusion is also true.
153 All rights reserved.
To
If show
the that a conjecture
hypothesis is true, you statement
of a true conditional must showisthat
true,it then
is true
thefor all cases. is
conclusion Youalso true. © Big Ideas Learning, LLC
Copyright
Law of Syllogism counterexample.
can show 153
that a conjecture is false, however, by finding just one All rights reserved.
A counterexample
If hypothesis
Law p, thenisconclusion
of Syllogism a specific case
q. for which the conjecture is false.
If these statements are true,
If hypothesis p,
If hypothesis
Notes: q, then conclusion q.
then conclusion r.
If these statements are true,
If hypothesis
If q, then
hypothesis p, then conclusion r.
conclusion r. then this statement is true.
If hypothesis p, then conclusion r. then this statement is true.

Notes:
Notes:

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153 All rights reserved.
 8. The pattern is the addition of 5 blocks to the previous figure.
Name
One _________________________________________________________
block is added to each of the four ends of the base and Date _________
Name
one _________________________________________________________
block is added on top. So, the next two figures will have Date _________
5
Name
16 .2 Notetaking with Vocabulary (continued)
_________________________________________________________
blocks and then 21 blocks. Date _________
5 .2 Practice (continued)
5 .2 Notetaking
Reasoningwith Vocabulary (continued)
Chapter 9
Deductive
Worked-Out
Deductive Examples
Reasoning
Deductive reasoning uses facts, definitions, accepted properties, and the laws of logic to form
Deductive
aDeductive Reasoning
This is different from inductive reasoning
reasoning
logical argument.
Example #1
23. If a figure is a rhombus, then the figure has two pairs of
and patterns
aDeductive
logical to formThis
argument.
reasoning a conjecture.
is different from inductive reasoning
opposite
and
Make sides
patterns that
to form
andargument.
test are parallel.
a conjecture.
a conjecture about the
a logical This is different fromgiven quantity.
inductive reasoning
The product of any two even integers.
The product of any two even integers is an even integer.
⋅
Tests: 2 8 = 16, ⋅
22 20 = 440
Law of Syllogism
integer. 39. 1: 2 = 1(2)
If the hypothesis
Example #2 of a true conditional statement is true, then the conclusion is also true.
Law of Syllogism
If hypothesis
The law3 of
27. Tests: p, then
+ logic
4= was
+ 13the 19q. of Detachment.
7,used6conclusion
=Law 2: 2 + 4 = 6 = 2(3)
Law
Use of Syllogism
inductivep,reasoning
If hypothesis then conclusion
to makeq. a conjecture If these
aboutstatements
the givenare true, Then use
quantity.
If hypothesis q, athen conclusion r.reciprocal 3: 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 = 3(4)
11. The law of reasoning
28. deductive
quotientlogic
of used was
number Lawitsof
and
to show thatSyllogism.is the
If square
the conjecture of
is true.
these statements are true,
If hypothesis p, then conclusion q. 4: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20 = 4(5)
The sum of two odd integers.
number. q, then conclusion r.
If hypothesis
that + 8 + 10 = 30 = 5(6)
29. 1If + 3 = 4, 3p,+
hypothesis then 8, 7 + 9r.= 16
5 =conclusion
10 q,10then10conclusion r. 2
If hypothesis
If hypothesis
Tests: — =The
Conjecture:
( )
—
1 ⋅
p,—then
—conclusion
1 sum
= 100 = 10r.
1 of two odd integers is an even integer.
If hypothesis
Let m and p,integers,
10 n be then (2mr.+ 1) and (2n + 1) are
then conclusion rst n positive even integers is n(n + 1
odd
()
integers.
Notes:— 2

(Notes:
2m + —
3
1) +
()
3 ⋅ 2 2 4
= (—2n +
—=
3 3 9 ()
2 2
1 )—==2m— + 2n + 2
3
rst two) is the s
Notes:—2 = 2(m + n + 1)
= 76
Any number multiplied by 2 is an even number. Therefore,
12. The quotient of two negative numbers is a positive rational 47 + 76 = 123
the sum of two odd integers is an even integer.
30. 76 + 123 = 199
The next three numbers in the pattern are 76, 123, and
Practice A
Extra
Let
13. Sample Practice
m and n be integers.
answer: (2m + numbers
Thenpositive
Let the two be+—12 and
1) and (2n 1) are
—6 . odd
1
199.
Practice
Extra
integers. A
Practice
In Exercises —2 ⋅ —6describe
1–4, the pattern.
1 Then 1 write
The product is+ 1 1 1
=4mn . Because 1
— < —2 and < —16, theor draw the next two numbers,
c. The Fibonacci sequence follows the same pattern:
Practice
Extra
(2m
letters, or
In Exercises A1) =describe
Practice
+ 1)(2nfigures.
1–4,
—
12 + 2m + 12 2n + 1 — 12
the pattern. Then write or draw the next two numbers,
product of two positive numbers is not always greater than 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, . . .
letters, or 19,
figures. = 2(2mn + m + n) + 1
In Exercises
20,
1. number.
either 1–4, describe
17, 14, 10,  the pattern. Then write2.or draw
2, − 3,the
5, −next two
7, 11, numbers,
Any 1. number
letters, or 19,
20, multiplied
17, 14, 10,by2 is an even number, and adding
figures. 2. 2, 1 11,Argument
− 3, 5, − 7,41.  2: This argument uses the Law of Detachmen
14. will yield
Sample an oddLet
answer: number.
n = −1.Therefore, the product of two odd say that when the hypothesis is met, the conclusion is tru
1. 20, 19, 17, 14, 10,  2. 2, − 3, 5, − 7, 11, 
integers
−1 + 1 is an odd integer.
—=0 42. Pattern 1: Multiply each term by 2.
−1
31. inductive reasoning; The conjecture is based on the
3. C,0 >E,1that
assumption G, I,aK,  observed in specific cases, will
pattern, 4. ⋅
1 1 1
⋅ 2
⋅ ⋅
—4 2 = —2 , —2 2 = —2 = 1, 1 2 = 2, 2 2 = 4, 2 4 = ⋅
3. C, E, G, I, K, 
continue. 4. Pattern 2: Add —14 to the previous term.
15. Each angle could be 90°. Then neither are acute.
3. C, E, G, I, K,  4. 1 1 2 1
—4 + —4 = —4 = —2
32. deductive reasoning;
If line s intersects — The conclusion is based on
MN at any
16.
mathematical definitions and point other than the midpoint, it
properties. 1 1 2 1
—2 + —4 = —4 + —4 = —4
3
is not a segment bisector.
3 1 4
33. deductive reasoning; Laws of nature and the Law of —4 + —4 = —4 = 1
17. You passedwere
Syllogism the class.
used to draw the conclusion. 1 + —14 = —44 + —14 = —54
18. not possible; You may get to the movies by other means. 5 1 6
—4 + —4 = —4 = —2
3
34. inductive reasoning; The conjecture is based on the
assumption that a pattern, observed in specific cases, will Pattern 3: Multiply each term by half the reciprocal of th
19. not possible; QRST could be a rectangle.
continue.
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC previous term.
—
⋅ (— ⋅ 4) = — ⋅ 2 = —
20.All
Prights
is thereserved.
Copyright ©midpoint of LH . LLC
Big Ideas Learning, 1 1 1 1
35. The Law of Detachment cannot be used because the —4
All rights reserved. 154 2 4 2

— ⋅ (— ⋅ 2) = — ⋅ 2 = —
Copyright
hypothesis© BigisIdeas
not Learning, LLC answer: Using the Law
true; Sample 1 1 1 1
21. not possible
All rights reserved.
of Detachment, because a square is a rectangle, you can 154 2 2 2 2
Name_________________________________________________________ Date __________

5.2 Practice (continued)

In Exercises 5 and 6, make and test a conjecture about the given quantity.
5. the sum of two negative integers

6. the product of three consecutive nonzero integers

In Exercises 7 and 8, find a counterexample to show that the conjecture is false.

7. If n is a rational number, then n 2 is always less than n.

8. Line k intersects plane P at point Q on the plane. Plane P is perpendicular to line k.

In Exercises 9 and 10, use the Law of Detachment to determine what you can
conclude from the given information, if possible.
9. If a triangle has equal side lengths, then each interior angle measure is 60°.  ABC
has equal side lengths.

10. If a quadrilateral is a rhombus, then it has two pairs of opposite sides that are parallel.
Quadrilateral PQRS has two pairs of opposite sides that are parallel.

In Exercises 11 and 12, use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional
statement that follows from the pair of true statements, if possible.
11. If it does not rain, then I will walk to school.
If I walk to school, then I will wear my walking shoes.

12. If x > 1, then 3 x > 3.

If 3x > 3, then (3x) > 9.

2

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 Name _________________________________________________________ Date _________

9.2 BPractice B
Practice
In Exercises 1 and 2, describe the pattern. Then write or draw the next two
numbers, letters, or figures.
1. A, 26, B, 25, C, 24, … 2.

In Exercises 3 and 4, make and test a conjecture about the given quantity.
3. the sum of two absolute values 4. the product of a number and its square

5. Vertical angles are always complementary. Find a counterexample to show that

the conjecture is false.

In Exercises 6 and 7, use the Law of Detachment to determine what you can
conclude from the given information, if possible.
6. If you eat a healthy breakfast, then you will not be hungry until lunchtime. You
are not hungry until lunchtime.

7. Adjacent angles share one common ray. ∠AOB and ∠DOB are adjacent angles.

In Exercises 8 and 9, use the Law of Syllogism to write a new conditional

statement that follows from the pair of true statements, if possible.
8. If a polygon has three sides, then it is a triangle. If triangle has two congruent
sides, then it is an isosceles triangle.

9. If it is Tuesday, then you mow the grass. If you mow the grass, then you water
the flowers.

In Exercises 10 and 11, decide whether inductive reasoning or deductive

reasoning is used to reach the conclusion. Explain your reasoning.
10. All mammals have hair. Cats are mammals. So, all cats have hair.

11. Each time you go to school you walk. You went to school today, so you walked.

12. Is it possible to have a series of true conditional statements that lead to a false
conclusion? Explain.

13. The table shows the cost per pound of several Organic Nonorganic
varieties of organic and nonorganic produce at
your local grocery store. What conjecture can Bananas $0.49 $0.29
you make about the relation between the cost Carrots $1.19 $0.89
of organic produce and the cost of nonorganic
Strawberries $3.99 $2.99
produce? Explain your reasoning.

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