THBORY OP RBINFORCED BEAMS AND SLABS 95

HYSD BARS
(Fe 415)
0.9
MILD
O 8RCO867 STEEL BARS
(Fe 250)
o7Rc0:653
6

0-4

O-2 M

Fig. 2'14. Variation of R and M, with p.

29. BEAM OF TRIANGULAR SECTION

(a) Balanced Section

n=Kd C
dx-
N/bx\ A
bo
Ast

(o
Fig. 2'15.
 REINPORceD CONCRETE STRUCTURE
96
having effective depth THEORY OF REINFOR
215 triangular section
(a) shows a
i8. reinforcement.
Let the N.A. be at
d and width b at the level of the In order to
At depth x
below the apex, the
the moment of
fi
a depth n (==kd) below the apex. co
width b and stress c, are given by

b,x
kd
elementary strip of thick
force dC, of
Hence the comsressive
ness dx is given by dx
dC=b - Cx .

force is given by
The total compressive
kd
bx. Cr. dx
0

kd
x. kd
dx
kd

k acb
2 x (kd-x) dx

kd
or
k2bd (218)
dkd- Taking

k=ke for a balanced design

Taking C=cbe and
..[2 18 (n)}
C b cbe where
6
Total compressive force T=4st s t
Equating the two, for equilibrium, and
A K ,bd .Ccbe and k. is gi
6 (6) D
or k bd. cbe ..(219) If the
4 6 st
Eq. 218 with be useful in determining reinforcement rora the M, an
balanced section, where k, is given the N.A.
by pressive a
m Gcbc 1
k " tra,,1+00107
{2°18(6)1
area abo
Ocbe
 THEORY OF REINFORCED BBAMS AND SLABS 97

In order to find tho moment of resistance to the section, take

the moment of compressive force about the centre of tensile steel.
kd
M,-(dx) dC
kd
-(d-x) b. C, dx

kd

-(-)x.k.cd
kd
bc
x (kd-x)d-x) dx
kd2
kd
2 k+1). +
ekaa

M- kd(kdp_-MK*)(kdy +}kd)*|
or M,=Ck2 (2-
12 (2-20)
Taking ccbe and k=k for a balanced section.
M,=K2)
2 he .
bd=Qhd? .(221)
where
-- 2 k
12
) cbeK. Gcbe
... [2-21 (]
and

and k. is
K-k (2-k) ..2:21 (6b
given by Eq. 28 (d).
(6) Determination of M, and Stresses
If the dimensions of the
section (.e. b, d and A,) are given
the M, and the actual stresses can be determined
the N.A. by the first locating
This can be done by
equating the moment of the com-
pressive area about N.A. to the moment of the
arca about N.A. equivalent tensile
 REENPORCED CONCRETE STRUCTn

THEDRY OF REINFoRCED BBAMS

98
230 275 Thus (",
90 ( e 413) (Pe S00) Hence the corresponding

Nma)
140 stress diagram (Fig. 21 5b), b
(Fe 250)
0 289 o 253
0'329
0400
000 94
k-k 00119
o'o1s1
o0213 Kaowing e, the momea

from Eq. 220.

0047
o 060 M,
for 0 076 Thos
0107 o 066
C c e 5 (M 5) 083
o106
0 149 0.080 where
- 7(M 20) °101
0 128
Ifn> n, the
sec

8 5(M 25)
0 181
o'119 o 094 (i4t)
0151 concrete will reach its ma

c . 1 0 0 (M 30) 0 213
by Thus
the N.A. i8 given
width b, at The corresponding
Thus, from Fig. 215, bn
b b kd=b.k=f
d
area about N.A.
compressive
Moment of
Also, M, is given
n*. Thus,
-

tersile area about N.A.

Moment of equivalent
=mA, d-n)
where
Equating the two,
we get
BEAM OF T
-m, (d-n) 210.
(a) Balanced Se-

P4oma u nbma" A_0 The moment

of b b
would the
cubic equation, the solution of
which (by trial) found by taking
This is a triangular sections.

yield the value of n.

The depth of critical N.A. is given by Thus,

n
m cbe-, d=ke . d
m abetg where
() If n=ns the section is balanced, and tho M, is obtained by
Eq. 221.
(i) if n<n, the section is under-reinforced, Iand the stress in
steel will reach its maximum value first.
 THEORY OF ReINFORCED BEAMS AND SLABS
99
Thus t0,t
Hence the corresponding stress c in concrete is
given, from the
stress diagram (Fig. 2'1S6), by
-
or
c m d-n .(217)
Knowing c, the moment of resistance of the section is found
from Eq. 2'20.
Thus M,=c. 12 b ..(2 20)
where
k=
(iii) Ifn>n,
the section is over
reinforced and the stress in
concrete will reach its maximum value first.
Thus
cecbe
The corresponding stress in steel is
given by
cke
of h m(d-n)
tcbe n 2 17(0)]
Also, M, is given by Eq. 2'20 by substituting c=o¢be*
Thus,
M,=cbe (2-k)
12

where
k
210. BEAM OF TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION
(a) Balanced Section
The moment of resistance for a
trapezoidal section can be
found by taking the sum of M, for middle
rectangular and M, for
triangular sections.
Thus,
M.=M,+M2
where
M=moment of resistance of triangular
portion
ek (2-)b-b,) d* (Eq. 218)
12
 REINFORCED cONCRETR TRUC
CON
aEIMPORCED BEA MS
9
HERY
C-co
ce for rectannlan
100 of
resi
tance
M-moment

M C
and
portion
kbyd|Eq. 212b

C-

section
baianced

Í n#kd For a
C
TdX
Totai tensile force,

the two, w
Equating

bo
d
Determination of M.

o
Ast If the
dimensions

d e t e r m i n e e

can
be
s t r e s s e s m o m e n

the
b (b equating ters
by e q u i v a l e n t

of
(o 21
m o m e n t

Fig. 216. from Fig.

Thus,

r ck 2-k6-b,)
12 Moment o f cquiv
.(222)

Equating the two

c=dcbe
and k=k.
balanced section,
For a
k2(2-k6-b,)
M- Ocbe" 12
is
cubic eq
+ 1 )4,]* ...222(a)}
yield
This

the
value
of n .

or
M,-12 (b-b,)+Rb]a2 . E q . 221(a)
Hence

K ( 2 - k )
of cs
where 12
Ocbe The depth

R be1-
mcbe 1
and k mocbet,1+00107 os
The total compressive force is given by
C=C1+C2
 AND SLABS
101
HEORY OF REINPORCED BEAMS

where C compressive force for triangular porion

.. (Fq. 2'18)
-cb-b
and C-compressive force for rectangular porion
=} cbkd

k2
C-c(b-b,)d+ cbkd
6

c (2 23)

balanced section, c=ocbe and k=k,

For a

Total tensile force, for a balanced section ia

T=Ast
Equating the two, we get

Scbe(224)
Determination of M, and stresses

If the dimensions of the section are given,the M, and actual

stresses can be determined by frst locating N.A. This can be done
area about N.A. to the
by equating the moment of compressive
moment of equivalent tensile area about N.A.

Thus, from Fig. 2'16, moment of compressive area about N.A.

2
Moment of equivalent tensile area about N.A.
m.A (d-n)
Equating the two, we get

-m.A, d-n)=0
This is cubic equatíon, the solution of which (by trial) would
yield the value of n.

Hence k
The depth of critical N.A. is given by
n mm cbe .dkd.
mocbet
 REINFORCED CONCRETE STD.
102
RUCTURS
) If n=n, the section is balanced, obtainted by
and M, is obtaint..
THEORY OF REINFOR
Eq. 222(a). under-relnforced and stressi
stress instea (t.e. (Eq 222, 223.
is
(i) If n<,, the section first. Thus =o The correspond.
The cotre
taining (bb,) fact»
its maximum value
will reach
can be rearranged
in concrete is given by
ing stress c
-(from stress diagram)
m d-n
is found from Eq. 2 22.
Knowing c, M, over-reinforced, i COn
and stress
section is
(it) If nn,, the value first. Thus, Ghe The
cma,
maximum
will reach its
crete
stress t in steel is given by
correspending

1=0cbe fr
n
o m stress diagram)

And M, is given by Eq. 222,

by taking c=ocbe
Thus, Iaverte
Such a sed
12 the level of reina

trapezoidalsec
where k in the followin

eTrapezoldal section with b,>b

Ast

Fig. 217.
Since the area of concrete in tension t is
is not userul,
zone
more economical to keep b, greater than b. AJI the equauO
 UCTUREs
inted by THEORY OF REINPORCED BFAMS
AND SLABS 03

(i.e. (Eq 222, 2:23, 2.24), will

be valid,
except that the term con
in steel be negative. Alternatively, these equations
taining (b-b,) factor will
espond- can be rearranged in the
following form

ck (2 k)(b b)
am) M-[( 12
...(2 25)
M,-[Rb,-e(b-b)) 4 2 25(a)
in con
The ...(2 26)
... 2 26(a)
C b-(-b)
am)
....(2-27)

ay Inverted triangular section (Fig. 2'18)

d2 Such a section can designed by taking b-0 at
be analysed or
of the
the level of reinforeement, and using the equations of case (c)
trapezoidal section. Tbe corresponding equations can be rearranged
in the following form.
bI

/nqkd/

N
LAZI d

Ast

Fig. 218.

M.-1-) Ja
...(228)
.(2 29)
t is C kd(3-k) ..(2 30)
6 bC
ns
 REINFORCED CONCRET
ETE STRUCY
STRUCTu
THEORY OF REINFORC

104 2 30Ma) Substituting th

kd (3-k) p 300
C 6x600
(231) n+103L
6 deep a nd no
and Solving t h s t
A 6 4 0mm
mm

s 640
se c t i o n ,
r
riia
anng
guul
laar
r Taking be
Takingh N/mm
of the
4A 219.
29 in Fig. resistanceof the beam
Example
es
shown

the
moment
of
find
i s r e i n f o r c e d

andm=-19,
wide

140
Nmm d=600 mm
mm
and
section Given:
b300

A - 4 (12P-4524 mm.
Since nn
concrete reaches
Soletion

below the apex.

n
N.A. be
at a depth
actual
Let the b
Width at N.A.
about M.A. Moment
area
compressive
of
Moment
bn N/mm

kd

d 600D
Example
reinforcement
N moment of re-

Solutio

12 The re
given by Eq
40
h-300mm

Fig. 2'11.
Moment of equivalent tensile area about N.A.
=m A ldn).
Mor
Equating the two
bn3
6d A (d-n)
THEORY OP REINFORCED BEAMS AND SLARS 105

Substituting the numerical values, we get

n'
300
6x
19x 4524 ( 6 0 0 n )
n'+103147 n 61888320-0

Solving this by trial and error, we get

n-311 mm ; k- - 0 518
19x5
k cbe t
m , 1 9 x 5 4 140°404
n-0'404 x 600-242'6 mm

Since nbn,, the section is over-reinforced. Hence the stress in

concrete reaches its maximum value first. Therefore
-cbe=5 N/mm2.

1=0cbc
m (d-n) 3x19 (600-311)
311
88'3 N/mm2.
Moment of resistance is given by Eq. 2*20 in which cesh-5
N/mm.
M,=ocbe . (2-k)bd?
12
(0 518)2 (2-0*18)
12
x 300 (609)2
=1789 x106 N-mm
=1789 kN-m.
Example 2 10. For the beam section of Example 2:9, find the
reinforcement corresponding to balanced section. What will be its
moment of resistance ?
Solution. For balanced section,
k=0404 ; n^=0°404x 600-2426 mm.
The reinforcement
corresponding to the balanced section is
given by Eq. 2'19
Ask2. . 6
x300X 600
(0 404)?x 5
12 140
=174:9 mm2.
Moment of resistance is given by Eq. 2-21
M,=Q ba2
 -1E
ww oo9 =p
THEORY OF RBINPORCED BEAMS AND SLABS

Area of compression zone- x n

botbyn
- 4 30
2b1+bo
from N.A.t
6004.000-
2 n

600-n
x
3
300+
Moment of compression area about N.A.
6004OC0-n
2
- +300 X600-X 3 3004600- *

..(1
moment of equivalent tensile area about N.A.
=m A,, (d-n)
=19x4524 (600-n)
Equating the two, we get .(2
600+ S00-n19x452:4(600-n)
or n-1800 n?-103147 n+61888320=0
Solving this by trial, we get
n=165 mm;
165
Hence k 600 0 275
For the balanced section, k,=0°404
n=0°404 x 600=242:4 mm.
Since n>n. the section is
steel will reach its max. under-reinforced, and the stress in
permissible value first.
Hence t=140 N/mm?.
c m
140165
=19 600-165
2'795 N/mm2.
In order to find the moment of
resistance, consider a strip of
thickness dy at a distance of y from N.A. Width b, is given by
 REINFORCED CONCRETE 87STRUCTUREs
108
rRBORY OF RETNPORCED BAMs AND SLAs 109

2
2 -34 42x 10 N-mm.
by This is about three-times more than the one of the etample 29,
is given
of strip witb the same dimensions but placemeat reserved.
at the level
The stress c,
(6) For tbe Balanced Section
k=0°404; n,=o404 x600-242 4 mm
2 795
G 165 c, a2475 -002062
dC,=b,.,dy
435+y, 2 d y
b,ny 600-2424+
600
x300
2 155
=0C0847
(435+y) y dy 3576+
2
n=165
C-aC-ov0847 (435+))yd dC.S76+2 xo02062 ydy
=001031 (357*6+y) dy
n-165
2424
=o0847 ] ..(T)
C-dc,=001031 (357 6 +y) y dy
424
= 62838 N
-o1031
io M,-(dC,) (d-n+y)
AlBO
=157264.
165 Equating this to total tensile area, we get

=000847(435+) [600-165+yldy A
Ast
C 15726411233
140 mm
165 Check. From Eq. 231,
=000847 (435+y dy
st

165
0-404x600(3-0404) x300x
000847 189225++870 ..(11) 1123 7 mm.

34142 x10 N-mm-34:42 kN-m. Also, M,(dC,) (d-n,+y)

Check. From Eq. 228,
242 4

0'01031 (357'6 +y)y (600-2424+) dr

 Dflereot Coses

Ounde Reinforced Section

Ca

This Connche
Ca6che
Negieck

tg-6st

tor under Rainforce d Section

Ca 6cbc
ta = 6st

( from Compression Side

MR
B: *a ad: O.
value of Ca can be found by
C ta/m 6st/m
d- q
-X9

Ca 6st .Xg
-
mCd-a)

from ension Side

MR ta Ast d Z
X Astd
 3/o6/14

A
Rectanqu lar Rcc brom of Size S00 6s0 mn 1 Peinforced

20 20 mm Bars
6 25 mm Bars
alCaulate momentof
Mas Concxele Reois tance in above Jwo
/fe steel are ued se wsM.(ose
atulatearea of Slee Requir ed juot for Balanc od ecHon
we
CoYYRponding MR AlSo d
50mm_effecive Covek

Cose-i When area of Sleel 3-16

mm_
Pst 3x T xl
CSO
CriHcal Depth of Neuhsal
Aris.
SDrin

11x 8 S -- Oo
230 tIY3s

c173IS mm|
XaActual depth Of NA

BKa2 mAst Cd. ra)

2
x ( 600-a)

Ra 14 2.28 mm

19.
 Ca 6'cbe
SO Section is under Reinforced
sedton.

Moment of Røistonte Chom. Jension side)

MR la XAs x (d Za
63t X Ast

230 XG03-13 x Goo1g2.23

MA 76 66 KN

oY (rom Compression side)

MA
ra (d:
300 x 142.28_X C
here (d 242 23
3
Ca t/ st/m
d-q

m Cd-xa)
230 142 28
1 (coo-142-23) 6495
Nhm 6S Nm
MA 3o x
142-23 Xb(o 22
M 75 655 kN
- lo
Case when Areo o slee 6 mm

mC xd
ttmc
173 1S mm
0

8. r m Ast (d- a)
2

300x q |1 y 6 xTy 2sx (600-2o)

Xa261. 84 mm

Ca-6c bc 3S N/mm
ta st
SO SeCHom is OVeY_ Reinfoxed sechon

Moment of Resistance rom Compyess ion_ Side

MRB Xa. Cad- a 2

9c0 x 26 484 x 8S/ Goo -

261 34 L
2
lo
MR: 174.40 k
 hem ension side

C am 6b

(d-xa)
x m
t 6bc x(d- xa)

8.S X (oo 2 34) x

267.84

1S. 94 N/mm

MR tax Ast

IIs.9sx 6x Ix252 x (6o 26 84 x

R 1144KN-

for Bolanced sechon

g Xe 173. JS

Moment oB Arega
) By equahing

8.20 MArt d-Ra)

00 Y 11315:_ I1x Ast (coo-173-1s)

2

Ast951 78 mm

Ca 6cbc S
i) By C La st 230