CES 3104

Structural Theory

Lecture 6:
Work-Energy Methods

Engr. Abbey Dale Abellanosa, MSc

Department of Civil Engineering

CES 3104 – Structural Theory Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020

Lecture Outline
Principle of Virtual Work
Work → Virtual Displacement for Rigid Bodies → Virtual Displacement for
Deformable Bodies → Virtual System → Real System

Deflection of Trusses by Virtual Work Method

Derivation of the Truss Deflection Equation → Application of Virtual
Work Method for Truss Deflections

Deflection of Beams by Virtual Work Method

Derivation of the Beam Deflection Equation → Application of Virtual
Work Method for Beam Deflections

Deflection of Frames by Virtual Work Method

Derivation of the Frame Deflection Equation → Application of Virtual
Work Method for Frame Deflections

Conservation of Energy and Strain Energy

Castigliano’s First Theorem → Castigliano’s Second Theorem →
Applications on Beams and Trusses

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-2
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 6.1:
Principle of Virtual Work

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020

Principle of Virtual Work
The Concept of Work in Structures

𝑀
𝐴
𝑀 𝑑𝜃
𝑃

𝜃 𝑑∆ ∆

𝐴′

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-4
Principle of Virtual Work
𝑃
𝑀
𝐴
𝑀 𝑃
𝑑𝜃

𝜃 𝑑∆ ∆

𝐴′

𝑃 𝑃 𝑃

0 ∆ 0 ∆ 0 ∆
∆
𝑃∆
𝑊 = න 𝑃𝑑∆ 𝑊= 𝑊 = 𝑃∆
0 2

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-5
Principle of Virtual Work
General force-displacement (𝑃 − ∆) and couple-rotation (𝑀 − 𝜃)
expressions:
∆ 𝜃
𝑊 = න 𝑃𝑑∆ 𝑊 = න 𝑀𝑑𝜃
0 0

For analysis of linearly elastic structures:

1 1
𝑊 = 𝑃∆ 𝑊= 𝑀𝜃
2 2

In situations where the load remains constant while undergoing

displacement

𝑊 = 𝑃∆ 𝑊 = 𝑀𝜃

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-6
Principle of Virtual Work
Principle of Virtual Displacements for Rigid Bodies

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

𝑎
𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-7
Principle of Virtual Work
Principle of Virtual Displacements for Rigid Bodies
𝐶′
𝐵′
𝐿𝜃𝑣
𝐴′ 𝜃𝑣

𝑃𝑦
∆𝑣𝑦

𝐴 𝐵 𝑃𝑥
𝐶
𝐴𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐶𝑦
∆𝑣𝑥
𝑎
𝐿

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-8
Principle of Virtual Work
The total virtual work, 𝑊𝑣𝑒 , performed by the external forces acting on the beam can
be expressed as
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑥 + 𝑊𝑣𝑦 + 𝑊𝑣𝑟
During the virtual translations ∆𝑣𝑥 and ∆𝑣𝑦 of the beam, the virtual work done by
the forces is given by
𝑊𝑣𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 ∆𝑣𝑥 − 𝑃𝑥 ∆𝑣𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝑃𝑥 ∆𝑣𝑥
𝑊𝑣𝑥 = Σ𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑣𝑥

𝑊𝑣𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 ∆𝑣𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 ∆𝑣𝑦 − 𝑃𝑦 ∆𝑣𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 − 𝑃𝑦 ∆𝑣𝑦

𝑊𝑣𝑦 = Σ𝐹𝑦 ∆𝑣𝑦

The virtual work done by the forces during the small virtual rotation 𝜃𝑣 can be
expressed as
𝑊𝑣𝑟 = −𝑃𝑦 𝑎𝜃𝑣 + 𝐶𝑦 𝐿𝜃𝑣 = −𝑎𝑃𝑦 + 𝐿𝐶𝑦 𝜃𝑣
𝑊𝑣𝑟 = Σ𝑀𝐴 𝜃𝑣

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-9
Principle of Virtual Work
We substitute the individual components of virtual work to write the total virtual
work done as
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑥 + 𝑊𝑣𝑦 + 𝑊𝑣𝑟

𝑊𝑣𝑒 = Σ𝐹𝑥 ∆𝑣𝑥 + Σ𝐹𝑦 ∆𝑣𝑦 + Σ𝑀𝐴 𝜃𝑣

Because the beam is in equilibrium, Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0, Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 and Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0

𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 0

Principle of virtual displacements for rigid bodies states:

“If a rigid body is in equilibrium under a system
of forces and if it is subjected to any small virtual
rigid-body displacement, the virtual work done
by the external forces is zero.”

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-10
Principle of Virtual Work
Principle of Virtual Displacements for Deformable Bodies

𝐶
𝑃𝑣

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-11
Principle of Virtual Work
Principle of Virtual Displacements for Deformable Bodies
𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶
𝐵
𝜃2
𝑃𝑣
𝜃2 𝜃1
𝐶 𝑃𝑣
𝜃1
∆
𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶
∆
𝐴

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-12
Principle of Virtual Work
The virtual external and internal forces acting on the structure must satisfy
equilibrium equations, hence
𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

𝑃𝑣 − 𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃1 − 𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃2 = 0 𝜃2

𝑃𝑣
𝜃1
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

−𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶 sin 𝜃1 + 𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃2 = 0 𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶

∆

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-13
Principle of Virtual Work
The total virtual work for the structure (𝑊𝑣 ) is equal to the algebraic sum of the
work of the virtual forces acting at joint 𝐶; that is
𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶
𝑊𝑣 = 𝑃𝑣 ∆ − 𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶 ∆ cos 𝜃1 − 𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶 ∆ cos 𝜃2

𝑊𝑣 = 𝑃𝑣 − 𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃1 − 𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃2 ∆

𝜃2
𝑃𝑣
Since 𝑃𝑣 − 𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃1 − 𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃2 = 0
𝜃1
𝑃𝑣 − 𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃1 − 𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃2 ∆= 0
𝑃𝑣 ∆ = 𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶 ∆ cos 𝜃1 + 𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶 ∆ cos 𝜃2
𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶
∆
Considering 𝑃𝑣 ∆ = 𝑊𝑣𝑒 and
𝐹𝑣𝐴𝐶 ∆ cos 𝜃1 + 𝐹𝑣𝐵𝐶 ∆ cos 𝜃2 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖 , therefore

𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-14
Principle of Virtual Work
Virtual external work = Virtual internal work
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖

Virtual system
External components

Internal components
virtual external force × virtual internal force ×
෍ =෍
real external displacement real internal displacement

Real system

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-15
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 6.2:
Deflection of Trusses
by Virtual Work Method

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020

Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Nodal Deflection in Trusses
𝑃2

𝐷
𝑃1

𝐵
𝐴 𝐶
∆

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-17
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Nodal Deflection in Trusses
𝑃2

𝐷 𝐷
𝑃1

𝐵 𝐵
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶
∆

1.0
Real System Virtual System

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-18
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
We can derive the equation for truss deflection from the general principle of
virtual work, wherein
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖

From the illustrated real and virtual truss systems, we can draw that
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = virtual external force × real external displacement
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 1 × ∆

𝑊𝑣𝑖 = virtual internal force × real internal displacement

𝑊𝑣𝑖 = 𝐹𝑣 × 𝛿

Recall that the deformation for axially loaded members (truss members ), is equal
to 𝛿 = 𝐹𝐿/𝐴𝐸, hence
𝐹𝐿
1 ∙ ∆ = ෍ 𝐹𝑣
𝐴𝐸

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-19
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors
Recall that the axial deformation due to a change in temperature ∆𝑇 is equal to
𝛿 = 𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇 , hence
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 1 × ∆
𝑊𝑣𝑖 = virtual internal force × real internal displacement

𝑊𝑣𝑖 = 𝐹𝑣 × 𝛿

1 ∙ ∆ = ෍ 𝐹𝑣 𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-20
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Example 1: Determine the horizontal deflection at joint 𝐶 of
the truss shown below by the virtual work method.
𝐶

200 kN

3.6 m

𝐴𝐸 = constant
𝐸 = 70 GPa
𝐵 𝐴 = 40 cm2
𝐴

1.2 m 1.5 m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-21
The Slope-Deflection Method
Solution:
𝐶 𝐶 1 kN

200 kN

3.6 m 3.6 m

0 𝐴 −187.5 1 𝐴 −1.25
𝐵 𝐵

250 450 3 3
1.2 m 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m

Real System Virtual System

(𝑭 Forces – kN) (𝑭𝒗 Forces – kN)
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-22
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Member 𝑳 (𝒎) 𝑭 (𝒌𝑵) 𝑭𝒗 (𝒌𝑵) 𝑭𝒗 𝑭𝑳 (𝒌𝑵𝟐 ∙ 𝒎)

AB 1.2 -187.5 -1.25 281.25

AC 4.5 312.5 3.75 5273.44
BC 3.9 -487.5 -3.25 6179.06
σ 𝑭𝒗 𝑭𝑳 = 11,733.75

The desired horizontal deflection at 𝐶 is determined by applying the virtual work

expression
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖
𝐹𝐿
1 ∙ ∆𝐶𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣
𝐴𝐸
11,733.75 × 103
=
70 40 × 102
∆𝐶𝑥 = 41.91 mm →

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-23
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Example 2: Determine the horizontal deflection at joint 𝐺 of
the truss shown below by the virtual work method.
𝐸 20 cm2 𝐺
100 kN

30 cm2

30 cm2
3m

20 cm2
200 kN 𝐷
𝐶

30 cm2
30 cm2

3m

30 cm2
𝐴 𝐵

4m
𝐸 = 200 GPa

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-24
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Solution:

𝐸 −100 𝐺 𝐸 0 𝐺 1.0 kN
100 kN

0 −75 3 m 0 −0.75 3 m

0 0
200 kN 𝐷 𝐶 𝐷
𝐶

+300 −75 3 m 1.5 −0.75 3 m

𝐴 +300 𝐴 1.0
300 𝐵 1.0 𝐵

4m 4m
300 300 1.5 1.5

Real System Virtual System

(𝑭 Forces – kN) (𝑭𝒗 Forces – kN)

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-25
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
𝑭𝑳
Member 𝑳 (𝒎) 𝑨 (𝒎𝟐) 𝑭 (𝒌𝑵) 𝑭𝒗 (𝒌𝑵) 𝑭𝒗 (𝒌𝑵𝟐/𝒎)
𝑨
AB 4 0.003 300 1.00 400,000
CD 4 0.002 0 0 0
EG 4 0.002 -100 0 0
AC 3 0.003 300 1.50 450,000
CE 3 0.003 0 0 0
BD 3 0.003 -75 -0.75 56,250
DG 3 0.003 -75 -0.75 56,250
BC 5 0.002 -375 -1.25 1,171,875
CD 5 0.002 125 1.25 390,625
𝑭𝑳
෍ 𝑭𝒗 = 𝟐, 𝟓𝟐𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-26
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
The desired horizontal deflection at 𝐺 is determined by applying the virtual work
expression
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖
𝐹𝐿
1 ∙ ∆𝐺𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣
𝐴𝐸
2,525,000 × 10−3
=
200
∆𝐺𝑥 = 12.63 mm →

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-27
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Example 3: Determine the vertical deflection at joint 𝐷 of
the truss shown below if member 𝐶𝐹 is 15 mm too long and
member 𝐸𝐹 is 10 mm too short. Use the method of virtual
work.
𝐸 𝐹

6m
𝐴 𝐶
𝐵 𝐷

3 panels at 6 m = 18 m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 3-28
Virtual Work Method for Trusses
Solution:
𝐸 −10 mm 𝐹 𝐸 +1.0 𝐹

+15 mm
−1.0
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶
𝐷
𝐵 𝐷 𝐵

Real System 1.0 kN

Virtual System

The desired horizontal deflection at 𝐺 is determined by applying the virtual work

expression
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖 ∆𝐷𝑦 = −25

1 ∙ ∆𝐷𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣 𝛿 ∆𝐷𝑦 = 25 mm ↑

= 1.0 −10 + −1.0 15

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-29
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 6.3:
Deflection of Beams
by Virtual Work Method

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020

Virtual Work Method for Beams
Beam Deformations Due to Real Loads

𝑦
𝑤 𝑥
𝑃

𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝑥
∆ 𝜃
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿

Real System

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-31
Virtual Work Method for Beams
𝑦 𝑀
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑤 𝑥 𝐸𝐼
𝑃

𝑀𝑣 𝑀𝑣
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐴 𝑥
∆ 𝜃
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃
𝐿
Real System 𝑑𝑥
Deformed Differential Element
1.0
for the Virtual Systems
1.0

𝐶
𝐴 𝐷 𝐴 𝐷
𝐵
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
Virtual System for Determining ∆ Virtual System for Determining 𝜽

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-32
Virtual Work Method for Beams
We can derive the equation for beam deflection from the general principle of
virtual work, wherein
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖
From the illustrated real and virtual beam systems for determining ∆, we can draw
that
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = virtual external force × real external displacement
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 1 × ∆

𝑊𝑣𝑖 = virtual internal moment × real internal deformation

𝑑𝑊𝑣𝑖 = 𝑀𝑣 × 𝑑𝜃
𝐿
𝑊𝑣𝑖 = න 𝑀𝑣 × 𝑑𝜃
0
Recall that the real internal deformation for members in flexure (beams), is equal
to 𝑑𝜃 = (𝑀/𝐸𝐼)𝑑𝑥, hence
𝐿
𝑀
1 ∙ ∆ = න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-33
Virtual Work Method for Beams
We can derive the equation for beam point rotation from the general principle of
virtual work, wherein
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖
From the illustrated real and virtual beam systems for determining 𝜃, we can draw
that
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = virtual external couple × real external rotation
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 1 × 𝜃

𝑊𝑣𝑖 = virtual internal moment × real internal deformation

𝑑𝑊𝑣𝑖 = 𝑀𝑣 × 𝑑𝜃
𝐿
𝑊𝑣𝑖 = න 𝑀𝑣 × 𝑑𝜃
0
Recall that the real internal deformation for members in flexure (beams), is equal
to 𝑑𝜃 = (𝑀/𝐸𝐼)𝑑𝑥, hence
𝐿
𝑀
1 ∙ 𝜃 = න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-34
Virtual Work Method for Beams
Example 1: Determine the slope and deflection at point A of
the beam shown below by the virtual work method.

𝐴 𝐵

𝐸𝐼 = constant

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-35
Virtual Work Method for Beams
Solution:
𝑤
𝑥 1.0
𝑀
𝑥 𝑀𝑣

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

𝐿 𝐿

Real System Virtual System for

Vertical Deflection at 𝑨
We can establish the moment equation
from the real system as By applying the principle of virtual
work, we can establish that
1 𝑤𝑥 𝑥 𝐿
𝑀=− 𝑥 𝑀
2 𝐿 3 1 × ∆𝐴 = න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑤𝑥 3 0 𝐸𝐼
𝑀=− 0≤𝑥≤𝐿 1 𝐿 𝑤𝑥 3
6𝐿
1 × ∆𝐴 = න −𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
The moment equation for the virtual 𝐸𝐼 0 6𝐿
system to calculate deflection is 𝑤𝐿4
𝑀𝑣 = −1 𝑥 = −𝑥 0≤𝑥≤𝐿 ∆𝐴 = ↓
30𝐸𝐼

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-36
Virtual Work Method for Beams
Solution:
𝑤
𝑥
𝑀
1.0 𝑥 𝑀𝑣

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

𝐿 𝐿

Real System Virtual System for

Rotation at 𝑨
From the previously established
moment equation of the real system, By applying the principle of virtual
work, we can establish that
𝑤𝑥 3 0≤𝑥≤𝐿 𝐿
𝑀=− 𝑀
6𝐿 1 × 𝜃𝐴 = න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼
The moment equation for the virtual
1 𝐿 𝑤𝑥 3
system to calculate rotation is 1 × 𝜃𝐴 = න −1 − 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 6𝐿
𝑀𝑣 = −1 0≤𝑥≤𝐿
𝑤𝐿3
𝜃𝐴 = ⦫
24𝐸𝐼

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-37
Virtual Work Method for Beams
Example 2: Determine the deflection at point C of the beam
shown below by the virtual work method.

30 kN/m 60 kN

𝐵
𝐴 𝐶

9m 3m
𝐸𝐼 = constant
𝐸 = 200 GPa
𝐼 = 800 × 106 mm4

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-38
Virtual Work Method for Beams
Solution:
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
30 kN/m 60 kN 1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐵
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶

9m 3m 9m 3m
𝐴𝑦 = 115 kN 𝐵𝑦 = 215 kN 𝐴𝑦 = 1/3 kN 𝐵𝑦 = 4/3 kN
Real System Virtual System

Segment Origin Limits (𝒎) 𝑴 (𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎) 𝑴𝒗 (𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎)

AB 𝐴 0−9 115𝑥 − 15𝑥 2 −𝑥/3

BC 𝐶 0−3 −60𝑥 −𝑥

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-39
Virtual Work Method for Beams
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
30 kN/m 60 kN 1.0 kN
𝑥
𝐵 𝐵
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶

9m 3m 9m 3m
𝐴𝑦 = 115 kN 𝐵𝑦 = 215 kN 𝐴𝑦 = 1/3 kN 𝐵𝑦 = 4/3 kN
Real System Virtual System
By applying the principle of virtual work, we can establish that
𝐿
𝑀
1 × ∆𝐶 = න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼
9 3
1 𝑥 2
8228.75
= න − 115𝑥 − 15𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න −𝑥 −60𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −
𝐸𝐼 0 3 0 𝐸𝐼
8228.75 1000 3
=−
200 800 × 106
∆𝐶 = 51.43 mm ↑

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-40
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 6.4:
Deflection of Frames
by Virtual Work Method

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020

Virtual Work Method for Frames

𝐶
𝑃2

𝑃1 𝑃3

𝐴 𝐷

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-42
Virtual Work Method for Frames
𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝑪 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝑥𝐵𝐶 𝑃2
𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝑀𝐶𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶 𝑩 𝐶𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑥𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝑩 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐶
𝐶𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝑦𝐵𝐶
𝑪
𝐵𝑦𝐴𝐵
𝑀𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝑥𝐴𝐵
𝑩

𝑃1 𝑃3

𝑨 𝑫
𝐴𝑥𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝑦𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑥 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝑨 𝐷𝑥𝐶𝐷
𝑨𝑿 Member and Joint Internal Loads 𝑫

𝑨𝒚 for the Real System 𝑫𝒚

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 2-43
Virtual Work Method for Frames
We can derive the equation for frame deflection from the general principle of
virtual work, wherein
𝑊𝑣𝑒 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖
𝐶𝑎
Since a frame member is subjected to both axial and
bending loads, we can infer that the 𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐷
𝐶𝑣 𝑪
𝑊𝑣𝑖 = 𝑊𝑣𝑖𝑎 + 𝑊𝑣𝑖𝑏
𝐿
𝐹𝐿 𝑀
𝑊𝑣𝑖 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣 + ෍ න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝐸 0 𝐸𝐼
𝑃3
The external work done to solve for the deflection ∆ and slope 𝜃
can then be expressed as 𝑫 𝐷𝑣
𝐿 𝑀𝐷𝐶𝐷
𝐹𝐿 𝑀
1 ∙ ∆ = ෍ 𝐹𝑣 + ෍ න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝐸 0 𝐸𝐼 𝐷𝑎

𝐿
𝐹𝐿 𝑀
1 ∙ 𝜃 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣 + ෍ න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝐸 0 𝐸𝐼

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-44
Virtual Work Method for Frames
However, axial deformations in frame members composed of common engineering
materials are generally much small than the bending deformations, thus
𝐿
𝑀
1 ∙ ∆ = ෍ න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼

𝐿
𝑀
1 ∙ 𝜃 = ෍ න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-45
Virtual Work Method for Frames
Example 1: Determine the rotation of joint 𝐶 of the frame
shown by the virtual work method.
20 kN/m

𝐷
𝐶
4m
180 kN
𝐵
𝐸𝐼 = constant
4m 𝐸 = 200 GPa
𝐴 𝐼 = 1000 × 106 mm4

12 m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-46
Virtual Work Method for Frames
Solution:

𝑥
20 kN/m
1 kN-m 𝑥

𝐷 𝐷
𝐶 12 m 𝐶 12 m
𝐷𝑦 = 180 kN 1
4m 4m 𝐷𝑦 =
12
180 kN
𝐵 𝐵

𝑥
𝑥

4m 4m

𝑥
𝑥

𝐴 𝐴
𝐴𝑥 = 180 kN

𝐴𝑦 = 60 kN 1
𝐴𝑦 =
Real System 12 Virtual System

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-47
Virtual Work Method for Frames
Segment Origin Limits (𝒎) 𝑴 (𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎) 𝑴𝒗 (𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎)

AB 𝐴 0−4 180𝑥 0

BC 𝐴 4−8 180𝑥 − 180(𝑥 − 4) 0

𝑥
CD 𝐷 0 − 12 180𝑥 − 10𝑥 2
12

By applying the principle of virtual work, we can establish that

𝐿
𝑀
1 × 𝜃𝐶 = ෍ න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼
12
1 𝑥 4320
= න 180𝑥 − 10𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
𝐸𝐼 0 12 𝐸𝐼
4320 1000 2
=−
200 1000 × 106
𝜃𝐶 = 0.0216 rad ⦪

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-48
Virtual Work Method for Frames
Example 2: Use the virtual work 𝐶
method to determine the vertical
deflection at joint 𝐶 of the frame
shown. 𝐼
3m

40 kN
𝐵

5m 2𝐼

𝐸 = 70 GPa 𝐴
𝐼 = 554 × 106 mm4
4m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-49
Virtual Work Method for Frames
Solution: 1 kN

𝐶 𝐶

3m 3m
5m 5m

40 kN
𝐵 𝐵

5m 5m
𝑥

𝑥
𝐴 𝐴
𝐴𝑥 = 76 kN
530 kN-m 4 kN-m
𝐴𝑦 = 48 kN 4m 𝐴𝑦 = 1 kN 4m

Real System Virtual System

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-50
Virtual Work Method for Frames
𝑴𝒗 (𝒌𝑵
Segment Origin Limits (𝒎) 𝑬𝑰 𝑴 (𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎)
− 𝒎)
AB 𝐴 0−5 2𝐸𝐼 76𝑥 − 530 −4

4
BC 𝐶 0−5 𝐸𝐼 −6𝑥 2 − 𝑥
5

By applying the principle of virtual work, we can establish that

𝐿
𝑀
1 × ∆𝐶 = ෍ න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
0 𝐸𝐼
1 1 5 5
4 4150
= න 76𝑥 − 530 −4 𝑑𝑥 + න −6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝐸𝐼 2 0 0 5 𝐸𝐼
4150 1000 2
=
70 554 × 106
∆𝐶 = 107 mm ↓

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-51
Virtual Work Method for Frames
Example 3: Determine the horizontal deflection at joint 𝐶 of
the frame shown including the effect of axial deformations,
by the virtual work method.
30 kN/m

50 kN
𝐵 𝐶

4.5 m

𝐸 = 200 GPa
𝐴 𝐷 𝐼 = 400 × 106 mm4
𝐴 = 225 cm2
3m 3m

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-52
Virtual Work Method for Frames
Solution:

30 kN/m

50 kN
𝐵 𝐶

4.5 m

𝐴 𝐷
𝐴𝑥 = 5 kN 𝐷𝑥 = 55 kN

𝐴𝑦 = 52.5 kN 3m 3m 𝐷𝑦 = 127.5 kN

Real System

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-53
 Virtual Work Method for Frames
𝑥
52.5 127.5
30 kN/m
𝐵 𝐶
22.5 𝐵 𝐶 247.5
50 kN 55 55 55 55
5 22.5 6m 247.5 55
247.5
22.5
52.5 127.5
52.5 127.5

52.5 52.5

5 22.5 247.5 55
𝐵 𝐶

4.5 m 4.5 m

𝑥
𝑥

𝐷
𝐴
𝐴𝑥 = 5 kN 𝐷𝑥 = 55 kN
Real System 𝐷𝑦 = 127.5 kN
𝐴𝑦 = 52.5 kN
Member-Joint Load Transmission
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-54
Virtual Work Method for Frames

1 kN
𝐵 𝐶

4.5 m

𝐴 𝐷
𝐴𝑥 = 0.5 kN 𝐷𝑥 = 0.5 kN

𝐴𝑦 = 0.75 kN 3m 3m 𝐷𝑦 = 0.75 kN

Virtual System

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-55
Virtual Work Method for Frames
0.75 0.75
𝐵 𝑥 𝐶
7.5 𝐵 𝐶 7.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 kN
7.5 0.5 7.5 6m 7.5 0.5
7.5
0.75 0.75
0.75 0.75

0.75 0.75

7.5 0.5 7.5 0.5

𝐵 𝐶

4.5 m 4.5 m

𝑥
𝑥

𝐷
𝐴
𝐴𝑥 = 0.5 kN 𝐷𝑥 = 0.5 kN

𝐴𝑦 = 0.75 kN
Virtual System 𝐷𝑦 = 0.75 kN
Member-Joint Load Transmission
University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-56
Virtual Work Method for Frames
Segment Origin Limits (𝒎) 𝑴 (𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎) 𝑴𝒗 (𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎) 𝑭 (𝒌𝑵) 𝑭𝒗 (𝒌𝑵)

AB 𝐴 0 − 4.5 −5𝑥 0.5𝑥 −52.5 0.75

BC 𝐵 0−6 −22.5 + 52.5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 7.5 − 0.75𝑥 −55 0.5

BC 𝐷 0 − 4.5 55𝑥 0.5𝑥 −127.5 −0.75
𝐿
𝐹𝐿 𝑀
1 × ∆𝐶 = ෍ 𝐹𝑣 + ෍ න 𝑀𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝐸 0 𝐸𝐼
1
= 0.75 −52.5 4.5 + 0.5 −55 6 − 0.75 −127.5 4.5
𝐴𝐸
4.5 6
1
+ ቈන 0.5𝑥 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 7.5 − 0.75𝑥 −22.5 + 52.5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 0 0
4.5
418.125 3246.75
+ න 0.5𝑥 55𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ቉ = +
0 𝐴𝐸 𝐸𝐼
418.125 1000 3246.75 1000 3
= + ∆𝐶 = 40.68 mm →
225 102 200 200 400 × 106

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-57
CE 3104 – Structural Theory

Lecture 6.5:
Conservation of Energy
and Strain Energy

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020

References
Textbook:
1. Kassimali, A., 2010, “Structural Analysis”, Fourth Edition,
Cengage Learning, CT, USA

University of San Carlos | Department of Civil Engineering | Nov 18 – Dec 7, 2020 Lecture 6-59