Simple Resistive Circuits

Assessment Problems

AP 3.1

Start from the right hand side of the circuit and make series and parallel
combinations of the resistors until one equivalent resistor remains. Begin by
combining the 6 Ω resistor and the 10 Ω resistor in series:

6 Ω + 10 Ω = 16 Ω.

Now combine this 16 Ω resistor in parallel with the 64 Ω resistor:

(16)(64) 1024
16 Ωk64 Ω = = = 12.8 Ω.
16 + 64 80
This equivalent 12.8 Ω resistor is in series with the 7.2 Ω resistor:

12.8 Ω + 7.2 Ω = 20 Ω.

Finally, this equivalent 20 Ω resistor is in parallel with the 30 Ω resistor:

(20)(30) 600
20 Ωk30 Ω = = = 12 Ω.
20 + 30 50
Thus, the simplified circuit is as shown:

3–1
 3–2 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

[a] With the simplified circuit we can use Ohm’s law to find the voltage across
both the current source and the 12 Ω equivalent resistor:
v = (12 Ω)(5 A) = 60 V.
[b] Now that we know the value of the voltage drop across the current source,
we can use the formula p = −vi to find the power associated with the
source:
p = −(60 V)(5 A) = −300 W.
Thus, the source delivers 300 W of power to the circuit.
[c] We now can return to the original circuit, shown in the first figure. In this
circuit, v = 60 V, as calculated in part (a). This is also the voltage drop
across the 30 Ω resistor, so we can use Ohm’s law to calculate the current
through this resistor:
60 V
iA = = 2 A.
30 Ω
Now write a KCL equation at the upper left node to find the current iB :
−5 A + iA + iB = 0 so iB = 5 A − iA = 5 A − 2 A = 3 A.
Next, write a KVL equation around the outer loop of the circuit, using
Ohm’s law to express the voltage drop across the resistors in terms of the
current through the resistors:
−v + 7.2iB + 6iC + 10iC = 0.
So 16iC = v − 7.2iB = 60 V − (7.2)(3) = 38.4 V.
38.4
Thus iC = = 2.4 A.
16
Now that we have the current through the 10 Ω resistor we can use the
formula p = Ri2 to find the power:
p10 Ω = (10)(2.4)2 = 57.6 W.

AP 3.2

[a] We can use voltage division to calculate the voltage vo across the 75 kΩ
resistor:
75,000
vo (no load) = (200 V) = 150 V.
75,000 + 25,000
 Problems 3–3

[b] When we have a load resistance of 150 kΩ then the voltage vo is across the
parallel combination of the 75 kΩ resistor and the 150 kΩ resistor. First,
calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination:
(75,000)(150,000)
75 kΩk150 kΩ = = 50,000 Ω = 50 kΩ.
75,000 + 150,000
Now use voltage division to find vo across this equivalent resistance:
50,000
vo = (200 V) = 133.3 V.
50,000 + 25,000
[c] If the load terminals are short-circuited, the 75 kΩ resistor is effectively
removed from the circuit, leaving only the voltage source and the 25 kΩ
resistor. We can calculate the current in the resistor using Ohm’s law:
200 V
i= = 8 mA.
25 kΩ
Now we can use the formula p = Ri2 to find the power dissipated in the
25 kΩ resistor:
p25k = (25,000)(0.008)2 = 1.6 W.
[d] The power dissipated in the 75 kΩ resistor will be maximum at no load
since vo is maximum. In part (a) we determined that the no-load voltage
is 150 V, so be can use the formula p = v 2 /R to calculate the power:
(150)2
p75k (max) = = 0.3 W.
75,000
AP 3.3

[a] We will write a current division equation for the current through the 80Ω
resistor and use this equation to solve for R:
R
i80Ω = (20 A) = 4 A so 20R = 4(R + 120).
R + 40 Ω + 80 Ω
480
Thus 16R = 480 and R= = 30 Ω.
16
[b] With R = 30 Ω we can calculate the current through R using current
division, and then use this current to find the power dissipated by R,
using the formula p = Ri2 :
40 + 80
iR = (20 A) = 16 A so pR = (30)(16)2 = 7680 W.
40 + 80 + 30
 3–4 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

[c] Write a KVL equation around the outer loop to solve for the voltage v,
and then use the formula p = −vi to calculate the power delivered by the
current source:
−v + (60 Ω)(20 A) + (30 Ω)(16 A) = 0 so v = 1200 + 480 = 1680 V.

Thus, psource = −(1680 V)(20 A) = −33,600 W.

Thus, the current source generates 33,600 W of power.

AP 3.4

[a] First we need to determine the equivalent resistance to the right of the
40 Ω and 70 Ω resistors:
1 1 1 1 1
Req = 20 Ωk30 Ωk(50 Ω + 10 Ω) so = + + = .
Req 20 Ω 30 Ω 60 Ω 10 Ω
Thus, Req = 10 Ω.

Now we can use voltage division to find the voltage vo :

40
vo = (60 V) = 20 V.
40 + 10 + 70
[b] The current through the 40 Ω resistor can be found using Ohm’s law:
vo 20 V
i40Ω = = = 0.5 A.
40 40 Ω
This current flows from left to right through the 40 Ω resistor. To use
current division, we need to find the equivalent resistance of the two
parallel branches containing the 20 Ω resistor and the 50 Ω and 10 Ω
resistors:
(20)(60)
20 Ωk(50 Ω + 10 Ω) = = 15 Ω.
20 + 60
Now we use current division to find the current in the 30 Ω branch:
15
i30Ω = (0.5 A) = 0.16667 A = 166.67 mA.
15 + 30
 Problems 3–5

[c] We can find the power dissipated by the 50 Ω resistor if we can find the
current in this resistor. We can use current division to find this current
from the current in the 40 Ω resistor, but first we need to calculate the
equivalent resistance of the 20 Ω branch and the 30 Ω branch:
(20)(30)
20 Ωk30 Ω = = 12 Ω.
20 + 30
Current division gives:
12
i50Ω = (0.5 A) = 0.08333 A.
12 + 50 + 10
Thus, p50Ω = (50)(0.08333)2 = 0.34722 W = 347.22 mW.

AP 3.5 [a]

We can find the current i using Ohm’s law:

1V
i= = 0.01 A = 10 mA.
100 Ω
[b]

Rm = 50 Ωk5.555 Ω = 5 Ω.
We can use the meter resistance to find the current using Ohm’s law:
1V
imeas = = 0.009524 = 9.524 mA.
100 Ω + 5 Ω
AP 3.6 [a]
 3–6 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

Use voltage division to find the voltage v:

75,000
v= (60 V) = 50 V.
75,000 + 15,000
[b]

The meter resistance is a series combination of resistances:

Rm = 149,950 + 50 = 150,000 Ω.
We can use voltage division to find v, but first we must calculate the
equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of the 75 kΩ resistor and
the voltmeter:
(75,000)(150,000)
75,000 Ωk150,000 Ω = = 50 kΩ.
75,000 + 150,000
50,000
Thus, vmeas = (60 V) = 46.15 V.
50,000 + 15,000

AP 3.7 [a] Using the condition for a balanced bridge, the products of the opposite
resistors must be equal. Therefore,
(1000)(150)
100Rx = (1000)(150) so Rx = = 1500 Ω = 1.5 kΩ.
100
[b] When the bridge is balanced, there is no current flowing through the
meter, so the meter acts like an open circuit. This places the following
branches in parallel: The branch with the voltage source, the branch with
the series combination R1 and R3 and the branch with the series
combination of R2 and Rx . We can find the current in the latter two
branches using Ohm’s law:
5V 5V
iR1 ,R3 = = 20 mA; iR2 ,Rx = = 2 mA.
100 Ω + 150 Ω 1000 + 1500
We can calculate the power dissipated by each resistor using the formula
p = Ri2 :
p100Ω = (100 Ω)(0.02 A)2 = 40 mW;

p150Ω = (150 Ω)(0.02 A)2 = 60 mW;

 Problems 3–7

p1000Ω = (1000 Ω)(0.002 A)2 = 4 mW;

p1500Ω = (1500 Ω)(0.002 A)2 = 6 mW.

Since none of the power dissipation values exceeds 250 mW, the bridge
can be left in the balanced state without exceeding the power-dissipating
capacity of the resistors.

AP 3.8 Convert the three Y-connected resistors, 20 Ω, 10 Ω, and 5 Ω to three

∆-connected resistors Ra , Rb , and Rc . To assist you the figure below has both
the Y-connected resistors and the ∆-connected resistors

(5)(10) + (5)(20) + (10)(20)

Ra = = 17.5 Ω;
20
(5)(10) + (5)(20) + (10)(20)
Rb = = 35 Ω;
10
(5)(10) + (5)(20) + (10)(20)
Rc = = 70 Ω.
5

The circuit with these new ∆-connected resistors is shown below:

From this circuit we see that the 70 Ω resistor is parallel to the 28 Ω resistor:

(70)(28)
70 Ωk28 Ω = = 20 Ω.
70 + 28

Also, the 17.5 Ω resistor is parallel to the 105 Ω resistor:

(17.5)(105)
17.5 Ωk105 Ω = = 15 Ω.
17.5 + 105
 3–8 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

Once the parallel combinations are made, we can see that the equivalent 20 Ω
resistor is in series with the equivalent 15 Ω resistor, giving an equivalent
resistance of 20 Ω + 15 Ω = 35 Ω. Finally, this equivalent 35 Ω resistor is in
parallel with the other 35 Ω resistor:

(35)(35)
35 Ωk35 Ω = = 17.5 Ω.
35 + 35

Thus, the resistance seen by the 2 A source is 17.5 Ω, and the voltage can be
calculated using Ohm’s law:

v = (17.5 Ω)(2 A) = 35 V.

Problems

P 3.1 [a] From Ex. 3-1: i1 = 4 A, i2 = 8 A, is = 12 A;

at node b: −12 + 4 + 8 = 0, at node d: 12 − 4 − 8 = 0.

[b] v1 = 4is = 48 V v3 = 3i2 = 24 V;

v2 = 18i1 = 72 V v4 = 6i2 = 48 V.
loop abda: −120 + 48 + 72 = 0;
loop bcdb: −72 + 24 + 48 = 0;
loop abcda: −120 + 48 + 24 + 48 = 0.

P 3.2 [a] p4Ω = i2s 4 = (12)2 4 = 576 W p18Ω = (4)2 18 = 288 W;

p3Ω = (8)2 3 = 192 W p6Ω = (8)2 6 = 384 W.
[b] p120V (delivered) = 120is = 120(12) = 1440 W.
[c] pdiss = 576 + 288 + 192 + 384 = 1440 W.

P 3.3 [a] 3 kΩ and 4 kΩ resistors are in series. The simplified circuit is shown below:
 Problems 3–9

[b] The 1000Ω, 1500Ω resistors are in series, as are the 200 Ω & 100 Ω
resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below:

[c] The 25 Ω, 10 Ω, and 15 Ω are in series, as are the 18 Ω, and 22 Ω resistors.

The simplified circuit is shown below:

[d] The 60 Ω and 55 Ω resistors are in series, as are the 65 Ω and 40 Ω

resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below:

P 3.4 [a] The 40 Ω and 20 Ω resistors are in parallel. The simplified circuit is shown
below:

[b] The 100Ω and 140Ω resistors are in parallel, as are the 240Ω and 300Ω
resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below:
 3–10 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

[c] The 150 kΩ, 160 kΩ and 80 kΩ are in parallel, as are the 80 kΩ and 60 kΩ
resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below:

[d] The 700 Ω and 600 Ω resistors are in parallel, as are the 2 kΩ and 6 kΩ
resistors. The simplified circuit is shown below:

P 3.5 Always work from the side of the circuit furthest from the source. Remember
that the current in all series-connected circuits is the same, and that the
voltage drop across all parallel-connected resistors is the same.

[a] Circuit in Fig. P3.1(a):

Req = [(3k + 4k)k7k] + 6k = [7kk7k] + 6k = 9.5 kΩ.
Circuit in Fig. P3.1(b):
Req = [600k2500] + 200 + 100) = 783.87Ω
Circuit in Fig. P3.1(c):
Req = (25 + 10 + 15)k(18 + 22) = 50k40 = 22.22 Ω.
Circuit in Fig. P3.1(d):
Req = ([(65 + 40)k50] + 60 + 55)k200 = [(105k50) + 60 + 55]k200

= 148.8k200 = 85.36 Ω.

Vs2 202
[b] P = = = 42.1 mW.
Req 9.5 × 103
302
P = = 1148.1 mW.
783.87
 Problems 3–11

702
P = = 220.55 W.
22.22
P = I 2 R = 20 × (10−3 )2 × 85.36 = 34.14 mW.

P 3.6 Always work from the side of the circuit furthest from the source. Remember
that the current in all series-connected circuits is the same, and that the
voltage drop across all parallel-connected resistors is the same.

[a] Circuit in Fig. P3.3(a):

Req = (40k20) + 30 = 13.33 + 30 = 43.33 Ω.
Circuit in Fig. P3.3(b):
Req = 100k140k[(240k300) + 200] = 100k140k(133.3 + 200)
= 100k140k333.33 = 49.6Ω. Circuit in Fig. P3.3(c):
Req = (80kk60k) + (150kk160kk80k) + 100k

= 34.28k + 39.34k + 100k = 173.6 kΩ.

Circuit in Fig. P3.3(d):

Req = [(650 + 800)k700k600) + (2kk6k + 4k

= (1450k700k600) + 1.5k + 4k

= 264.2 + 1.5k + 4k = 5.76 kΩ.

2 2
20
[b] P = VR = 43.33 = 9.2 W
For the circuit in Fig. P3.3(b):
P = I 2 (Req ) = 40 × (10−3 )2 × 49.6 = 79.36mW
For the circuit in Fig. P3.3(c):
V2 802
P = = = 36.86 mW
Req 173.6 × 103
For the circuit in Fig. P3.3(d):
V2 702
P = = = 850.6 mW
Req 5.76 × 103
P 3.7 [a] Circuit in Fig. P3.7(a):
Req = 360k(90 + 120k(160 + 200)) = 360k(90 + (120k360))

= 360k(90 + 90) = 360k180 = 120 Ω.

Circuit in Fig. P3.7(b):

Req = ([(750 + 250)k1000] + 100)k([(150 + 600)k500] + 300)
 3–12 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

= [(1000k1000) + 100]k[(750k500) + 300] = (500 + 100)k(300 + 300)

= 600k600 = 300 Ω.

Circuit in Fig. P3.7(c):

1 1 1 1 1 1 30 1
= + + + + = = ;
Re 20 15 20 4 12 60 2
Re = 2 Ω;

Re + 16 = 18 Ω;

18k18 = 9 Ω;

Req = 10 + 8 + 9 = 27 Ω.

Circuit in Fig. P3.7(d):

15k30 = 10 Ω;

10 + 20 = 30 Ω;

60k30 = 20 Ω;

20 + 10 = 30 Ω;

30k80k(40 + 20) = 30k80k60 = 16 Ω;

Req = 16 + 24 + 10 = 50 Ω.

[b] Note that in every case, the power delivered by the source must equal the
power absorbed by the equivalent resistance in the circuit. For the circuit
in Fig. P3.7(a):
P = Is2 Req = (0.032 )(120) = 108 mW.
For the circuit in Fig. P3.7(b):
P = Is2 (Req ) = (0.05)2 (300) = 0.75 = 750 mW.
For the circuit in Fig. P3.7(c):
Vs2 1442
P = = = 768 W.
Req 27
For the circuit in Fig. P3.7(d):
Vs2 0.082
P = = = 128 µ W.
Req 50
P 3.8 [a] Rab = 12 + (24k(30 + 18)) + 10 = 12 + (24k48) + 10 = 12 + 16 + 10 = 38 Ω.
 Problems 3–13

[b] Rab = 4000k30,000k60,000k(1200 + (7200k2400) + 2000)

= 4000k30,000k60,000k5000 = 2 kΩ.

[c] Rab = [(4000 + 6000 + 2000)k8000] + 5200 = (12,000k8000) + 5200

= 4800 + 5200 = 10,000 = 10 kΩ.

[d] Rab = 1200k720k(320 + 480) = 1200k720k800 = 288 Ω.

P 3.9 Write an expression for the resistors in series and parallel from the right side
of the circuit to the left. Then simplify the resulting expression from left to
right to find the equivalent resistance.

[a] Rab = [(26 + 10)k18 + 6]k36 = (36k18 + 6)k36 = (12 + 6)k36 = 18k36 = 12 Ω.
[b] Rab = [(12 + 18)k10k15k20 + 16]k30 + 4 + 14

= (30k10k15k20 + 16)k30 + 4 + 14

= (4 + 16)k30 + 4 + 14 = 20k30 + 4 + 14 = 12 + 4 + 14 = 30 Ω.

[c] Rab = (500k1500k750 + 250)k2000 + 1000 = (250 + 250)k2000 + 1000

= 500k2000 + 1000 = 400 + 1000 = 1400 Ω.

[d] Note that the wire on the far right of the circuit effectively removes the 60
Ω resistor!
Rab = [(30 + 18)k16 + 28]k40 + 20)k24 + 25 + 10)]k50
= ([(46k16 + 28)k40 + 20]k24 + 25 + 10)]k50
= [(12 + 28)k40 + 20]k24 + 25 + 10)k50
= [(40k40 + 20)k24 + 25 + 10]k50
= [(20 + 20)k24 + 25 + 10]k50 = [(40k24 + 25 + 10)k50
= (15 + 25 + 10)k50
= 50k50 = 25 Ω.

P 3.10 [a] R + R + R = 3R.

[b] R + R + R + · · · + = mR.
[c] R + R + R = 4500 so R = 1500 = 1.5 kΩ.
This is a resistor from Appendix H.
[d] nR = 600; so if n = 3, R = 2.2 kΩ.
This is a resistor from Appendix H.
R2 R
P 3.11 [a] Req = RkR = = .
2R 2
 3–14 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

[b] Req = RkRkRk · · · kR (n R’s)

R
= Rk
n−1
R2 /(n − 1) R2 R
= = = .
R + R/(n − 1) nR n
R
[c] = 5000 so R = 10 kΩ.
2
This is a resistor from Appendix H.
R
[d] = 4000 so R = 4000n.
n
If n = 3 r = 4000(3) = 12 kΩ.
This is a resistor from Appendix H. So put three 12k resistors in parallel
to get 4kΩ.
150 × 2 k vR2
P 3.12 [a] vo = = (75) = 41.66 V.
(5.2 k + 2 k) R1 + R2
[b] i = 150/7200 = 20.8 mA;
v2 1002 10
[c] PT = = 3
= = 5W
R 2 × 10 2
10 × R2 10 × 10Ω 100
P 3.13 v0 = = = = 2.5 V
R1 + R2 30 + 10 40

v0 when Rt = 30 kΩ;

10 × 30 × 103
v0 = = 9.99 V
10 + 30 × 103

60R2
P 3.14 [a] vo = = 15 so R1 = 3R2 .
R1 + R2
R2 RL
Let Re = R2 kRL = ;
R2 + RL
60Re
vo = = 14 so R1 = 3.28Re .
R1 + Re
3.28(3600R2 )
Then, 3R2 = 3.28Re = .
3600 + R2
Thus, R2 = 336 Ω and R1 = 3(336) = 1008 Ω.

[b] The resistor that must dissipate the most power is R1 , as it has the largest
resistance and carries the same current as the parallel combination of R2
and the load resistor. The power dissipated in R1 will be maximum when
 Problems 3–15

the voltage across R1 is maximum. This will occur when the voltage
divider has a resistive load. Thus,
vR1 = 60.14 = 46 V;
462
pR 1 = = 2.1 m W.
1008
Thus the minimum power rating for all resistors should be 3 W.
60R2
P 3.15 [a] vo = = 15 so R1 = 3R2 .
R1 + R2
R2 RL
Let Re = R2 kRL = ;
R2 + RL
60Re
vo = = 14 so R1 = 3.28Re .
R1 + Re
3.28(3600R2 )
Then, 3R2 = 3.28Re = .
3600 + R2
Thus, R2 = 336 Ω and R1 = 3(336) = 1008 Ω.
[b] The resistor that must dissipate the most power is R1 , as it has the largest
resistance and carries the same current as the parallel combination of R2
and the load resistor. The power dissipated in R1 will be maximum when
the voltage across R1 is maximum. This will occur when the voltage
divider has a resistive load. Thus,
vR1 = 60.14 = 46 V;
462
pR 1 = = 2.1 m W.
1008
Thus the minimum power rating for all resistors should be 3 W.
P 3.16 Req = 9k[4 + 2k(7 + 14)] = 9k[4 + 2k21] = 9k[4 + 1.82] = 9k5.82 = 3.53 Ω.

v8A = v9Ω = 8 × 3.53 = 28.27 V

Using voltage division:

14k(7k2) 4.6k2
v14Ω = × 28.27 = × 28.27 = 7.33 V
4 + (14k7k2 4 + 4.6k2
v
P 3.17 [a] i0 =
R
3 × 42
i8 = = 2.08 A
42 + 18.71
i = 3 − 2.08 = 0.92 A
 3–16 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

[b] v0 = 30 × I = 30 × 0.92 = 27.6 V

12
[c] I100 = I8 × = 0.233 A
112
P1 = I 2 R = (0.23)2 × 100 = 4.97 W

P 3.18 Begin by using KCL at the top node to relate the branch currents to the
current supplied by the source. Then use the relationships among the branch
currents to express every term in the KCL equation using just i2 :

0.10 = i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0.6i2 + i2 + 2i2 + 4i1 = 0.6i2 + i2 + 2i2 + 4(0.6i2 ) = 6i2 .

Therefore,

i2 = 0.10/60 = 0.01666 = 16.66 mA.

Find the remaining currents using the value of i2 :

i1 = 0.6i2 = 0.6(0.01666) = 0.010 = 10 mA;

i3 = 2i2 = 2(0.01666) = 0.03334 = 33.34 mA;

i4 = 4i1 = 4(0.010) = 0.04 = 40 mA.

Since the resistors are in parallel, the same voltage, 25 V, appears across each
of them. We know the current and the voltage for every resistor so we can use
Ohm’s law to calculate the values of the resistors:

R1 = 25/i2 = 25/0.01 = 2500 = 2.5 kΩ;

R2 = 25/i2 = 25/0.01666 = 1500 = 1.5 kΩ;

R3 = 25/i3 = 25/0.03334 = 750 = 0.75 kΩ;

R4 = 25/i4 = 25/0.04 = 625 = 0.625 kΩ.

The resulting circuit is shown below:

 Problems 3–17

(24)2
P 3.19 = 100, Therefore, R1 + R2 + R3 = 5.76 Ω.
R1 + R2 + R3

(R1 + R2 )24
= 12;
(R1 + R2 + R3 )

Therefore, 2(R1 + R2 ) = R1 + R2 + R3 .

Thus, R1 + R2 = R3 ; 2R3 = 5.76; R3 = 2.88 Ω.

R2 (24)
= 5;
R1 + R2 + R3

4.8R2 = R1 + R2 + 2.88 = 5.76;

Thus, R2 = 1.2 Ω; R1 = 7.2 − R2 − R3 = 1.68 Ω.

P 3.20 [a ]

20 kΩ + 40 kΩ = 60 kΩ;
30 kΩk60 kΩ = 20 kΩ;
20,000
vo1 = (180) = 120 V
(10,000 + 20,000)
40,000
vo = (vo1 ) = 80 V
(60,000)
[b ]

180
i= = 4.5 mA
40,000
30,000i = 135 V
40,000
vo = (135) = 90 V
60,000
 3–18 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

[c] It removes loading effect of second voltage divider on the first voltage
divider. Observe that the open circuit voltage of the first divider is
0 30,000
vo1 = (180) = 135 V.
(40,000)
Now note this is the input voltage to the second voltage divider when the
current controlled voltage source is used.
R2
P 3.21 [a] At no load: vo = kvs = vs .
R1 + R2
Re Ro R2
At full load: vo = αvs = vs , where Re = .
R1 + Re Ro + R2
R2 (1 − k)
Therefore k = and R1 = R2 .
R1 + R2 k
Re (1 − α)
α = and R1 = Re .
R1 + Re α
1−α R2 Ro (1 − k)
  
Thus = R2 .
α Ro + R2 k
(k − α)
Solving for R2 yields R2 = Ro .
α(1 − k)
(1 − k) (k − α)
Also, R1 = R2 .· . R1 = Ro .
k αk
0.05
 
[b] R1 = Ro = 2.5 kΩ;
0.68
0.05
 
R2 = Ro = 14.167 kΩ.
0.12
[c ]

Maximum dissipation in R2 occurs at no load, therefore,

[(60)(0.85)]2
PR2 (max) = = 183.6 mW.
14,167
Maximum dissipation in R1 occurs at full load.
[60 − 0.80(60)]2
PR1 (max) = = 57.60 mW.
2500
 Problems 3–19

[d ]

(60)2
PR 1 = = 1.44 W = 1440 mW;
2500
(0)2
PR 2 = = 0 W.
14,167
P 3.22 [a] Let vo be the voltage across the parallel branches, positive at the upper
terminal, then
ig = vo G1 + vo G2 + · · · + vo GN = vo (G1 + G2 + · · · + GN ).
ig
It follows that vo = .
(G1 + G2 + · · · + GN )

The current in the k th branch is ik = vo Gk ; Thus,

ig Gk
ik = .
[G1 + G2 + · · · + GN ]
80(0.1)
[b] i5 = = 3.4 A.
2 + 0.1 + 0.125 + 0.05 + 0.05 + 0.025
P 3.23 [a] 7 kk(3 k + 4 k) = 7 kk7 k = 3.5 kΩ
Using voltage division,
3.5 × 103
v7k = × (20) = 7.3
(6 × 103 ) + (3.5 × 103 )

3.5 × 103
v4k = × (20) = 0.538 × 20 = 10.7 V
(3 × 103 ) + (3.5 × 103 )
V 10.7
[b] i = = × 7.3 = 3.128 V
R 4 × 103
P 3.24 [a] The equivalent resistance of the 100 Ω resistor and the resistors to its right
is
100k(80 + 70) = 100k150 = 60 Ω.
Using current division,
(50 + 90 + 60)k300 120
i50 = (0.03) = (0.03) = 0.018 = 18 mA.
50 + 90 + 60 200
 3–20 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

(80 + 70)k100 60
[b] v70 = (0.018) = (0.018) = 0.0072 = 7.2 mA.
80 + 70 150
P 3.25 [a] The equivalent resistance of the circuit to the right of the 360 Ω resistor is
(200 + 160)k120 + 90 = 180 Ω.
Thus by current division,
360k180
i360 = (0.03) = 0.01 = 10 mA.
180
Now current in 120 Ω resistor is given by
360
 
i120 = (30 − 10) mA = 15 mA
360 + 120
[b] Using Ohm’s law:
v120 = 120i120 = 120(0.015) = 1.8 V.
[c] The voltage across the 360 Ω resistor divides between two resistors – the
160 Ω resistor and the 200 Ω equivalent resistance. Using voltage division,
200 200
v120 = (v120 ) = (1.8) = 1.0 V.
200 + 160 360
[d] The current in the 200 Ω resistor can be found using Ohm’s law:
v200 1.0
i200 = = = 0.005 = 5 mA.
200 200
Note that i120 + i120 = (15 + 5) = 20 mA (checks).
[e] The current i90 divides between the 120 Ω branch and the
160 + 200 = 360 Ω branch. Using current division,
i90 = i120 + i200 = 20 mA.
Note that i360 + i90 = (10 + 20) mA = 30 mA (check).

P 3.26 [a] The equivalent resistance to the right of the 36 Ω resistor is

6 + [18k(26 + 10)] = 18 Ω.
By current division,
36k18
i36 = (0.45) = 0.15 = 150 mA.
36
[b] Using Ohm’s law,
v36 = 36i36 = 36(0.15) = 5.4 V.
[c] Before using voltage division, find the equivalent resistance of the 18 Ω
resistor and the resistors to its right:
18k(26 + 10) = 12 Ω.
 Problems 3–21

Now use voltage division:

12
v18 = (5.4) = 3.6 V.
12 + 6
10
[d] v10 = (3.6) = 1 V.
10 + 26
P 3.27 [a] Begin by finding the equivalent resistance of the 30 Ω resistor and all
resistors to its right:
([(12 + 18)k10k15k20] + 16)k30 = 12 Ω.
Now use voltage division to find the voltage across the 4 Ω resistor:
4
v4 = (10) = 1.3 V.
4 + 12 + 14
[b] Use Ohm’s law to find the current in the 4 Ω resistor:
i4 = v4 /4 = 1.3/4 = 0.3 A.
[c] Begin by finding the equivalent resistance of all resistors to the right of the
30 Ω resistor:
[(12 + 18)k10k15k20] + 16 = 20 Ω.
Now use current division:
30k20
i16 = (0.3) = 0.18 = 180 mA.
20
[d] Note that the current in the 16 Ω resistor divides among four branches –
20 Ω, 15 Ω, 10 Ω, and (12 + 18) Ω:
20k15k10k(12 + 18)
i10 = (0.18) = 0.012 = 72 mA.
10
[e] Use Ohm’s law to find the voltage across the 10 Ω resistor:
v10 = 10i10 = 10(0.072) = 0.72 V.
18
[f ] v18 = (0.72) = 0.432 = 432 mV.
12 + 18
6
P 3.28 [a] v6k = (18) = 13.5 V;
6+2
3
v3k = (18) = 4.5 V;
3+9
vx = v6k − v3k = 13.5 − 4.5 = 9 V.
6
[b] v6k = (Vs ) = 0.75vs
8
3
v3k = (Vs ) = 0.25Vs
12
vx = (0.75Vs ) − (0.25Vs ) = 0.5Vs
 3–22 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

P 3.29 Use current division to find the current in the branch containing the 10 k and
15 k resistors, from bottom to top

(10 k + 15 k)k(3 k + 12 k)
i10k+15k = (18) = 6.75 mA.
10 k + 15 k

Use Ohm’s law to find the voltage drop across the 15 k resistor, positive at the
top:

v15k = −(6.75 m)(15 k) = −101.25 V.

Find the current in the branch containing the 3 k and 12 k resistors, from
bottom to top

(10 k + 15 k)k(3 k + 12 k)
i10k+15k = (18) = 11.25 mA.
3 k + 12 k

Use Ohm’s law to find the voltage drop across the 12 k resistor, positive at the
top:

v12k = −(12 k)(11.25 m) = −135 V;

vo = v15k − v12k = −101.25 − (−135) = 33.75 V.

P 3.30 The equivalent resistance of the circuit to the right of the 90 Ω resistor is

Req = [(150k75) + 40]k(30 + 60) = 90k90 = 45 Ω.

Use voltage division to find the voltage drop between the top and bottom
nodes:
45
vReq = (3) = 1 V.
45 + 90

Use voltage division again to find v1 from vReq :

150k75 50 5
v1 = (1) = (1) = V.
150k75 + 40 90 9

Use voltage division one more time to find v2 from vReq :

30 1
v2 = (1) = V.
30 + 60 3
 Problems 3–23

P 3.31 Find the equivalent resistance of all the resistors except the 2 Ω:

6 Ωk24 Ω = 4.8 Ω; 48 Ω + 6 Ω = 10.8 Ω; 10.8k(10 + 10 + 20) = 8.5 Ω = Req .

Use Ohm’s law to find the current ig :

100 100
ig = = = 9.52 A.
2 + Req 2 + 8.5

Use current division to find the current in the 6 Ω resistor:

(8.5)
i6Ω = (9.52) = 7.49 A.
6 + 4.8
Use current division again to find io :

6k24 6k24
io = i6Ω = (7.49) = 1.49 A.
24 24
P 3.32 Use current division to find the current in the 8 Ω resistor. Begin by finding
the equivalent resistance of the 8 Ω resistor and all resistors to its right:

Req = ([(20k80) + 4]k30) + 8 = 20 Ω;

60kReq 60k20
i8 = (0.25) = (0.25) = 0.1875 = 187.5 mA.
Req 20

Use current division to find i1 from i8 :

30k[4 + (80k20)] 30k20

i1 = (i8 ) = (0.1875) = 0.075 = 75 mA.
30 30
Use current division to find i4Ω from i8 :

30k[4 + (80k20)] 30k20

i4Ω = (i8 ) = (0.1875) = 0.1125 = 112.5 mA.
4 + (80k20) 20

Finally, use current division to find i2 from i4Ω :

80k20 80k20
i2 = (i4Ω ) = (0.1125) = 0.09 = 90 mA.
20 20
P 3.33 The current in the shunt resistor at full-scale deflection is
iA = ifullscale − 3 × 10−3 A. The voltage across RA at full-scale deflection is
always 150 mV; therefore,

150 × 10−3 150

RA = −3
= .
ifullscale − 3 × 10 1000ifullscale − 3
 3–24 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

150
[a] RA = = 30.018 mΩ.
5000 − 3
[b] Let Rm be the equivalent ammeter resistance:
0.15
Rm = = 0.03 = 30 mΩ.
5
150
[c] RA = = 1.546 Ω.
100 − 3
0.15
[d] Rm = = 1.5 Ω.
0.1
P 3.34

60 × 10−3
Original meter: Re = = 7.5 mΩ
8

(0.03)(7.5 × 10−3 )
Modified meter: Re = = 6 mΩ
0.0375

.·. (Ifs )(6 × 10−3 ) = 60 × 10−3

60 × 10−3
.·. Ifs = = 10 A.
6 × 10−3

P 3.35 At full scale the voltage across the shunt resistor will be 200 mV; therefore the
power dissipated will be

(200 × 10−3 )2
PA =
RA

(200 × 10−3 )2
Therefore RA ≥ = 40 mΩ.
1.0

Otherwise the power dissipated in RA will exceed its power rating of 1 W.

When RA = 40 mΩ, the shunt current will be

200 × 10−3
iA = = 5 A.
40 × 10−3

The measured current will be imeas = 5 + 0.002 = 5.002 A.

.·. Full-scale reading for practical purposes is 5 A.
 Problems 3–25

P 3.36 [a] The model of the ammeter is an ideal ammeter in parallel with a resistor
whose resistance is given by
100 mV
Rm = = 50 Ω.
2 mA
We can calculate the current through the real meter using current
division:
(25/12) 25 1
im = (imeas ) = (imeas ) = imeas
50 + (25/12) 625 25
[b] At full scale, imeas = 5 A and im = 2 mA so 5 − 0.002 mA flows throught
the resistor RA :
100 mV 100
RA = = Ω
4998 mA 4998
(100/4998) 1
im = (imeas ) = (imeas )
50 + (100/4998) 2500
[c] Yes.

P 3.37 For all full-scale readings the total resistance is

full-scale reading
Rv + Rmovement = .
10−3
We can calculate the resistance of the movement as follows:
20 mV
Rmovement = = 20 Ω.
1 mA

Therefore, Rv = 1000 (full-scale reading) − 20.

[a] Rv = 1000(50) − 20 = 49, 980 Ω;

[b] Rv = 1000(5) − 20 = 4980 Ω;
[c] Rv = 1000(0.25) − 20 = 230 Ω;
[d] Rv = 1000(0.025) − 20 = 5 Ω.

P 3.38 [a] vmeas = (50 × 10−3 )[15k45k(4980 + 20)] = 0.5612 V.

[b] vtrue = (50 × 10−3 )(15k45) = 0.5625 V;
0.5612
 
% error = − 1 × 100 = −0.224%.
0.5625
P 3.39 The current in the 10 Ω resistor is the voltage supplied divided by the
equivalent resistance attached to the voltage source:

50
ig = = 1.995526 A.
(60k20.1 + 10)
 3–26 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

The current measured by the ammeter is found using current division:

60k20.1
imeas = (1.995526) = 1.494776 A.
20.1

The true value of the current in the 10 Ω resistor is

50
ig = = 2 A,
(15 + 10)

so the true value of the current in the 20 Ω resistor is

20k60
itrue = (2) = 1.5 A.
20

1.494776
 
%error = − 1 × 100 = −0.348267% ≈ −0.35%.
1.5

P 3.40 Begin by using current division to find the actual value of the current io :

15
itrue = (50 mA) = 12.5 mA;
15 + 45

15
imeas = (50 mA) = 12.4792 mA;
15 + 45 + 0.1

12.4792
 
% error = − 1 100 = −0.166389% ≈ −0.17%.
12.5

600 V
P 3.41 Rmeter = Rm + Rmovement = = 1200 kΩ;
0.5 × 10−3

vmeas = (60 kk280 kk1200 k)(10 × 10−3 ) = (49.4 kk200 k)(10 × 10−3 ) = 396.18 V

vtrue = (60 kk280 k)(10 × 10−3 ) = 494.11 V

396.18
 
% error = − 1 100 = −19.81%.
494.11

P 3.42 [a] Since the unknown voltage is greater than either voltmeter’s maximum
reading, the only possible way to use the voltmeters would be to connect
them in series.
 Problems 3–27

[b ]

Rm1 = (300)(900) = 270 kΩ; Rm2 = (150)(1200) = 180 kΩ;

.·. Rm1 + Rm2 = 450 kΩ
300 150
i1 max = × 10−3 = 1.11 mA; i2 max = × 10−3 = 0.833 mA;
270 180
.·. imax = 0.833 mA since meters are in series
vmax = (0.833 × 10−3 )(270 + 180)103 = 375 V.
Thus the meters can be used to measure the voltage.
320
[c] im = = 0.711 mA;
450 × 103
vm1 = (0.711)(270) = 192 V; vm2 = (0.711)(180) = 128 V.

P 3.43 The current in the series-connected voltmeters is

288
im = = 0.96 mA;
300

v80 kΩ = (0.96)(80) = 76.8 V;

Vpower supply = 288 + 115.2 + 76.8 = 480 V.

P 3.44 [a ]

20 × 103 i1 + 80 × 103 (i1 − iB ) = 7.5;

 3–28 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

80 × 103 (i1 − iB ) = 0.6 + 40iB (0.2 × 103 );

.·. 100i1 − 80iB = 7.5 × 10−3 ;

80i1 − 88iB = 0.6 × 10−3 .
Calculator solution yields iB = 225 µA.
[b] With the insertion of the ammeter the equations become
100i1 − 80iB = 7.5 × 10−3 (no change);

80 × 103 (i1 − iB ) = 103 iB + 0.6 + 40iB (200);

80i1 − 89iB = 0.6 × 10−3 ;

Calculator solution yields iB = 216 µA.

216
 
[c] % error = − 1 100 = −4%.
225
P 3.45 [a] vmeter = 360 V.
[b] Rmeter = (200)(400) = 80 kΩ;
140k40
vmeter = (360) = 100.8 V.
140k40 + 80
40k80
[c] vmeter = (360) = 57.6 V.
40k80 + 140
[d] vmeter a = 360 V;

vmeter b + vmeter c = 159.4 V.

No, because of the loading effect.

P 3.46 [a] R1 = (100/0.002) = 50 kΩ;

R2 = (10/0.002) = 5 kΩ;

R3 = (1/0.002) = 500 Ω.

[b] Let ia = actual current in the movement;

id = design current in the movement.

ia
 
Then % error = − 1 100.
id
For the 100 V scale:
100 100 100
ia = = , id = ;
50,000 + 25 50,025 50,000
 Problems 3–29

ia 50,000
= = 0.9995 % error = (0.9995 − 1)100 = −0.05%.
id 50,025
For the 10 V scale:
ia 5000
= = 0.995 % error = (0.995 − 1.0)100 = −0.4975%.
id 5025
For the 1 V scale:
ia 500
= = 0.9524 % error = (0.9524 − 1.0)100 = −4.76%.
id 525
P 3.47 From the problem statement we have
Vs (10)
50 = (1) Vs in mV; Rs in MΩ;
10 + Rs
Vs (6)
48.75 = (2).
6 + Rs
[a] From Eq (1) 10 + Rs = 0.2Vs ;
.·. Rs = 0.2Vs − 10.
Substituting into Eq (2) yields
6Vs
48.75 = or Vs = 52 mV.
0.2Vs − 4
[b] From Eq (1)
520
50 = or 50Rs = 20.
10 + Rs
So Rs = 400 kΩ.

P 3.48 [a] Rmovement = 100 Ω;

30
R2 + Rmovement = = 30 kΩ .·. R1 = 29,900 Ω;
1 × 10−3
150
R2 + R1 + Rmovement = = 150 kΩ .·. R2 = 120 kΩ;
1 × 10−3
300
R3 + R2 + R1 + Rmovement = = 300 kΩ;
1 × 10−3
.·. R3 = 150 kΩ.

[b]
 3–30 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

v1 = (0.96 m)(150 k) = 144 V;

144
imove = = 0.96 mA;
120 + 29.95 + 0.05
144
i1 = = 0.205 mA;
700 k
i2 = imove + i1 = 0.96 m + 0.205 m = 1.165 mA;

vmeas = vx = 144 + 150i2 = 318.8 V.

[c] v1 = 150 V; i2 = 1 m + 0.20 m = 1.214 mA;

i1 = 150/700,000 = 0.214 mA;

.·. vmeas = vx = 150 + (150 k)(1.214 m) = 332 V.

P 3.49 [a] Rmeter = 300 kΩ + 600 kΩk200 kΩ = 450 kΩ

450k360 = 200 kΩ
200
Vmeter = (600) = 500 V
240
[b] What is the percent error in the measured voltage?
360
True value = (600) = 540 V
400
500
 
% error = − 1 100 = −7.41%.
540
 Problems 3–31

P 3.50 Since the bridge is balanced, we can remove the detector without disturbing
the voltages and currents in the circuit.

It follows that

ig (R2 + Rx ) ig (R2 + Rx )
i1 = = X ;
R1 + R2 + R3 + Rx R

ig (R1 + R3 ) ig (R1 + R3 )
i2 = = X ;
R1 + R2 + R3 + Rx R

v3 = R3 i1 = vx = i2 Rx ;

R3 ig (R2 + Rx ) Rx ig (R1 + R3 )
.· . X = X ;
R R

.·. R3 (R2 + Rx ) = Rx (R1 + R3 ).

R2 R3
From which Rx = .
R1

P 3.51 [a]

The condition for a balanced bridge is that the product of the opposite
resistors must be equal:
(1200)(600)
(800)(Rx ) = (1200)(600) so Rx = = 900 Ω.
800
 3–32 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

[b] The source current is the sum of the two branch currents. Each branch
current can be determined using Ohm’s law, since the resistors in each
branch are in series and the voltage drop across each branch is 21 V:
21 V 21 V
is = + = 25 mA.
800 Ω + 600 Ω 1200 Ω + 900 Ω
[c] We can use Ohm’s law to find the current in each branch:
21
ileft = = 15 mA;
800 + 600
21
iright = = 10 mA.
1200 + 900
Now we can use the formula p = Ri2 to find the power dissipated by each
resistor:
p800 = (800)(0.015)2 = 180 mW p600 = (600)(0.015)2 = 135 mW;
p1200 = (1200)(0.01)2 = 120 mW p900 = (900)(0.01)2 = 90 mW.
Thus, the 800 Ω resistor absorbs the most power; it absorbs 180 mW of
power.
[d] From the analysis in part (c), the 900 Ω resistor absorbs the least power; it
absorbs 90 mW of power.
P 3.52 Note the bridge structure is balanced, that is 10 × 18 = 30 × 6, hence there is
no current in the 50Ω resistor. It follows that the equivalent resistance of the
circuit is

Req = 3 + (10 + 6)k(30 + 18) = 3 + 12 = 15 Ω.

The source current is 300/15 = 20 A.

The current down through the branch containing the 30 Ω and 18 Ω resistors is
12
i18 = (20) = 5 A;
30 + 18
.·. p18 = 18(5)2 = 450 W.

P 3.53 Redraw the circuit, replacing the detector branch with a short circuit.

8 kk20 k = 5.71 kΩ;

 Problems 3–33

8 k × Rx = 20 k × 10 k

20 k × 10 k 100
Rx = = 25 kΩ → ix = = 3.25 × 10−3 A
8k 30.71

v1 = 5.71 k(3.25 × 10−3 ) = 18.55 V

v2 = (3.25 × 10−3 )(25 kΩ) = 81.25 V

V v1 18.55
i= ⇒ i1 = = = 2.31 mA
R R1 8 × 103

v2 81.25
i2 = = = 8.125 mA
R2 10 × 103

vd = v2 − v1 = 81.25 − 18.55 = 62.7 V

ld = l2 − l1 = (8.125 × 10−3 ) − (2.31 × 10−3 ) = 5.815 mA

vd 62.7
Rx = = = 10.78 × 103 Ω
id 5.815 × 10−3

P 3.54 In order that all four decades (1, 10, 100, 1000) that are used to set R3
contribute to the balance of the bridge, the ratio R2 /R1 should be set to 0.001.

P 3.55 Use the figure below to transform the ∆ to an equivalent Y:

(40)(25)
R1 = = 9.756 Ω;
40 + 25 + 37.5

(25)(37.5)
R2 = = 9.1463 Ω;
40 + 25 + 37.5

(40)(37.5)
R3 = = 14.634 Ω.
40 + 25 + 37.5
 3–34 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

Replace the ∆ with its equivalent Y in the circuit to get the figure below:

Find the equivalent resistance to the right of the 5 Ω resistor:

(100 + 9.756)k(125 + 9.1463) + 14.634 = 75 Ω.

The equivalent resistance seen by the source is thus 5 + 75 = 80 Ω. Use Ohm’s

law to find the current provided by the source:

40
is = = 0.5 A.
80

Thus, the power associated with the source is

Ps = −(40)(0.5) = −20 W.

P 3.56 Use the figure below to transform the Y to an equivalent ∆:

(50)(200) + (50)(80) + (80)(200) 30,000

Ra = = = 600 Ω;
50 50

(50)(200) + (50)(80) + (80)(200) 30,000

Rb = = = 375 Ω;
80 80
 Problems 3–35

(50)(200) + (50)(80) + (80)(200) 30,000

Rc = = = 150 Ω.
200 200

Replace the Y with its equivalent ∆ in the circuit to get the figure below:

Find the equivalent resistance to the right of the 5 Ω resistor:

600k[(125k375) + (37.5k150)] = 102.59 Ω.

The equivalent resistance seen by the source is thus 5 + 102.59 = 107.59 Ω.

Use Ohm’s law to find the current provided by the source:

100
is = = 0.93 A.
107.59

Thus, the power associated with the source is

Ps = (100)(0.93) = −92.94 W.

P 3.57 Use the figure below to transform the Y to an equivalent ∆:

(50)(250) + (50)(75) + (75)(250) 35,000

Ra = = = 466.66 Ω;
75 75

(50)(250) + (50)(75) + (75)(250) 35,000

Rb = = = 700 Ω;
50 50
 3–36 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

(50)(250) + (50)(75) + (75)(250) 35,000

Rc = = = 140 Ω.
125 250
Replace the Y with its equivalent ∆ in the circuit to get the figure below:

700k[(100k466.66) + (40k140)] = 97.63Ω

The equivalent resistance seen by the source is thus 5 + 97.63 = 102.63 Ω. Use
Ohm’s law to find the current provided by the source:
100
is = = 0.974 A.
102.63
Thus, the power associated with the source is
Ps = −(100)(0.974) = −97.43 W.
Finally, use KVL and Ohms law to calculate v2 . Note that v2 is the sum of the
voltage drop across the 5Ω resistor, 5i1 , and the voltage drop across the 20Ω
resistor, 20i:

v2 = 5i1 + 20i = 5(0.2 A) + 20(I A) = 1 + 20 = 21 V.

P 3.58 [a] Use the figure below to transform the Y to an equivalent ∆:

(25)(30) + (25)(50) + (30)(50) 3500

Ra = = = 116.67 Ω;
30 30
 Problems 3–37

(25)(30) + (25)(50) + (30)(50) 3500

Rb = = = 70 Ω;
50 50
(25)(30) + (25)(50) + (30)(50) 3500
Rc = = = 140 Ω;
25 25
Replace the Y with its equivalent ∆ in the circuit to get the figure below:

Find the equivalent resistance to the right of the 13Ω and 7Ω resistors:
70k[(50k116.67) + (20k140)] = 30Ω
Thus, the equivalent resistance seen from the terminals a-b is:

Rab = 13 + 30 + 7 = 50 Ω.

[b] Use the figure below to transform the ∆ to an equivalent Y:

(50)(20)
R1 = = 10 Ω
50 + 20 + 30
(50)(30)
R2 = = 15 Ω
50 + 20 + 30
(20)(30)
R3 = = 6Ω
50 + 20 + 30
Replace the Delta with its equivalent Y in the circuit to get the figure
below:
 3–38 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

Find
the equivalent resistance to the right of the 13Omega and 7Ω resistors:
(50 + 10)k(25 + 15)] + 6 = 30 Ω.
Thus, the equivalent resistance seen from the terminals a-b is:
Rab = 13 + 30 + 7 = 50Ω
[c] Convert the delta connection R1 —R2 —R3 to its equivalent wye.
Convert the wye connection R1 —R3 —R4 to its equivalent delta.

P 3.59

30 × 12 12 × 70
R1 = = 32Ω; R2 = = 75Ω;
30 + 12 + 70 30 + 12 + 70

70 × 30
R3 = = 18.75Ω
70 + 30 + 12

The transformed circuit.

 Problems 3–39

The equivalent resistance seen by the 30 V source source can be calculated by

making series and parallel combination of the resistors to the right of the 30 V
source.

Req = (20 + 7.5)k(2 + 3.2) + 18.75 = 27.5k5.2 + 18.75 = 23.1 Ω

The transformed circuit is shown below:

The current i in the 30 V source is given by

30
i= = 1.2 A.
25.1

3.2 3.2
i1 = (i) = × 1.2 = 0.13 A, and i2 = i − i1 = 1.2 − 0.13 = 1.06 A.
7.5 + 20 27.5

Now use KVL & Ohm’s law to calculate v1 .

v1 = 3.2i2 + 18.75i = 3.2(1.06 A) + 18.75(1.2 A)

v1 = 25.89 V

Now use KVL and Ohm’s law to calculate v2 . v2 is the sum of the voltage
drop across the 75Ω resistor, 7.5i1 , & the voltage drop across the 18.75Ω
resistor, 18.75i:

v2 = 7.5i1 + 18.75i = 7.5(0.13) + 18.75(1.2) = 23.47 V.

P 3.60 [a] Convert the upper delta to a wye.

(25)(25)
R1 = = 6.25 Ω;
100
(25)(50)
R2 = = 12.5 Ω;
100
(50)(25)
R3 = = 12.5 Ω.
100
 3–40 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

Convert the lower delta to a wye.

(120)(160)
R4 = = 48 Ω;
400
(120)(120)
R5 = = 36 Ω;
400
(160)(120)
R6 = = 48 Ω.
400
Now redraw the circuit using the wye equivalents.

(131.5)(91.5)
Rab = 1.5 + 6.25 + + 36 = 7.75 + 53.95 + 36 = 97.70 Ω.
223
[b] When vab = 200 V,
200
ig = = 2.04 A;
80
131.5
i31 = (2.04) = 1.207 A;
223
p31Ω = (31)(1.207)2 = 45.166 W.

P 3.61 [a] After the 20 Ω—100 Ω—50 Ω wye is replaced by its equivalent delta, the
circuit reduces to

Now the circuit can be reduced to

 Problems 3–41

96
i= (1000) = 240 mA
400
400
io = (240) = 96 mA
1000
80
[b] i1 = (240) = 48 mA
400
[c] Now that io and i1 are known return to the original circuit

v2 = (50)(0.048) + (600)(0.096) = 60 V
v2 60
i2 = = = 600 mA
100 100
[d] vg = v2 + 20(0.6 + 0.048) = 60 + 12.96 = 72.96 V
pg = −(vg )(1) = −72.96 W
Thus the current source delivers 72.96 W.

P 3.62 10 + 10 = 20 Ω;

20k60 = 15 Ω;

15 + 20 = 35 Ω;

35k280 = 31.11 Ω;

31.11 + 30 = 61.11 Ω;

61.11k75 = 33.67 Ω;

33.67 + 10 = 43.67 Ω;
 3–42 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

ig = 300/43.67 = 6.86 A;

io = (6.86)(61.11)/136.11 = 3.07 A;

i280Ω = (6.86 − 3.07)(35)/315 = 1.18 A;

p280Ω = (1.18)2 (280) = 391.34 W.

P 3.63 [a] Replace the 60—120—20 Ω delta with a wye equivalent to get

750 750
is = = = 10 A.
5 + (24 + 36)k(14 + 6) + 12 + 43 75
(24 + 36)k(14 + 6) 15
i1 = (10) = (10) = 2.5 A.
24 + 36 60
[b] i0 = 10 − 2.5 = 7.5 A
v = 36i1 − 6i0 = 36(2.5) − 6(7.5) = 45 V.
v 45
[c] i2 = i0 + 60
= 7.5 + 60
= 8.25 A.
[d] Psupplied = (759)(10) = 7500 W
Gb Gc Ga Gc Ga Gb
P 3.64 G1 = (1), G2 = (2), G3 = (3)
GT GT GT
GT = Ga + Gb + Gc
Ga Gb G2c
G1 G2 =
G2T
Ga G2b Gc
G1 G3 =
G2T
2
G Gb Gc
G2 G3 = a 2
GT
sum of these three equation is
Ga Gb G2c + Ga G2b Gc + G2a Gb Gc
G1 G2 + G1 G3 + G2 G3 =
G2T
Ga Gb Gc (Ga Gb Gc )
= (4)
G2T
G1 G2 + G2 G3 + G1 G3 Ga 
Gb Gc 
 (G
T)
divide (4) by (1) =
G1 G
 T Gb Gc

G1 G2 + G2 G3 + G1 G3
Ga = Similar manipulations generate the
G1
expressions for Gb and Gc .
 Problems 3–43

P 3.65 Subtracting Eq. 3.13 from Eq. 3.14 gives

R1 − R2 = (Rc Rb − Rc Ra )/(Ra + Rb + Rc ).

Adding this expression to Eq. 3.12 and solving for R1 gives

R1 = Rc Rb /(Ra + Rb + Rc ).

To find R2 , subtract Eq. 3.14 from Eq. 3.12 and add this result to Eq. 3.13.
To find R3 , subtract Eq. 3.12 from Eq. 3.13 and add this result to Eq. 3.14.
Using the hint, Eq. 3.14 becomes

Rb [(R2 /R3 )Rb + (R2 /R1 )Rb ] Rb (R1 + R3 )R2

R1 + R3 = = .
(R2 /R1 )Rb + Rb + (R2 /R3 )Rb (R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 )

Solving for Rb gives Rb = (R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 )/R2 . To find Ra : First use

Eqs. 3.15–3.17 to obtain the ratios (R1 /R3 ) = (Rc /Ra ) or Rc = (R1 /R3 )Ra
and (R1 /R2 ) = (Rb /Ra ) or Rb = (R1 /R2 )Ra . Now use these relationships to
eliminate Rb and Rc from Eq. 3.13. To find Rc , use Eqs. 3.15–3.17 to obtain
the ratios Rb = (R3 /R2 )Rc and Ra = (R3 /R1 )Rc . Now use the relationships to
eliminate Rb and Ra from Eq. 3.12.
R2 (2R1 + RL )
P 3.66 [a] Rab = 2R1 + = RL.
2R1 + R2 + RL
R2 (2R1 + RL )
Therefore 2R1 − RL + = 0.
2R1 + R2 + RL
Thus RL2 = 4R12 + 4R1 R2 = 4R1 (R1 + R2 ).

When Rab = RL , the current into terminal a of the attenuator will be

vi /RL .
Using current division, the current in the RL branch will be
vi R2
· .
RL 2R1 + R2 + RL
vi R2
Therefore vo = · RL
RL 2R1 + R2 + RL
vo R2
and = .
vi 2R1 + R2 + RL
[b] (300)2 = 4(R1 + R2 )R1 ;

22,500 = R12 + R1 R2 ;
vo R2
= 0.5 = ;
vi 2R1 + R2 + 300
3–44 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

.·. R1 + 0.5R2 + 150 = R2 ;

0.5R2 = R1 + 150;

R2 = 2R1 + 300;

.·. 22,500 = R12 + R1 (2R1 + 300) = 3R12 + 300R1 ;

.·. R12 + 100R1 − 7500 = 0.

Solving,
R1 = 50 Ω;

R2 = 2(50) + 300 = 400 Ω.

[c] From Appendix H, choose R1 = 47 Ω and R2 = 390 Ω. For these values,

Rab 6= RL , so the equations given in part (a) cannot be used. Instead
Rab = 2R1 + [R2 k(2R1 + RL )] = 2(47) + 390k(2(47) + 300)

= 94 + 390k394 = 290 Ω;
290
 
% error = − 1 100 = −3.33%.
300
Now calculate the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage. Begin
by finding the current through the top left R1 resistor, called ia :
vi
ia = .
Rab
Now use current division to find the current through the RL resistor,
called iL :
R2
iL = ia .
R2 + 2R1 + RL
Therefore, the output voltage, vo , is equal to RL iL :
R2 RL vi
vo = .
Rab (R2 + 2R1 + RL )
Thus,
vo R2 RL 390(300)
= = = 0.5146;
vi Rab (R2 + 2R1 + RL ) 290(390 + 2(47) + 300)
0.5146
 
% error = − 1 100 = 2.92%.
0.5
 Problems 3–45

P 3.67 [a] After making the Y-to-∆ transformation, the circuit reduces to

Combining the parallel resistors reduces the circuit to

3RRL 2.25R2 + 3.75RRL

Now note: 0.75R + =
3R + RL 3R + RL .
2.25R2 + 3.75RRL
!
3R
3R + RL 3R(3R + 5RL )
Therefore Rab = 2
! = .
2.25R + 3.75RRL 15R + 9RL
3R +
3R + RL

3RL (8RL )
If R = RL , we have Rab = = RL .
24RL
Therefore Rab = RL .

[b] When R = RL , the circuit reduces to

ii (3RL ) 1 1 vi 1
io = = ii = , vo = 0.75RL io = vi .
4.5RL 1.5 1.5 RL 2
vo
Therefore = 0.5.
vi

P 3.68 [a] 3.5(3R − RL ) = 3R + RL ;

10.5R − 1050 = 3R + 300;

3–46 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

7.5R = 1350, R = 180 Ω;

2(180)(300)2
R2 = = 4500 Ω.
3(180)2 − (300)2
[b ]

vi 42
vo = = = 12 V;
3.5 3.5
12
io = = 40 mA;
300
42 − 12 30
i1 = = = 6.67 mA;
4500 4500
42
ig = = 140 mA;
300
i2 = 140 − 6.67 = 133.33 mA;

i3 = 40 − 6.67 = 33.33 mA;

i4 = 133.33 − 33.33 = 100 mA;

p4500 top = (6.67 × 10−3 )2 (4500) = 0.2 W;

p180 left = (133.33 × 10−3 )2 (180) = 3.2 W;

p180 right = (33.33 × 10−3 )2 (180) = 0.2 W;

p180 vertical = (100 × 10−3 )2 (180) = 0.48 W;

p300 load = (40 × 10−3 )2 (300) = 0.48 W.

The 180 Ω resistor carrying i2 .

[c] p180 left = 3.2 W.
[d] Two resistors dissipate minimum power – the 4500 Ω resistor and the 180
Ω resistor carrying i3 .
[e] They both dissipate 0.2 W.
 Problems 3–47

P 3.69 [a ]

vin R4
va = ;
Ro + R4 + ∆R
R3
vb = vin ;
R2 + R3
R4 vin R3
vo = va − vb = − vin .
Ro + R4 + ∆R R2 + R3
When the bridge is balanced,
R4 R3
vin = vin ;
Ro + R4 R2 + R3
R4 R3
.· . = .
Ro + R4 R2 + R3
R4 vin R4 vin
Thus, vo = −
Ro + R4 + ∆R Ro + R4
1 1
 
= R4 vin −
Ro + R4 + ∆R Ro + R4
R4 vin (−∆R)
=
(Ro + R4 + ∆R)(Ro + R4 )
−(∆R)R4 vin
≈ , since ∆R << R4 .
(Ro + R4 )2
[b] ∆R = 0.03Ro ;
R2 R4 (1000)(5000)
Ro = = = 10,000 Ω;
R3 500
∆R = (0.03)(104 ) = 300 Ω;
−300(5000)(6)
.· . v o ≈ = −40 mV.
(15,000)2
−(∆R)R4 vin
[c] vo =
(Ro + R4 + ∆R)(Ro + R4 )
−300(5000)(6)
=
(15,300)(15,000)
= −39.2157 mV.
 3–48 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

−(∆R)R4 vin
P 3.70 [a] approx value = ;
(Ro + R4 )2
−(∆R)R4 vin
true value = ;
(Ro + R4 + ∆R)(Ro + R4 )
approx value (Ro + R4 + ∆R)
.· . = ;
true value (Ro + R4 )
Ro + R4 −∆R
 
.·. % error = − 1 × 100 = × 100.
Ro + R4 + ∆R Ro + R4
Note that in the above expression, we take the ratio of the true value to
the approximate value because both values are negative.
R2 R4
But Ro = ;
R3
−R3 ∆R
.·. % error = .
R4 (R2 + R3 )
−(500)(300)
[b] % error = × 100 = −2%.
(5000)(1500)
∆R(R3 )(100)
P 3.71 = 0.5;
(R2 + R3 )R4

∆R(500)(100)
= 0.5;
(1500)(5000)

.·. ∆R = 75 Ω;

75
% change = × 100 = 0.75%.
10,000

P 3.72 [a] Using the equation for voltage division,

βRy βRy
Vy = VS = VS = βVS .
βRy + (1 − β)Ry Ry
[b] Since β represents the touch point with respect to the bottom of the
screen, (1 − β) represents the location of the touch point with respect to
the top of the screen. Therefore, the y-coordinate of the pixel
corresponding to the touch point is
y = (1 − β)py .
Remember that the value of y is capped at (py − 1).
 Problems 3–49

P 3.73 [a] Use the equations developed in the Practical Perspective and in Problem
3.72:
Vx 1
Vx = αVS so α= = = 0.2;
VS 5
Vy 3.75
Vy = βVS so β= = = 0.75.
VS 5
[b] Use the equations developed in the Practical Perspective and in Problem
3.72:
x = (1 − α)px = (1 − 0.2)(480) = 384;

y = (1 − β)py = (1 − 0.75)(800) = 200.

Therefore, the touch occurred in the upper right corner of the screen.

P 3.74 Use the equations developed in the Practical Perspective and in Problem 3.72:

x 480
x = (1 − α)px so α=1− =1− = 0.25;
px 640

Vx = αVS = (0.25)(8) = 2 V;

y 192
y = (1 − β)py so β =1− =1− = 0.8125;
py 1024

Vy = βVS = (0.8125)(8) = 6.5 V.

P 3.75 From the results of Problem 3.74, the voltages corresponding to the touch
point (480, 192) are

Vx1 = 2 V; Vy1 = 6.5 V.

Now calculate the voltages corresponding to the touch point (240, 384):

x 240
x = (1 − α)px so α=1− =1− = 0.625;
px 640

Vx2 = αVS = (0.625)(8) = 5 V;

y 384
y = (1 − β)py so β =1− =1− = 0.625;
py 1024

Vy2 = βVS = (0.625)(8) = 5 V.

3–50 CHAPTER 3. Simple Resistive Circuits

When the screen is touched at two points simultaneously, only the smaller of
the two voltages in the x direction is sensed. The same is true in the y
direction. Therefore, the voltages actually sensed are

Vx = 2 V; Vy = 5 V.

These two voltages identify the touch point as (480, 384), which does not
correspond to either of the points actually touched! Therefore, the resistive
touch screen is appropriate only for single point touches.