TYPES OF

COUNSELLING
 COUNSELLING
Counselling is a scientific process of
assistance extended by an expert in an
individual situation to a needy person.
Counselling involves relationship between
two person in which (counsellor) attempts
to assists the other (counselee or client) to
adjust to a life situation, or attain self-
actualization.
Shostorm: counselling as a self adjustive
process, which helps the client become
more self directive and self responsible.

Shortly, it is a personal and dynamic •

relationship between two individuals in
which the more experienced person helps
the less experienced person to find self
determined solution for his problem.
Objectives
• To understand once own problems clearly.
• To realise what he is able to do and what he
should do that means to accept abilities and
weaknesses.
• Develop insight and understanding in relation
to self and environment, opportunities open to
improve in respect to his potentials and goals
he has chosen.
• Decide a course of action by making his own
decision.
 Features of Counselling
• Counselling is a professional service which
is imparted by a professional counsellor
who is properly trained to handle various
kind of situations
• Counselling helps the client make his own
decision during the process of counselling. The
counsellor is not supposed to make decision
for the client. Counsellor may provide various
types of information so that the client could get
insight to take a decision.
• It is more focused on one to one
relationship even when the participants
are involved with group counselling
programmes. They are generally some
or the other time approach for individual
counselling because it is personal and
more confidential.
• Problems and needs of the individual
are important.
• The individual counselling is more
about personal problems
 Types of Counselling

• Directive Counselling
• Non – Directive
Counselling
• Eclectic Counselling
 Directive Counseling
(prescriptive
• counselling).
E.G WILLIAMSON is the chief exponent in
this viewpoint.
• Counsellor –centred: the counsellor
direct the client to take steps in order to
resolve his conflicts.
• It is based on assumption that the client
cannot solve his own problems for lack of
information.
The counsellor plays an important •
role; he tries to direct the thinking
of counselee by informing ,
explaining, interpreting and
advising. It gives more
importance to intellectual
aspect than emotional •
aspects. •
 Steps of Directive Counselling

Williamson has given six steps in

directive counselling;
Analysis
Synthesis
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Counselling
Follow up
Merit
• It is less time consuming; hence this
smethod can be adopted when an early
solution is required.
• This method is best; less matured and
less intelligent client interact with an
experienced counsellor.
• This is best method at lower levels where
the client is not in a position to analyse
his own problem
• In this method, the counsellor
becomes readily available to help
the client which makes the client
very happy.
Demerit
• In directive counselling, the client never
sbecomes independent of the counsellor. So it
is not an effective or best guidance.
• The personal autonomy and integrity of the
client is not respected, it leads to new
adjustment problems.
• It will not help the individual to develop
any attitudes through his own
experiences.
• The counsellor fails in saving the client to
commit the mistakes in future.
2. Non-directive Counselling
• CARL R. ROGER is the chief exponent
in this viewpoint.
This school of thought is just •

reverse to that of directive

counseling.
It is a client-centred process. •
In this, the counselee is the pivot of the •
whole counselling process.
The main function of the counsellor is to •
create an atmosphere in which the client
can work out his problem.
It is also known as •
permissive counselling.
In this type of counselling, •
emotional elements rather
than intellectual element
are stressed.
 Steps in Client Centred Counselling
Carl Rogers has given the following steps of
this non-directive counselling:
1.Defining the Problematic Situation : First
of all the counsellor should define the
problematic situation.
2.Free Expression of Feelings : After the
first step, the client is made aware of the
fact that he can express his feelings freely
and the counselor approves this.
3. Development of Insight: The
counsellor goes on thinking
regarding the client's new feelings
along with the development of
client's insight and he goes on
classifying all those new feelings.
4. Classification of Positive and
Negative Feelings: After the
free expression of feelings by the
client, the counsellor identifies his
negative and positive feelings and
he classifies them.
5. Termination of Counselling
Situation: The counsellor looks for a
point where he can terminate the
counselling situation after all the
above steps. According to this school
of thought, either the client or the
counsellor can suggest for such
termination of counselling situation.
Merit
s • It helps the counselee to become
independent and self-reliant and to attain
the ability for self-direction.
• It helps the client to attain emotional
integrity; and helps to reach his full
growth.
• It helps to attain more
sustainable adjustment to his
situation.
• This type of counselling leavesit’s
Demerit
• It is usually more time-consuming
s
• It is not suitable for a less matured
and less intelligent counselee.
• The counsellor’s passive attitude might
irritate the counselee so much that
he might hesitate to express his
feelings.
• It is not possible in schools because
the counsellor has to attend many
pupils.
Comparative
Analysis Of
Directive And
Non-directive
Counselling
 Directive Non-Directive
1. Economical 1. Time consuming
2 .Emphasis on the problem 2. Emphasis on individual
3. Emphasis on the 3. Emphasis on emotional aspects
intellectual
aspects
4.Methdology is direct and 4. Methodology is indirect
persuasive

5. Solves immediate 5. Deals with self analysis and new

problems problems of Adjustment may
be taken care of.

6. Uses psychological 6. May not use psychological

assessment data assessment.
7.Counselor plays active 7. Counsellor plays passive
role role
8. Direct counselling sometimes 8. A highly professional,
may be done by supporting staff competent and trained
is required person with understanding of
relationship skills

9. Help is offered by 9. Client takes his own decisions

counsellor to take decisions

10. It is more information 10. It is to develop self-insight

giving, and rapport more towards solving the
personal problems-rapport
formation is essential
3. Eclectic
Counselling
• The chief advocate of this type
of counselling is ‘Thorne’.
• Eclectic counselling is a type of
counselling which is neither counsellor-
centred nor client centred; but a
combination of both.
• Here the counsellor is neither too active
as in directive counselling nor too
passive as in non-directive counselling,
but follows a middle course.
 Characteristics of Eclectic
Counselling
Methods of counselling may change from •
client to client or even with the same client
from time to time.
It is highly flexible. •
Freedom of choice and expression is open to •
both the counsellor and the counselee.
Experience of mutual confidence and faith in •
the relationship are basic.
The client and the philosophical framework •
are adjusted to save the purpose of the
relationship.