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CHAPTER CHAPTER

The Phrase


STANDARDS
Prepositional, Verbal, and
FOCUS
INTRODUCING Appositive Phrases
THE CHAPTER
Grade-Level Standards
■ This chapter
(Boldface looks
indicates at three
concepts that are 1.0 Written and Oral
typesand
taught of tested
phrases: prepositional
in this chapter.) English-Language
Conventions
■
phrases,
Language verbal phrases,1.0:
Convention and
Students write and
appositive phrases.
Students write and speak with speak with a command
of standard English
■ The
a chapter of
command concludes
standardwith a
English conventions.
Chapter Review including a
conventions. 1.1 Identify and cor-
Writing Application feature rectly use phrases (e.g.,
■ Grammar
that
and Mechanics
asks1.1:
Writing students to write
Identify
of
and cor-
gerund, infinitive, and
participial).
Diagnostic Preview
instructions using (e.g.,
rectly use clauses both main
adverband
and adjective phrases.
subordinate), phrases (e.g., A. Identifying and Classifying Prepositional Phrases
■ For help infinitive,
gerund, in integrating this chap-
and particip- Identify each prepositional phrase in the following sentences. After
ter with
ial), and writing assignments,
mechanics of punctua- HELP each phrase, write the word(s) it modifies and the type of phrase it is
use the
tion Teaching
(e.g., Strands
semicolons, chart
colons, (adj. for adjective phrase, adv. for adverb phrase).
Some sentences
on pp. T24–T25.
ellipses, hyphens). in Part A have more than EXAMPLE 1. The museums of different cities are fascinating to
one prepositional phrase. tourists.
Prerequisite/Review Numerals in brackets 1. of different cities—museums—adj.
Standards refer to rules tested to tourists—fascinating—adv.
■ Sentence Structure 1.3: Use by the items in the Answers for items 2 and 10 may vary slightly.
subordination, coordination, Diagnostic Preview. 1. New York City offers tourists a number of.museums.
apposition, and other devices to 1. adj. [3b, d, a] 2. Perhaps the best-known museum is the American Museum of
indicate clearly the relationship 2. adj. [3b, d, a] Natural History.
between ideas. 3. This huge museum has exhibits on human history and culture and
3. adj./adv. [3b, d, e,
■ Grammar 1.4: Edit written a, c] also shows animals, even dinosaurs, in natural-looking displays,
manuscripts to ensure that 4. adv. [3b, e, a] called dioramas.
correct grammar is used. 5. adj. [3b, d, a] 4. The museum houses the Hayden Planetarium, which teaches visi-
6. adj./adj. [3b, d, a] tors about the heavens.
Standard Coming Up in 5. Exhibits about earth and space interest young and old alike.
the Next Grade Level 6. The entire complex of.exhibits is popular because it offers some-
■ Written and Oral English thing for everyone.
Language Conventions 1.1:
Demonstrate control of gram-
mar, diction, and paragraph
and sentence structure and an
understanding of English usage.
68 Chapter 3 The Phrase

INTRODUCING
THE CHAPTER CHAPTER RESOURCES
■ This chapter looks at three Internet Application
Practice & Review
& Enrichment
types of phrases: prepositional ■ Web resources:
go.hrw.com (keyword:
go.hrw.com
HLLA) ■ Language & Sentence Skills Practice,
phrases, verbal phrases, and pp. 61–83
60, 84–86
Practice & Review
Planning
appositive phrases. ■ Language &&
Application Enrichment
Sentence Skills Practice Answer
■ One-Stop Planner
Language & Sentence
CD-ROM
Skills Practice,
(continued) Key, pp. 29,& 40–41
pp. 61–83 ■ Language Sentence Skills Practice,
■ On Course: Mapping Instruction
■ Language & Sentence Skills Practice Answer
pp. 60, 84–86
■ At Home: A Guide to Standards Mastery,
Key,
p. 27pp. 29–40 Differentiating Instruction
■ Lesson Plans for Language Development
68
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7. The city’s other museums, which are also fascinating, attract visi- 7. adv. [3b, e, a]
tors who are interested in specific topics. 8. adj./adj./adv.
8. New York is home to the Museum of.Broadcasting, which is filled [3b, d, c, e, a] ■ The chapter concludes with a
with old films and radio broadcasts. 9. adj./adv./adv./adv. Chapter Review including a Writing
9. One.of.the city’s newest museums, Ellis Island Immigration [3b, d, e, a] Application feature that asks stu-

GRAMMAR
Museum, opened during 1990 and displays many artifacts that 10. adj./adj./adj. dents to write instructions using
had been owned by immigrants who entered the United States [3b, d, a, c] both adverb and adjective phrases.
through Ellis Island. ■ For help in integrating this chapter
10. People who enjoy art can visit museums like the Metropolitan with writing assignments in Holt
Museum of.Art and the Museum of Modern Art. Literature and Language Arts; use
the Teaching Strands chart on
pp. T24–T25.

B. Identifying Verbals and Appositives

In the following sentences, identify each italicized word or word
group as a participle, a gerund, an infinitive, or an appositive.
ASSESSING
EXAMPLES 1. For some reason, cleaning a room, that dreaded
project, always seems to create new projects.
Entry-Level Assessment
1. cleaning—gerund; dreaded—participle; project—
Diagnostic Preview. You may want
appositive; to create—infinitive to compile data on your class’s most
common mistakes on the Diagnostic
11. John began with every intention of cleaning his entire room, the 11. ger./app. [3h, l] Preview and use this information as a
official disaster area of his home. 12. part./part. [3f(1, 2)] guide for instruction. After students
12. He first tackled the pile of CDs lying near his unused sound system. 13. part./part. [3f(1, 2)] have completed the chapter, you
13. Sorting through them, he found them mostly outdated. 14. part./app. [3f(2), l] might compare scores on the
14. John decided that his broken stereo system, a gift from his par- 15. ger./inf. [3h, j] Diagnostic Preview with those on the
ents, was the reason. 16. part./inf. [3f(2), j] Chapter Review to assess progress.
15. By repairing the stereo, he could give himself a reason to update 17. part./part.[3f(1, 2)]
his music collection. 18. ger./inf. [3h, j]
16. Trained in electronics, John soon saw the problem and began to 19. app./inf. [3l, j]
work on it. 20. ger./ger. [3h]
17. Some hours later, John had a working stereo system but an
uncleaned room.
18. He had just started playing a CD when his sister announced,
“Mom’s coming to see how your room looks!”
19. A tough taskmaster, Mom wanted him to have it spotless.
20. She applauded his success in fixing his stereo but insisted that he
clean the room before doing anything else.

Diagnostic Preview 69

■
Differentiating
Supporting Instruction
Instruction
in Spanish ■
Assessment
Test Generator
■ At Home: In Spanish ■
(One-Stop Planner CD-ROM)
Developmental Language & Sentence Skills Holt Handbook Chapter Tests with Answer
■ Guided Practice, pp. 39–50& Sentence Skills,
Developmental Language Other Language
Key, pp. 5–6, 52 Resources
■ pp. 39–50
Developmental Language & Sentence Skills ■ Vocabulary Development
Guided Practice Teacher’s Notes and Answer
Assessment ■ Daily Language Activities Transparencies
Key, pp. 10–12
■ Progress Assessment for the Holt Handbook,
pp. 5–6

Diagnostic Preview 69
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3
a, b–e
What Is a Phrase?
What Is a Phrase? 3a. A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a
Rule 3a (p. 70) single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb
and its subject.
GRAMMAR

OBJECTIVE
EXAMPLES could have been [no subject]
■ To identify phrases
instead of Debra and him [no subject or verb]

A group of words that has both a verb and its subject is not a phrase.
PRETEACHING EXAMPLES We found your pen. [We is the subject of found.]

if she will go [She is the subject of will go.]

Lesson Starter
Motivating. Ask students to Reference Note NOTE If a group of words contains both a verb and its subject, it is
suggest humorous answers to the For more about clauses, called a clause.
question “Where would be a danger- see Chapter 4.
ous place to have a party?” Start stu-
dents off by writing on an anthill,
Oral Practice Identifying Phrases
under water, in a freezer. Write stu- Read each of the following groups of words aloud, and identify it as a
dents suggestions on the chalkboard, phrase or not a phrase.
and then point out that the groups
EXAMPLES 1. with a hammer 2. because we agree
of words are all prepositional phrases
1. phrase 2. not a phrase
that tell where the action happens. If
added to the sentence Do not have a 1. was hoping 1. p. 6. since Mallory wrote 6. n. p.
party . . . , each of the phrases would 2. if she really knows 2. n. p. 7. after they leave 7. n. p.
modify Do have. 3. with Abdullah and me 3. p. 8. has been cleaned 8. p.
4. will be writing 4. p. 9. on Miriam’s desk 9. p.
5. inside the house 5. p. 10. as the plane lands 10. n. p.

Prepositional
Phrases Prepositional Phrases
Rules 3b–e (pp. 70–76) Reference Note 3b. A prepositional phrase includes a preposition, the object of
OBJECTIVES For a list of commonly the preposition, and any modifiers of that object.
used prepositions, see
■ EXAMPLES to the pool at the Jacksons’ house instead of them
To identify adjective phrases and page 28.
the word or words they modify
Notice that one or more modifiers may appear in a prepositional
■ To identify adverb phrases and the phrase. The first example contains the; the second contains the Jacksons’.
word or words they modify
3c. The noun or pronoun in a prepositional phrase is called the
object of the preposition.
EXAMPLE Clarice went to the ballet. [The noun ballet is the object of
the preposition to.]

70 Chapter 3 The Phrase

RESOURCES
What Is a Phrase? and Prepositional Phrases
Practice
■ Language & Sentence Skills Practice, pp. 61–65
Differentiating Instruction
■ Developmental Language & Sentence Skills, pp. 39–42

70 The Phrase
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3
N O T E Do not be misled by a modifier coming after the noun or pro- a–d
noun in a prepositional phrase. The noun or pronoun is still the object.
EXAMPLE Heidi and Mrs. Braun worked at the polls today. [Polls is
DIFFERENTIATING
the object of the preposition at. The adverb today tells when
INSTRUCTION

GRAMMAR
and modifies the verb worked.]
English-Language Learners
General Strategies. Some English-
Objects of prepositions may be compound. TIPS & TRICKS
Be careful not to confuse
language learners might have diffi-
culty sorting out the meanings of the
EXAMPLES On the plaza, a guitarist sang for Victor and me. [The
preposition for has a compound object: Victor and me.] the preposition to with the various prepositions. To help elimi-
to that is the sign of the nate this confusion, have students
In A.D. 79, the city of Pompeii was buried beneath lava, verb’s infinitive form: to act out the following prepositional
rocks, and ashes. [The preposition beneath has a swim, to know, to see.
phrases.
compound object: lava, rocks, and ashes.]
across the room
A prepositional phrase can modify the object of another preposi- Reference Note on the chair
tional phrase. For more about in her purse
infinitives, see page 85. from me
EXAMPLE Next to the door of the old barn stood two horses. [The
prepositional phrase of the old barn modifies door, which is to you
the object of the compound preposition Next to.] at the pencil sharpener
between the two desks
A prepositional phrase can contain another prepositional phrase. in front of the chalkboard
EXAMPLE Meet us at the Museum of Science and Industry. [The
behind the door
prepositional phrase at the Museum of Science and Industry If you notice that students are con-
contains the prepositional phrase of Science and Industry.] fusing one preposition with another
N O T E Sometimes a prepositional phrase is combined with a noun to
in their writing, explain the correct
uses of both the preposition they
form a compound noun. used and the preposition they should
EXAMPLES Strait of Hormuz hole in one Reference Note have used, providing examples and a
For more about simple definition of each one.
Stratford-on-Avon University of Pittsburgh
compound nouns, Then, have students draw simple
see page 4. illustrations to show the distinction
between the words that they
are confusing.
The Adjective Phrase
3d. A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun is
called an adjective phrase.
EXAMPLE The members of the club want sweatshirts with the club
emblem. [The prepositional phrase of the club is used as an
adjective to modify the noun members. With the club emblem
is used as an adjective to modify the noun sweatshirts.]

Prepositional Phrases 71

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Unlike a one-word adjective, which usually precedes the word it

modifies, an adjective phrase almost always follows the noun or pro-
noun it modifies.
DIRECT TEACHING
ADJECTIVE Amy closed the cellar door.
GRAMMAR

ADJECTIVE PHRASE Amy closed the door to the cellar.

Modeling and
Demonstration More than one adjective phrase may modify the same word.
Prepositional Phrases. Model how EXAMPLE Here’s a letter for you from Aunt Martha. [The
to identify adjective phrases and the prepositional phrases for you and from Aunt Martha
words they modify by using the both modify the noun letter.]
example The members of the club
want sweatshirts with the club An adjective phrase may also modify the object of another prepo-
emblem. First, ask whether the sen- sitional phrase.
tence contains any prepositional
EXAMPLE The horse in the trailer with the rusted latch broke
phrases. [yes; of the club, with the
loose. [The phrase in the trailer modifies the noun horse.
club emblem] Next, ask what word or Trailer is the object of the preposition in. The phrase with
words of the club modifies. [mem- the rusted latch modifies trailer.]
bers] Ask what part of speech mem-
bers is. [noun] Explain that of the Often you can convert the objects of adjective phrases into adjec-
club is an adjective phrase because it tives. Doing so makes your writing less wordy.
modifies the noun members. Then,
ask what with the club emblem Adjective Phrases Nouns Used as Adjectives
modifies. [sweatshirts] Next, ask
what part of speech sweatshirts is. The light in the kitchen is on. The kitchen light is on.
[noun] Ask what kind of preposi- The airports in Chicago and The Chicago and New York
tional phrase with the club emblem New York are crowded. airports are crowded.
is. [adjective phrase] Now, have a
volunteer use another example from
However, not all adjective phrases can be changed into one-word
this chapter to demonstrate how to
modifiers that make sense. Sometimes, changing an adjective phrase
identify adjective phrases. makes a sentence awkward and ungrammatical.
CLEAR Please hand me the book on the table.
AWKWARD Please hand me the table book.

Exercise 1 Identifying Adjective Phrases

HELP Identify the adjective phrases in the following paragraph, and give the
Some sentences word that each modifies.
in Exercise 1 EXAMPLE [1] A few years ago our family visited South Dakota and saw
contain more than one a famous monument to great American leaders.
adjective phrase.
1. to great American leaders—monument

[1] My mom took the pictures on the next page when we were vis-
iting this scenic spot at Mount Rushmore National Memorial. [2] As

72 Chapter 3 The Phrase

72 The Phrase
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3
you can see, the mountainside behind e
us is a lasting tribute to George
Washington, Thomas Jefferson,
Exercise 1
Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham
Lincoln. [3] The figures on the granite DISTRIBUTED REVIEW

GRAMMAR
cliff were carved under the direction Have students find the following
of Gutzon Borglum, an American items:
sculptor. [4] Looking at the sculpture, 1. a compound proper noun used in a
I can certainly believe that this is one prepositional phrase and referring
of.the world’s largest. [5] The faces are to a place [sentence 1: Mount
sixty feet high and show a great deal Rushmore National Memorial]
of.detail and.expression. [6] Each 2. a two-word proper adjective
president symbolizes a part of.United [sentence 6: United States]
States history. [7] Washington represents the founding
of.the country, and Jefferson signifies the Declaration 3. a compound proper noun used
as a direct object [sentence 7:
of.Independence. [8] Lincoln symbolizes an end to
Declaration of Independence;
slavery, and Roosevelt stands for expansion and
sentence 10: Mount Rushmore]
resource conservation. [9] Tourists on the viewing
terrace must gaze up nearly five hundred feet to see
this art. [10] As both symbols for the nation and
works of.art, these massive faces are an inspiration to EXTENSION
all.who visit Mount Rushmore.
Relating to Writing
Divide the class into small groups.
The Adverb Phrase Have each group collaborate to write
a brief description of Mount
3e. A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or
Rushmore. Give each student in the
an adverb is called an adverb phrase.
group the chance to add one or two
An adverb phrase tells how, when, where, why, or to what extent. prepositional phrases. Then, have
each group edit its description col-
EXAMPLES Britney answered with a smile. [The adverb laboratively. Volunteers may read
phrase with a smile tells how Britney answered.]
completed descriptions to the class.
They sailed across the lake yesterday. [The
adverb phrase across the lake tells where they sailed.]

By Wednesday Christopher will be finished.

[The adverb phrase By Wednesday tells when
Christopher will be finished.]

The calculations erred by more than two inches.

[By more than two inches is an adverb phrase telling
to what extent the calculations erred.]

In the examples above, the adverb phrases all modify verbs.

Prepositional Phrases 73

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An adverb phrase may modify an adjective or an adverb.

EXAMPLES Melissa is good at tennis but better at volleyball. [The
DIFFERENTIATING adverb phrase at tennis modifies the adjective good. The
INSTRUCTION adverb phrase at volleyball modifies the adjective better.]
GRAMMAR

Is the water warm enough for swimming? [The adverb

English-Language Learners phrase for swimming modifies the adverb enough.]
Cantonese. In Cantonese, adverbials
tend to come at the beginning of the STYLE TIP Adjective phrases almost always follow the words they modify, but
sentence. Cantonese speakers will Be sure to place phrases an adverb phrase may appear at various places in a sentence.
often say: carefully so that they EXAMPLES Before noon the race started.
express the meaning you
With a smile, Britney answered. intend.
The race started before noon.
Across the lake they sailed yesterday.
EXAMPLES Like adjective phrases, more than one adverb phrase may modify
While this syntax is sometimes The conductor compli- the same word.
acceptable in English, it is not the mented Lia’s performance
most common pattern. Discuss the after the concert. [Did Lia EXAMPLE During summers, my older sister works at the museum.
difference in emphasis that occurs perform after the concert [The adverb phrases During summers and at the museum
when the adverbial comes at the was over?] both modify the verb works. The first phrase tells when my
sister works; the second phrase tells where she works.]
beginning versus the end of the sen- After the concert, the
tence. Ask students to write sen- conductor complimented
tences containing adverbials about Lia’s performance. [The
compliment was made Exercise 2 Identifying Adverb Phrases
their own lives, and discuss when
after the concert.]
they might put the adverbial at the Identify the adverb phrases in the following sentences, and give the
beginning for emphasis. word or words each phrase modifies.
Example: All week long I go to
school and study at night. So on HELP EXAMPLE 1. The concept of time has inspired many figures of speech
over the years.
Saturday, I like to play soccer to relax. Some sentences
in Exercise 2 contain more 1. over the years—has inspired
than one phrase.
1. We use time expressions in everyday speech.
2. In conversation, you may have heard the expression “time out of
mind,” which means “long ago.”
3. When you fall in love, you may feel that “time stands still.”
4. Is twenty minutes too long for a “time-out”?
5. If something happens “in no time,” it happens very fast.
6. Have you ever noticed that “time flies” when you are chatting with
your friends?
7. However, if you are sitting in a waiting room, “time drags.”
8. Are you keeping someone’s secret “until the end of.time”?
9. Do people stop you on the street to ask if you “have the time”?
10. In the meantime, “time marches on” under the.steady gaze of
“Father Time.”

74 Chapter 3 The Phrase

CONTENT-AREA CONNECTIONS

Art creative as possible, and remind them that

Adverb Phrases. After students complete representing the relationship indicated by
Exercise 2, ask them to select one of the the adverb phrase is more important than the
adverb phrases from the exercise and create quality of their drawings. You can point out
an artwork that illustrates the meaning of that even stick figures can communicate the
the sentence. Encourage students to be as meaning of an adverb phrase.

74 The Phrase
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Review A Writing Sentences Using Adjective

and Adverb Phrases
You are a reporter for your school newspaper. The Young Business MEETING THE DIFFERENTIATING
Leaders Club has given you an announcement for its upcoming ban-
CHALLENGE INSTRUCTION

GRAMMAR
You can use adjective
quet. Write an article about this event, using the information from Special Education Students
phrases and adverb phrases
the announcement below. Use five adjective phrases and five adverb to add necessary detail in Have students visualize the banquet
phrases to help you include the necessary information in your article. your writing. Write direc- referred to in Review A. Have a
tions from one place in
helper ask students what they see
your school to another. In
your directions, use at least
and record on tape or list on paper
Young Busine five adjective phrases and the phrases they use.
ss Leaders Club
What? An nual Banquet five adverb phrases. Check
Where? The helper may need to prompt stu-
Executive Inn
Restaurant your directions, and make
North Highw sure that your directions
dents with questions such as “Where
ay 53
When? Frida are the tables?” or “How many peo-
Tickets are $1
y, May 11, 6:3
0 to 9:00 P.M. are detailed enough that
5.00 per perso
n, available fro
m Alonzo Jac even someone completely ple are attending?”
kson.
Program new to your school could
Once the list is complete, have stu-
6:30 Welcome Ad follow them.
dress—Anna
6:45 Introductory
Remarks—J.
Wong, presid
ent dents use the phrases to create their
7:00 Dinner Zarr, club spo
articles. Students who have difficulty
nsor ANSWERS
8:00 Speakers’ Fo
Rebecca Lópe
rum: “Plannin
g Now for Yo
Directions will vary but writing may record their stories on
z, nutritionist, ur Future”—
John Perri, ow Memorial Ho
spital
should contain at least audiotape or dictate them to a
ner, Compute
Susanne Dren r Solutions five adverb phrases and
8:45
nan, financia
l planner, Un helper, who can record the informa-
Presentation ited Savings Ba five adjective phrases.
of Young Bu nk
siness Leader
Award
tion in writing or on a computer.

Review A Writing
Sentences Using Adjective
Review B Identifying Adjective and Adverb Phrases
and Adverb Phrases
Identify each italicized prepositional phrase in the following paragraph
as an adjective phrase or as an adverb phrase. Then, identify the word or POSSIBLE ANSWERS
Adjective phrases are underlined once;
words each phrase modifies.
adverb phrases are underlined twice.
EXAMPLE I enjoy reading all sorts [1] of myths and legends.
1. adjective phrase—sorts The Young Business Leaders Club
announced yesterday the date and
Have you heard the Greek myth [1] about Narcissus and Echo? It is a 1. adj.
program for its annual banquet. The
story rich [2] in irony. Narcissus was a handsome young man [3] with 2. adv. 3. adj. event will be held at the Executive
many admirers. However, he rejected everyone who loved him, includ- Inn Restaurant , North Highway 53 ,
ing the nymph Echo. As punishment [4] for his arrogant behavior, the 4. adj. on Friday , May 11 , at 6:30 P.M.
gods sentenced Narcissus to stare forever [5] at his own reflection [6] in 5. adv. 6. adj.
a pond. [7] For days, Narcissus gazed adoringly [8] at himself. Echo the 7. adv. 8. adv. A speakers’ forum on the subject of
nymph stayed [9] with him until she wasted away. Finally Narcissus, too, 9. adv. “Planning Now for Your Future” will
wasted away, and when he died he turned [10] into the narcissus flower. 10. adv. follow the dinner. Participants are
Rebecca López, a nutritionist at
Memorial Hospital ; John Perri, owner
Prepositional Phrases 75 of Computer Solutions ; and Susanne
Drennan, a financial planner for
United Savings Bank. Presentation of
the Young Business Leader Award
will follow the forum.

Tickets may be purchased from

Alonzo Jackson for $15.00 each.

Prepositional Phrases 75
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Review C Identifying and Classifying Prepositional

Phrases
RETEACHING List all the prepositional phrases in each of the following sentences. Write
adj. if the phrase is used as an adjective; write adv. if the phrase is used as
GRAMMAR

Prepositional Phrases HELP an adverb. Be prepared to identify the word each phrase modifies.
If students have difficulty understand- In the example EXAMPLE 1. Theories about the universe have changed over the
ing the concept that a sentence devel- for Review C, about the years.
universe modifies Theories, 1. about the universe—adj.; over the years—adv.
ops by adding chunks of information,
and over the years modifies
use specific colors to denote parts of have changed. 1. In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered the existence of.galaxies outside
the sentence and the prepositional
1. adv./adj./adj. the Milky Way.
phrases. For example, make the sim-
2. adv./adj. 2. Now we know that perhaps a million galaxies exist inside the bowl
ple subject red, the verb or verb
phrase yellow, the complements blue, of.the Big Dipper alone.
and prepositional phrases green. 3. adj./adj. 3. Astronomers believe that our galaxy is only one among billions
throughout the universe.
Show sentence 1 from Review C 4. adv./adj. 4. Knowledge has expanded since 500 years ago, when most people
written on a transparency, and let
believed that the earth was the center of.the entire universe.
students identify the parts of the
5. adv./adv. 5. By the 1500s, the Polish
sentence and prepositional phrases
and tell which color to use to high- astronomer Copernicus suggested
light them. [Edwin Hubble: red; dis- that the earth and other planets
covered: yellow; the existence: blue; revolved around the sun.
About seventy years ago: green; of 6. adv./adv./adj./adj. 6. In 1633, the Italian scientist
galaxies: green; outside the Milky Galileo was tried and convicted
Way: green.] for the crime of.teaching that the
sun is the center of.the universe.
You may wish to have students use
this color coding to continue Review 7. adv./adj. 7. The Catholic Church condemned
C on their own or in pairs. You may Galileo because in his teachings
also want to have students use a sim- earth and humans were not the
ilar color-coding technique as they center of.all things.
work with other types of phrases in 8. adv./adv./adj. 8. In Galileo’s time, people knew
the chapter. of.only five planets besides our
own—Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn.
9. adv./adv. 9. Since then we have identified the
planets Uranus, Neptune, and
Pluto, and we have sent probes
into our solar system.
10. adv./adj./adj. 10. Galileo, Copernicus, and other
[or would be amazed] early astronomers would be
amazed at the extent of.our
knowledge of.space today.

76 Chapter 3 The Phrase

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3
f, g
3
Verbals and Verbal Phrases f

Verbals are formed from verbs. Like verbs, they may have modifiers
and complements. However, verbals are used as nouns, adjectives, or
adverbs, not as verbs. The three kinds of verbals are participles,

GRAMMAR
gerunds, and infinitives.

The Participle and

The Participle the Participial
3f. A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective. Phrase
EXAMPLES We saw the raccoon escaping through the back door. [The Rules 3f, g (pp. 77–81)
participle escaping, formed from the verb escape, modifies OBJECTIVES
the noun raccoon.]
■ To identify participles and the
Waxed floors can be dangerously slippery. [The participle
words they modify
Waxed, formed from the verb wax, modifies the noun
floors.] ■ To complete sentences by supplying
appropriate participles
Two kinds of participles are present participles and past participles.
■ To identify participial phrases and
(1) Present participles end in –ing. the words they modify
EXAMPLES We ran inside to get out of the pouring rain. [The present
participle pouring modifies the noun rain.]

Watching the clock, the coach became worried. [The present

DIFFERENTIATING
participle watching modifies the noun coach.] INSTRUCTION

Although participles are forms of verbs, they cannot stand alone as English-Language Learners
verbs. Participles need to be joined to a helping verb to form a verb Vietnamese. Vietnamese lacks
phrase. When a participle is used in a verb phrase, it is part of the verb the suffixes that often change the
and is not an adjective. form of a word in English from a
verb to an adjective, or a noun to a
VERB PHRASES The rain was pouring. verb. Vietnamese speakers may tend
The coach had been watching the clock. to use the base form of a word in
all positions, such as:
(2) Past participles usually end in –d or –ed. Other past participles Reference Note
Wax floors can be dangerously
are formed irregularly. For a discussion of irregu- slippery.
lar verbs, see page 147.
EXAMPLES A peeled and sliced cucumber can be added to a garden The cucumber was peel and slice.
salad. [The past participles peeled and sliced modify the
noun cucumber.]
Suffixes such as –ed may be hard to
hear in natural speech. A good way
The speaker, known for her strong support of recycling, was to call students’ attention to the suf-
loudly applauded. [The irregular past participle known fixes and their use is to write words
modifies the noun speaker.] on cards or slips of paper and have
students arrange them into sen-
Verbals and Verbal Phrases 77 tences, adding the suffixes where
appropriate.

RESOURCES
The Participle and the Participial Phrase
Practice
■ Language & Sentence Skills Practice, pp. 66–68
Differentiating Instruction
■ Developmental Language & Sentence Skills, pp. 43–44

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 77

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Like a present participle, a past participle can also be part of a verb

phrase. When a past participle is used in a verb phrase, it is part of the
verb and is not an adjective.
DIRECT TEACHING VERB PHRASES I have peeled and sliced the cucumber.
GRAMMAR

Correcting Misconceptions The speaker was known for her strong support
of recycling.
Participial Phrases. Students may
think that words ending in –ing, –ed, Reference Note NOTE Notice in the second example above that a past participle used
or –en are always part of the main For more about the with a form of the verb be creates a passive-voice verb. A verb in the
verb. To help students confused by passive voice, see passive voice expresses an action done to its subject.
participial phrases, have them begin page 163.
by finding one-word participles in EXAMPLE The goal was made by Josh. [The action of the verb was
sentences 1, 3, 7, and 10 in Exercise 3. made is done to the subject goal.]
[1. prancing; 3. swaggering, boasting;
7. banging (students may also spot
walking, which is part of a participial Exercise 3 Identifying Participles and the Words
phrase); 10. stirring (students may They Modify
also spot marching, which is part of a
HELP Identify the participles used as adjectives in each of the following sen-
participial phrase)].
Some sentences tences. After each participle, write the noun or pronoun it modifies.
Have students approach the exercise in Exercise 3 contain EXAMPLES 1. We searched the island for buried treasure.
by first finding and color-coding the more than one participle
1. buried—treasure
subject and verb for the sentences des- used as an adjective.
ignated above, as students did for the 2. The speeding train raced past the platform.
reteaching activity on p. 76. Then, 2. speeding—train
have students find each participle and
the noun or pronoun it modifies. 1. The prancing horses were loudly applauded by the audience.
2. Colorful flags, waving in the breeze, brightened the gloomy day.
To help students recognize that par- 3. Swaggering and boasting, the new varsity quarterback made us
ticiples act as adjectives, have them
extremely angry.
substitute adjectives for participles
4. The game scheduled for tonight was postponed because of rain.
(for example, gray for prancing in
sentence 1). 5. Leaving the field, the happy player rushed to her parents sitting in
the bleachers.
6. Branches tapping on the roof and leaves rustling in the wind made
Exercise 3 an eerie sound.
7. We thought the banging shutter upstairs was someone walking in
DISTRIBUTED REVIEW
To review verbs, have students list the attic.
the verbs or verb phrases in sen- 8. Painfully sunburned, I vowed always to use sunscreen and never to
tences 1, 4, 7, 9, and 10 of Exercise 3. be so careless again.
1. were applauded
9. Terrified by our dog, the burglar turned and fled across the yard.
10. The platoon of soldiers, marching in step, crossed the field to the
4. was postponed
stirring music of the military band.
7. thought, was
9. turned, fled
10. crossed 78 Chapter 3 The Phrase

Mechanics
Punctuating Participial Phrases. Explain 1. Written by hand, the essay was messy.
to students that commas are used to set off [Introductory participial phrases always
nonessential participial phrases. Then, write require a comma.]
the following sentences on the chalkboard,
2. Tenth-graders entering the essay contest
and discuss them with the class.
should go to the auditorium. [The phrase

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3
Exercise 4 Using Appropriate Participles g
For each blank in the following sentences, provide a participle that fits
the meaning of the sentence.
EXAMPLE 1. The tide washed over the beach.

GRAMMAR
1. rising
Answers will vary.
1. Mr. Ortiz explained the effects of pollution and drought on plants Reference Note
in a rain forest. 1. growing For information on
2. from the point of view of a firefighter, the story is full of punctuating participial
phrases, see page 281.
accurate details. 2. Told 3. running The participle as a
3. The tiger, from the hunters, swam across the river to safety. dangling modifier
4. at the traffic light, the driver put on his sunglasses. 4. Waiting is discussed on page 213.
5. The tourists in the hotel were given a free meal. 5. staying For information on using
participles to combine
6. as an excellent place to camp, the park lived up to its
sentences, see page 453.
reputation. 6. Known
7. by a bee, Steven hurried to the infirmary. 7. Stung
8. The poem describes a spider on a thread. 8. dangling
9. We stumbled off the racecourse, . 9. gasping
10. , I quickly phoned the hospital. 10. Aching

The Participial Phrase

HELP
3g. A participial phrase is used as an adjective and consists of a
A participial
participle and any complements or modifiers the participle has.
phrase should be placed
EXAMPLES Seeing the cat, the dog barked loudly. very close to the word it
modifies. Otherwise, the
The cat hissed at the dog barking in the yard next door. phrase may appear to
modify another word,
The dog noisily barking at the cat had to be brought in.
and the sentence may
not make sense.
In each of the following sentences, an arrow points from the par-
ticipial phrase to the noun or pronoun that the phrase modifies. MISPLACED
He saw a moose riding his
EXAMPLES Switching its tail, the mountain lion paced back and forth. motorcycle through the
[participle with object tail] woods. [The placement of
the modifier riding his
She heard me sighing loudly. [participle with the adverb
motorcycle calls up a silly
loudly] picture. He, not the
Living within his budget, Adam never needs to borrow moose, is riding the
motorcycle.]
money. [participle with adverb phrase within his budget]
IMPROVED
Quickly grabbing the keys, I dashed for the front door. Riding his motorcycle
[participle with preceding adverb Quickly and object keys] through the woods, he
saw a moose.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 79

entering the essay contest is necessary tains information that is not needed to
to the meaning of the sentence.] understand the meaning of the sentence.]
3. The Carters’ house, built in the early For more information on punctuating
1950s, has beautiful hardwood floors. participial phrases, refer students to
[The phrase built in the early 1950s con- Chapter 11: Punctuation.

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Exercise 5 Identifying Participial Phrases

Identify the participial phrases in the following sentences, and give the
DIFFERENTIATING word each phrase modifies.
INSTRUCTION
EXAMPLE 1. The sight of skyscrapers towering against the sky always
GRAMMAR

Learners Having Difficulty impresses me.

Sometimes students have trouble 1. towering against the sky—skyscrapers
seeing that a participial phrase func- 1. How are skyscrapers created, and what keeps them standing tall?
tions as an adjective in a sentence. 2. As the drawing shows, columns of steel or of concrete reinforced
Write the following pairs of sen-
with steel are sunk into bedrock beneath the building.
tences on the chalkboard, and have
3. If a layer of rock isn’t present, these columns are sunk into a thick
students compare how participles are
used in them. Be sure to explain that
concrete pad spread across the bottom of.a deep basement.
the participle in each pair modifies 4. From this foundation rises a steel skeleton, supporting the walls
the same word. and floors.
5. This cutaway drawing shows how this skeleton, covered with a
1. The confused contestant failed to “skin” of.glass and metal, becomes a safe working and living space
answer in time.
for people.
Confused by the tricky question, the 6. This method of building, first developed in the United States, is
contestant failed to answer in time. used now in many other places in the world.
2. The damaged boat rocked wildly. 7. Chicago, nearly destroyed by fire in 1871, was later rebuilt with
innovative designs.
Damaged by the storm, the boat 8. The first skyscraper constructed on a metal frame was built there
rocked wildly. during this period.
9. Architects, using the latest materials, were glad to design in
new ways.
EXTENSION 10. Chicago, known as the site of.the original 10-story skyscraper,
now is home to the 110-story Sears Tower.
Relating to Writing
To extend students’ experience using
verbals, ask them to write descriptive
Review D Identifying Participles and Participial
paragraphs about a journey from Phrases
one place to another. The paragraphs HELP Identify the participial phrases and participles that are used as adjec-
may describe a real event, such as tives in the following sentences. Then, give the words they modify.
Some sentences
taking the wrong bus home from in Review D contain more EXAMPLE 1. Cats, known for their pride and independence, are
school or traveling on a family vaca- than one participle or supposedly hard to train.
tion, or an imaginary account of a participial phrase.
1. known for their pride and independence—Cats
fictional character’s adventure.
Instruct students to use participles 1. One day I was giving Chops, my spoiled cat, treats.
and participial phrases to add detail 2. Standing on her hind legs, she reached up with her paw.
and give variety to their sentences. 3. Chops, grabbing for my fingers, tried to bring the tasty morsel closer.

80 Chapter 3 The Phrase

Usage
Misplaced Modifiers. Remind students horizon, the scientists viewed the full
that participles, like adjectives, must be moon. [The scientists viewed the full
placed near the words they modify. A par- moon rising above the horizon.] A volun-
ticiple placed by the wrong word is called a teer might draw cartoon-style illustrations
misplaced modifier. of both the sentence with the misplaced
Have students try to correct the follow- modifier and the corrected version.
ing misplaced modifier: Rising above the
80 The Phrase
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3
h, i
3
4. Pulling my hand back a little, I tugged gently on her curved paw, h
and she stepped forward.
5. Praising my clever cat, I immediately gave her two treats.
6. The next time I held a treat up high, Chops, puzzled but eager,
repeated the grab-and-step movement.

GRAMMAR
7. Soon Chops was taking steps toward treats held out of.her reach.
8. I now have an educated cat who can walk on two legs.
9. Grabbing the treats and gobbling them down, she has learned that
certain moves always get her a snack.
10. Sometimes after Chops has had her treat, she just sits and looks at
me, no doubt thinking that humans are truly a strange bunch!

The Gerund and the

The Gerund Gerund Phrase
3h. A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a Rules 3h, i (pp. 81–84)
noun. OBJECTIVES
Like other nouns, gerunds are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, ■ To identify and classify gerunds
direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.
■ To identify and classify gerund
EXAMPLES The dancing was fun. [subject] phrases
My favorite part of the show was his juggling. [predicate
nominative]
DIFFERENTIATING
Shauna tried climbing faster. [direct object] INSTRUCTION
Give winning the game your best. [indirect object]
English-Language Learners
We worked better after resting. [object of a preposition] General Strategies. Before intro-
ducing the gerund, you may want to
Like other nouns, gerunds may be modified by adjectives and
review the basic functions of nouns.
adjective phrases. Remind students of the following
EXAMPLES We listened to the beautiful singing of the famous points:
soprano. [The article the, the adjective beautiful, and the
adjective phrase of the famous soprano modify the gerund • A subject is the main part of a
singing. Singing is used as the object of the preposition to.] sentence or a clause and must
have a predicate; it is the doer
The Mallorys enjoy talking about their vacation. [The of the action.
adjective phrase about their vacation modifies the gerund
talking, which is the direct object of the verb enjoy.] • A predicate nominative is usually
placed after a linking verb and
The harsh clacking of the tappets alerted us to a serious
explains or identifies the subject.
problem in the car’s engine. [The article The, the adjective
harsh, and the adjective phrase of the tappets modify the • A direct object answers the ques-
gerund clacking.] tion what or whom after the verb.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 81

RESOURCES
The Gerund and the Gerund Phrase
Practice
■ Language & Sentence Skills Practice, pp. 69–72
Differentiating Instruction
■ Developmental Language & Sentence Skills, pp. 45–46

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 81

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Like verbs, gerunds may also be modified by adverbs and adverb

phrases.
EXAMPLES Reading widely is one way to acquire judgment, maturity,
DIRECT TEACHING and a good education. [The gerund Reading is the subject of
the verb is. The adverb widely modifies the gerund Reading.]
GRAMMAR

Modeling and Floating lazily in the pool is my favorite summer pastime.

Demonstration [The gerund Floating is used as the subject of the sentence.
The Gerund and the Gerund It is modified by the adverb lazily (telling how) and also by
Phrase. Model how to identify and the adverb phrase in the pool (telling where).]
classify gerunds by using the example
Brandywine likes galloping briskly on a cold morning.
Swimming is my second-favorite
[The gerund galloping is the direct object of the verb likes.
sport, after cycling. First, ask which
The adverb briskly (telling how) and the adverb phrase on a
word is the main verb. [is] Next, ask cold morning (telling when) both modify galloping.]
which words in the example are ver-
bals. [swimming, cycling] Then, ask Gerunds, like present participles, end in –ing. To be a gerund, a
what the subject of the sentence is. verbal must be used as a noun. In the following sentence, three words
[swimming] Explain that swimming is end in –ing, but only one of them is a gerund.
a gerund because it is a verbal acting
as a noun. Ask if cycling is also a EXAMPLE Circling the runway, the pilot was preparing for landing.
gerund in this sentence. [yes] Point [Circling is a present participle modifying pilot. Preparing is
part of the verb phrase was preparing. Only landing, used as
out that, like a noun, cycling acts as
the object of the preposition for, is a gerund.]
the object of the preposition after.
Now, have a volunteer use another
example from this chapter to demon- Exercise 6 Identifying and Classifying Gerunds
strate how to identify and classify
gerunds. Identify each gerund in the following sentences. Then, write how each
is used: as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, or an object
of a preposition.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1. Instead of driving, let’s walk.

1. driving—object of a preposition

Gerunds 1. subj. 1. Her laughing attracted my attention.

Divide the class into four teams, and 2. o.p. 2. By studying, you can improve your grades.
assign each team one of these four 3. d.o. 3. Why did the birds stop chirping?
categories: subject, predicate nomi- 4. subj. 4. Writing in my journal has helped me understand myself better.
native, direct object, and object of a 5. d.o. 5. Smiling, Dad said that we would all go to a movie when we had
preposition. finished the cleaning.
Write the following gerunds on the 6. p.n. 6. What Joseph liked best was hiking to the peak.
chalkboard: 7. o.p. 7. Before leaving the beach, we sat and watched the fading light.
8. d.o. 8. Yesterday, Mrs. Jacobs was discussing having a garage sale.
asking leaping swinging 9. p.n. 9. One of Alvin’s bad habits is boasting.
diving marching tumbling
10. o.p. 10. Without knocking, the crying child threw open the door.
flying skipping twirling
Ask each team to write sentences
using these gerunds according to the 82 Chapter 3 The Phrase
team’s designation (the subject team
will use the gerunds only as subjects,
and so on). Allow a time limit of fif-
teen minutes, and then have teams
share their sentences with the rest of
the class.

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3
The Gerund Phrase i

3i. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and any modifiers or

complements the gerund has. The entire phrase is used as a noun.
DIFFERENTIATING
STYLE TIP INSTRUCTION
EXAMPLES The gentle pattering of the rain was a welcome sound.

GRAMMAR
A noun or a pronoun that
[The gerund phrase is the subject of the sentence. The comes before a gerund Learners Having Difficulty
gerund pattering is modified by the article The, the adjective should be in the possessive Provide pieces of construction paper,
gentle, and the prepositional phrase of the rain. Notice form.
glue sticks, and strips of brown, red,
that the modifiers preceding the gerund are included in EXAMPLES
the gerund phrase.]
blue, green, and yellow paper. Tell
My playing the radio students they will be using the art
loudly is a bad habit.
I feared skiing down the mountain alone. [The gerund materials to color-code sentence
phrase is used as the object of the verb feared. The gerund Ed’s constant TV watch- parts and prepositional phrases. Tell
skiing is modified by the prepositional phrase down the ing interferes with our students to begin by finding the verb
mountain and by the adverb alone.] studying.
in the first sentence of Exercise 7 and
My dog’s favorite game is bringing me the newspaper. writing it on a strip of brown paper.
[The gerund phrase is used as a predicate nominative. The Then, assign red to subjects, blue to
gerund bringing has a direct object, newspaper, and an direct objects, yellow to predicate
indirect object, me.] nominatives, and green to preposi-
tional phrases. Ask students to re-
Evelyn Ashford won a gold medal for running the
create these portions of the
100-meter dash. [The gerund phrase is the object of the
sentences by writing the words on
preposition for. The gerund running has a direct object,
dash.]
appropriate strips, arranging the
strips on the construction paper, and
gluing them into place. Students may
want to write the missing parts of
Exercise 7 Identifying and Classifying Gerund the sentences in the appropriate
Phrases places using a standard lead pencil.
Find the gerund phrases in the following sentences. Then, tell how
each phrase is used: as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, HELP
or an object of a preposition.
Sentences in
EXAMPLE 1. My favorite hunting trophies are the ones I get by Exercise 7 may contain
photographing wild animals. more than one
1. photographing wild animals—object of a preposition gerund phrase.

1. Exciting and challenging, wildlife photography is surprisingly

similar to pursuing prey on a hunt. 1. o.p.
2. In both activities, knowing the animals’. habits.and habitats is vital
to success. 2. subj.
3. Scouting out locations is important to both the hunter and the
nature photographer. 3. subj.
4. This preparation gives you time for figuring out the best natural
light for photography. 4. o.p.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 83

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5. Other important skills are being quiet and keeping your aim
very steady. 5. p.n./p.n. 6. d.o.
DIFFERENTIATING 6. In photography, you must also consider choosing the correct film.
INSTRUCTION 7. Photographers often like taking pictures of.animals feeding near
ponds and rivers. 7. d.o.
GRAMMAR

Advanced Learners 8. Setting up a tripod and camera in underbrush nearby is a way to

You may give advanced students be ready when the animals come. 8. subj.
revision practice by asking them to 9. Advance preparation often makes the difference between getting
rewrite a sentence in two ways, once good pictures and getting great ones. 9. o.p./o.p.
with a present participle and once 10. Your patience and skill are rewarded when you “capture” a wild
with a gerund. creature without scaring it. 10. o.p.
Here are two sentences you
might use:
Review E Identifying and Classifying Gerunds
1. Dad is preparing tonight’s dinner.
and Gerund Phrases
[Possible revisions: We could hear Identify the gerunds or gerund phrases in the following sentences.
Dad preparing tonight’s dinner. Then, tell how each is used: as a subject, a predicate nominative, a
(Part.) Preparing tonight’s dinner
direct object, or an object of a preposition.
was Dad’s idea. (Ger.)]
EXAMPLE 1. Drawing a good caricature is hard to do.
2. His first priority is to prepare for
1. Drawing a good caricature—subject
final exams.
1. A caricature is a picture, usually of a person, that draws attention
[Possible revisions: Preparing for
to key features by emphasizing them. 1. o.p.
final exams, he saw grades as his 2. d.o.
first priority. (Part.) Preparing for 2. Usually, caricature artists enjoy poking fun at famous people.
final exams is his first priority. (Ger.)] 3. Looking at caricatures is an entertaining way to capture the “feel”
of a historical period. 3. subj. 4. d.o.
Challenge students to show their 4. No one looking at this sketch of Teddy Roosevelt can help smiling.
flexibility with language by finding 5. The artist began by simplifying the shape of.his subject’s head.
and rewriting other sentences.
6. Then he started outlining the temples and round cheeks with bold
strokes of.his pen. 6. d.o. 5. o.p.
7. As you probably realize, magnifying reality is very important to
good caricature. 7. subj.
8. By enlarging Roosevelt’s engaging grin and bristly mustache, the
artist emphasizes these features and suggests Roosevelt’s energetic,
outgoing personality. 8. o.p. 9. o.p.
9. The artist also uses his subject’s narrowed eyes and oval glasses for
comic effect by drawing them closer together than they really were.
10. Exaggerating Roosevelt’s features has resulted in an amusing but
unmistakable likeness. 10. subj.

84 Chapter 3 The Phrase

84 The Phrase
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3
j, k
3
The Infinitive j

3j. An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an

adjective, or an adverb. Most infinitives begin with to.
The Infinitive and
the Infinitive Phrase

GRAMMAR
Infinitives can be used as nouns. STYLE TIP Rules 3j, k (pp. 85–89)
EXAMPLES To fly is glorious. [To fly is the subject of the sentence.] A split infinitive occurs
OBJECTIVES
when a word is placed
Brandon wanted to work on the play. [To work is the object between the sign of the ■ To identify and classify infinitives
of the verb wanted.] infinitive, to, and the base
form of a verb. Although ■ To identify and classify infinitive
Infinitives can be used as adjectives. split infinitives are com- phrases
mon in informal speaking
EXAMPLES The place to visit is Williamsburg. [To visit modifies the
and writing, you should
noun place.]
avoid using them in formal
situations.
DIFFERENTIATING
That record was the one to beat. [To beat modifies the
pronoun one.]
INSTRUCTION
SPLIT
The bear seemed to English-Language Learners
Infinitives also can be used as adverbs. suddenly appear from
the shadows. Spanish and French. Point out to
EXAMPLES Sabina jumped to look. [To look modifies the verb jumped.] students that in Spanish the infinitive
REVISED
Ready to go, we soon loaded the car. [To go modifies the ends in –ar, –er, or –ir (for example,
The bear seemed to
adjective Ready.] appear suddenly from
hablar, vender, partir); in French, it
the shadows. ends in –er, –ir, –oir, or –re (for exam-
N O T E To plus a noun or a pronoun (to school, to him, to the beach) is a ple, aimer, finir, recevoir, rompre).
prepositional phrase, not an infinitive. Reference Note
For more about
prepositional phrases,
Exercise 8 Identifying and Classifying Infinitives see page 70.
EXTENSION
Identify the infinitives in the following sentences. Then, tell how each
infinitive is used: as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Relating to Literature
If your literature textbook contains
EXAMPLE 1. I would like to help you.
the poem “At Woodward’s Gardens”
1. to help—noun by Robert Frost, have students read
1. Tamisha’s ambition is to teach. 1. n. it. Ask them to identify the six infini-
2. To persist can sometimes be a sign of stubbornness. 2. n. C OM P U T E R T I P tives that include to. Ask students
what the effect of the infinitive form
3. Chen has learned to tap dance. 3. n. Some software programs
is. [The infinitive form helps sustain
4. I am happy to oblige. 4. adv. can identify and highlight
split infinitives in a docu- the rhythm of the poem, giving it
5. An easy way to win at tennis does not exist. 5. adj. movement and vitality.]
ment. Using such a feature
6. We need to weed the garden soon. 6. n. 7. adv. will help you eliminate split
7. The hockey team went to Coach Norton’s house to study last night. infinitives from your formal
8. We met at the lake to swim. 8. adv. 9. adj. writing.
9. That is not the correct amount of paper to order for this project.
10. According to the map, the road to take is the one to the left. 10. adj.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 85

RESOURCES
The Infinitive and the Infinitive Phrase
Practice
■ Language & Sentence Skills Practice, pp. 73–77
Differentiating Instruction
■ Developmental Language & Sentence Skills, pp. 47–48

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 85

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The Infinitive with to Omitted

EXTENSION
TIPS & TRICKS
To find out if an infinitive
Sometimes the sign of the infinitive, to, is omitted in a sentence.
EXAMPLES She’s done all her chores except [to] feed the cat.
phrase is being used as a
I’ll help you [to] pack.
GRAMMAR

noun, replace the phrase

Critical Thinking with what. The dogs like to roam in the field and [to] chase rabbits.
Analysis. To help students become Fuel injection helps cars [to] run better and [to] last longer.
EXAMPLES
familiar with some English-language
To fix an air conditioner
patterns, have them use the follow- is my next project. [What
ing sentences to fill in a three- is my next project? To fix The Infinitive Phrase
column chart like the one below. an air conditioner is my
next project. The infini- 3k. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and any modi-
I enjoy swimming. tive is a noun.] fiers or complements the infinitive has. The entire phrase can be
I need to work.
In New York, we went to used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
see Gramercy Park. [We
VERB DIRECT OBJECT VERBAL EXAMPLES To make tamales quickly was hard. [The infinitive phrase
went what? This question
is used as a noun, as the subject of the sentence. The
enjoy swimming gerund makes no sense. The
infinitive is not a noun.
infinitive has a direct object, tamales, and is modified by
need to work infinitive It is used as an adverb the adverb quickly and by the predicate adjective hard.]
modifying the verb went.] Chris is the player to watch in the next game. [The
Have students add to the chart by infinitive phrase is used as an adjective modifying the
writing their own sentences using predicate nominative player. The infinitive is modified by
enjoy and need. Ask students to the adverb phrase in the next game.]
try forming a generalization about
the types of verbals that will follow We are eager to finish this project. [The infinitive phrase
these verbs. [After some practice, is used as an adverb modifying the predicate adjective eager.
The infinitive has a direct object, project.]
students should realize that enjoy
is followed by a gerund and need NOTE An infinitive may have a subject. An infinitive clause consists of
by an infinitive.]
an infinitive with a subject and any modifiers and complements of the
Then, tell students that in general, infinitive. The entire infinitive clause functions as a noun.
verbs that involve a future action
EXAMPLES I wanted him to help me with my algebra. [The entire
will be followed by an infinitive,
infinitive clause is the direct object of the verb wanted. Him
while verbs that involve the comple- is the subject of the infinitive to help. The infinitive to help
tion of an action will take a gerund. has a direct object, me, and is modified by the adverb phrase
Some examples of verbs that usually with my algebra.]
go with infinitives are want, plan,
expect, and ask. Verbs such as avoid, Would Uncle Jim like us to clear the brush in the
finish, deny, and admit most often backyard? [The entire infinitive clause is the direct object
of the verb Would like. Us is the subject of the infinitive to
have gerunds following them.
clear. The infinitive to clear has a direct object, brush, which
Students might want to make two is modified by the adjective phrase in the backyard.]
new charts, one for verbs and infini-
tives and one for verbs and gerunds, Notice that a pronoun that functions as the subject of an infini-
and complete them using combina- tive clause is in the objective case.
tions of the verbs above and appro-
priate verbals.
86 Chapter 3 The Phrase

Having a Conversation. To show stu- on a topic that interests all the group
dents that verbals are a part of their every- members. Each group should choose a
day lives, ask them to have a conversation topic, such as sports, movies, school activi-
and analyze it. Divide the class into groups ties, or hobbies, on which they can have an
of four or five students with like interests informal conversation. Ask students to talk
so that each group can have a conversation together for five to ten minutes and to

86 The Phrase
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3
Exercise 9 Identifying and Classifying Infinitives and k
Infinitive Phrases
Identify the infinitives and infinitive phrases in the following sen- HELP Exercise 9
tences. After each, tell whether it is used as a noun, an adjective, or The sign of the DISTRIBUTED REVIEW

GRAMMAR
an adverb. infinitive, to, is sometimes Ask students to find the following
omitted. Also, a sentence sentence parts in the designated
EXAMPLE 1. Scott is the person to elect.
in Exercise 9 may contain sentences.
1. to elect—adjective more than one infinitive
1. To dance gracefully requires coordination. 1. n.
or infinitive phrase. 1. complete subject [To dance
gracefully]
2. Raymond wanted to join the team. 2. n.
3. Sandy needs to study. 3. n. 2. direct object [to join the team]
4. I’m going to the pond to fish. 4. adv.
5. predicate nominative [to exercise
5. A good way to stay healthy is to exercise often. 5. adj./n. often]
6. After our long vacation, we needed to get.back in training. 6. n.
7. The best way to get.there is to take the bus. 7. adj./n.
8. Don’t you dare open that present before.your birthday. 8. n.
9. Juanita and Matt tried to find the perfect gift. 9. n.
10. He lives to swim and water-ski. 10. adv.

Exercise 10 Identifying and Classifying Infinitive

Phrases
Identify the infinitive phrases in the following sentences. Then, tell HELP
how each phrase is used: as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. In Exercise 10
EXAMPLE 1. To create a miracle fabric was the aim of the chemist the sign of the infinitive,
Joe Shivers. to, is sometimes omitted.
1. To create a miracle fabric—noun

1. He succeeded with spandex, and athletes of all shapes and sizes 1. n.

have learned to appreciate.the qualities of.his “power cloth.”
2. This material has the ability to stretch and snap back into shape. 2. adj.
3. Its sleek fit lessens friction to give the wearer faster movement 3. adv.
through air.or water.
4. Its slick surface makes an athlete such as a wrestler hard to hold. 4. adv.
5. To say that spandex has athletes covered is not stretching the truth. 5. n.
6. Spandex is just one of many synthetic fibers to meet today’s fash- 6. adj.
ion needs.
7. Nylon was the first synthetic; it originally was made to take the 7. adv.
place of.silk in women’s garments.
8. To replace silk was also the purpose of rayon, another early, low- 8. n.
priced synthetic.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 87

tape-record their conversations. sentences with verbals. Once all the sen-
Next, have them play their conversations tences with verbals are listed, ask students
back slowly, stopping frequently to note to study the verbals in context and identify
the sentences used and to write down all them as participles, gerunds, or infinitives.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases 87

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9. Polyester, developed later, often is combined with natural fibers to

reduce wrinkling. 9. adv.
10. To distinguish synthetic fibers (most made from plastic) from
natural fibers is not easy. 10. n.
GRAMMAR

Review F Identifying Infinitives and Infinitive

Phrases
HELP Identify the infinitives and infinitive phrases in the following
In Review F, paragraph.
the sign of the EXAMPLE [1] Laurel and Hardy are a comic team to remember.
infinitive, to, is
1. to remember
sometimes omitted.
[1] Together, Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy have made millions of
moviegoers laugh. [2] In their day, to be funny in the movies required
the use of body language. [3] Both of them were geniuses in their abil-
ity to keep audiences laughing. [4] For his famous head scratch, Stan
grew his hair long so that he could scratch and pull it to make a comic
mess. [5] Stan also developed a hilarious cry that he used to show his
character’s childish nature. [6] He would shut his eyes tightly, pinch up
his face, and begin to wail. [7] Ollie, too, had an uncanny ability to cre-
ate his own distinctive mannerisms. [8] For example, he was known for
the long-suffering look he used to express frustration. [9] He would
also waggle his tie at a person he and Stan had managed to offend and
then start giggling nervously. [10] Ollie’s intent was to make the person
less angry, but his gesture usually had the opposite effect.

Review G Identifying and Classifying Verbals and

Verbal Phrases
Identify each verbal or.verbal phrase in the following paragraph as a
participle, participial phrase, gerund, gerund phrase, infinitive, infinitive
phrase, or as a part of an infinitive clause.
Review G Identifying
EXAMPLE [1] Building the railroad across the United States in the late
and Classifying Verbals and
1800s required thousands of workers.
Verbal Phrases
1. Building the railroad across the United States in the late
ANSWERS 1800s—gerund phrase
1. inf. cl. [1] The government commissioned two companies to build rail-
2. part. phr. way tracks between Omaha,.Nebraska,.and Sacramento,.California.
[2] Building eastward from Sacramento, the Central Pacific Railroad
relied on Chinese workers. [3] One fourth of the Chinese immigrants

88 Chapter 3 The Phrase

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3
l, m
3
in the United States in 1868 helped with laying the track. l, m
[4] The terrain was difficult to cover, but the laborers
rose to the challenge. [5] Known for their dependability,
Review G Identifying
the Chinese were strong workers. [6] Complaining was
and Classifying Verbals and
a problem with some workers, but seldom with Chinese

GRAMMAR
Verbal Phrases
laborers. [7] It was often necessary to blow up parts of
mountains, and the Chinese workers became experts at ANSWERS continued
this task. [8] Chinese and Irish workers set a record on 3. ger. phr.
April 28, 1869, by spiking ten miles and fifty-six feet of 4. inf.
track in twelve.hours. [9] The railroad company divided
5. part. phr.
the Chinese immigrants into working groups, or gangs,
each with twelve to twenty men. [10] Keeping many of 6. ger.
their traditional ways, Chinese workers ate food that was 7. inf. phr.
shipped to them from San Francisco’s Chinatown. 8. ger. phr.
9. part.
10. part. phr.
Appositives and Appositive
Phrases Appositives and
3l. An appositive is a noun or a pronoun placed beside another Appositive Phrases
noun or pronoun to identify or describe it. Rules 3l, m (pp. 89–92)
EXAMPLES The sculptor Isamu Noguchi has designed sculpture OBJECTIVE
gardens. [The appositive Isamu Noguchi identifies the
■ To identify appositives and
noun sculptor.]
appositive phrases in sentences
Eric, a talented musician, plans to study in Europe. [The
appositive musician describes the noun Eric.]

Those, the ones on the right, are on sale. [The appositive DIRECT TEACHING
ones identifies the pronoun Those.]

3m. An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and any Modeling and

modifiers it has. Demonstration
EXAMPLES Lucy Sánchez, my longtime friend from my old neigh- Identifying Appositives. Model
borhood, has a new Scottish terrier. how to identify appositives by using
the example The sculptor Isamu
Dr. Jackson has a degree in entomology, the scientific Noguchi designed sculpture gardens.
study of insects. First, identify the nouns and pronouns.
N O T E Sometimes, an appositive phrase precedes the noun or pronoun [sculptor, Isamu Noguchi, garden]
Next, ask if any of the nouns are next
to which it refers. to each other. [sculptor and Isamu
EXAMPLE The terror of our block, little Anthony was on the rampage. Noguchi] Then, ask if sculptor and
Isamu Noguchi refer to the same
person. [yes] Explain to students that
Appositives and Appositive Phrases 89 Isamu Noguchi is an appositive iden-
tifying sculptor. Now, have a volun-
teer use another example in this
chapter to demonstrate how to
RESOURCES identify an appositive.
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
Practice
■ Language & Sentence Skills Practice, pp. 78–80
Differentiating Instruction
■ Developmental Language & Sentence Skills, pp. 49–50

Appositives and Appositive Phrases 89

CA_GUM_Hbk_ATE09_P1_C03_068-095 12/11/01 11:26 AM Page 90

Reference Note Appositives and appositive phrases that are not essential to the
For more about essential meaning of the sentence are set off by commas. If the appositive is
and nonessential essential to the meaning, it is generally not set off by commas.
phrases, see page 276.
EXAMPLES My teacher, Mr. Byrd, trains parrots. [The writer has only
one teacher. The appositive is not necessary to identify the
GRAMMAR

teacher. Because the information is nonessential, it is set off

by commas.]

My teacher Mr. Byrd trains parrots. [The writer has more

than one teacher. The appositive is necessary to tell which
teacher is meant. Because this information is essential to
the meaning of the sentence, it is not set off by commas.]

NOTE Commas are generally used with appositives that refer to

proper nouns.
EXAMPLE Linda, the editor, assigned the story.

However, a word or phrase that is commonly accepted as part of

a person’s name or title is not set off by a comma.
EXAMPLE The Roman Army defeated Attila the Hun in A.D. 451.

Exercise 11 Identifying Appositives and Appositive

Phrases
HELP Identify the appositives and appositive phrases in the following
A sentence sentences. Then, give the noun or pronoun that each appositive or
in Exercise 11 appositive phrase identifies or describes.
may contain more
than one appositive EXAMPLE 1. I usually write haiku, poems in a traditional Japanese
or appositive phrase. form.
1. poems in a traditional Japanese form—haiku

1. Our community has a new organization, a writers’ club called

Writers, Inc.
2. Marquita Wiley, a college.instructor, started the group at the
request of former students.
3. A published author, she conducts the meetings as workshops.
4. The writers meet to read their works in progress, fiction or poetry,
and to discuss suggestions for improvement.
5. The members, people from all walks of life, have varied interests.
6. A mechanic.by trade, J. D..Ellis writes funny poems about his
hobby, bird-watching.
7. My friend Lusita just had a short story about her people, the Zuni,
published in a national magazine.

90 Chapter 3 The Phrase

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8. Next week, we’ll meet at our regular time, 3:30 P.M.

9. Our guest speaker is Pat Mora, a Mexican American poet whose
work emphasizes harmony between cultures.
10. Have you read her poem “Bribe”?

GRAMMAR
Review H Identifying Verbal Phrases and Appositive
Phrases
Find the verbal phrases and appositive phrases in the following sen- HELP
tences. Identify each phrase as a participial phrase, a gerund phrase, an A sentence in PRACTICE
infinitive phrase, or an appositive phrase. Review H may
contain more than one
EXAMPLE 1. Automobiles have been partly responsible for drastically Guided and Independent
verbal or appositive phrase.
changing life in the twentieth century.
1. drastically changing life in the twentieth century—
Review H You may wish to
gerund phrase use the first five items of Review H
as guided practice. Then, have stu-
1. Developing the automobile was actually the creative work of many dents complete the review as inde-
people, but Henry Ford deservedly receives much credit. 1. g.p. pendent practice.
2. Ford’s company, using an assembly line and interchangeable parts, HOMEWORK
first produced the Model T in 1909. 2. p.p.
3. Many people in the early 1900s wanted to buy cars because.of.their
low prices and novelty. 3. i.p.
4. By giving people an alternative to mass transit,
DIFFERENTIATING
INSTRUCTION
automobiles did much to change the social and
business scene of.the United States. 4. g.p./i.p. Learners Having Difficulty
5. No longer dependent on streetcars and trains, To help students who may be having
the first motorists used automobiles for going difficulty with appositives, first review
on recreational and family trips. 5. g.p. the use of commas with appositives,
6. Clearly overjoyed with their vehicles, many using examples from Review H. Then,
Americans regarded automobiles as necessities have students write the following
by the 1920s. 6. p.p. sentences on strips of white paper,
7. One writer, a famous historian, noted that and have them write the appositives
the automobile industry led to such new on strips of yellow paper.
businesses as gas stations, repair garages, tire SENTENCES
companies, and motels. 7. a.p. 1. Jose wrote a paper about George
8. To get a clear idea of.changes in automobile designs over the years, Washington.
look at the picture to the right. 8. i.p.
2. Lasagna was served for dinner.
9. The photo shows Henry Ford, looking contented and proud, in
his first car. 9. p.p. 3. California has over 800 miles of
10. What are some of the main differences between Ford’s car, one of coastline.
the most advanced vehicles of its day, and modern cars? 10. a.p. 4. Toni Morrison has written a new
book.

Appositives and Appositive Phrases 91 APPOSITIVES

the second-largest state on the
Pacific coast
an Italian food
a general and president
a famous author
Have students cut apart each sen-
tence and insert an appositive where
it makes sense, using commas where
required.

Appositives and Appositive Phrases 91

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Review I Writing Appropriate Phrases

HELP Rewrite each of the following sentences, supplying an appropriate
Review I prepositional, verbal, or appositive phrase to fill in the blank. Use each
Although sev-
Writing Appropriate Phrases eral possible answers are type of phrase at least twice. Identify each phrase you use as preposi-
GRAMMAR

given in the example in tional, participial, infinitive, gerund, or appositive.

POSSIBLE ANSWERS
Review I, you need to
1. of the oranges—prep. write only one sentence EXAMPLE 1. We have room for only a single passenger .

2. to the music—prep. for each item. 1. We have room for only a single passenger weighing less
than one hundred fifty pounds. — participial
3. my former football coach—appos.
or
4. to see the Mayan ruins—inf. We have room for only a single passenger in the boat.
5. Forgotten in the rush—part. — prepositional
6. in the mud—prep. or
7. Exercising every day—ger. We have room for only a single passenger, a small one!
— appositive
8. from the reservation—prep.
or
9. To win the championship—inf.
We have room for only a single passenger to come
10. shown in the catalog—part. aboard. — infinitive
11. hanging at the window—part.
1. Only one was left on the plate.
12. in the basket—prep. 2. Joyfully, she danced .
13. from the oven—prep. 3. Richard, , is moving back to the town!
14. An inline six-cylinder—appos. 4. During the whole trip to Mexico, her goal was .
15. struggling to keep up—part. 5. , the new computer still sat in boxes on the floor.
6. At the bottom of the river, a huge old catfish lay .
16. a well-known radio personality
7. made them strong enough for the race.
—appos.
8. Navajo dancers stepped lightly into the open circle.
17. waiting to see Dr. Patel—part.
9. became their goal for the rest of the year.
18. To pass the exam—inf. 10. All the clothes had been made in the United States.
19. in Ms. Walter’s class—prep. 11. The lace curtains were not for sale.
20. Observing a strict diet—ger. 12. Are these puppies all yours?
13. What a marvelous aroma is rising !
14. , the engine finally started.
15. With a glance at the other runners , Gretchen pulled ahead.
16. Bill Briggs, , greeted the enthusiastic fans.
17. Everyone should move down one seat.
18. was the thought of each student in the class.
19. The children made mud pies.
20. gave them the endurance they needed.

92 Chapter 3 The Phrase

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CHAPTER

Chapter Review
ASSESSING
A. Identifying Phrases

GRAMMAR
In each of the following sentences, identify each italicized phrase as Monitoring Progress
prepositional, participial, gerund, infinitive, or appositive. Chapter Review. The Chapter
HELP
Review requires students to identify
1. Now I would like to tell you about my sister Alexandra. the different kinds of phrases within
In the Chapter 2. She likes arriving at school early. sentences. The results of this review
Review, if a phrase
3. By doing so, she can spend extra time preparing for her day. can be compared to those of the
contains a shorter
phrase, identify only 4. She will resort to anything to get to school early, including waking
Diagnostic Preview (pp. 68–69)
the longer phrase. to assess student progress.
me up, too.
Numerals in brackets 5. For example, when the beeping of my alarm woke me yesterday,
refer to rules tested the sky was as dark as night.
by items in the
6. I soon realized that Alexandra, a volunteer crossing guard at school,
Chapter Review. Chapter Review. Remind students
had adjusted the alarm.
1. inf. [3k, j] that a compound noun consists of two
7. It was, I could see, an occasion for applying my special technique. or more words used together as a sin-
2. ger. [3i, h]
8. Called my slow-motion technique, it always achieves the result I want. gle noun. Prepositional phrases need
3. ger. [3i, h]
9. I moved around the house as if I were underwater; Alexandra not be identified within compound
4. prep. [3b]
watched until she could stand it no longer. nouns such as American Museum of
5. ger. [3i, h] Natural History, lady-in-waiting, and
6. app. [3m, l] 10. Then, I moved faster; I certainly did not want to be late for school.
Stratford-on-Avon.
7. ger. [3i, h]
8. part. [3g, f] B. Identifying and Classifying Prepositional
9. prep. [3b] Phrases
10. inf. [3k, j]
Identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Identify
the word or words modified by each phrase. Then, state whether the
prepositional phrase is an adjective phrase or an adverb phrase.
11. adj. [3b, d] 11. A daily newspaper has something for almost everyone.
12. adv. [3b, e] 12. In addition to news, the paper offers entertainment, classified ads,
13. adv. [3b, e] and much more.
14. adv. [3b, e] 13. Our entire family reads the newspaper in the morning.
15. adj. [3b, d]
14. Dad always begins with the sports pages; Mom prefers the general news.
16. adj. [3b, d]
15. My sister’s favorite part of.the newspaper is the lifestyle section.
17. adj. [3b, d]
18. adj. [3b, d] 16. She enjoys features like “How-to Hints.”
17. I find the editorial and opinion pages interesting, especially when a
debate between two sides develops.
18. Sometimes I see the logic behind an argument.

Chapter Review 93

RESOURCES
The Phrase Assessment
Review ■ Progress
Holt Handbook
Assessment
Chapter
for the
TestsHolt
withHandbook,
Answer
Key,5–6
pp. pp. 5–6, 52
■ Language & Sentence Skills Practice,
pp. 81–83 ■ Test Generator
(One-Stop Planner CD-ROM)

Chapter Review 93
CA_GUM_Hbk_ATE09_P1_C03_068-095 12/11/01 11:31 AM Page 94

19. adv. [3b, e] 19. Other times I wonder why grown people argue about a trivial issue.
20. adj. [3b, d] 20. I also like to read news about local events.

C. Identifying Verbals
GRAMMAR

Identify each italicized verbal in the following sentences as a participle,

a gerund, or an infinitive.
21. inf. [3j] 21. Many amateur athletes want to earn medals for their abilities.
22. part. [3f(2)] 22. Enjoyed by people throughout history, amateur athletic competi-
23. ger. [3h] tions can be very beneficial.
24. inf. [3j] 23. Winning an event is only part of the reason athletes compete.
25. ger. [3h]
24. When talented amateurs compete to test their skills, they learn a
26. ger. [3h]
great deal about their sport.
27. part. [3f(2)]
25. In addition, the love of a sport, the best reason for entering into
28. ger. [3h]
competition, usually grows as an athlete’s performance improves.
29. part. [3f(1)]
30. inf. [3j] 26. Furthermore, sharing hard work with teammates leads a person to
appreciate cooperative efforts.
27. Competitions organized on many levels give amateur athletes a
motive for increased practice.
28. Participating in state, national, and international competitions is
important to many amateur athletes.
29. Wanting to be recognized for their talent, the athletes compete
against their peers in such events.
30. These competitions also provide athletes with opportunities to put
their abilities to the test.

D. Identifying Verbal Phrases

In each of the following sentences, identify the italicized verbal phrase
as a participial phrase, an infinitive phrase, or a gerund phrase.
31. ger. [3i, h] 31. Maxine gets her exercise by dancing for at least three hours a week.
32. inf. [3k, j] 32. Eddie likes to make pizza for his friends.
33. part. [3g, f(1)] 33. The mother baboon watched her infant eating a berry.
34. inf. [3k, j]
34. Yolanda went to get her book.
35. part. [3g, f(1)]
35. Is the man pushing the grocery cart an employee or a customer?

94 Chapter 3 The Phrase

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36. Winning the contest was a thrill for our cheerleaders. 36. ger. [3i, h]
37. I made a tote bag to hold my gym clothes. 37. inf. [3k, j]
38. Richard’s summer job is delivering groceries to the hospital. 38. ger. [3i, h]
39. ger. [3i, h] APPLICATION
39. Enzo Ferrari became famous by building fast and stylish cars.
40. ger. [3i, h]

GRAMMAR
40. Preparing for that play took quite a long time.
41. part. [3g, f(1)] Writing Application
41. Samantha overheard Tina and Sue talking about their vacation plans. 42. inf. [3k, j] Prewriting Tip. Brainstorm with
42. Prepare to run your fastest. 43. part. [3g, f(2)] students, and have them write as
43. Excited by the thought of the trip, we finished packing early. 44. ger. [3i, h] many hiding places as they can.
44. Koalas get most of their nutrition by eating eucalyptus leaves. 45. part. [3g, f(2)] Then, tell them to choose six of the
most appealing spots. Remind them
45. Tired of the noise outside, we closed the window.
of their youthful audience. Suggest
that students write their rough drafts
without being concerned about
Writing Application whether all the prepositional phrases
are included. Tell them that they can
Using Prepositional Phrases in a Game add the required phrases in the
revision stage.
Adjective and Adverb Phrases You are planning a treas-
ure hunt for a group of neighborhood children. The treasure hunt will Scoring Rubric. While you will want
include six stops for clues. For each clue, write a sentence containing at to pay particular attention to stu-
least one prepositional phrase. Use a combination of adjective and dents’ use of adjective and adverb
adverb phrases. phrases, you will also want to evalu-
ate overall writing performance. You
Prewriting First, think about your neighborhood and pick a good may want to give a split score to indi-
place to hide a treasure. Then, think of six places to hide clues. cate development and clarity of the
Writing Write a sentence giving a clue about each location. The composition as well as grammar skills.
final sentence should lead the children directly to the hidden treasure.
Revising Ask someone who is familiar with the area of the treasure
hunt to look over your clues. Revise any clues that are not clear. Be sure
that each clue contains at least one prepositional phrase and that you
have used both adjective and adverb phrases in your clues.
Publishing Check to be sure that your prepositional phrases are
properly placed. An adverb phrase may occur at various places in a sen-
tence. Proofread your sentences for correct capitalization and punctua-
tion. You may want to organize a treasure hunt for younger children in
your family or for children that you baby-sit.

Chapter Review 95

Chapter Review 95