937

APPENDIX
HISTORICAL REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS*
Kan-ichi YOKOYAMA and Reijiro KUBO
Research Institute for Theoretical Physics
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Hiroshima University, Tatehara, Hiroshima 725, Japan

Contents
Introduction
1. Construction of QED
1.1 Lorentz invariant formulation
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

1.2 CPT invariance

2. Problems on ultraviolet divergences
2.1 General renormalization theory
2.2 Feynman integral
2.3 BPHZ theory
3. Modification of the formalism
3.1 Gupta-Bleuler formalism and related problems
3.2 Kallen formalism and related problems
3.3 Gauge transformation
3.4 Covariant-gauge formalism and related problems
3.5 Indefinite metric
4. Problems on infrared divergences
4.1 Coherent state
4.2 Cancellation in perturbation theory
4.3 Extraction of phase factors
4.4 Other topics
5. Problems on the anomaly
5.1 Goto-Imamura-Schwinger term
5.2 The PCAC anomaly
6. Other topics
6.1 Low-energy theorems
6.2 Experiments
6.3 Magnetic monopoles
Bibliography
* Translated by R.Kubo from "Quantum Electrodynamics", New Series of Selected Papers
on Physics No. 55,(ed.K.Yokoyama) published by the Physical Society of Japan, under the
permission of the authors and the Physical Society of Japan.
 938

INTRODUCTION
In this Appendix we make a historical review of the development of quantum
electrodynamics(QED) on the basis of text books and articles which are collected as
Bibliography in the latter part of this review. We do not make a thorough historical
analysis of QED, but we restrict ourselves to discussing topics indicated in the table
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

of contents, since this review was originally written about a decade ago. In fact,
QED was almost established as a typical renormalizable quantum field theory by
the 1950's. We lay our emphasis upon earlier history of QED rather than its recent
development. Various important problems remained unsolved are also discussed.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

The authors would like to thank Professor T.Kinoshita for valuable comments.
In particular, they wish to thank Professor N.Nakanishi for critical reading the
manuscript and for useful suggestions. They are also greatly indebted to Miss
K.Kanda for typewriting the manuscript.

1. CONSTRUCTION OF QED

1.1 Lorentz Invariant Formulation

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) as a typical quantum field theory began with
the famous work by Dirac[l]. Important works in the pioneering era of QED are
found in [1-7]. Quantum field theory in a time-dependent canonical formalism
was established by Heisenberg and Pauli in [4,5]. Tomonaga[8] and Schwinger[12]
independently reformulated Heisenberg and Pauli's formalism in a Lorentz covariant
way. Tomonaga and Schwinger's theory was called the super-many-time theory. It
was applied to QED for the first time in [9,10]. Refs.[13-15] are a series of elaborate
works by Schwinger along the line of [12]. A Lorentz covariant framework of QED
was founded by Tomonaga and.Schwinger's works.

On the other hand, Feynman proposed the method of path integration in [16],
on the basis of which he formulated Feynman rules with Feynman diagrams[17,18].
Mathmatical foundation of Feynman's theory was established in [19-21]. Tomonaga,
Schwinger and Feynman's theories were dealt with in a unified way by Dyson in
[68, 69]. The notion of asymptotic fields is inevitable in view of the Heisenberg
 939

representation and it was shown in [22] that the notion of asymptotic fields actually
leads to the Yang-Feldman equation.

Bound state problems are investigated in [23,24]. In particular, it is shown in

[23] that Green's functions in the Heisenberg representation are given by solutions
to Gell-Mann and Low's equation. Refs.[25-37] have played important and funda­
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

mental roles in the development of the modern quantum field theory. Usefulness
of Green's functions is discussed in [29,30]. Construction of quantum field the­
ory by means of the variational principle was- attempted in a series of Schwinger's
works[31-37], in which invariance of the theory under Poincare group and the rela­
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

tion between spin and statistics are extensively investigated.

Various considerations together with interesting memoirs and episodes in the

development of QED are found in the Nobel lectures [38-40].

1.2 C P T Invariance
Invariance properties of physical quantities under discrete trnansformations
such as charge conjugation (C), space inversion (P) and time reversal (T), to­
gether with invariance under Lorentz transformation have been often discussed in
various stages of the development of QED. Considerations about these invariance
properties have eventually led us to the unified notion of the CPT theorem. Various
invariance properties are studied in [41-62]. In particular, Refs.[57-60] are extensive
review articles on invariance principles of physical laws.

2. P R O B L E M S ON ULTRAVIOLET D I V E R G E N C E S

2.1 General Re normalization Theory

The problem of ultraviolet divergence is regarded as an essential dificulty in
quantum field theory. One can not get around this difficulty in a Lorentz-covariant
framework of quantum field theory. The renormalization theory gives us a prescrip­
tion to find a finite result by a formal subtraction of the ultraviolet divergence.

On the basis of perturbation theory, Dyson [68,69] formulated renormalization

theory in a self-contained form in QED. Earlier works on renormalization theory
 940

in Japan on the basis of the Tomonaga theory are given in [63-67]. Wick's the­
orem appeared in [70]. An extension of Dyson's theory to the meson theory was
attempted by Matthews in [71-78]. The method of T*-product is introduced in [71]
for a Lagrangian which contains a derivative term. The Ward identity Zx = Zv
was derived in [80-82]. As a result of the Ward identity genuine divergent quantities
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

appearing in a S-matrix in QED are reduced to two quantities, that is, the selfmass
and charge of the electron.

The problem of overlapping divergences, owing to which it is impossible to

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

renormalize self-energies of the electron and photon by simply subtracting infinity

from calculated amplitudes was investigated in detail by Salam [83,84]. Bypass­
ing the difficulty of overlapping divergences, Ward [85,86] proposed an elegant way
to find renormalized physical quantities by extending the result obtained in [81].
This idea was induced by Ward's identity but Ward's identity itself is not neces­
sarily essential to guarantee renormalizability of a theory. Thus the prescription
for renormalization in perturbation theory was almost completed in QED, and it
was shown that elimination of divergences appearing in S-matrix is possible in each
order of perturbation expansion. Some further problems left to be studied are as
follows: (1) Is it also possible to eliminate divergences present in local quantities
such as Heisenberg operators? (2) How is the convergence property of perturbation
series after renormalization? These problems were studied by Dyson in [88-91], in
which it was shown in a skillful manner that if perturbation series converges after
renormalization then the answer to (1) is affirmative. However, the convergence
of a perturbation series is very questionable. As a consequence Dyson expressed a
pessimistic opinion to (2) in [92]. The convergence problem of perturbation series
still remains unsolved.

Conditions of renormalizability for various interaction forms of quantized fields

were investigated in [93,94]. It was shown in [95-98] that renormalization is also
possible in a way different from Dyson's. Ref.[98] is a review article of renormal­
ization theory. Refs.[93-103] built a road to the BPHZ theory. In Valatin's theory
[99-102] a limiting procedure for the space-time point was introduced so as to deal
with only renormalized quantities.
 941

An asymptotic behavior for a propagator at high energies was investigated by

Gell-Mann and Low in [104], in which they also investigated a relation between a
bare charge and renormalized one in order to gain an insight into applicability of
renorrnalization theory. Similar problems are studied in [105-117]. Gell-Mann and
Low's paper played an important role in the discovery of renorrnalization groups.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Works done in the Landau school are given in [109,112]. For a recent develop­
ment of renorrnalization groups, see a review article given in quantum field the­
ory III, New Series of Selected Papers on Physics JVo./<W,ed.K.Nishijima and
N.Nakanishi(Physical Society of Japan, 1975).
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

The Ward-Takahashi identity(WT) plays a very important role in quantum field

theory in view of invariance under gauge transformation. W T is a generalization
of the Ward identity. Logically, however, W T should have been discovered prior to
the Ward identity: One would obtains the Ward identity as a byproduct of WT.

Green [118] derived W T for the first time. Takahashi derived W T in a simplified
form in [120]. Various problems related to W T are dealt with in [121-130]. A general
formulation useful to study W T was demonstrated in [122-125]. Characteristic
properties of W T were discussed in [131,132],thereby the authors showing that
specific field equations and commutation relations are unnecessary to obtain WT.
Ref.[133] is an extensive review article on renorrnalization theory.

2.2 Feynman Integral

The theory of Feynman integrals began originally with Feynman's paper[18].
Feynman-parametric integrals were investigated to a great extent in [131-141]. A
graph-theoretical consideration was made in [141]. Analyticity property in the
Feynman integrals is investigated in detail in [142,143]. The Landau singularities
and problems on an anomalous threshold were dealt with in [144-151]. Analyt­
icity of an amplitude was most generally discussed in terms of duality diagrams
in [145,151,152]. Ref.[153] is a review article on integral representations of the
Feynman-parametric integrals. Subsequent studies on this problem are seen in
[154-159].Refs.[160-162] are extensive review articles on Feynman integrals. Some
further technical problems are discussed in [163,164].
 942

A proof of the power-counting theorem which was proposed by Dyson[69] is

given in [138]. A more rigorous proof is given in [165]. Refs.[166,167] give a proof
in the case in which four-momenta are Euclidean. Its extension to the case of
Minkowski metric is given in [168], The power-counting theorem is studied in a
more general case in [169,170]. An analytic regularization of Feynman integrals
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

was attempted in [161,171-174], in which finite parts of Feynman integrals were

extracted by applying the method of analytic continuation. The method of dimen­
sional regularization was developed in [175-179].

2.3 B P H Z Theory
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

An exact verification of the proposition that a renormalized Feynman integral

actually converges was originally given by Bogoliubov and Parasiuk [180]. Finding
some defects in their formulation, Hepp improved it and completed the proof [181].
Zimmermann[182] made similar consideration on the basis of Dyson's formalism.
Their theories are well known as the BPHZ theory.

A method of subtraction by means of usual differential calculus was developed

in [185], and in [186] renormalization was performed in terms of an integral rep­
resentation with parameters. More rigorous proofs of convergence are given in
[187,188]. Refs.[189-196] discuss how to extract renormalized quantities automati­
cally. Attempt at finding a prescription to eliminate ultraviollet divergences as well
as infrared divergences at the same time is done in [197-201]. Ref.[202] is useful to
see the present status of the BPHZ theory.

3. M O D I F I C A T I O N OF T H E FORMALISM
(INTRODUCTION OF INDEFINITE
M E T R I C A N D G A U G E PROBLEMS)

3.1 Gupta-Bleuler Formalism and Related Problems

When one attempts to quantize the classical electromagnetic field in a rela-
tivistically covariant way in the Lorentz gauge, it has been well known that the
Lorentz condition is incompatible with commutation relations between electromag­
netic fields. In this circumstance Fermi proposed a subsidiary condition, which
 943

imposes the Lorentz condition upon the physical states, as an equation defining the
physical states. This is called Fermi's subsidiary condition (FSC). Tomonaga [9],
Schwinger [12] and some other authors [152-156] investigated the method to acco-
modate FSC in the interaction representation. However, the contradiction between
FSC and commutation relations was by all means unavoidable. Gupta [209] was the
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

first to succeed in the Lorentz-covariant quantization of the electromagnetic field

in the Feynman gauge by introducing indefinite metric into a state-vector space
and proposing Gupta's subsidiary condition(GSC), which extracts the positive-
frequency part of FSC. Bleuler completed Gupta's method of quantization in [210].
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Refs.[203-208] discussed various problems on subsidiary conditions prior to Gupta.

The Gupta-Bleuler formalism was extensively applied to quantum field theory

in [213-218]. The reason why the Gupta-Bleuler formalism is most successful in
the covariant quantization of the electromagnetic field was clarified in [219-225]
on the basis of an axiomatic consideration. It is shown in [219] that introduc­
tion of indefinite metric is inevitable as far as the electromagnetic potential A^
satisfies DA„ = 0 in a manifestly covariant QED. The Maxwell equations do not
hold as they stands as operator equations in QED irrespective of whether there
exists the Lorentz condition or not. This fact was substantiated in [220-225] in
connection with the necessity of indefinite metric and GSC. Mathews,Seetharaman
and Simon[226] discussed the necessity of the indefinite metric on the basis of the
structure of a little group of the Poincare group.

GSC is investigated in detail in [227-232]. As a consequence it has become

clear that whatever formalism one adopts for QED should satisfy the following
facts:(l) The Maxwell equation does not hold as operator equations. However,(2)
The Maxwell equations are reproduced as equations of expectation values with
respect to physical states by introducing a subsidiary condition. (3) Introduction
of indefinite metric is indispensable. HalleT and Landovitz[228-230] discussed the
relation between GSC and the adiabatic asymptotic conditions as t —► oo, and they
showed that the formalism in the Feynman gauge and that in the Coulomb gauge
are equivalent to each other if one applies Bleuler's subsidiary condition to them
without adiabatic switching, though their claim was misleading[231,232].
 944

3.2 Kallen Formalism and Related Problems

Kallen [233] proposed a renormalized formalism of QED in the Feynman gauge
in which only renormaJized field operators appear as dynamical variables. This
formalism can be regarded as an extension of the Gupta-Bleuler Formalism, al­
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

though some new devices such as the K alien-Lehmann spectral representation are
incorporated in itself. In [234] Kallen claimed the impossibility of making all the
renormalization constants finite. However, some authors [236-238] pointed out that
K alien's proof was incorrect and that there are some other possibilities to get finite
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

renormalization constants. Rollnik, Stech and Nunnemann [239] showed in con­

nection with [233] that asymptotic fields for the Heisenberg operators A^ do not
satisfy canonical commutation relations as they stand [240]. Refs.[241-243] deal
with similar problems as in [233].

3.3 Gauge Transformation

We present papers which deal with problems on gauge invariance of the S-
matrix and related problems. The Landau-Khalatnikov gauge and the Fried-Yennie
gauge are introduced in [244] and in [245], respectively. The fact that Zx = Z2
is gauge-dependent was shown by Johnson and Zumino in [246], and that it be­
comes finite at 2nd order of perturbation theory in Landau gauge is shown in [247].
Ref.[248] gives a good review of gauge transformations.

A study to find out a gauge that makes Zx = Z2 finite at all orders of perturba­
tion theory was attempted by Bialynicki-Birula in [250]. Renormalized transition
probabilities are calculated in [255], by rigorously verifying gauge invariance of the
5-matrix. It is shown in [256] that renormalization procedure gives rise to a shift
in gauge generally. Some examples of noncovariant gauges are shown in [257-259].
Q-number gauge transformations are dealt with in [260-264].

3.4 Covariant-Gauge Formalism and Related Problems

It is not straightforward to derive the photon propagator from the operator for­
malism in covariant gauges other than the Feynman gauge. The photon propagator
depends on a gauge parameter, which had been introduced by hand into the prop­
agator because gauge invariance guarantees the gauge-parameter independence of
 945

the S-matrix.

Nakanishi [265,266] formulated quantum theory of electromagnetic fields in co-

variant gauges by introducing a dipole ghost. Independently, Lautrup [267] con­
structed a canonical formalism in covariant gauges. Lautrup did not introduce
a dipole ghost and as a consequence Lorentz covariance was not manifest in his
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

formalism. On the other hand, Nakanishi's formalism is not canonical but mani­
festly Lorentz covariant. However, field equations and commutation relations are
essencially equivalent in both formulations. Synthesizing these two, we obtain the
Nakanishi-Lautrup formalism (NL). For details, see Ref.(A) and [350]. The Gupta-
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Bleuler formalism is comprised in NL as a particular case of the Peynman gauge.

It should be remarked that it is inevitable to introduce a dipole ghost in any

covariant-gauge formalism except for that of the Feynman gauge. When a dipole
ghost exists, we can not use positive frequency parts of field operators to define
the vacuum properly. This difficulty is resolved in [268]. An asymptotic condition
in NL is studied in [270]. An auxiliary field is introduced as a Lagrange multiplier
in NL. Utiyama[271] was the first to apply this method to classical field theory by
extending canonical formalism. Quantum field theory using a Lagrange multiplie
is formulated also in [272]. NL is investigated from some different point of view in
[273-275].

If one takes two gauges which are different from each other, then one obtains
two distinct theories of QED corresponding to the two adopted gauges in NL, and it
is impossible to connect the two theories of QED by an appropriate gauge transfor­
mation without destroying Lorentz covariance. That is, two theories with different
gauges are inequivalent to each other.On the other hand, a gauge parameter is
renormalized and shifted by renormalization procedure in NL. As a consequence
renormalization gives rise to a gauge transformation, which, however, can not be
carried out in a manifestly covariant way except for the Landau gauge in NL.
This was pointed out by Nakanishi in [350]. If one restricts oneself to the case of
the Landau gauge, then there arises no trouble associated with renormalization.
However, this restriction leads us to a rigid formulation of QED, in which gauge
transformation does not play an important role.
 946

The problem underlying between gauge transformation and renormalization is

resolved to some extent in [276], in which a state space is extended by introducing
another dipole ghost, called gaugeon, in addition to the original one in NL. It should
be noted that all the gauges appearing in [276] are equivalent to one another. A
gauge structure is studied in this system in [277]. This covariant formalism is
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

applied to the case involving a neutral-vector field in [278-286].

As is well known, the propagator for the massive neutral vector field is singular
at the massless limit of the vector field in an ordinary sense. Up to that time there
existed no neutral vector field theory having a nonsingular massless limit,and hence
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

one can not apply Johnson's theorem naively to such vector field theories [304,305].
Also associated with the infrared divergence problem we did not have a sufficient
theoretical background which guaranteed introduction of a fictitious photon mass
in QED. It was also known that a neutral-vector field theory is unrenormalizable
unless a neutral vector field interacts only with a conserved current.

The above shortcommings associated with the massive neutral vector field the­
ory are improved in [278] by extending QED in the Landau gauge. The Landau-
gauge QED is reproduced by taking a massless limit of a neutral vector field in
[278]. Ghose and Das [279] studied a similar problem as in [278]. Although they
did not define the massless limit clearly, after applying an appropriate transforma­
tion [286], essential ingredients in [279] become almost the same as those obtained
in [278]. Extension of the neutral vector field theory formulated in [278] is at­
tempted in [280-282]. In this way we have arrived at a synthesized formalism of
abelian gauge field theory including QED, which is manifestly renormalizable in a
covariant gauge.

A four-dimensional momentum representation is investigated in covariant-gauge

QED in [283], in which the vacuum is defined by making use of the massless limit
of neutral vector fields. It is pointed out in [284] that the scale dimension of a
neutral vector field becomes different from the canonical one in neutral-vector field
theories. It is shown in [285,286] that there is no serious problem associated with
the scale dimension in the formalisms in [278-281]. For more detailed exposition of
matelials on neutral-vector field theory, see [287-317]. Application of neutral vector
 947

field theory to gravity theory is attempted in [318-321]. In particular, Kimura

[320,321] extended the ingredients in [280-281] to a case incorporating gravitons.

3.5 Indefinite Metric

Refs.[322-357] deal with state-vector spaces with indefinite metric and related
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

problems in QED. Dirac was the first to introduce indefinite metric into quantum
field theory[322-323], intending to eliminate ultraviolet divergences. Gupta[326]
formulated Pauli-Villars' regularization method as quantum field theory with indef­
inite metric. Originally the operator r) was introduced to realize indefinite metric
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

in a Hilbert space. However, the use of r/ gives rise to confusion in QED. It is

pointed out by Sunakawa[330] that the commutation relations between r) and A^
break manifestly covariant nature of physical quantities with respect to Lorentz
transformation. It is shown in [331,332] that a state-vector space with indefinite
metric can be relevantly constructed without introducing of the indefinite-metric
operator r).

Froissart's model, a typical model in which a massive dipole ghost is incorpo­

rated, was demonstrated in [339]. It should be remarked that there is an essencial
difference between massive and massless cases because the massless limit of the
ghost does not exist in Froissart's model. In the m ^ 0 case, from the coupled
equations, ( □ — m2)A = B and (□— m2)B = 0, one can express A in terms of B,
but this is not the case for the m = 0 case. This circumstance is discussed in detail
in [350,273]. For a review of the problem on indefinite metric, see [338,342,349,350].
There are some misprints in [349], which are corrected in [350].

4. PROBLEMS ON INFRARED DIVERGENCES

The investigation of infrared divergences in QED has a long history, since in­
frared divergences appeared at an early stage of the development of QED. Actually,
infrared divergences cancel out completely, and they do not exist in reality like a
mirage [384]. However, when we attempt to verify that infrared divergences really
do not exist and infrared divergences can,in fact, be eliminated completely,there
 948

arise various complicated problems. There are several methods to verify the can­
cellation of the infrared divergence, that is, the method in terms of coherent states,
perturbation theory, extraction of infrared phase factors, etc.

4.1 Coherent State

by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Bloch and Nordsieck (BN) showed that the infrared divergence which arises
from the contribution of the soft-photon emission can be eliminated by constructing
coherent states of photons. Their paper [358], which appeared in 1937, is well
known and Ref.[359,360] were written on the basis of BN's theory. Since then, the
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

BN theory was improved by many authors[361-367]. In particular,-the BN theory

was rewritten in a covariant form by Thirring and Tous'chek[362].

Glauber gave a general theory of the coherent state in [363,367]. It is irrelevant

to taking the usual Fock space to deal with a set of soft photons, and it is necessary
to rearrange physical states so as not to give rise to infrared divergences. Chung[369]
succeeded in constructing a physical state appropriate to deal with the infrared
divergence on the basis of the method developed in [396]. Various devices have
been developed in a series of papers [370-376] in constructing final states.

Phenomena associated with emission of soft photons are brought about by a

long-range effect of Coulomb interaction. This interaction Hamiltonian does not
vanish sufficiently fast as \t\ —► oo, and we can not apply the usual asymptotic
condition as it stands. In this circumstance it is necessary to redefine the interaction
Hamiltonian. Dollard[368] showed for the first time this peculiar property of the
Coulomb force concretely. This important concept was further developed by Kulish
and Faddeev [377], and by Zwanziger [378-380]. The results obtained in [369] were
generalized in [377] by using a more tractable prescription. Papanicolau developed
an elegant method in [381] in which he applied the renormalization group to the
infrared problem. Ref.[382] is an exposition of the infrared problem on the basis of
his investigation. For details of the theory of the coherent states, see Ref.(O).

4.2 Cancellation in Perturbation Theory

It can be shown that infrared divergences appearing in each term in pertur­
bation expansion cancel out if one sums up all the contribution from respective
 949

Feynman diagrams. This fact is explicitly shown in a simple example in [384].

That Heitler's method of radiation damping can not ehminate infrared divergences
is pointed out in [383]. Nakanishi proposed a generalized theory of cancellation of
infrared divergences by making use of the K-diagrams in [390]. Kinoshita took into
account the fact that the infrared divergence has its origin in a characteristic prop­
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

erty of massless particles, and he generalized the theory of the infrared divergence
to a wider theory of mass singularities in [392].

4.3 Extraction of Phase Factors

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

All the contributions of infrared divergences can be extracted together as an in­

frared phase factors from all orders of perturbation expansion. Schwinger proposed
this idea in [14]. Yennie, Frautschi and Suura extensively studied this method in
[396], Their work was improved and further developed by Grammer and Yennie in
[401]. A simple method of extracting infrared singularities was proposed in [395].

4.4 Other Topics

Infrared divergences in experiment are discussed in [402-407]. Infrared diver­
gences in gravitation theory are explored by Weinberg in [408]. The dimensional
regularization is applied to infrared problems in [410,411].

5. P R O B L E M S ON T H E ANOMALY

5.1 Goto-Imamura-Schwinger Term

The spectral representation for the vacuum expectation value of four- dimen­
sional commutation relations of current densities is obtained on the basis of general
axiomatic requirements, and the representation is independent of specific theories.
The vacuum expectation value of the equal-time commutation relations between the
temporal-component of the current and its spatial-component does not vanish iden­
tically, whereas if one evaluate the same thing on the basis of the canonical commu­
tation relations one finds that it is identically zero. This contradiction was pointed
out for the first time by Goto and Imamura[412],and then by Schwinger[413]. We
call the terms added to the results obtained from canonical commutation relations
 950

the GIS terms. The GIS terms generally appear in commutation relations of current
algebras.

The consequence of general considerations[416,417] is that the equal-time com­

mutation relations between temporal component of the current and its spatial com­
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

ponent does not vanish provided that the conservation law holds. Quantities which
are given by product forms of some operators at the same space-time point are
in principle not well defined in the sense of distributions. Hence, it is danger­
ous to apply canonical commutation relations naively to quantities such as current
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

components.

In order to resolve the GIS problem it is necessary to define a current density

rigorously, as is seen in [418-420]. Although there are still many unsolved problems
associated with the GIS terms, it is in principle necessary from an axiomatic view
point to take into account the GIS terms to remove contradiction in quantum field
theory[416-427].

Apart from pure theoretical problems, however, the GIS terms seem to bring
about only troublesome complication and play no physically relevant roles in quan­
tum field theory. It is shown in [415] that actually the GIS terms can be eliminated
by means of an appropriate regularization. Some people do not take the problem
of the GIS terms seriously, since this is not the problem of physics but it is the
problem of pure mathematics. Orzalesi made an extensive survey of the GIS terms
in [432].

Supposing that this problem arised from the same origin as that of the indefi-
niteness of the photon self-mass, Kallen treated a GIS term as the photon self-mass
[433]. However, the incorrectness of his treatment was pointed out in [256,434]. It
can not be easily concluded whether a GIS term is a c-number or q-number. It is
shown in [428,431] that the GIS terms in spinor QED can be treated as c-numbers
without any contradiction, and in [435] that they are in fact c-numbers.

5.2 The P C A C Anomaly

The PCAC anomaly arises when one deals with axial vector currents in quantum
field theory, and it is deeply connected with the TT° —► 2f decay problem and other
 951

problems on strong interaction. If one constructs an axial-vector current in terms

of the Dirac fields and computes the divergence of the axial current by applying
the Dirac equation naively, then one only obtains a quantity proportional to the
mass of the Dirac particle. If this were the case, then TT0 would never decay into
27. This fact is well known as the PCAC puzzle.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

A careful computation shows in fact that an additional anomalous term appears

in the divergence of axial-vector currents. The existence of this anomalous term
was pointed out by Schwinger in [15]. The PCAC anomaly in a sigma model is
studied in [436], in which a typical method is developed to deal with this kind of
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

problems. The axial-vector vertex is extensively investigated within the framework

of perturbation theory by Adler in [438] and it is shown that the result is exact to
all orders.

The PCAC puzzle originated in an ill-defined products of distributions. Jackiw

and Johnson gave a prescription for a proper treatment of distributions in [440].
Various problems associated with anomaly are discussed in [441,442]. Review arti­
cles [443,444] are very instructive as an introduction to anomaly theories.

6. O T H E R T O P I C S

6.1 Low-Energy Theorems

The behavior of transition probabilities of reactions of elementary particles and
that of scattering amplitudes in the neighborhood of threshold energies are investi­
gated in [445-449], in which low-energy theorems are derived. Low-energy theorems
play important roles not only in QED but also in treating strong interactions on the
basis of renormalization theory, and they yield various simple formulas involving
renormalized coupling constants, magnetic moments,etc.. As a consequence, we
have a direct connection between theory and experiment.

A tactful method of deriving a low-energy theorem was proposed by Kroll and

Ruderman[445] in a problem of production of IT mesons by photons. Low-energy
theorems in an electron-photon scattering and in a bremsstrahlung axe studied in
[446,447] and [449], respectively. A systematic study on the derivation of low-energy
 952

theorems in various reactions of elementary particles and their usefulness was made
by Klein in [448].

6.2 Experiments

We summarize some important low-energy experiments in QED together with

by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

theories corresponding to the experiments . The theory of the Lamb shift is found
in [450-459]; in particular, Bethe[450] showed that the Lamb shift is given rise to as
electromagnetic reaction and it is understandable on the basis of renormalization
theory. Experiments of the Lamb shift are reported in [468-470].
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

A review on the fine structure of the hydrogen atom was given by Grotch and
Yennie in [460], in which the level difference 2P' ~~'2P . was studied in detail.
Experiments on the fine structure of the hydrogen atom are reported in [468-470],
and experiments on the fine structure of the positronium together with the hyperfine
structure of the muonium are reported in [457-477].Theories on these problems are
in [471-474]. Theories on hyperfine structure of the ground state of the hydrogen
atom are found in [461-465]. Comparison between theory and experiment in QED
is extensively reviewed in [505,506].

Measurements of the anomalous magnetic moments of an electron and muon

have played an especially important role in the establishment of perturbation the­
ory and renormalization theory in QED. Experiments on the anomalous magnetic
moment are reported in [493-496], and theories in [478-492]. In particular, the
anomalous magnetic moment of the electron is calculated to sixth order of pertur­
bation expansion by Cvitanovic and Kinoshita in [491] by making use of elaborate
technique of Feynman integrals.

Problems on radiation corrections to experimental formulas for various pro­

cesses in QED are dealt with in [497-503]. Recent experimental values of the fine
structure constant a are given in [504].

6.3 Magnetic Monopoles

Problems on a magnetic monopole are of interest in connection with the recently
developed non-abelian gauge theory. A magnetic monopole was introduced in field
theory by Dirac in [507]. Here the notion of the Dirac string was introduced and it
 953

was shown that the electric charge can be quantized owing to the existence of the
magnetic monopole.

Zwanziger[508] discussed that the analyticity of a S-matrix becomes compli­

cated if there exists a monopole. The theory of magnetic monopole in a system of
the electromagnetic field combined with gravity has been developed by Weinberg
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

in [509], The relationship between spin and a magnetic monopole was studied in
[510]. Quantum field theory of a monopole was developed by Schwinger in [511].
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
 954

BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXTBOOKS

(A) N. Nakanishi: Quantum Field Theory, New Series of Texts in Physics 19

(Baifukan Publ., Tokyo, 1975).
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

(B) K. Nishijima: Relativisiic Quantum Mechanics, New Series of Texts in

Physics 13 (Baifukan Publ., Tokyo 1973); Quantum Field Theory (Kiinoku-
niya Publ., Tokyo, 1987).
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

(C) Y. Takahashi: Quantum Field Theory for Solid-state Physicist I, II, New
Series of Texts in Physics 16, 17 (Baifukan Publ, Tokyo, 1974).

(D) G. Takeda and H. Miyazawa: Elementary Particle Physics, Selected Texts

in Physics 9 (Shokabo Publ., Tokyo, 1965).

(E) H. Yukawa: Elementary Particle Physics, Foundations of Modern Physics 11

(Iwanami Book Co., Tokyo, 1974).

(F) A.I. Akhiezer and V.B. Berestetskii: Elements of Quantum Electrodynamics

(Oldbourne Press, London, 1962).

(G) A.I. Akhiezer and V.B. Berestetskii: Quantum Electrodynamics, Interscience

Monographs and Texts in Physics and Astronomy, Vol. 11 (Interscience Publ.,
New York, 1965).

(H) V.B. Berestetskii, E.M. Lifshitz and L.P. Pitaevskii: Relativisiic Quantum
Theory, Vol.4 of Course of Theoretical Physics (Pergamon Press, Oxford,
1971).

(I) J.D. Bjorken and S.D. Drelll: Relativisiic Quantum Mechanics, International
Series in Pure and Applied Physics (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1964).

(J) J.D. Bjorken and S.D. Drelll: Relativisiic Quantum Fields, International
Series in Pure and Applied Physics (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1965).

(K) N.N. Bogoliubov and D.V. Shirkov: Introduction to the Theory of Quantized
Fields, Interscience Monographs and Texts in Pure and Applied Physics and
Astronomy, Vol.3 (Interscience Publ, New York, 1959).
 955

(L) P.A.M. Dirac: The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 3rd ed., The Interna­
tional Series of Monographs on Physics (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1947).

(M) R.P. Feynman: Quantum Electrodynamics (Benjamin Inc., New York, 1961).

(N) W. Heitler: The Quantum Theory of Radiation, The International Series of

by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Monographs on Physics (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1949).

(O) J.M. Jauch and P. Rohrlich: The Theory of Photons and Electrons, 2nd
expanded ed., Texts and Monographs in Physics (Springer-Verlag, New York,
1976).
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

(P) G. Kallen: Quantum Electrodynamics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1972).

(Q) K. Nishijima: Fields and Particles, Lecture Notes and Supplements in Physics
(Benjamin Inc., New York, 1969).

(R) J.J. Sakurai: Invariance Principles arid Elementary Particles (Princeton

Univ. Press, 1964).

(S) J.J. Sakurai: Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Addison-Wesley Publ. Co.,

London, 1967).

(T) S.S. Schweber: An Introduction to Relativistic Quantum Field Theory

(Harper and Row Publ., New York, 1962).

(U) J. Schwinger: Selected Papers on Quantum Electrodynamics (Dover Publ.,

New York, 1958).

(V) J. Schwinger: Particles, Sources, and Fields, Vol.1, II, III (Addison-Wesley
Publ. Co., London, 1973).

(W) Y. Takahashi: An Introduction to Field Quantization (Pergamon Press, Ox­

ford, 1969).

(X) W.E. Thirring: Principle of Quantum Electrodynamics, Pure and Applied

Physics, Vol.3 (Academic Press, New York, 1958).

(Y) H. Umezawa: Quantum Field Theory, Series in Physics (North-Holland Publ.

Co., Amsterdam, 1956).

(Z) G. Wentzel: Quantum Theory of Fields (Interscience Publ., New York, 1949).
 956

1. C O N S T R U C T I O N O F QED

1.1 Lorentz Invariant Formulation

[1] P.A.M. Dirac: The Quantum Theory of the Emission and Absorption of
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Radiation, Proc. Roy. Soc. A114 (1927) 243.

[2] P. Jordan and W. Pauli: Zur Quantenelektrodynamik Ladungsfreier Felder,

Z. Phys. 47 (1928) 151.

[3] P. Jordan und E. Wigner: Uber das Paulische Aquivalenzverbot, Z. Phys.

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

47 (1928) 631.

[4] W. Heisenberg und W. Pauli: Zur Quantendynamik der Wellenfelder, Z.

Phys. 56 (1929) 1.

[5] W. Heisenberg und W. Pauli: Zur Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder, II, Z.

Phys. 59 (1930) 168.

[6] E. Fermi: Quantum Theory of Radiation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 4 (1932) 87.

[7] W. Pauli: Relativistic Field Theories of Elementary Particles, Rev. Mod.

Phys. 13 (1941) 203.

[8] S. Tomonaga: On a Relativistically Invariant Formulation of the Quantum

Theory of Wave Fields, Prog. Theor. Phys. 1 (1946) 27.

[9] Z. Koba, T. Tati and S. Tomonaga: On a Relativistically Invariant Formu­

lation of the Quantum Theory of Wave Fields, II, Prog. Theor. Phys. 2
(1947) 101.

[10] Z. Koba, T. Tati and S. Tomonaga: On a Relativistically Invariant Formu­

lation of the Quantum Theory of Wave Fields, III, Prog. Theor. Phys. 2
(1947) 198.

[11] Z. Koba: Note on a Lorentz-invariant Integration in the Quantum Field The­

ory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 5 (1950) 696.

[12] J. Schwinger: Quantum Electrodynamics, I — A covariant formulation, Phys.

Rev. 74 (1948) 1439.
 957

[13] J. Schwinger: Quantum Electrodynamics, II — Vacuum polarization and

self-energy, Phys. Rev. 75 (1949) 651.

[14] J. Schwinger: Quantum Electrodynamics, III — The electromagnetic prop­

erties of the electron — Radiative corrections to scattering, Phys. Rev. 76
(1949) 790.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[15] J. Schwinger: On Gauge Invariance and Vacuum Polarization, Phys. Rev.

82 (1951) 664.

[16] R.P. Feynman: Space-time Approach to Non-relativistic Quantum Mechan­

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

ics,. Rev. Mod. Phys. 20 (1948) 367.

[17] R.P. Peynman: The Theory of Positrons, Phys. Rev. 76 (1949) 749.

[18] R.P. Feynman: Space-time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys.

Rev. 76 (1949) 769.

[19] R.P. Feynman: Relativistic Cut-off for Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys.

Rev. 74 (1948) 1430.

[20] R.P. Feynman: Mathematical Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Elec­

tromagnetic Interaction, Phys. Rev. 80 (1950) 440.

[21] R.P. Feynman: An Operator Calculus Having Applications in Quantum Elec­

trodynamics, Phys. Rev. 84 (1951) 108.

[22] C.N. Yang and D. Feldman: The S-Matrix in Heisenberg Representation,

Phys. Rev. 79 (1950) 972.

[23] M. Gell-Mann and F. Low: Bound States in Quantum Field Theory, Phys.
Rev. 8 4 (1951) 350.

[24] E.E. Salpeter and H.A. Bethe: Relativistic Equation for Bound State Prob­
lem, Phys. Rev. 84 (1951) 1232.

[25] Y. Nambu: On Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Formalism, Prog. Theor. Phys.

7 (1952) 131.

[26] R.E. Peierls: The Commutation Laws of Relativistic Field Theory, Proc.
Roy. Soc. A214 (1952) 143.
 958

[27] K. Nishijima: On Lagrangian Formalism, Prog. Theor. Phys. 8 (1952)

401.

[28] T. Imamura, S. Sunakawa and R. Utiyama: On the Construction of S-matrix

in Lagrangian Formalism, Prog. Theor. Phys. 11 (1954) 291.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[29] J. Schwinger: On the Green's Functions of Quantized Fields, I, Proc. Nat.

Acad. Sci. 37 (1951) 452.

[30] J. Schwinger: On the Green's Functions of Quantized Fields, II, Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. 37 (1951) 455.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[31] J. Schwinger: The Theory of Quantized Fields, I, Phys. Rev. 82 (1951)

914.

[32] J. Schwinger: The Theory of Quantized Fields, II, Phys. Rev. 91 (1953)
713.

[33] J. Schwinger: The Theory of Quantized Fields, III, Phys. Rev. 91 (1953)
728.

[34] J. Schwinger: The Theory of Quantized Fields, IV, Phys. Rev. 92 (1953)
1283.

[35] J. Schwinger: The Theory of Quantized Fields, V, Phys. Rev. 93 (1953)

615.

[36] J. Schwinger: The Theory of Quantized Fields, VI, Phys. Rev. 94 (1954)
1362.

[37] J. Schwinger: A Note on the Quantum Dynamical Principle, Phil. Mag. 44

(1953) 1171.

[38] S. Tomonaga: Development of Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Today 19,

No.9 (1966) 25.

[39] J. Schwinger: Relativistic Quantum Field Theory, Phys. Today 19, No.6
(1966) 27.

[40] R.P. Feynman: The Development of the Space-time View of Quantum Elec­
trodynamics, Phys. Today 19, No.8 (1966) 31.
 959

1.2 C P T Invariance
[41] W. Heisenberg: Bemerkungen zur Diracshen Theorie des Positrons, Z, Phys.
90 (1934) 209. [Erratum:, ibid. 92 (1934) 692]

[42] W. Furry: A Symmetry Theorem in the Positron Theory, Phys. Rev. 51

by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

(1937) 125.

[43] W. Pauli: Theorie quantique relativiste des particules obeissant a la statis-

tique de Einstein-Bose, Ann. Jnst. H. Poincaie 6 (1936) 137.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[44] W. Pauli: The Connection between Spin and Statistics, Phys. Rev. 58
(1940) 716.

[45] W. Pauli and F.J. Belinfante: On the Statistical Behaviour of Known and
Unknown Elementary Particles, Physica, 7 (1940) 177.

[46] L. Eisenbud and E.P. Wigner: Invariant Forms of Interaction between Nuclear
Particles, Proc. Nat. Acad. USA 27 (1941) 281.

[47] T.D. Newton and E.P. Wigner: Localized States for Elementary Systems,
Rev. Mod. Phys. 2 1 (1949) 400.

[48] S. Watanabe: Reversibility of Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 84

(1951) 1008.

[49] F. Coester: Principle of Detailed Balance, Phys. Rev. 84 (1951) 1259.

[50] F. Coester: The Symmetry of the S-Matrix, Phys. Rev. 89 (1953) 619.

[51] A. Pais and R. Jost: Selection Imposed by Charge Conjugation and Charge
Symmetry, Phys. Rev. 87 (1952) 871.

[52] G. Liiders: Zur Bewegungsumkehr in Quantisierten Feldtheorien, Z. Phys.

1 3 3 (1952) 325.

[53] G. Liiders, R. Oehnse and W.E. Thirring: 7r-mesonen und Quantisierte

Feldtheorien, Z. Naturforsch. 7a (1952) 213.

[54] L. Michel: Selection Rules Imposed by Charge Conjugation, Nuovo Cimento

10 (1953) 319.
 960

[55] G. Liiders: On the Equivalence of Invariance Under Time Reversal and Under
Paiticle-antiparticle Conjugation for Relativistic Field Theories, K. Danske
Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-Gs. Medd. 28, No.5 (1954).

[56] H. Umezawa, S. Kamefuchi and S. Tanaka: On the Time Reversal in the

by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Quantized Field Theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 12 (1954) 383.

[57] W. Pauli: Exclusion Principle, Lorentz Groups and Reflection of Space-time

and Charge, Niels Bohr and the Development of Physics (Pergamon Press,
London, 1955) p.30.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[58] S. Watanabe: Symmetry of Physical Laws, Pt. I — Symmetry in space-time

and balance theorems, Rev. Mod. Phys. 27 (1955) 26.

[59] S. Watanabe: Symmetry of Physical Laws, Pt. II — Q-number theory of

space-time inversions and charge conjugation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 27 (1955)
40.

[60] W. Pauli: Lectures on Continuous Groups and Reflections in Quantum Me­

chanics, UCRL-8213 (Univ. of California, 1958).

[61] J. Schwinger: Spin, Statistics, and the TCP Theorem, Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci.
44 (1958) 223. [Addendum: ibid. 617]

[62] R.F. Streater and A.S. Wightman: PCT, Spin and Statistic and All That
(Benjamin Inc., New York, 1964).

2. PROBLEMS ON ULTRAVIOLET DIVERGENCES

2.1 General Renormalization Theory
[63] Z. Koba and S. Tomonaga: On Radiation in Collision Processes, I, Prog.
Theor. Phys. 3 (1948) 290.

[64] Z. Koba and G. Takeda: Radiation Reaction in Collision Processes, II, Prog.
Theor. Phys. 3 (1948) 407.

[65] Z. Koba and G. Takeda: Radiation Reaction in Collision Process, III, Prog.
Theor. Phys. 4 (1949) 60; 130.
 961

[66] T. Tati and S. Tomonaga: A Self-consistent Subtraction Method in the Quan­

tum Field Theory, I, Prog. Theor. Phys. 3 (1948) 391.
[67] H. Fukuda, Y. Miyamoto and S. Tomonaga: A Self-consistent Subtraction
Method in the Quantum Field Theory, II, Prog. Theor. Phys. 4 (1949)
47; 121.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[68] F.J. Dyson: The Radiation Theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman,
Phys. Rev. 75 (1949) 486.

[69] F.J. Dyson: The S Matrix in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 75

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

(1949) 1736.
[70] G.C. Wick: The Evaluation of the Collision Matrix, Phys, Rev. 80 (1950)
268.

[71] P.T. Matthews: The Application of Dyson's Methods to Meson Interactions,

Phys. Rev. 76 (1949) 684.

[72] P.T. Matthews: The S-matrix for Meson-nucleon Interactions, Phys. Rev.
76 (1949) 1254.
[73] P.T. Matthews: The S-matrix for Meson-nucleon Interaction, Phil. Mag. 41
(1950) 185.
[74] P.T. Matthews: Spinless Mesons in the Electromagnetic Field, Phys. Rev.
80 (1950) 292.
[75] F. Rorhlich: Quantum Electrodynamics of Charged Particles without Spin,
Phys. Rev. 80 (1950) 666.
[76] P.T. Matthews: Renormalization of the Meson-photon-nucleon interaction,
Phil. Mag. 42 (1951) 221.
[77] P.T. Matthews: Renormalization of Neutral Mesons in Three-field Problems,
Phys. Rev. 81 (1951) 936.
[78] P.T. Matthews and A. Salam: The Renormalization of Meson Theory, Rev.
Mod. Phys. 23 (1951) 311.
[79] R. Jost und J.M. Luttinger: Vacuumpolarisation und e4-Ladungsrenormali-
zation fur Electronen, fleJv. Phys. Acta 23 (1950) 201.
 962

[80] J.C. Ward: The Scattering of Light by Light, Phys. Rev. 77 (1950) 293.
[81] J.C. Ward: An Identity in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 78
(1950) 182.
[82] A. Salam: Differential Identities in Three-field Renormalization, Phys. Rev.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

79 (1950) 910.

[83] A. Salam: Overlapping Divergences and the S-matrix, Phys. Rev. 82 (1951)
217.

[84] A. Salam: Divergence Integrals in Renormalizable Field Theories, Phys. Rev.

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

84 (1951) 426.
[85] J.C. Ward: On the Renormalization of Quantum Electrodynamics, Proc.
Phys. Soc. A64 (1951) 54.
[86] J.C. Ward: Renormalization Theory of the Interaction of Nucleon, Mesons
and Photons, Phys. Rev. 84 (1951) 897.
[87] R. Utiyama, S. Sunakawa and T. Imamura: On the Theory of the Green-
functions in Quantum Electrodynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 8 (1952)
77.

[88] F.J. Dyson: Heisenberg Operators in Quantum Electrodynamics, I, Phys.

Rev. 82 (1951) 428.

[89] F.J. Dyson: Heisenberg Operators in Quantum Electrodynamics, II, Phys.

Rev. 83 (1951) 608.

[90] F.J. Dyson: The Renormalization Method in Quantum Electrodynamics,

Proc. Roy. Soc. A207 (1951) 395.

[91] F.J. Dyson: The Schrodinger Equation in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys.

Rev. 83 (1951) 1207.

[92] F.J. Dyson: Divergence of Perturbation Theory in Quantum Electrodynam­

ics, Phys. Rev. 85 (1952) 631.

[93] S. Sakata, H. Umezawa and S. Kamefuchi: Applicability of the Renormal­

ization Theory and the Structure of Elementary Particles, Phys. Rev. 84
(1951) 154.
 963

[94] S. Sakata, H. Umezawa and S. Kamefuchi: On the Structure of the Interaction

of the Elementary Particles, I - T h e renormalizability of the interaction, Prog.
Theor. Phys. 7 (1952) 377.

[95] S.N. Gupta: On the Elimination of Divergencies from Quantum Electrody­

namics, Proc. Phys. Soc. A 6 4 (1951) 426.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[96] G. Takeda: On the Renormalization Theory of the Interaction of Electrons

and Photons, Prog. Theor. Phys. 7 (1952) 359.

[97] S. Kamefuchi and H. Umezawa: On the Renormalization in Quantum Elec­

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

trodynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 7 (1952) 399.

[98] P.T. Matthews and A. Salam: Renormalization, Phys. Rev. 94 (1954)

185.

[99] J.G. Valatin: Singularities of Electron Kernel Functions in an External Elec­

tromagnetic Field, Proc. Roy. Soc. A222 (1954) 93.

[100] J.G. Valatin: On the Dirac-Heisenberg Theory of Vacuum Polarization, Proc.

Roy. Soc. A 2 2 2 (1954) 228.

[101] J.G. Valatin: On the Definition of Finite Operator Quantities in Quantum

Electrodynamics, Proc. Roy. Soc. A226 (1954) 254.

[102] J.G. Valatin: On the Propagation Functions of Quantum Electrodynamics,

Proc. Roy. Soc. A226 (1954) 535.

[103] N.N. Bogoliubow und D.W. Schirkow: Probleme der Quantenfeld-theorie,

Forts. Phys. 4 (1956) 438.

[104] M. Gell-Mann and F.E. Low: Quantum Electrodynamics at Small Distances,

Phys. Rev. 9 5 (1954) 1300.

[105] L.D. Landau. A.A. Abrikosov and I.I. Halatnikov: On the Removal of Infini­
ties in Quantum Electrodynamics, Dok. Akad. Na.uk. SSSR 95 (1954)
497.

[106] L.D. Landau, A.A. Abrikosov and I.M. Halatnikov: An Asymptotic Expres­
sion for the Green Function, Dok. Akad. Na.uk SSSR 95 (1954) 733.
 964

[107] L.D. Landau, A.A. Abrikosov and I.M. Halatnikov: An Asymptotic Expres­
sion for the Greeen Function, Dok. Akad. Nauk SSSR 95 (1954) 1177.

[108] L.D. Landau, A.A. Abrikosov and I.M. Halatnikov: The Mass of the Electron
in Quantum Electrodynamics, Dok. Akad. Nauk SSSR 96 (1955) 261.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[109] L.D. Landau: On the Quantum Theory of Fields,Niels Bohr and the Devel­
opment of Physics (Pergamon Press, London, 1955) p.52.

[110] I. Pomerancuk: Vanishing of the Renormalized Charge in Electrodynamics

and in Meson Theory, jVuovo Cimento 3 (1956) 1186.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[Ill] I.Y. Pomeranchuk, V.V. Sudakov, and K.A. Ter-Martirosyan: Vanishing of

Renormalized Charges in Field Theories with Point Interaction, Phys. Rev.
103 (1956) 784.

[112] L.D. Landau, A. Abrikosov and I. Halatnikov: On the Quantum Theory of

Fields, Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 3 (1956) 80.

[113] N.N. Bogoliubov and D.V.Shirkov: The Multiplicative Renormalization

Group in the Quantum Theory of Fields, Soviet Phys. JETP 3 (1956)
57. [Zh. Eksper. Teor. Fiz. 30 (1956) 77]

[114] N.N. Bogoliubov and D.V. Sirkov: Charge Renormalization Group in Quan­
tum Field Theory, JVuovo Cimento 3 (1956) 845.

[115] K.E. Eriksson: Partial Summation of the Perturbation Expansion in High-

energy Quantum Electrodynamics, Nuovo Cimento 27 (1963) 178.

[116] E.R. Caianiello, M. Marinaro and F. Guerra: Form-invariant Renormaliza­

tion, JVuovo Cimento 60A (1969) 713.

[117] J.H. Lowenstein: Differential Vertex Operations in Lagrangian Field Theory,

Commm. Math. Phys. 24 (1971) 1.

[118] H.S. Green: A Pre-renormalized Quantum Electrodynamics, Proc. Phys.

Soc. A66 (1953) 873.

[119] E.S. Fradkin: Concerning Some General Relations of Quantum Electrody­

namics, Soviet Phys. JETP 2 (1956) 361. [Zh. Eksper. Teor. Fiz. 29
(1955) 258.
 965

[120] Y. Takahashi: On the Generalized Ward Identity, JVuovo Cimento 6 (1957)

371.

[121] E. Kazes: Generalized Current Conservation and Low Energy Limit of Photon
Interactions, JVuovo Cimento 1 3 (1959) 1226.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[122] K. Nishijima: Asymptotic Condition and Perturbation Theory, Phys. Rev.

119 (1960) 485.

[123] K. Nishijima: Time-ordered Green's Functions and Electromagnetic Interac­

tions, Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 298.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[124] K. Nishijima: Renormalization of Time-ordered Green's Functions, Phys.

Rev. 124 (1961) 255.

[125] M. Muraskin and K. Nishijima: Time-ordered Green's Functions and Pertur­

bation Theory, Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 331.

[126] K. Just and K. Rossberg: Ward Relation for Gravity, JVuovo Cimento 40
(1965) A1077.

[127] R.J. Rivers: Gauge Approximation in Mesodynamics, J. Math. 7 (1966)

385.

[128] S. Coleman and R. Jackiw: Why Dilatation Generators Do Not Generate

Dilatations, Ann. Phys. 6 7 (1971) 552.

[129] K. Nishijima and R. Sasaki: Dispersion Approach to Anomalies in the Axial-

vector Ward-Takahashi Identities, Prog. Theor. Phys. 5 3 (1975) 261.

[130] B. deWit and D.Z. Freedman: Combined Supersymmetric and Gauge-

invariant Field Theories, Phys. Rev. D12 (1975) 2286.

[131] K. Nishijima and R. Sasaki: Ward-Takahashi Identities in Quantum Electro­

dynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 5 3 (1975) 829.

[132] Y. Takahashi and T. Goto: General Ward-like Relation in Canonical Field

Theory,, Prog. Theor. Phys. 57 (1977) 1732.

[133] E.R. Caianiello: Renormalization and Invariance in Quantum Field Theory

(Plenum Press, New York 1974).
 966

2.2 Peynman Integrals

[134] R. Chisholm: Calculation of S-matrix Elements, Proc. Cam. Phil. Soc. 48
(1952) 300 [Addendum: ibid. 518].

[135] C.A. Hurst: The Enumeration of Graphs in the Feynman-Dyson Technique,

by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Proc. Roy. Soc. A214 (1952) 44.

[136] W. Thirring: On the Divergence of Perturbation Theory for Quantized Fields,

Helv. Phys. Ada, 26 (1953) 33.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[137] A. Petermann: Renormalisation dans les series Divergentes, Helv. Phys.

Acta 26 (1953) 291.

[138] N. Nakanishi: General Integral Formula of Perturbation Term in the Quan­

tized Field Theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 17 (1957) 401. [Soryushiron
Kenkyu 12 (1956) 217; 13 (1956) 89].

[139] Y. Nambu: Parametric Representations of General Green's Functions, Nuovo

Cimento 6 (1957) 1064.

[140] K. Symanzik: Dispersion Relations and Vertex Properties in Perturbation

Theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 20 (1958) 690.

[141] Y. Shimamoto: Graph Theory and Parametric Representations of Feynman

Amplitudes, IVuovo Cimento 25 (1962) 1292.

[142] R.C. Hwa and V.L. Teplitz: Homology and Feynman Integrals (Benjamin,
Inc., New York, 1966).

[143] R.J. Eden, P.V. Landshoff, D.I. Olive and J.C. Polkinghorne: The Analytic
S-matrix (Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 1966).

[144] N. Nakanishi: Ordinary and Anomalous Thresholds in Perturbation Theory,

Prog. Theor. Phys. 22 (1959) 128.

[145] L.D. Landau: On Analytic Properties of Vertex Parts in Quantum Field

Theory, Nucl. Phys. 13 (1959) 181.

[146] J.C. Polkinghorne and G.R. Screaton: The Analytic Properties of Perturba­
tion Theory I, JVuovo Cimento 15 (1960) 289.
 967

[147] R.E. Cutkosky: Singularities and Discontinuities of Feynman Amplitudes, J.

Math. Phys. 1 (1960) 429.

[148] R. Karplus, C M . Sommerfield and E.H. Wichmann: Spectral Representa­

tions in Perturbation Theory, I — Vertex funcion, Phys. Rev. Ill (1958)
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

1187.

[149] Y. Nambu: Dispersion Relations for Form Factors, Nuovo Cimento 9 (1958)
610.

[150] R. Oehme: Vertex Function in Quantized Field Theories, Phys. Rev. Ill
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

(1958) 1430.

[151] R. Karplus, C M . Sommerfield and E.H. Wichmann: Spectral Representa­

tions in Perturbation Theory, II — Two-particle scattering, Phys. Rev. 114
(1959) 376.

[152] J . C Taylor: Analytic Properties of Perturbation Expansions, Phys. Rev.

117 (1960) 261.

[153] N. Nakanishi: Parametric Integral Formulas and Analytic Properties in Per­

turbation Theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl 18 (1961) 1 [Erratum: ibid.
26 (1961) 806].

[154] T.T. Wu: Perturbation Theory of Pion-pion Interaction I — Renormahzation,

Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) 1436.

[155] A.A. Logunov, I.T. Todorov and N.A. Chernikov: Generalization of

Symanzik's Theorem on the Majorization of Feynman Graphs, Soviet Phys.
JETP 15 (1962) 891 [Zh. Eksper. Teor. Fiz. 42 (1962) 1285].

[156] Y. Chow and D.J. Kleitman: Some Theorems on the U-functions of Para­
metrized Feynman Amplitudes, Prog. Theor. Phys. 32 (1964) 950.

[157] Y. Chow: On Some Topological Properties of Feynman Graphs and Their

Application to Formulas Related to the Feynman Amplitudes, J. Math. Phys.
5 (1964) 1255.

[158] A. Jaffe: Divergence of Perturbation Theory for Bosons, Comm. Math. Phys.
1 (1965) 127.
 968

[159] C.S. Lam and J.P. Lebrun: Feynman-parameter representations for Momen­
tum- and Configuration-space Diagrams, JVuovo Cimento 59 A (1969) 397.

[160] I.T. Todorov: Analytic Properties of Feynman Diagrams in Quantum Field

Theory (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1971).
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[161] E.R. Speer: Generalized Feynman Amplitudes (Princeton Univ. Press, New
Jersey, 1969).
[162] N. Nakanishi: Graph Theory and Feynman Integrals (Gordon and Breach,
New York, 1971).
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[163] P. Cvitanovic and T. Kinoshita: Feynman-Dyson Rules in Parametric Space,

Phys. Rev. D10 (1974) 3978.

[164] P. Cvitanovic and T. Kinoshita: New Approach to the Separation 6f Ultravi­

olet and Infrared Divergences of Feynman-parametric Integrals, Phys. Rev.
D10 (1974) 3991.

[165] N. Nakanishi: Fundamental Properties of Perturbation-theoretical Integral

Representations, II, J. Math: Phys. 4 (1963) 1385.

[166] S. Weinberg: High-energy Behavior in Quantum Field Theory, Phys. Rev.

118 (1960) 838.

[167] Y. Hahn and W. Zimmermann: An Elementary Proof of Dyson's Power

Counting Theorem, Commm. Math. Phys. 10 (1968) 330.

[168] W. Zimmermann: The Power Counting Theorem for Minkowski Metric

, Comm. Math. Phys. 11 (1968) 1.

[169] M.C. Bergere and Y.-M.P. Lam: Asymptotic Expansion of Feynman Ampli­
tudes Part I — The convergent case, Comm. Math. Phys. 39 (1974)
1.

[170] J.H. Lowenstein and W. Zimmermann: The Power Counting Theorem for
Feynman Integrals with Massless Propagators, Commm. Math. Phys. 44
(1975) 73.

[171] P. Breitenlohner and H. Mitter: Analytic Regularization and Gauge Invari-

ance, Nucl. Phys. B7 (1968) 443.
 969

[172] E.R. Speer: Analytic Renormalization, J. Math. Phys. 9 (1968) 1404.

[173] F. Guerra: On Analytic Regularization in Quantum Field Theory, Nuovo
Cimento 1A (1971) 523.
[174] E.R. Speer: Seminars on Renormalisation Theory, 1 — Lectures on analytic
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

renormalisation, Tech. Rep. No.73-067 (Univ. Maryland 1972).

[175] E.R. Speer: Renormalization and Ward Identities using Complex Space-time
Dimension, J. Math. Phys. 15 (1974) 1.
[176] G. 'tHooft and M. Veltman: Regularization and Renormalization of Gauge
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Fields, JVucJ. Phys. B44 (1972) 189.

[177] C.G. Bollini and J.J. Giambiagi: Dimensional Regularization. The number
of dimensions as a regularizing parameter, Nuvo Cimento 12B (1972) 20.
[178] G. 'tHooft: An Algorithm for the Poles at Dimension Four in the Dimensional
Regularization Procedure, Nucl. Phys. B62 (1973) 444.

[179] J.F. Ashmore: On Renormalization and Complex Space-time Dimensions,

Commm. Math. Phys. 29 (1973) 177.

2.3 B P H Z Theory
[180] N.N. Bogoliubov and O.S. Parasuik: fiber die Multiplikation der Kausalfunk-
tion in der Quantentheorie der Felder, Acta Math. 97 (1957) 227.
[181] K. Hepp: Proof of the Bogoliubov-Parasiuk Theorem on Renormalization,
Comm. Math. Phys. 2 (1966) 301.
[182] W. Zimmermann: Convergence of Bogoliubov's Method of Renormalization
in Momentum Space, Comm. Math. Phys. 15 (1969) 208.
[183] O.I. Zav'yalov and B.M. Stepanov: Asymptotics of Diverging Feynman Dia­
grams, Soviet J. Nucl. Phys. 1 (1965) 658 [Yad. Fiz. 1 (1965) 922].
[184] R.A. Brandt: Bogoliubov-Paiasiuk-Hepp Renormalization Theorem and
Space-like Regularization, J. Math. Phys. 8 (1967) 1112.
[185] P.K. Kuo and D.R. Yennie: Renormalization Theory, Ann. Phys. 51 (1969)
496.
 970

[186] T. Appelquist: Parametric Integral Representations of Renormalized Feyn-

man Amplitudes, Ann. Phys. 54 (1969) 27.

[187] S.A. Anikin, O.I. Zav'yalov and M.K. Polivanov: A Simple Proof of the
Bogoliubov-Parasyuk Theorem, Theor. Math. Phys. 17 (1974) 1082
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[Teor. Mat. Fiz. 17 (1973) 189].

[188] M.C. Bergere and J.B. Zuber: Renormalization of Feynman Amplitudes and
Parametric Integral Representation, Comm. Math. Phys. 35 (1974) 113.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[189] R.A. Brandt: Derivation of Renormalized Relativistic Perturbation Theory

from Finite Local Field Equations, Ann. Phys. 44 (1967) 221.

[190] R.A. Brandt: Gauge Invariance in Quantum Electrodynamics, Aiin. Phys.

52 (1969) 122.

[191] W. Zimmermann: Local Operator Products and Renormalization in Quan­

tum Field Theory. Lectures on Elementary Particles and Quantum Field
Theory, 1 (M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1970) p.395.

[192] J.H. Lowenstein: Normal-Product Quantization of Currents in Lagrangian

Field Theory, Phys. Rev. 4D (1971) 2281.

[193] J. Lowenstein: Seminars on Renormalisation Theory, 2. Normal product

methods in renormalized perturbation theory, Teci. Rep. No.73-068 (Univ.
Maryland 1972).

[194] M. Gomes and J.H. Lowenstein: Linear Relations Among Normal-product

Fields, Phys. Rev. D7 (1973) 550.

[195] W. Zimmermann: Composite Operators in the Perturbation Theory of Renor-

malizable Interactions, Ann. Phys. 77 (1973) 536.

[196] M. Gomes, J.H. Lowenstein and W. Zimmermann: Generalization of the

Momentum-space Subtraction Procedure for Renormalized Perturbation The­
ory, Comm. Math. Phys. 39 (1974) 81.

[197] J.H. Lowenstein and W. Zimmermann: On the Formulation of Theories with

Zero-mass Propagators, Nucl. Phys. B86 (1975) 77.
 971

[198] J.H. Lowenstein and W. Zimmermann: Infrared Convergence of Feynman

Integrals for the Massless A4-model, Comm. Math. Phys. 46 (1976) 105.

[199] J.H. Lowenstein and E. Speer: Distributional Limits of Renormalized Feyn­

man Integrals with Zero-mass Denominators, Comm. Math. Phys. 47
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

(1976) 43.

[200] J.H. Lowenstein: Convergence Theorems for Renormalized Feynman Integrals

with Zero-mass Propagators, Comm. Math. Phys. 47 (1976) 53.

[201] M.C. Bergere and Y.-M.P. Lam: Zero-mass Limit in Perturbative Quantum
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Field Theory, Comm. Math. Phys. 48 (1976) 267.

[202] G. Velo and A.S. Wightman: Renormalization Theory, Proceedings of ike

NATO Advanced Study Instiiuie (D. Reidel Publ., Dordrecht, Holland, 1976).

3. MODIFICATION O F T H E FORMALISM
(INTRODUCTION OF INDEFINITE
M E T R I C AND GAUGE PROBLEMS)

3.1 Gupta-Bleuler Formalism and Related Problems

[203] F.J. Belinfante: On the Vanishing of divE-47rp in Quantum Electrodynamics,
Physica 12 (1946) 17.

[204] F.J. Belinfante: On the Part Played by Scalar and Longitudinal Photons in
Ordinary Electromagnetic Fields, Phys. Rev. 76 (1949) 226.

[205] S.T. Ma: Relativistic Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Radiation,

Phys. Rev. 75 (1949) 535.

[206] S.T. Ma: Quantum Theory of the Longitudinal Electromagnetic Field, Phys.
Rev. 80 (1950) 729.

[207] K. Husimi and R. Utiyama: Canonical Theory of Quantum Electrodynamics,

Prog. Theor. Phys. 5 (1950) 718.

[208] R. Utiyama, T. Imamura, S. Sunakawa and T. Dodo: Note on the Longitu­

dinal and Scalar Photons, Prog. Theor. Phys. 6 (1951) 587.
 972

[209] S.N. Gupta: Theory of Longitudinal Photons in Quantum Electrodynamics,

Proc. Phys. Soc. A63 (1950) 681.
[210] K. Bleuler: Eine neue Methode zur Behandlung der Longitudinalen und
Skalaren Photonen, Helv. Phys. Ada. 23 (1950) 567.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[211] K. Bleuler and W. Heitler: The Reversal of Time and the Quantization of
the Longitudinal Field in Quantum Electrodynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 5
(1950) 600.

[212] F.J. Belinfante: Direct Proof of the Covariance of Gupta's Indefinite Metric
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 96 (1954) 780.

[213] S.N. Gupta: On Stueckelberg's Treatment of the Vector Meson Field, Proc.
Phys. Soc. A64 (1951) 695.

[214] S.N. Gupta: Quantization of Einstein's Gravitational Field— Linear approx­

imation, Proc. PJrvs. Soc. A65 (1952) 161.
[215] S.N. Gupta: Quantization of Einstein's Gravitational Field — General treat­
ment, Proc. Phys. Soc. A65 (1952) 608.
[216] K. Just: Quantization Problem of Gravity, JVuovo Cimento 34 (1964) 567.

[217] K. Just and K. Rossberg: Ward Relations for Gravity, JVuovo Cimento 40A
(1965) 1077.

[218] K. Just and K. Rossberg: The Gauge Dependence of the Graviton Propaga­
tor, JVuovo Cimento 40 (1965) A1088.

[219] A.S. Wightmann and L. Garding: Fields as Operator-Valued Distributions in

Relativistic Quantum Theory, Ark. f. Fk. 28 (1964) 129.

[220] F. Strocchi: Gauge Problem in Quantum Field Theory, PJiys. Rev. 162
(1967) 1429.

[221] F. Strocchi: Gauge Problem in Quantum Field Theory II — Difficulties

of combining Einstein equations and Wightman theory, Phys. Rev. 166
(1968) 1302.

[222] F. Strocchi: Gauge Problem in Quantum Field Theory III — Quantization of

Maxwell equation and weak commutativity, Phys. Rev. D2 (1970) 2334.
 973

[223] R. Ferrari, L.E. Picasso and F. Strocchi: Some Remarks on Local Operators
in Quantum Electrodynamics, Comm. Math. Phys. 35 (1974) 25.

[224] J. Bertrand: Poincare Covariance and Quantization of Zero-mass Fields I —

The electromagnetic field, Nuovo Cimento A l (1971) 1.

[225] F. Strocchi and A.S. Wightman: Proof of the Charge Superselection Rule in
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Local Relativistic Quantum Field Theory, J. Math. Phys. 15 (1974) 2198.

[226] P.M. Mathews, M. Seetharaman and M.T. Simon: Indecomposability of

Poincare-group Representations over Massless Fields and the Quantization
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Problem for Electromagnetic Potentials, Phys. Rev. D9 (1974) 1706.

[227] K. Just: The Lorentz Condition in Quantum Theory, Nuovo Cimento 38

(1965) 400.

[228] K. Haller and L.F. Landovitz: Subsidiary Condition in Quantum Electrody­

namics, Phys. Rev. 171 (1968) 1749.

[229] K. Haller and L.F. Landovitz: Equivalence of the Coulomb Gauge and the
Reformulated Lorentz Gauge, Phys. Rev. 182 (1969) 1922.

[230] K. Haller and L.F. Landovitz: Renormalization Constants, Wave Functions,

and Energy Shifts in the Coulomb and Lorentz Gauges, Phys. Rev. D2
(1970) 1498.

[231] S.N. Gupta: Comment on Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 180

(1969) 1601.

[232] S.P. Tomczak and K. Haller: The Generalized-Lorentz-gauge Description of

Quantum Electrodynamics, Nuovo Cimento 8B (1972) 1.

3.2 Kallen Formalism and Related Problems

[233] G. Kallen: On the Definition of the Renormahzation Constants in Quantum
Electrodynamics, Helv. Phys Ada 25 (1952) 417.

[234] G. Kallen: On the Magnitude of the Renormalization Constants in Quantum

Electrodynamics, K. Dmske Vidensk. Selsk. Mai.-fe. Medd. 27 (1953)
No.12.
 974

[235] G. Kallen: Charge Renormalization and the Identity of Ward, Helv. Phys.
Ac&ta. 26 (1953) 755.

[236] K.A. Johnson: Consistency of Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 112

(1958) 1367.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[237] S.G. Gasiorowicz, D.R. Yennie and H. Suura: Magnitude of Renormalization

Constants, Phys. Rev. Letters 2 (1959) 513.

[238] B. Zumino: The Renormalization Constants in Quantum Electrodynamics,

NuovoCimento 17 (1960) 547.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[239] H. Rollnik, B. Stech und E. Nunnemann: Quantenelektrodynamik und Asym-

ptotenbedingung, Z. Phys. 159 (1960) 482.

[240] R.S. Willey: Asymptotic Condition and Covariant Gauges in Quantum Elec­
trodynamics, Ann. Phys. 45 (1967) 167.

[241] L. Evans, G. Feldman and RT. Matthews: Gauge Invariance and Renormal­
ization Constants, Ann. Phys. 13 (1961) 268.

[242] V.D. Skarzhinski: An Axiomatic Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics,

Soviet Phys. JETP 25 (1967) 601 [Zh. Eksper. Teor. Fiz. USSR 52
(1967) 910] .

[243] Y.A. Gol'fand: Quantum Electrodynamics without Bare Constants and Di­
vergences, Soviet J. Nucl. Phys. 7 (1968) 133 [Yad. Fiz. 7 (1968)
183].

3.3 Gauge Transformation

[244] L.D. Landau and I.M. Khalatnikov: The Gauge Transformation of the Green's
Function for Charged Particles, Soviet Phys. JETP 2 (1956) 69 [Zh.
Eksper. Teor. Fiz. 29 (1955) 89].

[245] H.M. Fried and D.R. Yennie: New Techniques in the Lamb Shift Calculation,
Phys. Rev. 112 (1958) 1391.
 975

[246] K. Johnson and B. Zumino: Gauge Dependence of the Wave-function Renor-

malization Constant in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. Letters 3
(1959) 351.

[247] B. Zumino: Gauge Properties of Propagators in Quantum Electrodynamics,

J. Math. Phys. 1 (1960) 1.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[248] B. Zumino: The Gauge Transformation of Propagators in Quantum Electro­

dynamics, Lectures on Field Theory and the Many-body Problem (Academic
Press, London, 1961) p.27.

[249] S. Okubo: The Gauge Properties of Green's Functions in Quantum Electro­

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

dynamics, Nuovo Cimento 15 (1960) 949.

[250] I. Bialynicki-Birula: Finite Value of the Wave Function Renormalization Con­
stant in Quantum Electrodynamics, iVuovo Cimento 17 (1960) 122.

[251] I. Bialynicki-Birula: On the Gauge Properties of Green's Functions, JVuovo

Cimento 17 (1960) 951.

[252] H. Rollnik: Operatoreichtransformationen in der Quanten-electrodynamik,

Z. Phys. 161 (1961) 370.

[253] M. Zulauf: On Two Gauge Classes and the Invariance of the S Matrix in
Quantum Electrodynamics, HeJv. Phys. Ada. 39 (1966) 439.
[254] I. Bialynicki-Birula: Gauge Transformation in the S-matrix Theory, Phys.
Rev. 166 (1968) 1505.

[255] I. Bialynicki-Birula: Renormalization, Diagrams, and Gauge Invariance

, Phys. Rev. D2 (1970) 2877.

[256] M. Hayakawa and K. Yokoyama: Gauge, Renormalization and the Goto-

Imamura-Schwinger Term in Quantum Electrodynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys.
44 (1970) 533.
[257] J.G. Valatin: On Quantum Electrodynamics, K. D&nske Vidensk. Selsk.
M&t.-6s. Medd. 26 No.13 (1951) .

[258] L.E. Evans and T. Fulton: Asymptotic Conditions in Quantum Electrody­

namics, Nucl. Phys. 21 (1960) 492.
 976

[259] Y-P. Yao: Quantization of Electrodynamics in the Axial Gauge, J. Math.

Phys. 5 (1964) 1319.

[260] A. Peres: Commutation Relations for Electromagnetic Potentials, JVuovo Ci-

mento 34 (1964) 346.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[261] J. Lukierski: Electromagnetic Potentials in Landau Gauge, Bull. Acad.

Polon. 14 (1966) 569.

[262] J. Lukierski: The Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics with Strong ■

Lorentz Condition, I — Heisenberg picture, Acta Phys. Polon. 31 (1967)
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

63.

[263] J. Lukierski: The Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics with Strong

Lorentz Condition, II — Interaction picture, Acta Phys. Polon. 31 (1967)
905.

[264] Y. Nambu: Quantum Electrodynamics in Nonlinear Gauge, Prog. Theor.

Phys. Supp. Extra. Number (1968) 190.

3.4 Covariant-Gauge Formalism and Related Problems

[265] N. Nakanishi: Covariant Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field in the
Landau Gauge, Prog. Theor. Phys. 35 (1966) 1111.

[266] N. Nakanishi: Quantum Electrodynamics in the General Covariant Gauge,

Prog. Theor. Phys. 38 (1967) 881.

[267] B. Lautrup: Canonical Quantum Electrodynamics in Covariant Gauges, K.

Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-fis. Medd. 35 N o . l l (1967) 1.

[268] N. Nakanishi: A Way Out of a Formal Difficulty Encountered in the Landau-

gauge Quantum Electrodynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 51 (1974) 952.

[269] N. Nakanishi: Ward-Takahashi Identities in Quantum Field Theory with

Spontaneously Broken Symmetry, Prog. Theor. Phys. 51 (1974) 1183.

[270] N. Nakanishi: The Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann Formalism for Mani­

festly Covariant Quantum Electrodynamics, Prog. TAeor. Phys. 52 (1974)
1929.
 977

[271] R. Utiyama: Theory of Invariant Variation and the Generalized Canonical

Dynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 9 (1959) 19.
[272] J. Schwinger: Non-Abelian Gauge Fields, Lorentz Gauge Formulation, Phys.
Rev. 130 (1963) 402.

[273] J. Lukierslri: The Operator Formalism of Quantum Electrodynamics in Lan­

by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

dau Gauge, JVuovo Cimento Suppl. 5 (1967) 739.

[274] T. Goto and T. Obara: The Canonical Quantization of the Free Electromag­
netic Field in the Landau Gauge, Prog. Theor. Phys. 38 (1967) 871.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[275] K. Yokoyama: Photon Propagator in Quantum Electrodynamics, Prog.

Theor. Phys. 40 (1968) 160.

[276] K. Yokoyama: Canonical Quantum Electrodynamics with Invariant One-

parameter Gauge Families, Prog. Theor. Phys. 51 (1974) 1956.

[277] K. Yokoyama and R. Kubo: Gauge Structure of Canonical Quantum Elec­

trodynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 52 (1974) 290.
[278] N. Nakanishi: Massive Vector Field and Electromagnetic Field in the Landau
Gauge, Phys. Rev. D 5 (1972) 1324.
[279] P. Ghose and A. Das: A Variant of the Stuckelberg Formalism for Massive
Gauge Fields and Applications, Nucl. Phys. B41 (1972) 299.
[280] K. Yokoyama: Neutral-vector Field Theory with Invariant Gauge Families,
Prog. Theor. Phys. 52 (1974) 1669.

[281] R. Kubo and K. Yokoyama: Gauge Structure of Neutral-vector Field Theory,

Prog. Theor. Phys. 53 (1975) 871.
[282] R. Kubo and K. Yokoyama: Amount of Gauge Transformations in Neutral-
vector Field Theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 53 (1975) 911.
[283] K. Yokoyama and S. Yamagami: Momentum-space Operators in Covariant-
gauge Quantum Electrodynamics — Massless limit of neutral-vector field
theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 55 (1976) 910.
[284] Y. Takahashi: Note on the Scale Transformation, Phys. Rev. D3 (1971)
622.
 978

[285] A. Das and P. Ghose: Scale Transformations and Massive Neutral Vector
Fields, Phys. Rev. D8 (1973) 3706.
[286] R. Kubo, Y. Takahashi and K. Yokoyama: Scale Transformation and Massless
Limit in Neutral-vector Field Theory, Phys. Rev. D l l (1975) 2335.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[287] A. Proca: Sur la Theorie Ondulatoire des Electrons Positifs et Negatifs, J.

Phys. Radium 7 (1936) 347.

[288] R.J. Duffin: On the Characteristic Matrices of Covariant Systems, Phys.

Rev. 54 (1938) 1114.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[289] N. Kemmer: The Particle Aspect of Meson Theory, Proc. Roy. Soc. A173
(1939) 91.
[290] E.C.G. Stueckelberg: Die Wechselwirkungskrafte in der Elektrodynamik und
in der Feldtheorie der Kernkrafte, Teil II und III, Helv. Phys. Ada. 11
(1938) 299.

[291] Y. Miyamoto: On the Interaction of the Meson and Nucleon Field in the
Super-many-time Theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 3 (1948) 124.
[292] P.T. Matthews: The S-matrix for Meson-nucleon Interactions, Phys. Rev.
76 (1949) 1254.
[293] H. tfmezawa: On the Structure of the Interactions of the Elementary Parti­
cles, II, Prog. Theor. Phys. 7 (1952) 551.

[294] S. Kamefuchi and H. Umezawa: On the Structure of the Interaction of the

Elementary Particles, III, Prog. Theor. Phys. 8 (1952) 579.

[295] R.J. Glauber: On the Gauge Invariance of the Neutral Vector Meson Theory,
Prog. Theor. Phys. 9 (1953) 295.
[296] O. Hara and H. Okonogi: On Gauge Invariance in Electrodynamics and the
Self-energy of the Photon, Prog. Theor. Phys. 10 (1953) 191.

[297] R.J. Glauber: Note on the Neutral Vector Meson Theory, Prog. Theor.
Phys. 10 (1953) 690.
[298] E.C.G. Stueckelberg: Theorie de la Radiation de Photons de Masse Arbi-
trairement Petite, Helv. Phys. Act* 30 (1957) 209.
 979

[299] Y. Fujii: On the Analogy Between Strong Interaction and Electromagnetic

Interaction, Prog. Theor. Phys. 21 (1959) 232.

[300] A. Salam: An Equivalence Theorem for Partially Gauge-invariant Vector

Meson Interactions, JVucI. Phys. 18 (1960) 681.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[301] S. Kamefuchi: On Salam's Equivalence Theorem in Vector Meson Theory,

JVucI. Phys. 18 (1960) 691.

[302] A. Salam and J.C. Ward: On a Gauge Theory of Elementary Interactions,

JVuovo Cimento 19 (1961) 165.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[303] V.I. Ogievetskii and I.V. Polubarinov: A Gauge Invariant Formulation of

Neutral Vector Field Theory, Soviet Phys. JETP 14 (1962) 179 [Zh.
Eksper. Teor. Fiz. 41 (1961) 247].

[304] K. Johnson: Relation between the Bare and Physical Masses of Vector
Mesons, Nucl. Phys. 25 (1961) 435.

[305] J. Schwinger: Gauge Invariance and Mass, Phys. Rev. 125 (1962) 397.

[306] J. Schwinger: Gauge Invariance and Mass, II, Phys. Rev. 128 (1962) 2425.

[307] D.G. Boulware and W. Gilbert: Connection between Gauge Invariance and
Mass, Phys. Rev. 126 (1962) 1563.

[308] T.D. Lee and C.N. Yang: Theory of Charged Vector Mesons Interacting with
the Electromagnetic Field, Phys. Rev. 128 (1962) 885.

[309] G. Feldman and P.T. Matthews: Massive Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 130
(1963) 1633.

[310] J.A. Young and S.A. Bludman: Electromagnetic Properties of a Charged

Vector Meson, Phys. Rev. 131 (1963) 2326.

[311] S. Bonometto: On Gauge Invariance for a Neutral Massive Vector Field,

JVuovo Cimento 28 (1963) 309.

[312] S. Kamefuchi and H. Umezawa: The Mass of Gauge Particles and Self-
consistent Method of Quantum Field Theory, JVuovo Cimento 32 (1964)
448.
 980

[313] Y. Fujii and S. Kamefuchi: A Generalization of the Stueckelberg Formalism

of Vector Meson Fields, JVuovo Omen to 33 (1964) 1639.

[314] Y. Fujii: Properties of a Massive Neutral Gauge Particle, Phys. Rev. 138
(1965) B423.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[315] M.P. Fry: Gauge Invariance and Mass in Scalar Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev.
178 (1969) 2389.

[316] J.H. Lowenstein and B. Schroer: Gauge Invariance and Ward Identities in a
Massive-vector Meson Model, Phys. Rev. D6 (1972) 1553.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[317] R.A. Brandt and Ng Wing-Chiu: Gauge Invariance and Mass, Phys. Rev.
10 (1974) 4198.

[318] R. Kubo and K. Yokoyama: Massless Tensor Fields and Tripole Ghosts, Prog.
Theor. Phys. 40 (1968) 421.

[319] K. Yokoyama: Massless Tensor Fields and Tripole Ghosts II, Prog. Theor.
Phys. 41 (1969) 1384.

[320] T. Kimura: Canonical Quantization of Massless Tensor Field in General Co-

variant Gauge, Prog. Theor. Phys. 55 (1976) 1259.

[321] T. Kimura: Note on Massive Tensor Field in General Covariant Gauges, Prog.
Theor. Phys. 55 (1976) 1328.

3.5 Indefinite Metric

[322] P.A.M. Dirac: The Physical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Proc.
Roy. Soc. A180 (1942) 1.

[323] W. Pauli: On Dirac's New Method of Field Quantization, Rev. Mod. Phys.
15 (1943) 175.

[324] W. Pauli: On the Connection Between Spin and Statistics, Prog. Theor.
Phys. 5 (1950) 526.

[325] W. Pauli and F. Villars: On the Invariant Regularization in Relativistic Quan­

tum Theory, Rev. Mod. Phys. 21 (1949) 434.
 981

[326] S.N. Gupta: Quantum Electrodynamics with Auxiliary Fields, Proc. Phys.
Soc. A66 (1953) 129.

[327] W. Heisenberg: Lee Model and Quantisation of Nonlinear Field Equations,

Nucl. Phys. 4 (1957) 532.

[328] R. Ascoh and E. Minardi: On Quantum Theories with Indefinite Metric,

by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

JVucJ. Phys. 9 (1958) 242.

[329] R. Ascoli and E. Minardi: On the Unitarity of the S-matrix in quantum Field
Theories with Indefinite Metric, Nuovo Cimento 8 (1958) 951.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[330] S. Sunakawa: Quantum Electrodynamics with the Indefinite Metric — Non-

lorentz-invariance of the Gupta formalism, Prog. Theor. Phys. 19 (1958)
221.

[331] S.N. Gupta: Quantum Mechanics with an Indefinite Metric, Canad. J. Phys.
35 (1957) 961.

[332] S.N. Gupta: Lorentz Covariance of Quantum Electrodynamics with the In­
definite Metric, Prog. Theor. Phys. 21 (1959) 581.

[333] G. Konishi and T. Ogimoto: Quantum Theory in Pseudo-Hilbert Space, Prog.

Theor. Phys. 20 (1958) 868.

[334] G. Konishi and T. Ogimoto: Quantum Theory in Pseudo-Hilbert Space II,

Prog. Theor. Phys. 21 (1959) 727. 3.3 The Gauge Transformation
[335] K.L. Nagy: On a Possibility for the Elimination of the Non-physical Conse­
quences of the Indefinite Metric, JVuovo Cimento 10 (1958) 1071.

[336] A. Uhlmann: Schema Einer Quantenmechanik mit Indefiniter Metrik, JVucJ.

Phys. 9 (1958) 588.

[337] A. Uhlmann: Untersuchungen iiber Quantentheorien mit Indefiniter Metrik,

Nucl. Phys. 12 (1959) 103.

[338] L.K. Pandit: Linear Vector Spaces with Indefinite Metric, JVuovo Cimento
Suppl. 11 (1959) 157.
 982

[339] M. Froissart: Covariant Formulation of a Field with Indefinite Metric, JVuovo

Cimento Suppl. 14 (1959) 197.
[340] K.L. Nagy: Dipole Ghost Contribution to Propagators, JVuovo Cimento 15
(1960) 993.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[341] K.L. Nagy: Tripole Ghosts in Field Theory, JVuovo Cimento 17 (1960) 384.
[342] K.L. Nagy: Indefinite Metric in Quantum Field Theory, JVuovo Cimento
Suppl. 17 (1960) 92.
[343] S. Schlieder: Indefinite Metrik im Zustandsraum und Wahrscheinlichkeitsin-
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

terpretation, Z. Naturforsch. 15a (1960) 448; 460; 555.

[344] K.L. Nagy: A Model with Multipole-type Ghosts, Ada Phys. Hung. 14
(1962) 11.
[345] J.J. Bowman and J.D. Harris: Green's Distributions and the Cauchy Problem
for Iterated Klein-Gordon Operator, 3. Math. Phys. 3 (1962) 39$.
[346] J. Lukierski: Theory of Free Relativistic Multipole Field I — Classical part,
Ada Phys. Polon. 32 (1967) 551.

[347] J. Lukierski: Theory of Free Relativistic Multipole Field II — Quantum Part,

Ada Phys. Polon. 32 (1967) 771.

[348] K. Yokoyama and R. Kubo: Vector Spaces with Indefinite Metric and Pole-
type Ghosts, Prog. Theor. Phys. 41 (1969) 542.

[349] K.L. Nagy: State Vector Spaces with Indefinite Metric in Quantum Field
Theory (P. Noordhoff, Groningen, Netherland 1966).

[350] N. Nakanishi: Indefinite-metric Quantum Field Theory, Prog. Theor. Phys.

Suppl. No.51 (1972) 1.

3.6 Other Topics

[351] J.D. Bjorken: A Dynamical Origin for the Electromagnetic Field, Ann. Phys.
24 (1963) 174.

[352] I. BialynicH-Birula: Quantum Electrodynamics without Electromagnetic

Field, Phys. Rev. 130 (1963) 465.
 983

[353] H.P. Diirr, W. Heisenberg, H. Yamamoto and K. Yamazaki: Quantum Elec­

trodynamics in the Nonlinear Spinor Theory and the Value of Sommerfeld's
Fine-structure Constant, JVuovo Cimento 38 (1965) 1220.

[354] T-T. Chou and M. Dresden: S-matrix Theory of Electromagnetic Interac­

tions, Rev. Mod. Phys. 39 (1967) 143.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[355] I. Brevik and B. Lautrup: Quantum Electrodynamics in Material Media, K.

Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Mat.-fis. Medd. 38 (1970) No.l.

[356] J. Gomatan: Coherent States and Indefinite Metric — Applications to the

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Free Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields, Phys. Rev. D3 (1971)

1292.

[357] M. Namiki and K. Yokoyama: Gauge Invariant Quantum Electrodynamics

with the Mass-changing Minimal Current, Prog. Theor. Phys. 48 (1972)
2093.

5. PROBLEMS O N INFRARED DIVERGENCES

4.1 Coherent State
[358] F. Bloch and A. Nordsieck: Note on the Radiation Field of the Electron,
Phys. Rev. 52 (1937) 54.

[359] W. Pauli and M. Fierz: Zur Theorie der Emission Langwelliger Lichtquanten,
JVuovo Cimento 15 (1938) 167.

[360] W. Braunbek und E. Weinmann: Die Rutherford-Streuung mit Berucksichti-

gung der Ausstrahlung, Z. Phys. 110 (1938) 360.

[361] R. Jost: Compton Scattering and the Emission of Low Frequency Photons,
Phys. Rev. 72 (1947) 815.

[362] W. Thirring and B. Touschek: A Covariant Formulation of the Bloch-

Nordsieck Method, Phil. Mag. 42 (1951) 244.

[363] R.J. Glauber: Some Notes on Multiple-boson Processes, Phys. Rev. 84

(1951) 395.
 984

[364] J.M. Jauch and F. Rohrlich: The Infrared Divergence, fleJv. Phys. Ada. 27
(1954) 613.
[365] C.R. Hagen: Radiation Gauge Electrodynamics I — The two-point function,
Phys. Rev. 130 (1963) 813.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[366] C.R. Hagen: Radiation Gauge Electrodynamics II — The asymptotic condi­

tion, JVuovo Cimento 28 (1963) 970.

[367] R.J. Glauber: Coherent and Incoherent States of the Radiation Field, Phys.
Rev. 131 (1963) 2766.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[368] J.D. Dollard: Asymptotic Convergence and the Coulomb Interaction, J.

Math. Phys. 5 (1964) 729.
[369] V. Chung: Infrared Divergence in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev.
140 (1965) B1110.

[370] M. Greco and G. Rossi: A Note on the Infrared Divergence, JVuovo Cimento
50A (1967) 168.
[371] J.K. Storrow: Photons in S-matric Theory, JVuovo Cimento 54A (1968)
15.
[372] J.K. Storrow: Photons in S-matric Theory II — Systems with many charged
particles, JVuovo Cimento 57A (1968) 763.

[373] T.W.B. Kibble: Coherent Soft-Photon States and Infrared Divergences II —

Mass shell singularities, Phys. Rev. 173 (1968) 1527.

[374] T.W.B. Kibble: Coherent Soft-Photon States and Infrared Divergences III —
Reduction formula, Phys. Rev. 174 (1968) 1882.

[375] T.W.B. Kibble: The Scattering Soft-photon States and Infrared Divergences
IV — The scattering operator, Phys. Rev. 175 (1968) 1624.
[376] T.W.B. Kibble: Coherent Soft-photon States and Infrared Divergences I —
Classical currents, J. Math. Phys. 9 (1968) 315.
[377] P.P. Kulish and L.D. Faddeev: Asymptotic Condition and Infrared Diver­
gence in Quantum Electrodynamics, TAeor. Math. Phys. 4 (1970) 745
[Teor. Mat. Fiz. 4 (1970) 153 ].
 985

[378] D. Zwanziger: Reduction Formulas for Charged Particles and Coherent States
in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. D7 (1973) 1083.

[379] D. Zwanziger: Scattering Theory for Quantum Electrodynamics I — Infrared

renormalization and asymptotic fields, Phys. Rev. D l l (1975) 3481.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[380] D. Zwanziger: Scattering Theory for Quantum Electrodynamics II — Reduc­

tion and cross-section formulas, Piys. Rev. D l l (1975) 3504.

[381] N. Papanicolaou: On the Infrared Singularities of Green's Function in Quan­

tum Electrodynamics, Ann. Phys. 89 (1975) 423.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[382] N. Papanikolaou: Infrared Problems in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys.

Reports 24C (1976) 229.

4.2 Cancellation of I R in Perturbation Theory

[383] H.A. Bethe and J.R. Oppenheimer: Reaction of Radiation on Electron Scat­
tering and Heitler's Theory of Radiation Damping, Phys. Rev. 70 (1946)
451.
[384] T. Kinoshita: Note on the Infrared Catastrophe, Prog. Theor. Phys. 5
(1950) 1045.

[385] M.R. Schafroth: Hohere Strahlungstheoretische Naherungen zur Klein-

Nishina-Formel, Helv. Phys. Acta 23 (1950) 542.

[386] L.M. Brown and R.P. Feynman: Radiative Corrections to Compton Scatter­
ing, Phys. Rev. 85 (1952) 231.
[387] K. Baumann: Die Infrarotkatastrophen der Quantenelektrodynamik, Acta
Piys. Austr. 7 (1953) 248.
[388] R.G. Newton: Radiative Corrections to Electron Scattering, Phys. Rev. 97
(1955) 1162 [Erratum: ibid. 98 (1955) 1514].

[389] M. Chretien: Radiative Corrections to Electron Scattering, Phys. Rev. 98

(1955) 1515.
[390] N. Nakanishi: General Theory of Infrared Divergence, Prog. Theor. Phys.
19 (1958) 159 [Soryushiron Kenkyu 15 (1957) 344 ].
 986

[391] E.L.Lomon: Radiative Corrections for Nearly Elastic Scattering, Phys. Rev.
113 (1959) 726.

[392] T. Kinoshita: Mass Singularities of Peynman Amplitudes, J. Math. Phys. 3

(1962) 650.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

4.3 Extraction of Phase Factors

[393] H. Suura: Radiative Correction to High-energy Electron Scattering, Phys.
Rev. 99 (1955) 1020.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[394] D.R. Yennie and H. Suura: Higher Order Radiative Corrections to Electron
Scattering, Phys. Rev. 105 (1957) 1378.

[395] T. Murota: On Radiative Corrections due to Soft Photons, Prog. Theor.

Phys. 24 (1960) 1109.

[396] D.R. Yennie, S.C. Frautschi and H. Suura: The Infrared Divergence Phenom­
ena and High-energy Processes, Ann. Phys. 13 (1961) 379.

[397] K.E. Erikson: On Radiative Corrections due to Soft Photons, Nuovo Cimento
19 (1961) 1010.

[398] K.T. Mahanthappa: Multiple Production of Photons in Quantum Electrody­

namics, Phys. Rev. 126 (1962) 329.

[399 T.D. Lee and M. Nauenberg: Degenerate Systems and Mass Singularities,
Phys. Rev. 133 (1964) B1549.

[400] G.Q. Hassoun and D.R. Yennie: Infrared Divergence of the Angular Momen­
tum of Bremsstrahlung and the Physical Structure of the Electron, Phys.
Rev. 134 (1964) B436.

[401] G. Grammer, Jr. and D.R. Yennie: Improved Treatment for the Infrared-
divergence Problem in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. D8 (1973)
4332.

4.4 Other Topics

 987

[402] L.I. Schiff: Radiative Correction to the Angular Distribution of Nuclear Re­
coils from Electron Scattering, Phys. Rev. 87 (1952) 750.

[403] F. Rohrlich: Infrared Divergence in Bound State Problems, Phys. Rev. 98

(1955) 181.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[404] R.V. Polovin: Radiative Corrections to the Scattering of Electrons by Elec­

trons and Positrons, Soviet Phys. JETP 4 (1957) 385 [Zh. Eksper. Teor.
Fiz. 31 (1956) 449 ].

[405] F.E. Low: Bremsstrahlung of Very Low-energy Quanta in Elementary Particle

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Collisions, Phys. Rev. 110 (1958) 974.

[406] J.D. Bjorken, S.D. Drell and S.C. Frautschi: Wide-angle Pair Production and
Quantum Electrodynamics at Smalll Distances, Phys. Rev. 112 (1958)
1409.

[407] P.I. Fomin: Radiation Corrections to Bremsstrahlung, Soviet Phys. JETP

35 (1959) 491 [Zh. Eksper. Teor. Fiz. 35 (1958) 707].

[408] S. Weinberg: Infrared Photons and Gravitons, Phys. Rev. 140- (1965)
B516.

[409] J. Frolich: On the Infrared Problem in a Model of Scalar Electrons and

Massless Scalar Bosons, Ann. Inst. H. Poincare 19 (1973) 1.

[410] R. Gastmans and R. Meuldermans: Dimensional Regularization of the In­

frared Problem, JVucJ. Phys. B63 (1973) 277.

[411] W.J. Marciano and A. Sirlin: Dimensional Regularization of Infrared Diver­

gences, JVuci. Phys. B88 (1975) 86.
 988

6. P R O B L E M S ON T H E ANOMALY

5.1 Goto-Imamura-Schwinger Term

[412] T. Goto and T. Imamura: Note on the Non-Perturbation-approach to Quan­
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

tum Field Theory, Prog. Theor. Phys. 14 (1955) 396.

[413] J. Schwinger: Field Theory Commutators, Phys. Rev. Letters 3 (1959)

296.

[414] S. Okubo: Inconsistency of Canonical Commutation Relations Among Cur­

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

rent Densities, Nuovo Cimento 44A (1966) 1015.

[415] J.W. Moffat: Regularized Vacuum Expectation Values in Quantum Field

Theory, Nucl. Phys. 16 (1960) 304.

[416] K. Johnson: Current-charge Density Commutation Relations, Nucl. Phys.

25 (1961) 431.

[417] J. Schwinger: Commutation Relation and Conservation Laws, Phys. Rev.

130 (1963) 406.

[418] H.J. Borchers: Field Operators as C°° Functions in Spacelike Direction,

Nuovo Cimento 33 (1964) 1600.

[419] D. Kastler, D.W. Robinson and A. Swieca: Conserved Currents and Associ­
ated Symmetries — Goldstone's theorem, Comm. Math. Phys. 2 (1966)
108.

[420] B. Schroer and P. Stichel: Current Commutation Relations in the Framework

of General Quantum Field Theory, Comm. Math. Phys. 3 (1966) 258.

[421] L.S. Brown: Gauge Invariance, Lorentz Covaiiance, and Current Correlation
Functions, Phys. Rev. 150 (1966) 1338.

[422] D.G. Boulware: Gauge Invariance and Current Definition in Quantum Elec­
trodynamics, Phys. Rev. 151 (1966) 1024.

[423] D. Boulware and S. Deser: Necessity of Field Dependence for Interacting

Currents, Phys. Letters 22 (1966) 99.
 989

[424] D.G. Boulware and S. Deser: Necessary Dependence of Currents on Fields

They Generate, Phys. Rev. 151 (1966) 1278.

[425] W.S. Hellman and P. Roman: Schwinger Terms from Local Currents, JVuovo
Cimento 52 (1967) 1341.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[426] R.A. Brandt and C.A. Orzalesi: Equal-time Commutator and Zero-energy
Theorem in the Lee Model, Phys. Rev. 162 (1967) 1747.

[427] R.A. Brandt: Approach to Equal-time Commutators in Quantum Field The­

ory, Phys. Rev. 166 (1968) 1795.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[428] T. Nagylaki: Current Commutators in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys.

Rev. 158 (1967) 1534.

[429] S.G. Brown and S.A. Bludman: Application of the Dirac-Schwinger Covari-
ance Condition in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 161 (1967)
1505.

[430] R. Jackiw and G. Preparata: Probes for the Constituents of the Electromag­
netic Current and Anomalous Commutators, Phys. Rev. Letters 22 (1969)
975.

[431] M.S. Chanowitz: Schwinger Terms in Fermion Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev.

D2 (1970) 3016.

[432] C.A. Orzalesi: Lecture on Field-theoretic Aspects of Currrent Algebra, Tech.

Rep. No.833 (Univ. Maryland, 1968).

[433] G. Kallen: Gradient Terms in Commutators of Currents and Fields, Acta

Phys. Austr. Suppl. 5 (1968) 268.

[434] P. Ghose and A. Das: On the Goto-Imamura-Pradhan-Schwinger Term in

Quantum Electrodynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 46 (1971) 1623.

[435] K. Nishijima and R. Sasaki: Nature of the Schwinger Term in Spinor Elec­
trodynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 53 (1975) 1809.

5.2 P C AC Anomaly
 990

[436] J.S. Bell and R. Jackiw: A PCAC Puzzle — TT° -> 77 in the <r-model, Nuovo
Cimento 60 A (1969) 47.

[437] C.R. Hagen: Derivation of Adler's Divergence Condition from the Field Equa­
tions, Phys. Rev. 177 (1969) 2622.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[438] S.L. Adler: Axial-vector Vertex in Spinor Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. 177
(1969) 2426.

[439] I.S. Gerstein and R. Jackiw: Anomalies in Ward Identities for Three-point
Functions, Phys. Rev. 181 (1969) 1955.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[440] C.R. Jackiw and K. Johnson: Anomalies of the Axial-Vector Current, Phys.
Rev. 182 (1969) 1459.

[441] S.L. Adler and W.A. Bardeen: Absence of Higher-order Corrections in the
Anomalous Axial-vector Divergence Equation, Phys. Rev. 182 (1969)
1517.

[442] S.L. Adler and D.G. Boulwaie: Anomalous Commutators and the Triangle
Diagram, Phys. Rev. 184 (1969) 1740.

[443] S.L. Adler: Perturbation Theory Anomaly, Lectures on Elementary Particles

and Quantum Field Theory, Vol. 1 (M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1970) p.l.

[444] R. Jackiw: Field Theoretic Investigations in Current Algebra. Current Alge­

bra and Its Applications, Princeton Series in Physics (Princeton Univ. Press,
New Jersey, 1972).

7. QED EXPERIMENTS

6.1 Low-Energy Theorems

[445] N.M. Kroll and M.A. Ruderman: A Theorem on Photomeson Production
Near Threshold and the Suppression of Pairs in Pseudo-scalar Meson Theory,
Phys. Rev. 93 (1954) 233.

[446] M. Gell-Mann and K.L. Goldberger: Scattering of Low-energy Photons by

Particles of Spin 1/2, Phys. Rev. 96 (1954) 1433.
 991

[447] F.E.Low: Scattering of Light of Very Low Frequency by Systems of Spin 1/2,
Phys. Rev. 96 (1954) 1428.

[448] A. Klein: Low-energy Theorems for Renormalizable Field Theories, Phys.

Rev. 99 (1955) 998.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

449. F.E. Low: Bremsstrahlung of Very Low-energy quanta in Elementary Particle

Collisions, Phys. Rev. 110 (1958) 974.

6.2 Experiment
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[450] H.A. Bethe: The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels, Phys. Rev. 72
(1947) 339.

[451] Y. Nambu: The Level Shift and the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Elec­
tron, Prog. Theor. Phys. 4 (1949) 82.

[452] R. Karplus, A. Klein and J. Schwinger: Electrodynamic Displacement of

Atomic Energy Levels II — Lamb shift, Phys. Rev. 86 (1952) 288.

[453] R.L. Mills and N.M. Kroll: Fourth-order Radiative Corrections to Atomic
Energy Levels II, Phys. Rev. 98 (1955) 1489.

[454] A.J. Layzer: New Theoretical Value for the Lamb Shift, Phys. Rev. Letters
4 (1960) 580.

[455] H.M. Fried and D.R. Yennie: Higher Order Terms in the Lamb Shift Calcu­
lation, Phys. Rev. Letters 4 (1960) 583.

[456] Ya.A. Smorodinski: Limits of Quantum Electrodynamics and Accuracy of

Global Constants, Soviet Phys. Uspekhi 11 (1968) 130 [Uspekhi Fiz.
Nauk 94 (1968) 359] .

[457] T. Appelquist and S.J. Brodsky: Order a2 Electrodynamic Corrections to

the Lamb Shift, Phys. Rev. Letters 24 (1970) 562.
[458] A. Peterman: Analytic 4th Order Crossed Ladder Contribution to the Lamb
Shift, Phys. Lett. 35B (1971) 325.

[459] J.A. Fox and D.R. Yennie: Some Formal Aspects of the Lamb Shift Problem,
Ann. Phys. 81 (1973) 438.
 992

[460] H. Grotch and D.R. Yennie: Effective Potential Model for Calculating Nuclear
Corrections to the Energy Levels of Hydrogen, Rev. Mod. Phys. 41 (1969)
350.
[461] R. Karplus, A. Klein and J. Schwinger: Electrodynamic Displacement of
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Atomic Energy Levels, Phys. Rev. 84 (1951) 597.

[462] R.Karplus and A. Klein: Electrodynamic Displacement of Atomic Energy

Levels I — Hyperfine structure, Phys. Rev. 85 (1952) 972.

[463] D.E. Zwanziger: a 2 Corrections to Hyperfine Structure in Hydrogenic Atoms,

Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Phys. Rev. 121 (1961) 1128.

[464] S.D. Drell and J.D. Sullivan: Polarizability Contribution to the Hydrogen
Hyperfine Structure, Phys. Rev. 154 (1967) 1477.

[465] D.de Rafael: The Hydrogen Hyperfine Structure and Inelastic Electron Pro­
ton Scattering Experiments, Phys. Letters 37B (1971) 201.

[466] W.E. Lamb and R.C. Retherford: Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom by
a Microwave Method, Phys. Rev. 72 (1947) 241.

[467] R.T. Robiscoe: Reconciliation of Experimental Lamb Shifts, Phys. Rev. 168
(1968) 4.

[468] S.L.Kaufman, W.E. Lamb, Jr. K.R. Lea and M. Leventhal: Measurement of
the 2 2 S - 22P Interval in Atomic Hydrogen, Phys. Rev. Letters 22
(1969) 507.

[469] T.W. Shyn, W.L. Williams, R.T. Robiscoe and T. Rebane: Experimental
Value of AEH - Sg in Hydrogen, Phys. Rev. Lettters 22 (1969) 1273.

[470] B.L. Cosens and T.V. Vorburger: Remeasurement of AE — S in Atomic

Hydrogen, Phys. Rev. Letters 23 (1969) 1273.

[471] T. Fulton: Corrections to the Positronium Hyperfine Structure of Order

a2ln(l/a), Phys. Rev. Letters 24 (1970) 1035 [Erratum: ibid. 25
(1970) 782].

[472] D. A. Owen: Fourth-order Vacuum Polarization Correction to the Positronium

Hyperfine Structure, Phys. Rev. Letters 30 (1973) 887.
 993

[473] R. Barbieri and P. Christillin: On the Theoretical Value of Positronium

Ground State Splitting, Phys. Letters 43B (1973) 411.

[474] M.A. Stroscio: Positronium, Phys. Reports 22 (1975) 215;

[475] R. De Voe et al.: Measurement of the Muonium hfs Splitting and of the Muon
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Moment by "Double Resonance" and a New Value of a, Phys. Rev. Letters

25 (1970) 1779.

[476] D. Favart et al.: Precision Measurement of the Hyperfine Interval of Muonium

by a Novel Technique Ramsey Resonance in Zero Field, Phys. Rev. Letters
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

27 (1971) 1336.

[477] E.R. Carlson et al.: High-precision Determination of the Fine-structure Inter­

val in the Ground State of Positronium and the Fine-structure Density Shift
in Nitrogen, PJijs. Rev. Letters 29 (1972) 1059.

[478] J. Schwinger: On Quantum-electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of

the Electron, Phys. Rev. 73 (1948) 416.

[479] R. Karplus and N.M. Kroll: Fourth-order Corrections in Quantum Electro­

dynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron, Phys. Rev. 77 (1950)
536.

[480] CM. Sommerfield: Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron, Phys. Rev.
107 (1957) 328.

[481] A. Petermann: Fourth Order Magnetic Moment of the Electron, Helv. Phys.
Ada. 30 (1957) 407.

[482] T. Kinoshita and A. Sirlin: Radiative Corrections to Fermi Interactions, Phys.

Rev. 113 (1959) 1652.

[483] B.E. Lautrup and E.de Rafael: Calculation of the Sixth-order Contribution
from the Fourth-order Vacuum Polarization to the Difference of the Anoma­
lous Magnetic Moments of Muon and Electron, Phys. Rev. 174 (1968)
1835.

[484] J. Aldins, S.J. Brodsky, A.J. Dufner and T. Kinoshita: Photon-photon Scat­
tering Contribution to the Sixth-order Magnetic Moments of the Muon and
 994

Electron, Phys. Rev. D l (1970) 2378.

[485] S.J. Brodsky and T. Kinoshita: Vacuum-polarization Contributions to the

Sixth-order Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon and Electron, Phys.
Rev. D3 (1971) 356.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[486] T. Kinoshita and P. Cvitanovic: Sixth-order Radiative Corrections to the

Electron Magnetic Moment, Phys. Rev. Letters 29 (1972) 1534.

[487] B.E. Lautrup: On the Order of Magnitude of 8th Order Corrections to the
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon, Phys. Letters 38B (1972) 408.

[488] M.J. Levine and J. Wright: Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron,
Phys. Rev. D8 (1973) 3171.

[489] M.J. Levine and R. Roskies: New Technique for Vertex Graphs, Phys. Rev.
Letters 30 (1973) 772.

[490] R. Carroll and Y.P. Yao: a 3 Contributions to the Anomalous Magnetic Mo­
ment of an Electron in the Mass-operator Formalism, Phys. Letters 48B
(1974) 125.

[491] R. Cvitanovic and T. Kinoshita: Sixth-order Magnetic Moment of the Elec­

tron, Phys. Rev. D10 (1974) 4007.

[492] R. Barbieri and E. Remidi: Electron and Muon (g — 2)/2 from Vacuum
Polarization Insertions, Nucl. Phys. B90 (1975) 233.

[493] P. Kusch and H.M. Foley: Precision Measurement of the Ratio of the Atomic
'g Values' in the 2 P 3 2 and 2PU States of Gallium, Phys. Rev. 72 (1947)
1256.

[494] J. Bailey et al.: Precision Measurement of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment

of the Muon, Phys. Letters 28B (1968) 287.

[495] J.F. Hague et al.: Precision Measurement of the Magnetic Moment of the
Muon, Phys. Rev. Letters 25 (1970) 628.

[496] J.C. Wesley and A. Rich: High-field Electron g-2 Measurement, Phys. Rev.
A4 (1971) 1341.
 995

[497] J. Schwinger: On Radiative Corrections to Electron Scattering, Phys. Rev.

75 (1949) 898.

[498] J. Schwinger: The Quantum Correction in the Radiation by Energetic Accel­

erated Electrons, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 40 (1954) 132.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[499] S.M. Berman: Radiative Corrections to p, and Neutron Decay, Phys. Rev.
112 (1958) 267.

[500] L. Matsson: On Radiative Corrections to Muon Decay, JVucJ. Phys. B13

(1969) 647.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[501] A.C. Hearn, R.K. Kuo and D.R. Yennie: Radiative Corrections to an
Electron-positron Scattering Experiment, Phys. Rev. 187 (1969) 1950.

[502] M. Roos and A. Sirlin: Remarks on the Radiative Corrections of Order a2 to

/^-decay and the Determination of G^, Nucl. Phys. B29 (1971) 296.

[503] D.A. Ross: Radiative Corrections to Muon Decay, Nuovo Cimento 10A
(1972) 475.
[504] B.N. Taylor, W.H. Parker and D.N. Langenberg: Determination of e/h, Using
Macroscopic Quantum Phase Coherence in Superconductors Implication for
QED and the Fundamental Physical Constants, Rev. Mod. Phys. 41
(1969) 375.
[505] B.E. Lautrup, A. Peterman and E.de Rafael: Recent Developments in the
Comparison Between Theory and Experiments in Quantum Electrodynamics,
Phys. Reports 3 (1972) 193.

[506] T. Kinoshita: Present Status of QED, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 29 (1974) 471.

6.3 Magnetic Monopole

[507] P.A.M. Dirac: The Theory of Magnetic Poles, Phys. Rev. 74 (1948) 817.

[508] D. Zwanziger: Dirac Magnetic Poles Forbidden in S-matrix Theory, Phys.

Rev. 137 (1965) B657.
[509] S. Weinberg: Photons and Gravitons in Perturbation Theory. Derivation of
Maxwell's and Einstein's Equations, Phys. Rev. 138 (1965) B988.
 996

[510] A.S. Goldhaber: Role of Spin in the Monopole Problem, Phys. Rev. 140
(1965) B1407.

[511] J. Schwinger: Magnetic Charge and Quantum Field Theory, Phys. Rev.
144 (1966) 1087.
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

8. Articles added

1.1
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

[512] S. Hayakawa, Y. Miyamoto and S. Tomonaga: On the Elimination of the

Auxiliary Condition in the Quantum Electrodynamics I, J. Phys. Soc. Japan
2 (1947) 172.

[513] S. Hayakawa, Y. Miyamoto and S. Tomonaga: On the Elimination of the

Auxiliary Condition in the Quantum Electrodynamics III, J. Phys. Soc.
Japan 2 (1947) 199.

[514] S. Kanesawa and S. Tomonaga: On a Relativistically Invariant Formulation

of the Quantum Theory of Wave Fields V, Prog. Theor. Phys. 3 (1948) 1
[Addendum: ibid. 101 ].

[515] Z. Koba, Y. Oisi and M. Sasaki: Auxiliary Condition and Gauge Transfor-
mation in the "Super-many-time Theory" I, Prog. Theor. Phys. 3 (1948)
141.

[516] Z. Koba, Y. Oisi and M. Sasaki: Auxiliary Condition and Gauge Transfor-
mation in the "Super-many-time Theory" II, Prog. Theor. Phys. 3 (1948)
229.

3.1
[517] D. Maison and D. Zwanziger: On the Subsidiary Condition in Quantum
Electrodynamics, IVucI. Phys. B91 (1975) 425.

3.4
 997

[518] D. Zwanziger: Physical States in Quantum Electrodynamics, Phys. Rev.

D14 (1976) 2570.

3.6
by 169.159.220.96 on 03/12/22. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

[519] H.P. Diirr and E. Rudolph: Good and Bad Ghosts in Quantum Electrody­
namics, Nuovo Cimento 62A (1969) 411.

[520] H.P. Diirr and E. Rudolph: Indefinite Metric in Massless Quantum Field
Theories of Arbitrary Spin, Nuovo Cimento 65A (1970) 423.
Quantum Electrodynamics Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

6.3
[521] A.S. Goldhaber: Connection of Spin and Statistics for Charge Monopole
Composites, Phys. Rev. Letters 36 (1976) 1122.