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DNA Repair Mechanism

DNA replication has an error rate of one nucleotide per 10 billion added. DNA polymerases have proofreading abilities via 3'->5' exonuclease activity to remove incorrect bases. There are three main DNA repair pathways: 1) Base Excision Repair repairs single lesions using glycosylases and DNA polymerase; 2) Nucleotide Excision Repair removes bulky distortions like thymine dimers using nucleases, DNA polymerase, and ligase; 3) Mismatch Repair recognizes and repairs insertion, deletion, or misincorporated bases missed by proofreading.

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135 views4 pages

DNA Repair Mechanism

DNA replication has an error rate of one nucleotide per 10 billion added. DNA polymerases have proofreading abilities via 3'->5' exonuclease activity to remove incorrect bases. There are three main DNA repair pathways: 1) Base Excision Repair repairs single lesions using glycosylases and DNA polymerase; 2) Nucleotide Excision Repair removes bulky distortions like thymine dimers using nucleases, DNA polymerase, and ligase; 3) Mismatch Repair recognizes and repairs insertion, deletion, or misincorporated bases missed by proofreading.

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Iraqi
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Molecular Lec.

DNA Repair Mechanisms


DNA replication have an error rate of one nucleotide for every 10 billion
(1010) added nucleotides.
*During replication, a polymerase can excise an incorrect base via its exonuclease
activity and then continue the process of replication.
*The initial addition of nucleotides by DNA polymerase has an error rate of one per
105 (100,000) added nucleotides.
* Proof reading occurs during DNA replication because some DNA polymerases
have 3'->5' exonuclease activity that allows an incorrect base to be excised.
*In bacteria, all three DNA polymerases (I, II, and III) have the ability to proofread,
using 3'->5' exonuclease activity.
*In eukaryotes only the polymerases that deal with the elongation (γ, δ, and ε) have
the proof reading ability (3'->5' exonuclease activity).

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Molecular Lec.9

1. Base Excision Repair Pathway ( BER)


A single lesion in the DNA molecule is recognized by a glycosylase specific
to that lesion. The incorrect base is flipped out of the DNA strand, cleaved,
and the DNA polymerase then repairs the strand either with a single base
(shortpatch) or several bases the damages either caused by chemical factors
such as hydrolysis, methylation, and oxidation.

2. Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathway (NER)


DNA repair mechanism that corrects damage done by UV radiation, including
thymine dimers and 6,4 photoproducts that cause bulky distortions in the
DNA. Is another mechanism by which the cell can prevent unwanted
mutations and recognize bulky distortions in the shape of the DNA double
helix. It involves removing the damaged DNA by an enzyme called a nuclease
and filling of the gap by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Steps of this process:
1. UV light causes thymine dimers that bend the DNA and need to be fixed.
2. The damaged section is cut and removed by an enzyme called nuclease
3. The gap is filled with the corrected nucleotides by DNA polymerase
4. The newly filled gap is sealed with the rest of the strand by DNA ligase

3-mismatch repair:
a system for recognizing and repairing some forms of DNA damage and errors
insertion, deletion, or miss incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA
replication and recombination.

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Molecular Lec.9

 Mismatched nucleotides are not caught by proofreading and require a process


called mismatch repair to remove and replace the incorrectly inserted nucleotide.

 DNA mismatch repair can recognize and repair insertions, deletions, and
substitutions that may arise during replication.

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Molecular Lec.9

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