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UNIT – V

LIMT STATE DESIGN

OF FOOTINGS

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Design of Footings
1. General

Most of the structures built by us are made of reinforced concrete. Here, the part of the structure above ground
level is called as the superstructure, where the part of the structure below the ground level is called as the
substructure. Footings are located below the ground level and are also referred as foundations. Foundation is that
part of the structure which is in direct contact with soil. The R.C. structures consist of various structural
components which act together to resist the applied loads and transfer them safely to soil. In general the loads
applied on slabs in buildings are transferred to soil through beams, columns and footings. Footings are that part
of the structure which are generally located below ground Level. They are also referred as foundations. Footings
transfer the vertical loads, Horizontal loads, Moments, and other forces to the soil.

The important purpose of foundation are as follows;

1. To transfer forces from superstructure to firm soil below.

2. To distribute stresses evenly on foundation soil such that foundation soil neither fails nor
experiences excessive settlement.

3. To develop an anchor for stability against overturning.

4. To provide an even surface for smooth construction of superstructure.

Due to the loads and soil pressure, footings develop Bending moments and Shear forces. Calculations are made
as per the guidelines suggested in IS 456 2000 to resist the internal forces.

2. Types of Foundations

Based on the position with respect to ground level, Footings are classified into two types;

1. Shallow Foundations
2. Deep Foundations

Shallow Foundations are provided when adequate SBC is available at relatively short depth below
ground level. Here, the ratio of Df / B < 1, where Df is the depth of footing and B is the width of
footing. Deep Foundations are provided when adequate SBC is available at large depth below ground
level. Here the ratio of Df / B >= 1.

2.1 Types of Shallow Foundations

The different types of shallow foundations are as follows:

Isolated Footing
Combined footing
Strap Footing

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Strip Footing
Mat/Raft Foundation
Wall footing
Some of the popular types of shallo w foundations are briefly discussed below.

a) Isolated Column Footing

These are independent footings wh ich are provided for each column. This type of footing
is chosen when

SBC is generally high

Columns are far apart Loads on
footings are less

The isolated footings can have diffe rent shapes in plan. Generally it depends on the shape of column
cross section Some of the popular s hapes of footings are;

Square
Rectangular
Circular

The isolated footings essentially co nsists of bottom slab. These bottom Slabs can be ei ther flat,
stepped or sloping in nature. The bottom of the slab is reinforced with steel mesh to r esist the two
internal forces namely bending moment and shear force.

The sketch of a typical isolated foot ing is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Plan and section of typical isolated footing

b) Combined Column Footing

These are common footings which support the loads from 2 or more columns.
Combined footings are provided when

SBC is generally less

Columns are closely spaced
Footings are heavily loaded

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In the above situations, the area required to provide isolated footings for the colu mns generally overlap. Hence,
it is advantageous to provide single combined footing. In some case s the columns are located on or close to
property line. In such cases footings cannot be extende d on one side.
Here, the footings of exterior and i nterior columns are connected by the combined foo ting.

Fig. 2 Plan and section of typical combined footing

Combined footings essentially consist of a common slab for the columns it is supportin g. These slabs
are generally rectangular in plan. Sometimes they can also be trapezoidal in plan (refer Fig. 2).
Combined footings can also have a connecting beam and a slab arrangement, which is similar to an
inverted T Ŕ beam slab.

c) Strap Footing

An alternate way of providing com bined footing located close to property line is the s trap footing. In strap
footing, independent slabs below columns are provided which are then connec ted by a strap beam. The strap
beam does not re main in contact with the soil and does not transfer a ny pressure to the soil. Generally it is used
to com bine the footing of the outer column to the adjace nt one so that the footing does not extend in the adjoining
property. A typical strap footing is shown in Fig. 3.

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Fig. 3 Plan and section of typical strap footing

d) Strip Footing

Strip footing is a continuous footing provided under columns or walls. A typical strip footing for
columns is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 Plan and section of typical strip footing

e) Mat Foundation

Mat foundation covers the whole plan area of structure. The detailing is similar to two way reinforced solid floor
slabs or flat slabs. It is a combined footing that covers the entir e area beneath a structure and supports all the
wa lls and columns. It is normally provided when

Soil pressure is low

Loads are very heavy
Spread footings cover > 50% area

A typical mat foundation is shown in Fig. 5.

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Fig. 5 Plan and section of typical strip footing

2.2 Types of Deep Foundations

Deep foundations are provided wh en adequate SBC is available at large depth below GL. There are
different types of deep foundations. Some of the common types of deep foundations are listed below.

Pile
Foundation
Pier Foundation
Well Foundation
3. Bearing Capacity of Soil

The safe bearing capacity of soil is the safe extra load soil can withstand without experiencing shear
failure. The Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) is considered unique at a particular site. But it also depends
on the following factors:

Size of footing
Shape of footing
Inclination of footing
Inclination of
ground Type of load
Depth of footing etc.

SBC alone is not sufficient for design. The allowable bearing capacity is taken as the smaller of the
following two criteria

Limit states of shear failure criteria (SBC)

Limit states of settlement criteria

Based on ultimate capacity, i.e., shear failure criteria, the SBC is calculated as

SBC = Total load / Area of footing

Usually the Allowable Bearing Pressure (ABP) varies in the range of 100 kN/m2 to 400 kN/m2. The
area of the footing should be so arrived that the pressure distribution below the footing should be less
than the allowable bearing pressure of the soil. Even for symmetrical Loading, the pressure distribution

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below the footing may not be uniform. It depends on the Rigidity of footing, Soil type and Conditions
of soil. In case of Cohesive Soil and Cohesion less Soil the pressure distribution varies in a nonlinear
way. However, while designing the footings a linear variation of pressure distribution from one edge
of the footing to the other edge is assumed. Once the pressure distribution is known, the bending
moment and shear force can be determined and the footing can be designed to safely resist these forces.

4. Design of Isolated Column Footing

The objective of design is to determine

Area of footing
Thickness of footing
Reinforcement details of footing (satisfying moment and shear considerations)
Check for bearing stresses and development length

This is carried out considering the loads of footing, SBC of soil, Grade of concrete and Grade of steel. The
method of design is similar to the design of beams and slabs. Since footings are buried, deflection control
is not important. However, crack widths should be less than 0.3 mm.

The steps followed in the design of footings are generally iterative. The important steps in the design
of footings are;

Find the area of footing (due to service loads)

Assume a suitable thickness of footing
Identify critical sections for flexure and shear
Find the bending moment and shear forces at these critical sections (due to factored loads) Check
the adequacy of the assumed thickness
Find the reinforcement details
Check for development length
Check for bearing stresses

Limit state of collapse is adopted in the design pf isolated column footings. The various design steps
considered are;

Design for flexure

Design for shear (one way shear and two way shear)
Design for bearing
Design for development length

The materials used in RC footings are concrete and steel. The minimum grade of concrete to be used
for footings is M20, which can be increased when the footings are placed in aggressive environment,
or to resist higher stresses.

Cover: The minimum thickness of cover to main reinforcement shall not be less than 50 mm for surfaces in
contact with earth face and not less than 40 mm for external exposed face. However, where the concrete is
in direct contact with the soil the cover should be 75 mm. In case of raft foundation the cover for
reinforcement shall not be less than 75 mm.

Minimum reinforcement and bar diameter: The minimum reinforcement according to slab and beam elements as
appropriate should be followed, unless otherwise specified. The diameter of main reinforcing bars shall not be
less 10 mm. The grade of steel used is either Fe 415 or Fe 500.

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5. Specifications for Design of footings as per IS 456 : 2000

The important guidelines given in IS 456 : 2000 for the design of isolated footings are as follows:

34.1 General

Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced reactions and
to ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as nearly uniform as possible, and the safe bearing
capacity of the soil is not exceeded (see IS 1904).

34.1.1 In sloped or stepped footings the effective cross-section in compression shall be limited by the
area above the neutral plane, and the angle of slope or depth and location of steps shall be such that
the design requirements are satisfied at every section. Sloped and stepped footings that are designed
as a unit shall be constructed to assure action as a unit.

34.1.2Thickness at the Edge of Footing

In reinforced and plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge shall be not less than 150 mm for footings
on soils, nor less than 300 mm above the tops of piles for footings on piles.
34.1.3 In the case of plain concrete pedestals, the angle between the plane passing through the bottom edge
of the pedestal and the corresponding junction edge of the column with
pedestal and the horizontal plane (see Fig. 20) shall be governed by the expression:

tan __ <≠ 0.9 ∗ _100___ ____ + 1

where
2
__ = calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the pedestal in N/mm

2
___ = characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days in N/mm .

34.2 Moments and Forces

34.2.1 In the case of footings on piles, computation for moments and shears may be based on the
assumption that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at the centre of the pile.

34.2.2 For the purpose of computing stresses in footings which support a round or octagonal concrete
column or pedestal, the face of the column or pedestal shall be taken as the side of a square inscribed within
the perimeter of the round or octagonal column or pedestal.

34.2.3Bending Moment

34.2.3.1 The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical
plane which extends completely across the footing, and computing the moment of the forces acting over
the entire area of the footing on one side of the said plane.

34.2.3.2 The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated concrete footing which
supports a column, pedestal or wall, shall be the moment computed in the manner prescribed in
34.2.3.1 at sections located as follows:

a) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall, for footings supporting a concrete column, pedestal or
wall;
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b) Halfway between the centre-line and the edge of the wall, for footings under masonry walls; and

c) Halfway between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gussetted base, for footings
under gussetted bases.

34.2.4 Shear and Bond

34.2.4.1 The shear strength of footings is governed by the more severe of the following two conditions:

a) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal crack extending in a plane
across the entire width; the critical section for this condition shall be assumed as a vertical section
located from the face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective depth of
footing for footings on piles.

b) Two-way action of the footing, with potential diagonal cracking along the surface of truncated cone
or pyramid around the concentrated load; in this case, the footing shall be designed for shear in
accordance with appropriate provisions specified in 31.6.
34.2.4.2 In computing the external shear or any section through a footing supported on piles, the entire reaction from any pile of diameter D
p whose centre is located DP/2 or more outside the

section shall be assumed as producing shear on the section; the reaction from any pile whose centre is located D P/2 or more inside the section
shall be assumed as producing no shear on the section, For

intermediate positions of the pile centre, the portion of the pile reaction to be assumed as producing
shear on the section shall be based on straight line interpolation between full value at DP/2 outside the
section and zero value at DP/2 inside the section.

34.2.4.3 The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be assumed at the same
planes as those described for bending moment in 34.2.3 and also at all other vertical planes where abrupt
changes of section occur. If reinforcement is curtailed, the anchorage requirements shall be checked in
accordance with 26.2.3.

34.3 Tensile Reinforcement

The total tensile reinforcement at any section shall provide a moment of resistance at least equal to the bending moment on
the section calculated in accordance with 34.2.3.

34.3.1 Total tensile reinforcement shall be distributed across the corresponding resisting section as
given below:

a) In one-way reinforced footing, the-reinforcement extending in each direction shall be distributed uniformly across
the full width of the footing;

b) In two-way reinforced square footing, the reinforcement extending in each direction shall be distributed uniformly across
the full width of the footing; and

c) In two-way reinforced rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction shall be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. For reinforcement in the short direction,
a central band equal to the width of the footing shall be marked along the length of the footing
and portion of the reinforcement determined in accordance with the
equation given below shall be uniformly distributed across the central band:
Reinforcement_in_central_band_width = _ 2
Total_reinforcement_in_short_direction ( + 1
where β is the ratio of the long side to the short side of the footing. The remainder of the reinforcement shall be uniformly
distributed in the outer portions of the footing.

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34.4 Transfer of Load at the Base of Column

The compressive stress in concrete at the base of a column or pedestal shdl be considered as being
transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting Redestal or footing. The bearing pressure on the
loaded area shall not exceed the permissible bearing stress in
direct compression multiplied by a value equal to

√*,

but not greater than 2, where A1 = supporting area for bearing of footing, which in sloped or stepped
footing may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone contained
wholly within the footing and having for its upper base, the area actually loaded and having side slope
of one vertical to two horizontal; and A2 = loaded area at the column base.
34.4.1 Where the permissible bearing stress on the concrete in the supporting or supported member would
be exceeded, reinforcement shall be provided for developing the excess force, either by extending the
longitudinal bars into the supporting member, or by dowels (see 34.4.3).

34.4.2 Where transfer of force is accomplished by, reinforcement, the development length of the
reinforcement shall be sufficient to transfer the compression or tension to the supporting member in
accordance with 26.2.

34.4.3 Extended longitudinal reinforcement or dowels of at least 0.5 percent of the crosssectional
area of the supported column or pedestal and a minimum of four bars shall be provided. Where dowels
are used, their diameter shall no exceed the diameter of the column bars by more than 3 mm.

34.4.4 Column bars of diameters larger than 36 mm, in compression only can be dowelled at the
footings with bars of smaller size of the necessary area. The dowel shall extend into the column, a
distance equal to the development length of the column bar and into the footing, a distance equal to
the development length of the dowel.

34.5 Nominal Reinforcement

34.5.1Minimum reinforcement and spacing shall be as per the requirements of solid slab.

34.5.2 The nominal reinforcement for concrete sections of thickness greater than 1 m shall be 360 mm2 per
metre length in each direction on each face. This provision does not supersede the requirement of minimum
tensile reinforcement based on the depth of the section.

6. Numerical Problems Example 1

Design an isolated footing for an R.C. column of size 230 mm x 230 mm which carries a vertical load of 500 kN.
The safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution

Step 1: Size of footing

Load on column = 600 kN

Extra load at 10% of load due to self weight of soil = 60 kN

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Hence, total load, P = 660 kN

. 223 4
Required area of footing, - = _ /01 = _ 433 = 5. 5_6

Assuming a square footing, the side of footing is 7 = 0 = _ )5. 5 = 8. 94_6

Hence, provide a footing of size 1.85 m x 1.85 m

__ , ,
Net upward pressure in soil, : = ; _ = 175.3_BC/E __ < 200_BC/E Hence O.K.
+.<= _>_+.<=

Hence, factored upward pressure of soil, pu = 263 kN/m2 and, factored load, Pu = 900 kN.
Step 2: Two way shear
Assume an uniform overall thickness of footing, D = 450 mm.

Assuming 12 mm diameter bars for main steel, effective thickness of footing Řdř is d = 450
Ŕ 50 Ŕ 12 Ŕ 6 = 382 mm

The critical section for the two way shear or punching shear occurs at a distance of d/2 from the face of the column (See Fig.
6), where a and b are the sides of the column.

Fig. 6 Critical section in two way shear

Hence, punching area of footing = (a + d)2 = (0.23 + 0.382)2 = 0.375 m2 here a

= b =side of column
Punching shear force = Factored load Ŕ (Factored upward pressure x punching area of footing)
= 900 Ŕ (263 x 0.375)
= 801.38 kN
Perimeter of the critical section = 4 (a+d) = 4
(230+ 382) = 2448 mm
Therefore, nominal shear stress in punching or punching shear stress ζ V is computed as

.HIJKLIM_NKOPQ_RSQJO
FG = _TOQL6OUOQ_V_ORROJULWO_UKLJXIONN
938. 59_ × 8333

= _ 4ZZ9_V_594 = 3. 92_[/66 4
Allowable shear stress = kS . ζC
where F1 = 3. 4\__RJX = 3. 4\_)43_ ≈ 8. 84_[/664
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; Hence, adopt k s=1

3 . 45
and, XN = _ 3. \ +_^1_ = _ _3. \ +_ 3 . 45` = 8. 3
2
Thus, Allowable shear stress = kS ._ζC = 1 x 1.12 = 1.12 N/mm

2 2
Since the punching shear stress (0.86 N/mm ) is less than the allowable shear stress (1.12 N/mm ), the assumed thickness is
sufficient to resist the punching shear force.
Hence, the assumed thickness of footing D = 450 mm is sufficient.

The effective depth for the lower layer of reinforcement, d = 450 Ŕ 50 Ŕ 6 = 396 mm, and the effective depth
for the upper layer of reinforcement, d = 450 Ŕ 50 Ŕ 12 Ŕ 6 = 382 mm.
Step 3: Design for flexure

The critical section for flexure occurs at the face of the column (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7 Critical section for flexure

The projection of footing beyond the column face is treated as a cantilever slab subjected to factored
upward pressure of soil.

Factored upward pressure of soil, pu = 263 kN/m2

Projection of footing beyond the column face, l = (1850 Ŕ 230)/2 = 810 mm

Hence, bending moment at the critical section in the footing is a H = _ _TH__b4_
=_ = 92. 49_X[ − 6_/m width of footing
4
425_V_3.98 4 4

The area of steel A st can be determined using the following moment of resistance relation for under reinforced

condition given in Annex G Ŕ 1.1 b of IS 456

f_
R RNUJXj
:2000. ad = 3. 9e_Rf_-NU_g_ h8 −_i _ g _
Considering 1m width of footing,
92. 49 _k_832 = 3.
9e_k_Z8\_k_lmn_k_594_ o8 −_
Z8\ _k_ lmn p 8333_k_594_k_43

Solving the above quadratic relation, we get Ast

= 648.42 mm2 and 17,761.01 mm2

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Selecting the least and feasible value for Ast, we have

Ast = 648.42 mm2

The corresponding value of pt = 0.17 % Hence

from flexure criterion, pt = 0.17 %

Step 4: One way shear

The critical section for one way shear occurs at a distance Řdř from the face of the column (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8 Critical section for one way shear

For the cantilever slab, total Shear Force along critical section considering the entire width B
is Vu = pu B (l Ŕ d) = 263 x 1.85 x (0.81 Ŕ 0.382)
= 208.24 kN The nominal
shear stress is given by
4
GH 439 4Z V 8333 & 3 53 qD66
FG = 0_g = _

From Table 61 of SP 16, find the pt required to have a minimum design shear strength ζC = ζV
= 0.30 N/mm2 with fck = 20 N/mm2. 2 2

For pt = 0.175 % the design shear strength ζC is 0.30 N/mm = ζV = 0.30 N/mm .
Hence from one way shear criterion, p t = 0.175 %
Comparing pt from flexure and one way shear criterion, provide pt = 0.175 % (larger of the two
values)
Hence, -NU = _ rn _s_t = 3 8e\ 8333 k 594 & 22u vv4
833 833

Provide φ 12 mm dia bars at 140 mm c/c.Therefore, Ast provided = 808 mm2 > Ast required (609 mm 2) .
Hence O.K.

Step 5: Check for development length

Sufficient development length should be available for the reinforcement from the critical section. Here, the critical section
considered for L d is that of flexure.

The development length for 12 mm dia bars is given by

Ld = 47 ф = 47 x 12 = 564 mm.
Providing 60 mm side cover, the total length available from the critical section is
8 8
4 w − x_ − 23_ = _ 4_89\3 − 453_ − 23_ = _e\3_vv y _ wt Hence O.K.

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Step 6: Check for bearing stress

The load is assumed to disperse from the base of column to the base of footing at rate of 2H : 1V.
Hence, the side of the area of dispersion at the bottom of footing = 230 + 2 (2 x
450) = 2030 mm. Since this is lesser than the side of the footing (i.e., 1850 mm) A1 = 1.85 x
1.85 = 3.4225 m 2
The dimension of the column is 230 mm x 230 mm. Hence, A2= 0.230 x 0.230 =

0.0529 m2 zll84 = z53.. Z44\3\4u = 9. 3Z > 2

Hence, Limit the value of {ll84_ = 4

Permissible bearing stress = 3. Z\_}~•{l l84

= 0.45 x 20 x 2 = 18 N/mm2 u33_k_833

‡x~nˆƒ‚t_•ˆxt 3 q

l~n€x•_s‚xƒ„…†_mnƒ‚mm = _ lƒ‚x_xn_~ˆ•€v…_sxm‚_

= _ 453_k_453 = 8e. 38 vv_4

2
Since the Actual bearing stress (17.01 N/mm ) is less than the Permissible bearing stress
2
(18 N/mm ), the design for bearing stress is satisfactory.

Appropriate detailing should be shown both in plan and elevation for the footing as per the
recommendations given in SP 34.

Example 2
Design an isolated footing for an R.C. column of size 300 mm x 300 mm which carries a vertical load
of 800 kN together with an uniaxial moment of 40 kN-m. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 250
kN/m2. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Solution

Step 1: Size of footing

Load on column = 800 kN

Extra load at 10% of load due to self weight of soil = 80 kN

Hence, total load, P = 880 kN

Let us provide a square isolated footing, where L=B

Equating the maximum pressure of the footing to SBC

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‰ Š
of soil,
l +_ ‹ = Œ•Ţ
_ _
993 Z3 V 2 = 4\3
i.e., 04 +_ 0 5

On solving the above equation, and taking the least and feasible value, B = 2 m

Hence, provide a square footing of size 2 m x 2 m

The maximum and minimum soil pressures are given by

933 Z3
T6PV = _ 44 +_ 4 _V5_2 = 453 X[64 < __250 6X[4 __•. •.

T6LI = _ 93344 −_Z3 4_V5 _2 = 8e3 6X[4 _ y _ŘřŖŗ____•. Ŕ.

Hence, factored upward pressures of soil are, pu,max = 345 kN/m2 and pu,min = 255kN/m Further,
average pressure at the center of the footing is given by pu,avg = 300 kN/m2 and, factored load, Pu =
900 kN, factored uniaxial moment, Mu = 60 kN-m

Step 2: Two way shear

Assume an uniform overall thickness of footing, D = 450 mm
Assuming 16 mm diameter bars for main steel, effective thickness of footing Řdř is d = 450
Ŕ 50 Ŕ 16 Ŕ 8 = 376 mm

The critical section for the two way shear or punching shear occurs at a distance of d/2 from the face of the column (Fig. 9),
where a and b are the dimensions of the column.

Fig. 9 Critical section in two way shear

2 2 2
Hence, punching area of footing = (a + d) = (0.30 + 0.376) = 0.457 m where a = b =
side of column
Punching shear force = Factored load Ŕ (Factored average pressure x punching area of footing)
= 1200 Ŕ (300 x 0.457)
= 1062.9 kN
Perimeter along the critical section = 4 (a+d) = 4
(300+ 376) = 2704 mm

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Therefore, nominal shear stress in punching or punching shear stress ζ V is computed as

.HIJKLIM_NKOPQ_RSQJO
FG = _TOQL6OUOQ_V_ORROJULWO_UKLJXIONN
8324. u_ ×
8333 = _ 4 = 8.
4e3Z_V_5e2 3\_[/66
Allowable shear stress = k . ζ F = 3. 4\ S C )4\ = 8. 4\

4
where 1 __RJX = 3. 4\ _ _[/66

and, XN = _ 3. \ +_^1_ = _ _3. \ + _33..5353` = 8. 3 ; Hence, adopt

ks=1 Thus, Allowable shear stress = kS ._ζC = 1 x 1.25 =

1.25 N/mm2

2 2
Since the punching shear stress (1.05 N/mm ) is less than the allowable shear stress (1.25 N/mm ), the assumed thickness is
sufficient to resist the punching shear force. Hence, the assumed thickness of footing D = 450 mm is
sufficient.

The effective depth for the lower layer of reinforcement, , d = 450 Ŕ 50 Ŕ 8 = 392 mm, and the effective depth
for the upper layer of reinforcement, d = d = 450 Ŕ 50 Ŕ 16 Ŕ 8 = 376 mm.

Step 3: Design for flexure

The critical section for flexure occurs at the face of the column (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10 Critical section for flexure

The projection of footing beyond the column face is treated as a cantilever slab subjected to factored
upward pressure of soil.

Factored maximum upward pressure of soil, p u,max = 345 kN/m2

Factored upward pressure of soil at critical section, pu = 306.75 kN/m2

Projection of footing beyond the column face, l = (2000 Ŕ 300)/2 = 850 mm

Bending moment at the critical section in the footing is

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SRI VIDYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY LECTURE NOTES

Š€ = _ ŕ˜ˆnx•_}ˆƒ~‚™__k__ŕš„mnx…~‚_ˆ}_Ţ›_}ƒˆv_~ƒ„n„~x•_m‚~n„ˆ…™

5Z\ + 532. e\ 4_k_5Z\ + 532. e\ 3. 9\

Š€ = _ ţ _3. 9\Ÿ ţ
ϥ 4 __k__ ϥ 5Z\ + 532. e\ _k_ 5 ٠M u = 119.11 kN-m/ m width of
footing
The area of steel A st can be determined using the following moment of resistance relation for under reinforced

_
condition given in Annex G Ŕ 1.1 b of IS 456 :2000. ad = 3. 9e_Rf_-NU_g_ h8 −_iR _fg _-RNUJXj

Considering 1m width of footing,

Z8\_k_lmn

−
88u. 88_k_832 = 3. _ p
9e_k_Z8\_k_lmn_k_5e2_ o8 8333_k_5e2_k_4\ Solving the
quadratic equation,

A st = 914.30 mm2 and 21,735.76 mm2

Selecting the least and feasible value, Ast = 914.30 mm2
The corresponding value of pt = 0.24 % Hence from
flexure criterion, pt = 0.24 %

Step 4: One way shear

The critical section for one way shear occurs at a distance of Řdř from the face of the column (Fig.
11).

Fig. 11 Critical section for one way shear

Factored maximum upward pressure of soil, pu,max = 345 kN/m2 2
Factored upward pressure of soil at critical section, pu = 327.1 kN/m
For the cantilever slab, total Shear Force along critical sectionconsidering the entire width B is
€
= ŕ˜ˆnx• }ˆƒ~‚ ™ k ŕ• − t_ k •™

5Z\ + 54 e. 8
€= œ 4 Ÿ k ŕ3. 9\ − 3. 5e2_ k 4™

Vu = 318.58 kN

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The nominal shear stress is given by ¡ = • €

= _ 589. \9 _k_8333 = 3.
Z4_q/vv4 _t 4333_k_5e2
From 19 of IS 456 :2000, find the pt required to have a minimum design shear strength ζC = ζV
= 0.42 N/mm2 with fck = 25 N/mm2. 2 2

For pt = 0.365 % the design shear strength ζC is 0.42 N/mm = ζV = 0.42 N/mm .
Hence from one way shear criterion, pt = 0.365 %
Comparing pt from flexure and one way shear criterion, provide pt = 0.365 % (larger of the two
values)

Hence, lmn = _ 833rn _s_t = 3833.52\

Therefore, AProvide φ 16 mm dia bars at 140 mm c/c.st provided = 1436 mm 2 > Ast required (1372.4 mm2) . Hence O.K.

Step 5: Check for _8333_k_5e2 = 85e4. Z_vv4 development length

Sufficient development length should be available for the reinforcement from the critical section. Here, the critical section
considered for Ld is that of flexure.
The development length for 16 mm dia bars is given by
Ld = 47 ф = 47 x 16 = 752 mm.
Providing 60 mm side cover, the total length available from the critical section is
8 w − x_ − 23_ = _ 8_4333 − 533_ − 23 = _eu3_vv y _ w _ Hence O.K. t
4 4

Step 6: Check for bearing stress

The load is assumed to disperse from the base of column to the base of footing at rate of
2100H:1V. at he bottom of footing =
Hence, the ide ofthe area of dispersion
Sincethis is lesser than the side ofthefooting i.e.,
2000 mm_, 300 + 2 2 x 450 _ = mm. A1 = 2 x 2 = 4 m2
The dimension of the column is 300 mm x 300 mm. Hence,
2 A2=
0.30 x 0.30 = 0.09 m

l 8Z
zl4 = z3. 3u = 2. 2e > 2

Hence, Limit the value of { ll84_ = 4

8
l
Permissible bearing stress = 3. Z\_}~•{ l 4
2
= 0.45 x 25 x 2 = 22.5 N/mm

‡x~nˆƒ‚t_•ˆxt 8433_k_8333

Actual bearing stress =

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_ _
lƒ‚x_xn_~ˆ•€v…_sxm‚_ = 533_k_533 = 85. 55_q/vv 4
2 2
Since the Actual bearing stress (13.33 N/mm ) is less than the Permissible bearing stress (22.5 N/mm ), the design for
bearing stress is satisfactory.

Appropriate detailing should be shown both in plan and elevation for the footing as per the
recommendations given in SP 34.

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