Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E.

Klingner

MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATIONSHIPS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS

In generating moment-curvature relationships for reinforced concrete sections, we must satisfy

o kinematics (plane sections, continuity between concrete and reinforcement

o stress-strain relationships
o equilibrium of axial force and of moment

Moment-curvature behavior typically looks like this:

Moment
3
2

φ (curvature)
1

1) Concrete is uncracked, and concrete and reinforcement are linear elastic. This can be
approximated using an uncracked, transformed section.

2) Concrete is cracked in tension; concrete and steel are still essentially linear elastic. This can be
approximated using a cracked, transformed section.

3) Concrete is cracked in tension; concrete, steel or both are inelastic. Use actual stress-strain
behavior.

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

EXAMPLE

Compute the complete M-φ behavior of this section.

12 in. fc′ = 4000 psi

Grade 60 reinforcement

1-1/2 in. cover, #3 ties

20 in.

Include the following points:

a) φ = φcracking (before and after cracking) e) φ at εc = εusable

b) φ at fc = 0.45 fc′ f) φ at εs = εstrain hardening

c) φ at fs = fy g) φ at εc = εultimate

d) φ at εc = εo

Use the following stress-strain relationship for concrete (modified from Hognestad, 1952):

fc
slope = Ec

f c’ 0.15 f c'

2
fc ε  ε 
= 2 c  −  c 
f c'  εo   εo 

ε c ultimate = 0.01
Ec = 1.8 ×106 + 460 f c' psi

εc
2 f c' ε usable = 0.0038
εo =
Ec

Assume that concrete is linear elastic (Ec) for fc < 0.45 fc′ .
Use the following stress-strain relationship for reinforcement:

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

fs

100
Estrain hardening = 0 ksi

Estrain hardening = 1500 ksi

60

Es = 29000 ksi

εs

0.01 0.10

Between εs = 0.01 and εs = 0.10, fit a cubic curve to the following constraints:

fs (0.01)= 60 ksi
fs(0.10) = 100 ksi
fs′ (0.01) = 1500 ksi
fs′ (0.10) = 0 ksi

f s (ε ) = A + Bε + Cε 2 + Dε 3
f s (ε ) = 43.07 + 1893 ε + 20782 ε 2 + 75446 ε 3

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

Before Cracking

Use uncracked, transformed section:

Ec = 1.8 × 106 + 460 f c' psi = 1.8 × 106 + 460 × 4000 psi = 3.64 × 106 psi
Es 29 × 103
n= = = 7.97
Ec 3.64 × 103

Locate centroid, using use top of section as reference

12 in.

d = 20 − 1.5 − 3 / 8 − 1 / 2 = 17.63 in..

h
h b + (n − 1) As d
y= 2
d
h b + (n − 1) As
20
20(12) + (7.97 − 1)3(0.79)(17.63)
y= 2 = 10.49 in.
20(12) + (7.97 − 1)3(0.79)

(n − 1) As

Calculate the cracked, transformed moment of inertia:

 bh3 
I uncracked , transformed = ∑  + Ad 2 
 12 
3
(20) 20
I uncracked , transformed = 12 + 20(12)( − 10.49) 2 + (7.97 − 1)3(0.79)(17.63 − 10.49) 2
12 2
I uncracked , transformed = 8900 in. 4

Calculate the cracking moment:

f t I uncracked , transformed 7.5 f c' I 7.5 4000 (8900) in.4

M cracking = = = = 443.6 k − in.
c c (20 − 10.49) in.

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

calculate the curvature before cracking:

φ  ft 
ε E  M cr
φbefore cracking = = c
or
y y Ec I uncracked , transformed

φbefore cracking = c
=
(
 f t  0.474
 E  )
3.64 × 103 = 1.37 × 10− 5 1 / in.
y (20 − 10.49)

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

After Cracking:
b
locate centroid of cracked, transformed section:

kd
kd (b kd ) = (d − kd ) n As
2
 12 
  (kd ) = (17.63 − kd ) 7.97 (3 × 0.79)
2
d
(d – kd)  2
n As 6 (kd ) 2 + 18.89 (kd ) − 333.01 = 0
− 18.89 ± 18.892 − 4(6)(333.01)
kd =
2(6)
kd = 6.04 in.

 bh3 
I cracked , transformed = ∑  + Ad 2 
 12 
2
(6.04)3  6.04 
I cracked , transformed = 12 + 12(6.04)  + 7.97(3 × 0.79)(17.63 − 6.04)
2

12  2 
I cracked , transformed = 3419 in.4

calculate the curvature after cracking:

φ  ft 
ε E  M cr
φafter cracking = = c
or
y y Ec I cracked , transformed

M cr 443.6 kip − in.

φafter cracking = = = 3.56 × 10− 5 1 / in.
Ec I cracked , transformed 3640 ksi × 3419 in.4

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

fc = 0.45 fc′:

Concrete will still be elastic, and steel will probably be also. The position of the neutral axis (kd) does
not change. Compute the curvature and the moment:

f c 0.45(4 ksi)
εc = = = 4.95 × 10− 4
Ec 3640 ksi
εc 4.95 × 10− 4
φ0.45 f =
' = = 8.19 × 10− 5 1 / in.
c
kd 6.04 in.
 φ0.45 f c' 
 = 443.6 k − in. 8.19 × 10  = 1020 k − in.
−5
M 0.45 f ' = M after cracking   3.56 × 10− 5 
c φ   
 after cracking 

Check to make sure that reinforcement is still elastic:

 d − kd  − 4  17.63 − 6.04 
εs = εc   = 4.95 × 10   = 9.49 × 10 < ε y
−4
OK
 kd   6.04 

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

Yield:

stress strain

ε c max is unknown

fy 60 ksi
As f y εs = ε y = = = 2.069 × 10 −3
Es 29000 ksi

We must find εc max and kd. Assume that the maximum concrete strain is less than the strain
corresponding to maximum stress (in other words, the maximum concrete strain is on the ascending
branch of the stress-strain curve).

Tension = Compression
kd fc
kd
As f y = b ∫0
f c dy
y
kd
As f y = b ∫0
f c (ε c ) dy
  ε   ε 2 
kd
As f y = b ∫ 2 c  −  c   f c' dy
0 ε ε
  o   o  
 y 
but ε c = ε c max  
 kd 
kd 
 ε c max y   ε c max y   '
2

So As f y = b ∫ 2 −   f c dy
0  ε o kd   ε o kd  
 
kd
 y 2  ε c max  y 3  ε c max  
2

As f y = b f c 2 
'
 − 
2 
 
 kd  2 ε o  3(kd )  ε o  
0

 ε c max  1  ε c max  2 
As f y = b f kd 
c
'
 −   
 ε o  3  ε o  

kd
But εc max is known as a function of kd: ε c max = ε y
(d − kd )

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

ε y kd 1εy 
2
(kd ) 2 
As f y = b f  c
'
−    kd
 ε o (d − kd ) 3  ε o  (d − kd ) 
2

The following quantities are known:

As = 3(0.79) = 2.37 in.2

b = 12 in.
f c' = 4 ksi
ε y = 2.069 × 10− 3
f c'  4 ksi 
εo = 2 = 2  = 2.198 × 10 − 3
Ec  3640 ksi 
d = 17.63 in.

Solve for kd:

 2.069 (kd ) 2 1  2.069  (kd )3 

2

142.20 = 12(4)  −   2
 2.198 (17.63 − kd ) 3  2.198  (d − kd ) 
0.941 (kd ) 2 0.295 (kd )3
− − 2.963 = 0
(17.63 − kd ) (17.63 − kd ) 2
kd = 6.54 in.

Check that concrete strain is still on the ascending branch:

 kd   6.54 in. 
ε c max = ε y   = 2.069 × 10
−3
  = 1.22 × 10 − 3 < ε o OK
 d − kd   17.63 − 6.54 in. 

Compute corresponding curvature:

ε c max
1.22 × 10−3
φy = = = 1.87 × 10− 4 1 / in.
kd 6.54 in.

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

Compute the corresponding moment My by locating the centroid of the compressive stress block:

kd

kd = 6.54 in.
C
∫y f c dy
y y= 0
kd
d − kd + y
∫f 0
c dy

kd = 6.54 in.
T = As fy

  ε c max  y 2   ε c max  2 y 3 
6.54

∫0 2 ε o  kd  −  ε o  (kd )2  fc dy

'

y=  
kd  2 2
 ε c max  y   ε c max   y 
∫0 2 ε o  kd  −  ε o   kd   fc dy
'

 
 2  ε c max  1  ε c max 
2

  (kd ) − 
2
 (kd ) 2 
 3  εo  4  εo  
y=
 ε c max  1ε 
2

 (kd ) −  c max  (kd )
 ε o  3  εo  

kd = 6.54 in.
Substitute: ε c max 1.22 × 10− 3
= = 0.555
εo 2.198 × 10− 3

2
Solve for y : y = 4.239 in. (slightly less than kd )
3

M y = As f y (d − kd + y )
M y = 3(0.79) in. × 60 ksi (17.63 − 6.54 + 4.239 in.) = 2180 k − in.

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

εc = εo:

ε o , f c' Assume that fs = fy (reinforcement has not started to strain

harden). Because the compressive stress block is a pure
parabola, its area is 2/3 the product of its base times its
C height.
kd
y
T = As f y = 3(0.79)60 = 142.2 kips
d − kd + y
2
C = b kd   f c'
3
C T 142.2 kips
T = As fy kd = = = = 4.444 in.
2 ' 2 ' 2
b   f c b   f c 12 in.   4 ksi
3 3 3

Check that the reinforcement has not yet started to strain-harden:

 d − kd   17.63 − 4.44 in. 

εs = εo   = 2.198 × 10
−3
  = 6.53 × 10 − 3 < ε strain hardening OK
 kd   4.44 in. 

Compute corresponding curvature:

εo 2.198 × 10−3
φε o = = = 4.95 × 10− 4 1 / in.
kd 4.44 in.

Tensile and compressive forces are the same as at yield, but kd is less, so the internal lever arm has
increased, and so has the moment. Find the centroid of the compressive stress block, treating it as a
rectangle minus a pure parabola:

ε o , f c'
y=
∑A y i i

∑A i

kd y (f c
'
)
 kd   kd  kd 
kd   −  f c'  
3  4  5 5
y=  2   = kd = 4.444 = 2.778 in.
(  kd 
f c' kd −  f c' )
3 
8 8


M ε o = As f y (d − kd + y )
M ε o = 3(0.79) in. × 60 ksi (17.63 − 4.444 + 2.778 in.) = 2270 k − in.

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

εc = εc usable:

strain stress Assume that reinforcement is still on the

yield plateau.
ε c usable = 0.0038

As f y

T = As f y = 3(0.79)60 = 142.2 kips

 ε  2 
C = b kd  o   f c' + kd 1 −  o  c
(
  ε  f ' + 0.85 f '
c
b
)
 ε c usable  3   
  ε c usable  2
 

Substitute:

ε o = 2.198 × 10−3
ε c usable = 0.0038
f c' = 4 ksi
b = 12 in.

Tension = Compression
 2.198 × 10− 3  2    2.198 × 10− 3  (4 + 0.85 × 4)
142.2 = 12 kd   4 + kd 1 −   12
 0.0038  3    0.0038   2
142.2 = 18.51 kd + 18.72 kd
142.2 = 37.23 kd
142.2
kd = = 3.82 in.
37.23

Check that the reinforcement has not yet started to strain-harden:

 d − kd   17.63 − 3.82 in. 

εs = εo   = 0.0038   = 0.0137 > ε strain hardening = 0.01 No Good
 kd   3.82 in. 

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

So the tensile force T exceeds As fy . Using the original cubic equation, the tensile stress is a function of
the strain in the reinforcement, which depends on kd:

f s (ε ) = 43.07 + 1893 ε s + 20782 ε s2 + 75446 ε s3

Equate tensile and compressive forces to solve for kd:

Tension = Compression
As f s (ε s ) = 37.23 kd
[
3(0.79) 43.07 + 1893 ε s + 20782 ε s2 + 75446 ε s3 = 37.23 kd ]
 d − kd   d − kd 
Substitute ε s = ε c usable   = 0.0038  
 kd   kd 
kd = 4.10 in.

C = 37.23 kd = 37.23 (4.10) = 152.51 kips

ε c usable 0.0038
φε = = = 9.28 × 10 − 3 1 / in.
c usable
kd 4.10

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

Locate the centroid of the compressive stress block:

0.85 x 4.0 ksi = 3.4 ksi εo 2.198 × 10−3

3
= = 0.5784
2 ε c usable 0.0038
0.4216 kd
4.0 ksi

kd 1
0.5784 kd

y=
∑A y
i i

∑A i

2 5 
∑A i yi = 0.5784 kd   f c'  × 0.5784 kd  b
3 8 
 f '  kd 
+ 0.4216 kd c  0.5784 kd + 0.4216 b
 2  3 
 0.85 f c'  2

+  0.4216 kd  0.5784 kd + 0.4216 kd  b
 2  3

Substitute b = 12 in., fc′ = 4 ksi, and kd = 4.096 in.

∑A i yi = 358.38

∑ A y = C = T = 152.51 kips
i i

y=
∑ A y = 358.38 kip − in. = 2.35 in.
i i

∑A 152.51 kips
i

As before, compute the moment:

M ε c usable = T (d − kd + y )
M ε c usable = 152.51 kips (17.63 − 4.10 + 2.35 in.) = 2422 k − in.

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

εs = εstrain hardening:

strain stress

ε c max fc Tension = Compression = As f y = 142.2 kips

2  kd   kd 
εo f c′ ε c max = ε strain hardening   = 0.01  
1  d − kd   d − kd 
kd
ε o = 2.198 × 10− 3
 0.15 (ε c max − ε o )
f c = f c' 1 −
 (0.0038 − ε o ) 
As f y

ε s = 0.01 Write an expression for the compressive

force, C, in terms of kd, and solve for kd:

  0.15 (ε c max − ε o ) 
1+ 1−
 εo  '  2    ε    (0.0038 − ε o )   '
C = kd   b + kd 1 −   
 ε c max  c  3 
o
f  b fc
  
    ε c max   2 
 
 

Substitute:

f c' = 4 ksi
b = 12 in.
 kd   kd 
ε c max = ε strain hardening   = 0.01  
 d − kd   d − kd 
ε o = 2.198 × 10− 3
d = 17.63 in.

Solve for C = 142.2 kips.

kd = 4.00 in.
ε c max = 2.931 × 10− 3
ε c max
2.931 × 10 − 3
φstrain hardening = = = 7.33 × 10 − 4 1 / in.
kd 4.00 in.

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

Locate the centroid of the compressive stress block:

 0.15 (ε c max − ε o )
f c = f c' 1 −
(0.0038 − ε o ) 
3.73 ksi
3 
0.2500 kd 2
(
 0.15 2.931 × 10 − 3 − 2.198 × 10 − 3 
f c = 4 1 −
)
4.0 ksi
 (
0.0038 − 2.198 × 10− 3 ) 

kd 1
0.7500 kd f c = 3.73 ksi

εo 2.198 × 10 −3
= = 0.7500
ε c max 2.931 × 10 − 3

y=
∑A y
i i

∑A i

2 5 
∑A i yi = 0.7500 kd   f c'  × 0.7500 kd  b
3 8 
 f 
'
kd 
+ 0.2500 kd c  0.7500 kd + 0.2500 b
 2  3 
 3.73  2
+  0.2500 kd  0.7500 kd + 0.2500 kd  b
 2  3

Substitute b = 12 in., fc′ = 4 ksi, and kd = 4.00 in.

∑A i yi = 341.32

∑ A y = C = T = 142.2 kips
i i

y=
∑ A y = 341.32 kip − in. = 2.40 in.
i i

∑A 142.2 kips
i

As before, compute the moment:

M strain hardening = T (d − kd + y )
M strain hardening = 142.2 kips (17.63 − 4.00 + 2.40 in.) = 2279 k − in.

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

εc = εc ult:

strain stress
 0.15 (ε c max − ε o )
f c = f c' 1 −
ε c ult = 0.01 1.08 ksi  (0.0038 − ε o ) 
3 2 f c = 4 1 −
(
 0.15 0.01 − 2.198 × 10 − 3  )
 ( 
0.0038 − 2.198 × 10− 3  )
1
f c = 1.08 ksi

Using the original cubic equation, the tensile

As f y stress is a function of the maximum strain in
the reinforcement, which depends on kd:

f s (ε ) = 43.07 + 1893 ε s + 20782 ε s2 + 75446 ε s3

Compute the tensile force as a function of kd:

[
T = As 43.07 + 1893 ε s + 20782 ε s2 + 75446 ε s3 ]
[
T = 3(0.79) 43.07 + 1893 ε s + 20782 ε + 75446 ε s3
2
s ]
 d − kd   d − kd 
ε s = ε c max   = 0.01  
 kd   kd 

1.08 ksi
 2 (4 + 1.08) 
C = 0.2198 kd  4 + 0.7802 kd 
 3 2 
3
C = 30.81 kd

0.7802 kd
Equate tensile and compressive forces to solve
for kd:
2
kd kd = 5.71 in.
C = 175.90 kips
4.0 ksi
0.2198 kd ε c ult 0.01
1 φε = = = 1.75 × 10 − 3 1 / in
c usable
kd 5.71

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

Locate the centroid of the compressive stress block:

y=
∑A y
i i

∑A i

2 5 
∑A i yi = 0.2198 kd   f c'  × 0.2198 kd  b
3 8 
 f 
'
kd 
+ 0.7802 kd c  0.2198 kd + 0.7802 b
 2  3 
 1.08  2
+  0.7802 kd  0.2198 kd + 0.7802 kd  b
 2  3

Substitute b = 12 in., fc′ = 4 ksi, and kd = 5.71 in.

∑A i yi = 446.33

∑ A y = C = T = 175.90 kips
i i

y=
∑ A y = 446.33 kip − in. = 2.54 in.
i i

∑A 175.90 kips
i

As before, compute the moment:

M ε c ult = T (d − kd + y )
M ε c ult = 175.90 kips (17.63 − 5.71 + 2.54 in.) = 2544 k − in.

Check that the reinforcement has not fractured:

 d − kd   17.63 − 5.71 in. 

ε s = ε c ult   = 0.001   = 0.0209 < ε ultimate OK
 kd   5.71 in. 

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

ACI Nominal Moment Mn and Corresponding Curvature:

 β c
M n = As f y  d − 1 
 2 
Tension = Compression
As f y = 0.85 f c' b β1 c
As f y 3(0.79)60
c= = = 4.10 in.
0.85 f β1 b
c
'
0.85 × 4 × 0.85 × 12
 0.85 × 4.10 
M n = 3(0.79)60 17.63 −  = 2259 kip − in.
 2 
ε 0.003
φn = cu = = 7.32 × 10− 4
c 4.10

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Lecture #3 (January 26, 2004) CE 383N R. E. Klingner

Final Moment-Curvature Diagram:

3000

2500

2000
Moment (kip-in.)

1500

1000

500

0
0.00E+00 5.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.50E-03 2.00E-03
Curvature (1/in.)

Point Description Curvature, 1/in. Moment, k-in. kd, in.

A just before 1.37x10-5 443.6 10.49
cracking
B just after cracking 3.56x10-5 443.6 6.04
C f c = 0.45 f ' 8.19x10-5 1020 6.04
c
D εs = ε y 1.87x10-4 2180 6.54
E εc = εo 4.95x10-4 2270 4.44
F ε s = ε strain hardening 7.33x10-4 2279 4.00
G ε c = ε c usable 9.28x10-4 2422 4.10
H ε c = ε c ult 1.75x10-3 2544 5.71
I ACI nominal 7.32x10-4 2259 4.10

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