Faculty of Engineering and Technology

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL
OPERATING SYSTEM LAB

Subject In-charge: Yogesh Bhardwaj

 JECRC UNIVERSITY
JAIPUR

Lab Objectives/Aims

Upon successful completion of this lab the student will be able to:

1. Implement various process scheduling algorithms.

2. Implement deadlock avoidance and prevention mechanism.

3. Implement various page replacement mechanisms.

4. Implement various memory management policies.

5. Implement various file allocation methods.

6. Implement mechanisms for calculating external fragmentation andinternal

fragmentation
 JECRC UNIVERSITY
JAIPUR

List of Experiments

Experiment No Aim Page No.

1 Write a C program to implement the various process
4
scheduling mechanisms such as FCFS scheduling.
2 Write a C program to implement the various process
7
scheduling mechanisms such as SJF Scheduling.
3 Write a C program to implement the various process
11
scheduling mechanisms such as Round Robin Scheduling.
4 Write a C program to implement the various process
16
scheduling mechanisms such as Priority Scheduling.
5 To implement deadlock avoidance & Prevention by using
20
Banker’s Algorithm.
6 To implement page replacement algorithms FIFO (First In
29
First Out).
7 To implement page replacement algorithm LRU (Least
32
Recently Used).
8 To implement page replacement algorithms Optimal (The
36
page which is not used for longest time)
9 To implement the memory management policy- Paging. 40
10 To implement the memory management policy-
45
segmentation.
11 Write a C Program to implement Sequential File Allocation
51
method.
12 Write a C Program to implement Indexed File Allocation
54
method.
 13 Write a C Program to implement Linked File Allocation
57
method.
14 Write a program to implement multi program variable task
60
(MVT).
15 Write a program to implement multi program fixed task
62
(MFT).

JECRC UNIVERSITY
JAIPUR

Exp No: 1 Date: _ _/_ _/

Aim: Write a C program to implement the various process scheduling mechanisms such as FCFS
scheduling:

/* FCFS PROCESS SCHEDULING ALGORITHM */

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue

Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU burst time

Step 4: Set the waiting of the first process as ‘0’ and its burst time as its turnaround time

Step 5: for each process in the Ready Q calculate

(a) Waiting time for process(n)= waiting time of process (n-1) + Burst time of process(n-
1)
(b) Turn around time for Process(n)= waiting time of Process(n)+ Burst time for
process(n)
Step 6: Calculate

(a) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process

(b) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 7: Stop the process

/* PROGRAM */

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

int i,n,sum,wt,tat,twt,ttat;

int t[10];

float awt,atat;

clrscr();

printf("Enter number of processors:\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n Enter the Burst Time of the process %d",i+1);

scanf("\n %d",&t[i]);

printf("\n\n FIRST COME FIRST SERVE SCHEDULING ALGORITHM \n");

printf("\n Process ID \t Waiting Time \t Turn Around Time \n");

printf("1 \t\t 0 \t\t %d \n",t[0]);

sum=0;

twt=0;

ttat=t[0];

for(i=1;i<n;i++)

sum+=t[i-1];
 wt=sum;

tat=sum+t[i];

twt=twt+wt;

ttat=ttat+tat;

printf("\n %d \t\t %d \t\t %d",i+1,wt,tat);

printf("\n\n");

awt=(float)twt/n;

atat=(float)ttat/n;

printf("\n Average Waiting Time %4.2f",awt);

printf("\n Average Turnaround Time %4.2f",atat);

getch();

OUTPUT:

Enter number of processors:

Enter the Burst Time of the process 1: 2

Enter the Burst Time of the process 2: 5

Enter the Burst Time of the process 3: 4

FIRST COME FIRST SERVE SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

Process ID Waiting Time Turn Around Time

1 0 2

2 2 7

3 7 11

Average Waiting Time 3.00

Average Turnaround Time 6.67

JECRC UNIVERSITY
JAIPUR

Exp No: 2 Date: _ _/_ _/ _ _

Aim: Write a C program to implement the various process scheduling mechanisms such as SJF
Scheduling.

/* SJF PROCESS SCHEDULING ALGORITHM */

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue

Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU burst time

Step 4: Start the Ready Q according the shortest Burst time by sorting according to lowest
tohighest burst time.

Step 5: Set the waiting time of the first process as ‘0’ and its turnaround time as its burst time.

Step 6: For each process in the ready queue, calculate

 (c) Waiting time for process(n)= waiting time of process (n-1) + Burst time of process(n-
1)
(d) Turn around time for Process(n)= waiting time of Process(n)+ Burst time for
process(n)
Step 6: Calculate

(c) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process

(d) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 7: Stop the process

/* PROGRAM */

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

int i,j,k,n,sum,wt[10],tt[10],twt,ttat;

int t[10],p[10];

float awt,atat;

clrscr();

printf("Enter number of process\n");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n Enter the Burst Time of Process %d",i);

scanf("\n %d",&t[i]);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

p[i]=i;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
 {

for(k=i+1;k<n;k++)

if(t[i]>t[k])

int temp;

temp=t[i];

t[i]=t[k];

t[k]=temp;

temp=p[i];

p[i]=p[k];

p[k]=temp;

} }

printf("\n\n SHORTEST JOB FIRST SCHEDULING ALGORITHM");

printf("\n PROCESS ID \t BURST TIME \t WAITING TIME \t TURNAROUND TIME \n\

n");

wt[0]=0;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

sum=0;

for(k=0;k<i;k++)

wt[i]=sum+t[k];

sum=wt[i];

} }
 for(i=0;i<n;i++)

tt[i]=t[i]+wt[i];

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("%5d \t\t5%d \t\t %5d \t\t %5d \n\n",p[i],t[i],wt[i],tt[i]);

twt=0;

ttat=t[0];

for(i=1;i<n;i++)

twt=twt+wt[i];

ttat=ttat+tt[i];

awt=(float)twt/n;

atat=(float)ttat/n;

printf("\n AVERAGE WAITING TIME %4.2f",awt);

printf("\n AVERAGE TURN AROUND TIME %4.2f",atat);

getch();

}}

OUTPUT:

Enter number of process

Enter the Burst Time of Process 04

Enter the Burst Time of Process 13

Enter the Burst Time of Process 25

SHORTEST JOB FIRST SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

PROCESS ID BURST TIME WAITING TIME TURNAROUND TIME

1 3 0 3

0 4 3 7

2 5 7 12

AVERAGE WAITING TIME 3.33

AVERAGE TURN AROUND TIME 7.33

JECRC UNIVERSITY
JAIPUR

Exp No: 3 Date: _ _/_ _/

Aim: Write a C program to implement the various process scheduling mechanisms such as
Round Robin Scheduling.

/* ROUND ROBIN PROCESS SCHEDULING ALGORITHM */

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue and time quantum (or) time slice
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU burst time

Step 4: Calculate the no. of time slices for each process where

No. of time slice for process(n) = burst time process(n)/time slice

Step 5: If the burst time is less than the time slice then the no. of time slices =1.

Step 6: Consider the ready queue is a circular Q, calculate

(a) Waiting time for process(n) = waiting time of process(n-1)+ burst time of process(n-1
) + the time difference in getting the CPU from process(n-1)
(b) Turn around time for process(n) = waiting time of process(n) + burst time of
process(n)+ the time difference in getting CPU from process(n).
Step 7: Calculate

(e) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process

(f) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 8: Stop the process

/* PROGRAM */

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int ts,pid[10],need[10],wt[10],tat[10],i,j,n,n1;

int bt[10],flag[10],ttat=0,twt=0;

float awt,atat;

clrscr();

printf("\t\t ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING \n");

printf("Enter the number of Processors \n");

scanf("%d",&n);
n1=n;

printf("\n Enter the Timeslice \n");

scanf("%d",&ts);

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

printf("\n Enter the process ID %d",i);

scanf("%d",&pid[i]);

printf("\n Enter the Burst Time for the process");

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

need[i]=bt[i];

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

flag[i]=1;

wt[i]=0;

while(n!=0)

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

if(need[i]>=ts)

for(j=1;j<=n;j++)

if((i!=j)&&(flag[i]==1)&&(need[j]!=0))
 wt[j]+=ts;

need[i]-=ts;

if(need[i]==0)

flag[i]=0;

n--;

} }

else

for(j=1;j<=n;j++)

if((i!=j)&&(flag[i]==1)&&(need[j]!=0))

wt[j]+=need[i];

need[i]=0;

n--;

flag[i]=0;

} }}

for(i=1;i<=n1;i++)

tat[i]=wt[i]+bt[i];

twt=twt+wt[i];

ttat=ttat+tat[i];

}
awt=(float)twt/n1;

atat=(float)ttat/n1;

printf("\n\n ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING ALGORITHM \n\n");

printf("\n\n Process \t Process ID \t BurstTime \t Waiting Time \t TurnaroundTime \n ");

for(i=1;i<=n1;i++)

printf("\n %5d \t %5d \t\t %5d \t\t %5d \t\t %5d \n", i,pid[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

printf("\n The average Waiting Time=4.2f",awt);

printf("\n The average Turn around Time=4.2f",atat);

getch();

OUTPUT:

ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING

Enter the number of Processors

Enter the Timeslice

Enter the process ID 1 5

Enter the Burst Time for the process 10

Enter the process ID 2 6

Enter the Burst Time for the process 15

Enter the process ID 3 7

Enter the Burst Time for the process 20

Enter the process ID 4 8

Enter the Burst Time for the process 25

ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

Process Process ID BurstTime Waiting Time TurnaroundTime

1 5 10 15 25

2 6 15 25 40

3 7 20 25 45

4 8 25 20 45

The average Waiting Time=4.2f

The average Turnaround Time=4.2f

JECRC UNIVERSITY
JAIPUR

Exp No: 4 Date: _ _/_ _/

Aim: Write a C program to implement the various process scheduling mechanisms suchas
Priority Scheduling.

/* PRIORITY PROCESS SCHEDULING ALGORITHM */

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue

Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU burst time

Step 4: Sort the ready queue according to the priority number.

Step 5: Set the waiting of the first process as ‘0’ and its burst time as its turnaround time

Step 6: For each process in the Ready Q calculate

(e) Waiting time for process(n)= waiting time of process (n-1) + Burst time of process(n-
1)
(f) Turn around time for Process(n)= waiting time of Process(n)+ Burst time for
process(n)
Step 7: Calculate

(g) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process

(h) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 8: Stop the process

/* PROGRAM */

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

void main()

int i,j,n,tat[10],wt[10],bt[10],pid[10],pr[10],t,twt=0,ttat=0;

float awt,atat;

clrscr();

printf("\n-----------PRIORITY SCHEDULING--------------\n");

printf("Enter the No of Process: ");

scanf("%d", &n);
 for (i=0;i<n;i++)

pid[i] = i;

printf("Enter the Burst time of Pid %d : ",i);

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

printf("Enter the Priority of Pid %d : ",i);

scanf ("%d",&pr[i]);

// Sorting start

for (i=0;i<n;i++)

for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)

if (pr[i] > pr[j] )

t = pr[i];

pr[i] = pr[j];

pr[j] = t;

t = bt[i];

bt[i] = bt[j];

bt[j] = t;

t = pid[i];

pid[i] = pid[j];

pid[j] = t;

}}

// Sorting finished
 tat[0] = bt[0];

wt[0] = 0;

for (i=1;i<n;i++)

wt[i] = wt[i-1] + bt[i-1];

tat[i] = wt[i] + bt[i];

printf("\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n");

printf("Pid\t Priority\tBurst time\t WaitingTime\tTurnArroundTime\n");

printf("\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",pid[i],pr[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

ttat = ttat+tat[i];

twt = twt + wt[i];

awt = (float)twt / n;

atat = (float)ttat / n;

printf("\n\nAvg.Waiting Time: %f\nAvg.Turn Around Time: %f\n",awt,atat);

getch();

OUTPUT:
-----------PRIORITY SCHEDULING--------------

Enter the No of Process: 4

Enter the Burst time of Pid 0 : 2

Enter the Priority of Pid 0 : 3

Enter the Burst time of Pid 1 : 6

Enter the Priority of Pid 1 : 2

Enter the Burst time of Pid 2 : 4

Enter the Priority of Pid 2 : 1

Enter the Burst time of Pid 3 : 5

Enter the Priority of Pid 3 : 7

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pid Priority Burst time WaitingTime TurnaroundTime

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2 1 4 0 4

1 2 6 4 10

0 3 2 10 12

3 7 5 12 17

Avg.Waiting Time: 6.500000

Avg.Turn Around Time: 10.750000

JECRC UNIVERSITY
JAIPUR
Exp No: 5 Date: _ _/_ _/

AIM: To implement deadlock avoidance & Prevention by using Banker’s AlgorithmDeadlock

avoidance & Dead Lock Prevention

/* BANKER’S ALGORITHM */

When a new process enters a system, it must declare the maximum number of instances of each
resource type it needed. This number may exceed the total number of resources in the system.
When the user request a set of resources, the system must determine whether the allocation of
each resources will leave the system in safe state. If it will the resources are allocation; otherwise
the process must wait until some other process release the resources.

Data structures
 n-Number of process, m-number of resource types.
 Available: Available[j]=k, k – instance of resource type Rj is available.
 Max: If max[i, j]=k, Pi may request at most k instances resource Rj.
 Allocation: If Allocation [i, j]=k, Pi allocated to k instances of resource Rj
 Need: If Need[I, j]=k, Pi may need k more instances of resource type Rj,Need[I,
j]=Max[I, j]-Allocation[I, j];

Safety Algorithm
1. Work and Finish be the vector of length m and n respectively, Work=Available and
Finish[i] =False.
2. Find an i such that both
 Finish[i] =False
 Need<=Work
If no such I exists go to step 4.

3. work=work+Allocation, Finish[i] =True;

4. if Finish[1]=True for all I, then the system is in safe state.

Resource request algorithm

Let Request i be request vector for the process Pi, If request i=[j]=k, then process Pi wants k
instances of resource type Rj.

1. if Request<=Need I go to step 2. Otherwise raise an error condition.

2. if Request<=Available go to step 3. Otherwise Pi must since the resources are available.
3. Have the system pretend to have allocated the requested resources to process Pi by
modifying the state as follows;
Available=Available-Request I;

Allocation I =Allocation+Request I;
 Need i=Need i-Request I;

If the resulting resource allocation state is safe, the transaction is completed and process Pi is
allocated its resources. However if the state is unsafe, the Pi must wait for Request i and the old
resource-allocation state is restored.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program.

2. Get the values of resources and processes.
3. Get the avail value.
4. After allocation find the need value.
5. Check whether its possible to allocate.
6. If it is possible then the system is in safe state.
7. Else system is not in safety state.
8. If the new request comes then check that the system is in safety.
9. or not if we allow the request.
10. stop the program.
/* PROGRAM */

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct da

int max[10],a1[10],need[10],before[10],after[10];

}p[10];

void main()

int i,j,k,l,r,n,tot[10],av[10],cn=0,cz=0,temp=0,c=0;

clrscr();

printf("\n ENTER THE NO. OF PROCESSES:");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\n ENTER THE NO. OF RESOURCES:");

scanf("%d",&r);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("PROCESS %d \n",i+1);

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

printf("MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE %d:",j+1);

scanf("%d",&p[i].max[j]);

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

printf("ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE %d:",j+1);

scanf("%d",&p[i].a1[j]);

p[i].need[j]=p[i].max[j]-p[i].a1[j];

}}

for(i=0;i<r;i++)

printf("ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE %d:",i+1);

scanf("%d",&tot[i]);

for(i=0;i<r;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

temp=temp+p[j].a1[i];

av[i]=tot[i]-temp;

temp=0;
 }

printf("\n\t RESOURCES ALLOCATED NEEDED TOTAL AVAIL");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("\n P%d \t",i+1);

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

printf("%d",p[i].max[j]);

printf("\t");

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

printf("%d",p[i].a1[j]);

printf("\t");

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

printf("%d",p[i].need[j]);

printf("\t");

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

if(i==0)

printf("%d",tot[j]);

printf(" ");

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

if(i==0)

printf("%d",av[j]);

}}
printf("\n\n\t AVAIL BEFORE\T AVAIL AFTER ");

for(l=0;l<n;l++)

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

if(p[i].need[j] >av[j])

cn++;

if(p[i].max[j]==0)

cz++;

if(cn==0 && cz!=r)

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

p[i].before[j]=av[j]-p[i].need[j];

p[i].after[j]=p[i].before[j]+p[i].max[j];

av[j]=p[i].after[j];

p[i].max[j]=0;

printf("\n P %d \t",i+1);

for(j=0;j<r;j++)

printf("%d",p[i].before[j]);

printf("\t");
 for(j=0;j<r;j++)

printf("%d",p[i].after[j]);

cn=0;

cz=0;

c++;

break;

else

cn=0;cz=0;

}}}

if(c==n)

printf("\n THE ABOVE SEQUENCE IS A SAFE SEQUENCE");

else

printf("\n DEADLOCK OCCURED");

getch();

OUTPUT:

//TEST CASE 1:

ENTER THE NO. OF PROCESSES:4

ENTER THE NO. OF RESOURCES:3

PROCESS 1

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:3

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:2

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:2

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:1

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:0

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:0

PROCESS 2

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:6

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:1

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:3

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:5

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:1

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:1

PROCESS 3

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:3

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:1

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:4

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:2

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:1

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:1

PROCESS 4

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:4

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:2

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:2

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:0

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:0

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:2

ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 1:9

ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 2:3

ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 3:6

RESOURCES ALLOCATED NEEDED TOTAL AVAIL

P1 322 100 222 936 112

P2 613 511 102

P3 314 211 103

P4 422 002 420

AVAIL BEFORE AVAIL AFTER

P2 010 623

P1 401 723

P3 620 934

P4 514 936

THE ABOVE SEQUENCE IS A SAFE SEQUENCE

//TEST CASE:2

ENTER THE NO. OF PROCESSES:4

ENTER THE NO. OF RESOURCES:3

PROCESS 1

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:3

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:2

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:2

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:1

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:0

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:1

PROCESS 2

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:6

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:1

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:3

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:5

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:1

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:1

PROCESS 3

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:3

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:1

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:4

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:2

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:1

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:2

PROCESS 4

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 1:4

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 2:2

MAXIMUM VALUE FOR RESOURCE 3:2

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 1:0

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 2:0

ALLOCATED FROM RESOURCE 3:2

ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 1:9

ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 2:3

ENTER TOTAL VALUE OF RESOURCE 3:6

RESOURCES ALLOCATED NEEDED TOTAL AVAIL

P1 322 101 221 936 110

P2 613 511 102

P3 314 212 102

P4 422 002 420

AVAIL BEFORE AVAIL AFTER

DEADLOCK OCCURED