BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

SECOND SEMESTER
A.Y. 2021-2022

GEED3: THE CONTEMPORARY WOLRD

NAME OF STUDENT: ________________

COURSE: ___________________________
YEAR AND BLOCK: __________________

EMILAN G. TIPAY, LPT

COLLEGE INSTRUCTOR

RUBELYN M. ESPERON, PH.D.

COLLEGE DEAN
 MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Lesson: The Task of Defining Globalization

MODULE OVERVIEW

This module will lead the learner to discover the importance of Globalization in the
contemporary world by understanding the varying concepts given by different sources and
personalities experts in the field. It will use variety of activities to enhance the teaching- learning
process.

Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, students shall be able
to;

1. Differentiate the competing conceptions of

globalization
2. Identify the underlying philosophies of the
varying definitions of globalization
3. Demonstrate understanding on the pros
and cos of globalization
.
Learning Expectation:
As a learner, you are expected to;
1. Read comprehensively the attached module
2. Include the enhancement activities in your content reading
3. Perform or accomplish the given task and submit it according to the given schedule.

Learning Resources:
1. Laptop/ Android Phone
2. Power Outlet/ Extension Wires
3. Internet
4. Printed and Soft Copy of Learning Materials
5. Reference Books
6. Notepad
7. Pen
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
Lesson 1: The Task of Defining Globalization

I. Introduction:

There is no single agreed definition of globalization, indeed, some argue that its significance has
been much exaggerated, but as the ever-increasing numbers of books and articles discussing
different aspects of it suggest, it appears to be an idea whose time has come in sociology in
particular and in the social sciences in general. The author of the first genuine textbook on
globalization suggests that it may be ‘the concept of the 1990s’ (Waters, 1994, p.1; see also
Robertson, 1992, Albrow, 1996).

The argument is that, the central problem in understanding much of the globalization literature is
that not all those who use the term distinguish it clearly enough from internationalization, and
some writers appear to use the two terms interchangeably. I argue that a clear distinction must be
drawn between the inter-national and the global. The hyphen in inter-national is to signify
confusing conceptions of globalization founded on the existing even if changing system of
nation-

states, while the global signifies the emergence of processes and a system of social relations not
founded on the system of nation-states.

II. Content Reading

What is Globalization? All Definitions of Globalization

A Simple Globalization Definition

Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings, goods, and
services, capital, technologies, or cultural practices) all over the planet. One of the effects of
globalization is that it promotes and increases interactions between different regions and
populations around the globe.

An Official Definition of Globalization by the World Health Organization (WHO)

According to WHO, globalization can be defined as” the increased interconnectedness and
interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include two inter-related
elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services,
finance, people, and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and
international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.”

What Is Globalization in the Economy?

According to the Committee for Development Policy (a subsidiary body of the United Nations),
from an economic point of view, globalization can be defined as:

“(…) the increasing interdependence of world economies because of the growing scale of cross-
border trade of commodities and services, the flow of international capital and the wide and
rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of
market frontiers (…) and the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive
activities and marketization are the two major driving forces for economic globalization.”

What Is Globalization in Geography?

In geography, globalization is defined as the set of processes (economic, social, cultural,

technological, institutional) that contribute to the relationship between societies and individuals
around the world. It is a progressive process by which exchanges and flows between different
parts of the world are intensified.

Globalization and the G20: What is the G20?

The G20 is a global bloc composed by the governments and central bank governors from 19
countries and the European Union (EU). Established in 1999, the G20 gathers the most important
industrialized and developing economies to discuss international economic and financial
stability. Together, the nations of the G20 account for around 80% of global economic output,
nearly 75 percent of all global trade, and about two-thirds of the world’s population.

G20 leaders get together in an annual summit to discuss and coordinate pressing global issues of
mutual interest. Though economics and trade are usually the centerpieces of each summit’s
agenda, issues like climate change, migration policies, terrorism, the future of work, or global
wealth are recurring focuses too. Since
the G20 leaders represent the “political
backbone of the global financial
architecture that secures open markets,
orderly capital flows, and a safety net for

countries in difficulty”, it is often thanks

to bilateral meetings during summits that
major international agreements are
achieved, and that globalization can move
forward.

The joint action of G20 leaders has

unquestionably been useful to save the
global financial system in the 2008/2009 crisis, thanks to trade barriers removal and the
implementation of huge financial reforms. Nonetheless, the G20 has been struggling to be
successful at coordinating monetary and fiscal policies and unable to root out tax evasion and
corruption, among other downsides of globalization. As a result of this and other failures from
the G20 in coordinating globalization, popular, nationalist movements across the world have
been defending countries should pursue their interests alone or form fruitful coalitions.

How Do We Make Globalization More Just?

The ability of countries to rise above narrow self-interest has brought unprecedented economic
wealth and plenty of applicable scientific progress. However, for different reasons, not everyone
has been benefiting the same from globalization and technological change: wealth is unfairly
distributed, and economic growth came at huge environmental costs. How can countries rise
above narrow self-interest and act together or designing fairer societies and a healthier planet?
How do we make globalization more just?

According to Christine Lagarde, former President of the International Monetary Fund, “debates
about trade and access to foreign goods are as old as society itself ” and history tells us that
closing borders or protectionism policies are not the way to go, as many countries doing it have
failed.

Lagarde defends we should pursue globalization policies that extend the benefits of openness and
integration while alleviating their side effects. How to make globalization more just is a very
complex question that involves redesigning economic systems. But how? That’s the question.

Globalization is deeply connected with economic systems and markets, which, on their turn,
impact and are impacted by social issues, cultural factors that are hard to overcome, regional
specificities, timings of action and collaborative networks. All of this requires, on one hand,
global consensus, and cooperation, and on the other, country-specific solutions, apart from a
good definition of the adjective “just”.

When Did Globalization Begin? The History of Globalization

For some people, this global phenomenon is inherent to human nature. Because of this, some say
globalization begun about 60,000 years ago, at the beginning of human history. Throughout
time, human societies’ exchanging trade has been growing. Since the old times, different
civilizations have developed commercial trade routes and experienced cultural exchanges. And
as well, the migratory phenomenon has also been contributing to these populational exchanges.
Especially nowadays, since traveling became quicker, more comfortable, and more affordable.
This phenomenon has continued throughout history, notably through military conquests and
exploration expeditions. But it wasn’t until technological advances in transportation and
communication that globalization speeded up. It was particularly after the second half of the 20th

century that world trades accelerated in such a dimension and speed that the term “globalization”
started to be commonly used.

Examples of Globalization (Concept Map)

Because of trade developments and financial exchanges, we often think of globalization as an

economic and financial phenomenon. Nonetheless, it includes a much wider field than just
flowing of goods, services or capital. Often referred to as the globalization concept map, some
examples of globalization are:

 Economic globalization: is the development of trade systems within transnational actors

such as corporations or NGOs.
 Financial globalization: can be linked with the rise of a global financial system with
international financial exchanges and monetary exchanges. Stock markets, for instance,
are a great example of the financially connected global world since when one stock
market has a decline, it affects other markets negatively as well as the economy.
 Cultural globalization: refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, therefore, nations
adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing their unique culture to a
unique, globalized supra-culture.
 Political globalization: the development and growing influence of international
organizations such as the UN or WHO means governmental action takes place at an
international level. There are other bodies operating a global level such as NGOs like
Doctors without borders or Oxfam;
 Sociological globalization: information moves almost in real-time, together with the
interconnection and interdependence of events and their consequences. People move all
the time too, mixing and integrating different societies.
 Technological globalization: the phenomenon by which millions of people are
interconnected thanks to the power of the digital world via platforms such as Facebook,
Instagram, Skype or Youtube.
 Geographic globalization: is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of
the world that is constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation and flying made so
easy and affordable, apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is possible to
travel the world without barely any restrictions.
 Ecological globalization: accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as a single
global entity – a common good all societies should protect since the weather affects
everyone and we are all protected by the same atmosphere. To this regard, it is often said
that the poorest countries that have been polluting the least will suffer the most from
climate change.

The Benefits of Globalization

Globalization has benefits that cover many different areas. It reciprocally developed economies
all over the world and increased cultural exchanges. It also allowed financial exchanges between
companies, changing the paradigm of work. Many people are nowadays citizens of the world.
The origin of goods became secondary and geographic distance is no longer a barrier for many
services to happen. Let’s dig deeper.

The Engine of Globalization – An Economic Example

The most visible impacts of globalization are definitely the ones affecting the economic
world. Globalization has led to a sharp increase in trade and economic exchanges, but also to a
multiplication of financial exchanges.

In the 1970s world economies opened up and the development of free trade policies accelerated
the globalization phenomenon. Between 1950 and 2010, world exports increased 33-fold. This
significantly contributed to increasing the interactions between different regions of the world.

This acceleration of economic exchanges has led to strong global economic growth. It fostered a
rapid global industrial development as well that allowed the rapid development of many of the
technologies and commodities we have available nowadays.

Knowledge became easily shared and international cooperation among the brightest minds
speeded things up. According to some analysts, globalization has also contributed to improving
global economic conditions, creating much economic wealth (tha was, nevertheless, unequally
distributed – more information ahead).

Globalization Benefits – A Financial Example

At the same time, finance also became globalized. From the 1980s, driven by neo-liberal
policies, the world of finance gradually opened. Many states, particularly the US under Ronald
Reagan and the UK under Margaret Thatcher introduced the famous “3D Policy”:
Disintermediation, Decommissioning, Deregulation.

The idea was to simplify finance regulations, eliminate mediators and break down the barriers
between the world’s financial centers. And the goal was to make it easier to exchange capital
between the world’s financial players. This financial globalization has contributed to the rise of a
global financial market in which contracts and capital exchanges have multiplied.

Globalization – A Cultural Example

Together with economic and financial

globalization, there has obviously also been
cultural globalization. Indeed, the
multiplication of economic and financial
exchanges has been followed by an increase in
human exchanges such as migration,
expatriation or traveling. These human
exchanges have contributed to the development
of cultural exchanges. This means that different
customs and habits shared among local
communities have been shared among
communities that (used to) have different procedures and even different beliefs.

Good examples of cultural globalization are, for instance, the trading of commodities such as
coffee or avocados. Coffee is said to be originally from Ethiopia and consumed in the Arabid
region. Nonetheless, due to commercial trades after the 11th century, it is nowadays known as a
globally consumed commodity. Avocados, for instance, grown mostly under the tropical
temperatures of Mexico, the Dominican Republic or Peru. They started by being produced in
small quantities to supply the local populations but today guacamole or avocado toasts are
common in meals all over the world.

At the same time, books, movies, and music are now instantaneously available all around the
world thanks to the development of the digital world and the power of the internet. These are
perhaps the greatest contributors to the speed at which cultural exchanges and globalization are
happening. There are also other examples of globalization regarding traditions like Black Friday
in the US, the Brazilian Carnival or the Indian Holi Festival. They all were originally created
following their countries’ local traditions and beliefs but as the world got to know them, they are
now common traditions in other countries too.

Why Is Globalization Bad? The Negative Effects of Globalization

Globalization is a complex phenomenon. As such, it has a considerable influence on several

areas of contemporary societies. Let’s look at some of the main negative effects globalization has
had so far.

The Negative Effects of Globalization on Cultural Loss

Apart from all the benefits globalization has had on allowing cultural exchanges it also
homogenized the world’s cultures. That’s why specific cultural characteristics from some
countries are disappearing. From languages to traditions or even specific industries. That’s why
according to UNESCO, the mix between the benefits of globalization and the protection of local
culture’s uniqueness requires a careful approach.

The Economic Negative Effects of Globalization

Despite its benefits, the economic growth driven by globalization has not been done without
awakening criticism. The consequences of globalization are far from homogeneous: income
inequalities, disproportional wealth and trades that benefit parties differently. In the end, one of
the criticisms is that some actors (countries, companies, individuals) benefit more from the
phenomena of globalization, while others are sometimes perceived as the “losers” of
globalization. As a matter of fact, a recent report from Oxfam says that 82% of the world’s
generated wealth goes to 1% of the population.

The Negative Effects of Globalization on the Environment

Many critics have also pointed out that globalization has negative effects on the
environment. Thus, the massive development of transport that has been the basis of globalization
is also responsible for serious environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions, global
warming, or air pollution.
At the same time, global economic growth and industrial productivity are both the driving force
and the major consequences of globalization. They also have big environmental consequences as
they contribute to the depletion of natural resources, deforestation and the destruction of
ecosystems and loss of biodiversity. The worldwide distribution of goods is also creating a big
garbage problem, especially on what concerns plastic pollution.

Globalization, Sustainable
Development, and CSR

Globalization affects all sectors of activity

to a greater or lesser extent. By doing so,
its gap with issues that have to do
with sustainable
development and corporate social
responsibility is short.

By promoting large-scale industrial production and the globalized circulation of goods,

globalization is sometimes opposed to concepts such as resource savings, energy savings or the
limitation of greenhouse gases. As a result, critics of globalization often argue that it contributes
to accelerating climate change and that it does not respect the principles of ecology. At the same
time, big companies that don’t give local jobs and choose instead to use the manpower of
countries with low wages (to have lower costs) or pay taxes in countries with more favorable
regulations is also opposed to the criteria of a CSR approach. Moreover, the ideologies of
economic growth and the constant pursuit of productivity that come along with globalization,
also make it difficult to design a sustainable economy based on resilience.

On the other hand, globalization is also needed for the transitioning to a more sustainable world,
since only a global synergy would really be able to allow a real ecological transition. Issues such
as global warming indeed require a coordinated response from all global players: fight against
CO2 emissions, reduction of waste, a transition to renewable energies. The same goes for ocean
or air pollution, or ocean acidification, problems that can’t be solved without global action. The
dissemination of green ideas also depends on the ability of committed actors to make them heard
globally.

The Road from Globalization to Regionalization

From a globalization perspective, regionalization means a world that is less interconnected and
has a stronger regional focus.

Regionalization can also be analyzed from a corporate perspective. For instance, businesses such
as McDonald’s or Starbucks don’t sell the same products everywhere. In some specific stores,
they consider people’s regional habits. That’s why the McChicken isn’t sold in India, whereas in
Portugal there’s a steak sandwich menu like the ones you can get in a typical Portuguese
restaurant.

Politically speaking, when left-wing parties are in power, they tend to focus on their country’s
people, goods, and services. Exchanges with the outside world aren’t seen as very valuable and
importations are often left aside.

Globalization Quotes by World Influencers

Many world leaders, decision-makers and influential people have spoken about globalization.
Some stand out its positive benefits and others focus deeper on its negative effects. Find below
some of the most interesting quotes on this issue.

Politic Globalization Quotes

Globalization quote by the former U.S President Bill Clinton?

No generation has had the opportunity, as we now have, to build a global economy that leaves
no-one behind. It is a wonderful opportunity, but also a profound responsibility.

Globalization quote by Barack Obama, former U.S. president?

Globalization is a fact, because of technology, because of an integrated global supply chain,

because of changes in transportation. And we’re not going to be able to build a wall around that.

Globalization quote by Dominique Strauss-Kahn, former International Monetary Fund Managing

Director?

“We can’t speak day after day about globalization without at the same time having in mind
that…we need multilateral solutions.”

Globalization quote by Stephen Harper, former Prime Minister of Canada?

“We have to remember we’re in a global economy. The purpose of fiscal stimulus is not simply
to sustain activity in our national economies but to help the global economy as well, and that’s
why it’s so critical that measures in those packages avoid anything that smacks of
protectionism.”

Globalization quote by Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia?

“My guiding principle is that prosperity can be shared. We can create wealth together. The
global economy is not a zero-sum game.”

Other Globalization Quotes

Globalization quote by the spiritual leader Dalai Lama?

“I find that because of modern technological evolution and our global economy, and because of
the great increase in population, our world has greatly changed: it has become much smaller.
However, our perceptions have not evolved at the same pace; we continue to cling to old national
demarcations and the old feelings of ‘us’ and ‘them’.”

The famous German sociologist Ulrich Beck also spoke of globalization.

“Globalization is not only something that will concern and threaten us in the future, but
something that is taking place in the present and to which we must first open our eyes.”
Globalization quote by Bill Gates, owner and former CEO of Microsoft ??

“The fact is that as living standards have risen around the world, world trade has been the
mechanism allowing poor countries to increasingly take care of really basic needs, things like
vaccination.”

Globalization quote by John Lennon, member of the music band The Beatles ??

Imagine there’s no countries. It isn’t hard to do. Nothing to kill or die for. And no religion, too.
Imagine all the people. Living life in peace. You, you may say I’m a dreamer. But I’m not the
only one. I hope someday you will join us. And the world will be as one

Name of Student: _______________________

Subject: ______________________________
Course/Year/Section/Bock: ______________
Date: ________________________________

Activity 1

Instruction: Give your own definition of Globalization. Copy pasted response from any source
will be automatically rated as “Imitative” which is equivalent to 1 (Lowest score).

Globalization for me is…

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.

Scoring Rubric
Scor Interpretation Content
e
4 Very Creative Ideas represent a starting variety of important concepts derived
from different contexts or views. Posted response draws on a wide-
ranging variety of sources including different texts, media, resource
persons, and/or from personal experiences. Ideas are combined in
original and surprising ways to solve a problem, address an issue,
or make something new.
3 Creative Ideas represent a starting variety of important concepts derived
from different contexts or views. Posted response draws on a wide-
 ranging variety of sources including different texts, media, resource
persons, and/or from personal experiences.
2 Ordinary Ideas represent important concepts from the same or similar
contexts or disciplines.
1 Imitative Ideas do not represent important concepts. Posted response draws
on only one source and or sources are not trustworthy or
inappropriate. Ideas are copied or restated from the source(s)
consulted.

Activity 2
Set 2: Enumeration
Instruction: Supply the needed information
Advantages of Globalization
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________

Disadvantages of Globalization
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________

LEARNING SUMMARY

In summary, this module details something about…

______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.

LEARNING REFLECTION

I comprehensively discovered that globalization is…

______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.

REFERENCES:

Aldama, P. (2018). The contemporary world. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. P. 1-5
https://youtu.be/Db70XGXG7oM

Prepared by: Checked by:

Mr. Emilan G. Tipay, LPT Ms. Lady Salvador

College Instructor Program Head

Approved by:

Ms. Rubelyn M. Esperon

College Dean