FEB MAR 8 5

£1.85

Britain t Magazine For The Sinclajr u§er

1 2 0 g a g e s o f %

o n a f i d p r o g i a m
 SPECTRUM COMES TO LIFE !

ABBEX
THE GAMES PEOPLE
SPOOKYMAN EAT THE PILLS AND KEEP AWAY FROM
THE GHOSTS. EAT THE VITAMINS AND
CHASE THE GHOSTS. FULL MACHINE
CODE ARCADE ACTION AND SOUND.
DESIGNED TO MAKE YOUR ADRENALINE
RUN HIGH. PRICE £4.95

COSMOS YOU HAVE THE JOB OF PROTECTING A

CONVOY FROM ALIENS AND METEOR
STORMS. WATCH OUT FOR THE SPACE
MINES AS YOU PLAY THIS AMAZING
MACHINE CODE ARCADE ACTION
SIMULATION PROGRAM. PRICE £4.95
OTHER GAMES IN OUR SPECTRUM RANGE INCLUDE:
ANDROIDS RUN, HIGH NOON, ETX, INVASION,
FAUST'S FOLLY (Adventure), HARRIER - ALL AT £5.95

ABBEX ELECTRONICS LTD.

20 ASHLEY COURT, GREAT NORTHWAY, LONDON NW4
Tel: 01-203 1465 Please send me the following
PLEASE COMPLETE IN BLOCK CAPS (Allow 14 days for delivery)
NAME (Mr/Mrs/Miss)
ADDRESS • SPOOKYMAN
(CARD HOLDERS) PRICE £4.95
POST CODE PHONE NO • COSMOS
PRICE £4.95
Make Cheques payable to ABBEX ELECTRONICS LTD

I enclose my cheque for £

• OTHER GAME
PRICE £5.95

I wish to pay by • CHEQUE Q ACCESS Signed • CATALOGUE

Please debit my creditcard a/c
number ••rrmaoDDDDnnnD date
 OTHEP-WORLDLY SOFTWARE
SOffEK. AT D O W N T O E A R T H PRICES

Imagine a program which Instantly converts

SPECTRUM BASIC Into Machine Code, and transforms
the SPECTRUM Into a micro up
t o 10O times faster than a BBC Model B —

48K Z X S P E C T R U M
COMPILER
METEOROIOS COMPILER 4SK 3 0 M A Z E N T U R E
This version has been hailed the A mare program and adventure in
best: 3 sizes of meteoroids, saucer, Benchmarks one Ama;mg "monster chase'
wrap-around screen, bonus ship at BSC S P E C T R U M (BASIC) SPtCTRUM (COMPILER) animation and more than a hmt of
10000 points, amaj.ng explosions, BWl \0i 4.8 0 15 dungeons and dragons 48K only,
rotate letT/right. thrust, lire, BM2 3 t 8.7 009
hyperspace and sh>eld. Full feature BMJ 82 21.1 1 10
'arcade' sounds and full colour BM4 87 20* 099
Works with Joysticks (from us at BMS 91 240 1.11 THE
£.19 50) O n l y t l 95 me (16K or BM6 139 55 3 1 91 ZOLAN ADVENTURE
48K) 8M7 21 * 80 7 2 14 A full adventure crammed into 16K1
What !h* SUPER C compiler does isaltnost magical It turns a Quite astounding how extensive and
program written in Spectrum BASIC into a machine code engaging this program is. L4 95.
eouivalent SUPER C is child's play to use -Simply type in a
program as usual lor n»d from tape) and in a few key presses
SOFTIME SUPER C turns H instantly >ntc a super !*tt machine code Please rush me
version it Will comp.le virtually any Spectrum BASIC
Amaimg piece of machine code statement, plus a *rwfeaturesnot available to you usually. Cut
programming-produces a Mr/Mrs '
eitra thought w>l' be required tor strings and floating
continuous real time clock on There is no program you can »ntc in BASIC which cannot be Address
screen all the time-even when 1 turned into a SUPER C version However, enhancement
running/writing another program r*ck.t«m will be available m the N«w Year to aid string
Has alarm facility For 16Kor48K. handling, ttoat ng potH. and will offer a host of caher features- or lor INSTANT CREDIT CARD
only C3 95 each for a nominal cost W-lh SUPER C your Spectrum will order 7 days a week phone:
run fj'.icr than with either FORTH or PASCAL - and no new 01 930 9232.
• O » T * K •»acrnuM l o r w t m lar^uage lo learn' SUPER C comes complete wtlh ealeniive
documentation, a manual written by T>m Langdeii. enampie
S«nd cheques or POs to:
pmgrams. and all boied in a professional library case Less 3 2 9 Croited Road. London
than half the pfice of a compiler lor any comparable micro. • SE24. TW: 0 1 - 6 7 4 4 5 7 2
£14.95 mc • O T I K . inCTRUM IOFTW4M

NOW AVAILABLE FROM HILTON COMPUTER SERVICES

(Author of the Best Banking Programs in the World)
T H E PBS B A N K R E C O N C I L I A T I O N IS B E L I E V E D T O B E T H E
F I R S T S U C H P R O G R A M T O BE A V A I L A B L E F O R T H E J O Y S T I C K S
SINCLAIR ZX81 A N D ZX S P E C T R U M
Just l o o k at s o m e o l Its f e a t u r e s :
• Automatically matches bank statement items with transactions recorded
n , I.r PERSONAL B A N K I N G S Y S T E M
» s — ,
• Lists all outstanding items such as uncleared cheques, funds received but
not advised to you bank charges — highlights aitdiscrepancies No mote
scratching around' lo try and find out why your statement balance is
ZX Spectrum / ZX81
diiterent to what you expected
FOR O N E JOYSTICK A N D
• Full search facility, allowing on-screen correction of any item
» Saves and toads data lo and from tape 1ZX81 vision at double speed)
INTERFACE MODULE
Exchanges data with the PBS program No need to save programs
BUILT, TESTED & READY FOR USE
• Single key operation — uses machine code keyboard scan for single
letter commands (ZX81 version)
* N O S O L D E R I N G , interface m o d u l e plugs into rear
• Extremely easy to use Mo jargon to wade through oefore you gel started connector b e t w e e n ZX and R a m l'ack. Printer etc.
Demonstration program included
* N O S P E C I A L P R O G R A M M I N G , Joystick I simulates
• All item lists, searches (with totals) Can be output to your ZX Printer cursor m o v e m e n t keys S t o 8 through interface module.
• Fun instruc; as included * I M M E D I A T E L Y C O M P A T I B L E WITH A L L S O F T W A R E
using the a r r o w keys for m o v e m e n t .
• Unique a'ter sale maintenance provided
* T W O J O Y S T I C K S connect via one interface module.
• Ooerales in - j u n c t i o n with the Personal Bankirg System' (full input &
correction lacitittes plus automatic posting of standing orders on due * EIGHT DIRECTION, SELF CENTRALISING ACTION
dates and fully detailed statements) w i t h integral ' F I R E ' b u t t o n .
So oanish the headaches, make life easier for yourself, send CI5 for the * F R E E " V I D E O G R A F F I T I ' program 4 full instructions.
PERSONAL BANKING S Y S T E M • PBS BANK R E C O N C I L I A T I O N
IMPORTANT: Use will not invalidate your Sinclair guarantee.
and users manual.
F.x sting client; neec only send £S for the PBS BANK R E C O N C I L I A T I O N FROM: MR/MRS/MISS
which will operate with their present PBS
AODRESS
THE PERSONAL B A N K I N G SYSTEM as reviewed in Popular Computing
We<>*ly — I si July) is available separately tor C9.95 for cassette & user
manual ZX81 PBS owners can order the Spectrum version for |ust C5
Please specify whether ZX81 (16K) or ZX Specirum (48K) S E N D C . W . O . T o : A . G . F . H A R D W A R E . D e p t . SP,
2 6 V a n G o s h Place, Bognor Regis, West Sussex P 0 2 2 9 B Y
G U A R A N T E E D SOFTWARE AVAILABLE F R O M
QTV ITEM ITEM PRICE TOTAL
HILTON COMPUTER SERVICES, JOYSTICK 7.54
14 Avalon Road, Oprington, Kent BR6 9AX INTERFACE MODULE 16796

YOUR PBS IS NEVER OUT OF DATE! Z X S p e c t r u m Q Z X 8 1 • P l e a s e tick FINALTOTAL

983 Z X C O M P U T I N GF E B ,M A R C H1 9 8 3 3
ZX Computing Deputy Editor: Roger Munford Origination and design by MM Design £t Print,
Volume One Advertising Manager: Jeff Raggett 1 4 5 Charing Cross Road, London W C 2 H OEE.
Number Five Divisional Advertising Manager: Beverley McNeil!
Feb March 1 9 8 3 Managing Editor: Ron Harris Published by Argus Specialist Publications Ltd,
Managing Director: T J Connell 1 4 5 Charing Cross Road. London WC2H OEE

Letters
CONTENTS 8• On Your Spectrum 30 V s u m s And Fun For
infants 52
Your thoughts and opinions on the Sin-
clair range of computers and the industry Phil Garrett takes a critical look at some
in general. of the latest Spectrum software.
A superb educational package for the
younger Sinclair user.
Numerology 13 • House Names . . . .34
Defending Your
What's in a name? Type in your friends'
names and find out! Names, but no numbers? Here's a
Spectrum 58
program to help you to get a clear picture
of those difficult addresses.
Space Adventure .16 A great game for your ZX Spectrum —
won't those aliens ever learn?

Take a flight of fancy through the final Prize Of Your

frontier. Dreams . .37
File card 20 code 60
The software companies seem to be
literally giving money away these days!
Get all your data on file with this easy-to- Ian Turtle describes the heartache of
use program. writing his first machine code program.
Soft Options For
Drainpipes Yourzx81 38 Scrolling That Screen
A clever re-working of the classic
window 63
mechanical arcade game. Reviewer Nick Pearce checks out some
software packages for your ZX81. Scrolling made simple. As Eddie Waring
would say "it's an up an' under".
Proctim 27
News
Turn your ZX81 into a process timer — Rat Race 66
no photographic studio should be All the news from Sinclair as well as the
without one. latest software and hardware add-ons. join the rat race with this program.

maimng 28 • Club Corner 48 B Diary

A useful machine code routine to tell you Ever thought of joining a computer club? Never be short of date when you've
a little bit more about your memory. Here's your chance. typed this into your ZX81.

983 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB, M A R C H 1 9 8 3 4

J
mm? ZX Computing IS published bi monthly on the fourth Fridav of the month. Distributed by Argus Press Sales & Distribution Ltd. 1 2 - 1 8 Paul Street. London EC2A
4 J S . 0 1 2 4 7 8 2 3 3 . Printed by: Henry Garnett Ltd.. Rotherham

The contents of this publication including all articles, designs, plans, drawings and programs and all copyright and olher intellectual property rights therein belong
to Argus Specialist Publications Ltd. All rights conferred by the Law of Copyright and other intellectual property rights and by virtue of international copyright con-
ventions are specifically reserved to Argus Specialist Publications Ltd. Any reproduction requires the prior written consent of Argus Specialist Publications Ltd.
Argus Specialist Publications Ltd 1 9 8 3

Mastermind '80 .117

Get home as fast as you can with this Don't pass up this great game for the
An educational program to drive your program for your ZX81. ZX80.
ZX81 to the limits.

Derby Day Spectrum Maze .118

in Search Of
Adventure . .78 Have a day at the races . . . ZX81 -style. This program will have you running
circles around yourself!
Our reviewer, Paul Holmes, takes an
adventure on his Spectrum.
Bookshelf Educational
Software .121
Purchase /Sales A brief look at some of the books avail-
Ledger . .81 able to help you make the most of your A personal look at the field of
Spectrum. educational software.

Two programs for the price of one!

Competition 107 First Steps in
Programming . .122
On The Density Of A chance for you to win some Spectrum
software.
Prime i n t e g e r s . . . 85 Tim Hartnell takes a beginner's eye view
of the ZX81 keyboard.

Conquering LOAD/
of
n.
All you ever wanted to know about
prime integers but were afraid to ask... SAVE Problems . . 108 Machine
Specifications . .127
Some good hints on how to make sure of
RUNning those programs from cassette.
What can I do With A reference guide to the Sinclair range of
1K 91 products. It's all here.
Spectrum
ing
If you thought IK was restricting, just
Breakout . . . . . .110 ZX Computing is constantly on the look out for
well-written articles and programs. If you think
wait 'till you've read this article! that your efforts meet our standards, please feel
A version of the classic arcade game for free to submit your work to us for consideration.
your Spectrum. All submitted material should be typed if possi-
ble; handwritten work wilt be considered, but

Mastering Machine please use your neatest handwriting. Any pro-

grams submitted should be listed, a cassette of

code on Your In The Air your program alone will not be considered. AH pro-
grams must come complete with a full explanation

Spectrum 94 Tonight . . .113 of the operation and. where relevant, the struc-
ture; Spectrum programs should be accompanied
with s cassette of the program (which will be
returned) as well as the listing
Take your ZX Spectrum on its maiden All submissions will be acknowledged and any
More from the machine code master, flight. Our reviewer has a look at a published work will be paid for at competitive
rates. All work for consideration should be s e n l t o
ve including two great programs to show couple of cassettes and gives us his the Deputy Editor at our Charing Cross Road
off on your Spectrum. verdict. address

983 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1983

 ZX81
7 MAESAFALLEN, BOW ST, DYFED, SY24 5BA
T H E H O M E D O C T O R SERIES
Exciting Breakthrough In Home Health Advice

Announcing the launch ol a series of computer programs designed

ZX81 & Spectrum
to educate and advise on a comprehensive range ol medical
topics whilst being FUN to use Games
The lext has been prepared by Dr Vernon Coleman who writes
from 10 years experience in a busy genera! practice, and who is
Chess 1.4: Ten levels m c graphic screen display
widely acclaimed for his many books on medical topics
The cassetles in the series cover the following topics 16KZX81 £8.95
1. Basic Medicine 4 All About Children
2 Mainly lor Women 5. How Healthy Are You? Invaders: Very fast m c action. Includes mystery ship and
3 Mainly lor Men 6 101 Home Nursing Tips increasingly difficult screens
The computer programs are not intended !o replace professional
medical advice but ralher to complemenl this by educaling users 16K ZX81 £4.45
on preventive medicine and how to cope with medical problems
when they arise The programs would therefore be equally useful in Mazeman: A fast action m c game that reproduces the
schools, homes and in industrial applications as part ol health
spirit of the original. The Spectrum version includes
screening programs
Each casselte costs C6 75 plus 45p postage and packing although excellent graphics
as a special offer to Micro Decision readers all 6 cassettes are 16KZX81 £4.45- Spectrum £4.95
available for C35 75 post Iree
Users should indicate whether they require a 16K RAM pack to run Adventure 1: Based on the original game by Crowiher,
all of the programs Please allow 28 days for delivery
this game was the start of the Adventure craze Reviewed
Sinclair User, issue 2 Features Save game routine as the
game can literally take months to complete
EASTMEAD C O M P U T E R SYSTEMS LTD 16K ZX81 £8.95 - 48K Spectrum £9.95
Eastmead House, Lyon Way, Camberley, Surrey GU16 SE2
TELEPHONE: 0276 682041/2
We have full stock of all programs and supply by return of post
(which is included m the price}

D J MOODY COMPUTER SOFTWARE

16K SPECTRUM COMPETITION
GAMES COMPETITION UTILITIES
AS/DIS. Hex assenbler ana disassembler
C O N D I T I O N S OF ENTRY for the machine code user 5000 bytes reser-
ved. Functions: Hex load assembles hex
ADVENTURE SERIES All £5.00 1 One entry form is supplied with every code Hex dump disassembles code Hex
The Series £16.00 cassette purchased No limit to the clear clears parts of memory Hex save save:,
number of entries per person named program... £5.00
For the 16K 2X81 and ZX Spectrum These 2 Closing date is lasl post on February 15th CASSETTE DESIGN. To help you store
Adventures are linked together using data 1983 your own tapes this program will use the ZX
storage above RAMTOP All can be played 3 Prizes. Printer to print your own designs These are
independantly of the others You must com- 1 st prize is a 16K Spectrum and C20 worth used as inlay cards It will store up to 10
plete certain tasks to continue to next of our software designs Save routine £5.00
Adventure 2nd prize of C20 worth of our software. WORD SQUARER. 'his program will help
10 runner-up prizes of £10 worth of our you solve word squares such as the one in
ADVENTURE-1. 100 caves. 50 treasures, software. Computing Today. September Max. dimen-
ghosts, a magician, goblins and trolls all out to 4 Entries must be on official entry forms No sions are 20*30 characters Searches N. S.
get you Graphic display Half-a-mo. copies accepted
E, W NE NW SE. SW Save routine £5.00
5 No correspondence will be entered into
D I S A S S E M B L E R . Decodes bytes m
ADVENTURE-2. Deep sea adventure wur Winners will be notified by post
memory to Z80A mnemonics All shifts calcu-
30 wrecks, 50 treasures, Jelly fish, octopus 6 Entry will be construed as acceptance of
all conditions lated correctly A very handy tool £5.00
and sharks Graphic display. Half-a-mo
ASSEMBLER. Type in norma! Z80A
ADVENTURE-3. Land based adventure mnemonics and this program will turn ihem
with 50 locations. 70 treasures, ghosts, vam- ORDERING into their codes and load them into memory
pires, monsters, snakes. Father Christmas See our range ol Software at Wallasey Soft- Full editing facilities £5.00
and his elves Graphic display. Half-a-mo ware, 3 Monmouth Rd, Wallasey. Merseyside. METRIC CONVERTER. Mam converting
TRADE ENQUIRIES WELCOME section will convert Length. Area, Volume.
ADVENTURE-4. Space adventure with 30 Velocity and Mass. Gives table printout
stars and planets to visit. 70 treasures. Alien Cheques payable to:
D J MOODY COMPUTER SOFTWARE or Hundreds of conversions possible £5.00
starships, pirates elc. Graphic display Half-
a-mo D J MOODY Prices are all inclusive P&P is DATA FILE. The newest and most flexible
Iree VAT is charged at 15% Orders Dale filing system yet Any memory size. Files
dispatched within 48 hours 6 month guaran- any length. 20 zones within a file. Functions
tee Stale ZX Spectrum or ZX81 Orders to Find file. Delete file. Amend file. Search file x -
Note: Halt-a-Tio is our save game feature for Dept ZXC, 1 Starnhill Cottages, Granby zone y for X$ Swap file Lpnnt file. Alpha-
slopping a game while playing and returning Lane, Bingham, betical ordering Inverted ordering The best al
to same position upon reloading. Nottinghamshire NG13 SDH. only £5.00

1
Z X C O M P U T I N G F E B / M A R 1983
 NEW! ZX SPECTRUM TAPE NOW READY!
NEW! EXPANDED DISC VERSIONS FOR
APPLE, PET AND SHARP!

THE

\m- 111) m i

What are you • . .

Barbarian or Wizard?
Choose your character type c a r e f u l l y . . . Barbarians recover quickly
but their magic doesn't come easily. A Wizard? Slow on the draw and
slow to mature...but live long enough and grow wise enough and your
lightning bolts are almost u n s t o p p a b l e . . .
The Valley is a real-time game of adventure and survival. You may choose
one of five character types to be your personal 'extension of self to battle and pit
your wits against a number of monsters. Find treasure, fight a Thunder-Lizard in the
arid deserts of the Valley, conquer a Kraken in the lakes surrounding the dread
Temples of Y'Nagioth or cauterise a Wraith in the Black Tower. In fact, live out the
fantasies you've only dared dream about. BUT B E W A R E . . . m o r e die than live to tell
the tale.
The Valley runs in a 48K Spectrum (a 16K version will be available shortly)
and makes full usage of the excellent colour and graphics capability of the machine.
As you battle your way up the ratings your charactcr can be saved o n t o tape, to re-
enter the Valley another day — if you dare!
Full instructions arc included with the game, but if you want more detail 011
the program, a 16 page reprint of the orignal 'Computing Today' article is available at
£1.95 all inc.
If you have the courage, the Valley costs only £11.45 all inc. from A S P
S O F T W A R E , 145 Charing Cross Road, London W C 2 OEE.

ASP SOFTWARE
 WELCOME

departed these pages for good, ed within the customary 28

and we will bring you his wise days. Good news indeed.
words of wisdom in future
issues. We will also try to main- Contributions
tain the very high standard he
set for ZX Computing in the We are always on the lookout
first four issues. for good programs and articles
for future issues of ZX Comput
Indeed, in this issue, we have
ing, and where better to look
a wealth of material for the
than to our own readers. If,
machine code programmer, con-
when reading through the mag-
tinuing Toni Baker's splendid
azine, you think you can write
series on 'Mastering machine
programs as well, or better
code on your Spectrum' as well
than, our present contributors,
as Ian Turtle re-living some of
then let's hear from you.
the traumas of writing his first
All contributions are, of
program in machine code. For
course, paid for at very com-
those of you searching through
petitive rates. So, if you've got
the wide range of commercially
your eye on a new ZX add-on or
available software, our
you'd just like to supplement
reviewers have been busy sif-
your pocket money, get writing!
ting through the latest cassettes
It is vital, though, that all the
to help you make your choice.
programs you send us are totally
We also take a brief look at the
original, and not 'borrowed' or
huge selection of books
"adapted' from other magazines
available for the Spectrum user.
or books. (When Tim was sitting
in the Editor's chair, he even
And now for the received 'original' contributions
good news he himself had written for his
own books!)
Thank you to all those of you Any kind of program
who write in to us at ZX Com- (business, domestic, educa-
puting. As you can see from the tional, or just fun) will be
wide range of correspondence welcomed, but particularly
on the following pages, we cer- those which use ZX BASIC in
tainly have some very in- clever and efficient ways, or
teresting readers out there. So, those which employ certain
keep those letters coming — it's routines which can be re-used in
good to hear your views on the other programs.
magazine, the industry in Program listings are vital,
general and your discoveries on along with a clear explanation of
your computer. how the program is constructed,
Also, I hope you'll notice the what it does and what the user
Club Corner page. If you would can expect to see once the pro-
like some free publicity for your gram is RUN (a screen dump is
users' club then please write particularly valuable in this
and tell us. giving as many respect). When submitting
details of times of meetings, Spectrum programs, it is very
places, etc. Joining a club can important to remember to
often be the most important enclose a cassette of the pro-
move you make to getting the gram as well as the listing, as
most out of your computer, so this will allow us to check the
First of all, I hope you all had a
nice time over the Christmas
A fresh face check this page out and see if
there's a club near you.
program before publication.

holidays, and welcome to those

of you who received a little
As you may have noticed (if
you've taken a PEEK at the
As you read through the let-
ters, I hope you'll notice that
End byte
'computing something' from name at the end of this column}, there is a lack of letters com I hope you enjoy the contents of
Santa Claus and are eager to Tim Hartnell has departed the plaining about Spectrum this magazine, and that it en-
flex your programming skills in Editor's chair of ZX Computing, deliveries. I 'phoned Sinclair the courages you to write your own
the absorbing hobby of home Tim has decided to concentrate other day and was told by a programs to utilise the full
computing. Within these pages, on writing books for the time be- spokesperson that 'there are potential of your Sinclair
you'll find lots to interest you, ing. After all, now that a certain now no delivery delays for the machine. But enough of me, I
with features and programs for computing magazine has crown- ZX Spectrum personal com- suggest you now get down to
the complete range of Sinclair ed him the 'Barbara Cartland of puters'. I was also pleased to the serious business of making
computers as well as useful the computer book field', Tim hear that the backlog of orders the most of your micro with ZX
hints and routines for the ex- feels he has to do something to were completely cleared by the Computing.
perienced and inexperienced keep his image shiningl end of October, 1982, and that
user alike. Nevertheless, he has not all new orders were being fulfill- Roger Munford.

8 Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB/MARCH 1 9 8 3
 WELCOME
name of a company offering On page 121 is a subroutine for The result is a subroutine which
good service and a willingness drawing an almost straight line involves only 11 lines, and
to help the 'amateur'. I am in no from a pixel (A,B) to a pixel which is conceptually simpler
way related or in fact have never (C,D), for use with a program than that in the ZX81 manual. It
met Mr Salem or anyone from which would generate numerical also uses less memory, so that
Hilderbay. values of the co-ordinates A,B,C when used with the preface
Yours faithfully, and D. For the purpose of what given above, a complete
will follow, imagine the sub- diagonal line from (0,0) to
JG Marshall, routine to be prefaced by a sim- (63,43) or from (63,0) to
Sutton Coldfield. ple set of INPUT statements, as (0,43) can still be drawn with
West Midlands. below: the 1K version. This is not the
No address 10 INPUT A
case with the 'official' program.
28 I am sure this idea will not
Dear ZX Computing, 20 INPUT B
shatter the world of relatively
You kindly reviewed our '0' 30 INPUT C
experienced programmers, but
Level Maths software in the 40 INPUT D
beginners who are puzzled by
August/September issue of ZX 50 GOSUB 1000
the subroutine in the manual
Computing, However, since 60 STOP
may find it useful.
then several people have told us Excluding REM statements, the Yours faithfully,
of the difficulty in finding our ad- subroutine given in the manual is
dress as it was not given in the 26 statements long, and the K Smith,
article. Any beginners out logic is fairly difficult to follow. I
could not avoid feeling that
Mayols,
As you did mention other
people's addresses, we should
there? there must be an easier way of
Swansea.

be glad if you would list our's. Dear ZX Computing, programming the drawing of a • / appreciate your request for
Yours faithfully, As a recent initiate into the line which utilises the slope of more information and programs
fascinating world of home com- the line. Indeed, the program for the beginner. In each issue,
Avril Cowley (Mrs), puting through the purchase of a represented by lines 1000, every effort is made to produce
Rose Cassettes. ZX81, I was so intrigued to see 1010, 1030-50, and 1100 a balance between matrial for
148 Widney Lane, a magazine devoted entirely to (see below) draws a perfectly both the experienced and inex-
Solihull. ZX computing, I bought issue good line providing the slope perienced. / hope that when you
West Midlands B91 3LH. number 3. In many ways K was (Y/X) is less than or equal to 1. read through this magazine, you
a revelation. I had not realized However, for slopes greater will find something to interest
• Sorry about that Avril, these just how many plug-in ac- than 1, gaps appear in the line you.
things do happen. / hope that cessories were now available since only one pixel is plotted for
we have more than made up for nor thought much about some each value of N. When X = 0 (ie
our omission in the review. of the things which could be a vertical line) the computation
done with a ZX computer. It cer- breaks down completely
tainly increased my thirst to pro- because the slope is infinity. The
gress further in the art of pro- problem of X = 0 can easily be
gramming! overcome by a statement such
However, in some ways as:
your magazine was also a disap-
pointment. I appreciate your IF X = 0 THEN LET X = .5
desire to maintain a high stan-
dard for published programs, but Unfortunately, all of my at- What do you think?
this need not imply that only tempts to write a FOR. . . Dear ZX Computing,
long programs are worthy. Yet NEXT loop for a variable Q (of While investigating a bug in a
Thanks a lot! issue 3 contained very few pro- value 0 to the slope of the line), program of mine, I typed in and
Dear ZX Computing, grams suitable for the standard which would allow extra pixels ran the following program.
I don't know if it's possible, but 1K version of the ZX81, and to be plotted at any given value
through your columns I would most of those that were suitable of N, resulted in complications. 10 LET A = 256
like to thank Mr Mike Salem of utilised machine code. Begin- However, the solution of the 20 LET A = A/2
Hilderbay Ltd, 8/10 Parkway, ners lie would-be experts?), on problem was really very simple: 30 PRINT, A
Regents Park, London NW1 finding problems with, or wan- if the slope of the line when 40 IF A - 0.5 THEN STOP
7AA. ting to improve upon, such pro- viewed from the X axis is 50 GOTO 20
I was having problems grams would be faced with greater than 1 (ie Y/X>1), then
loading tapes on my ZX81 and great difficulty because of a lack the line viewed from the Y direc- This printed a series of numbers
when I tried a financial package of understanding of machine tion has a slope less than (ie down the right-hand side of the
from Hilderbay had the same dif- code. Thus, I would appeal to X/Y < 1). Use of this fact allows screen, halving each time.
ficulty. Mike Salem checked out you to put in more material aim- a very simple subroutine to be However, when it got to 0.5 it
the tape I returned and reported ed at the beginner. Good, short written, as follows: did not stop as line 40 com-
back to me and sent me another programs in BASIC, perhaps mands. Upon changing the
tape by return of post with tips with a brief explanation of the 1000 LET X = C - A number 0.5 to 1, it duly stopped
on loading. Needless to say I logic used in them, would be 1010 LET Y = D - B as requested.
have had no more trouble. much appreciated I am sure. 1020 IF ABS Y > = ABS X I also tried VAL"0.5"in the
In fact, I now have a copy of And the space would not be THEN GOTO 1070 place of 0.5, but this too went
Hilderbay's book entitled The wasted; after all, today's IK 1030 FOR N = A TO C STEP wrong. Is it my programming in-
Microcomputer Users' Book of ZX81 enthusiast is tomorrow s SGN X eptitude. or have I stumbled
Tape Recording which I have 48K all-singing, all-dancing 1040 PLOT N, B + Y/X * across another bug in the ROM.
found very comprehensive on all Spectrum owner! (N-AI Yours faithfully,
aspects of recording, tape Perhaps by way of illustra- 1050 NEXT N
recorder and cassette care, tion, I could explain a problem 1060 GOTO 1100 M Clayton,
loading problems, etc, etc. I which occupied me for several 1070 FOR N = B TO D STEP Knaresborough,
think this book has only recently hours recently. I am stilt working SGN Y North Yorkshire.
been published. my way through the ZX81 1080 PLOT A + X /Y *
I very rarely write to BASIC programming manual (N - B),N • / think the 'bug' you have
magazines, but in this case I feel which comas with the computer 1090 NEXT N found is simply due to ZX81 's ^
that I would like to pass on the and have reached Chapter 18. 1 100 RETURN division routines introducing a

83 ZX COMPUTING FE8,MARCH 1 9 8 3 9
 WELCOME
decide to purchase a ZX Printer, and therefore have to sell them
slight error in the continuous
division you have asked it to do.
Hold it a minute. . . you will get another PSU this as such.
Remember that if A is not exact- Dear ZX Computing, time with a current rating of This experience brings me to
ly equal to 0.5 in line 40, the While writing programs which 1.2A. You will therefore have a two conclusions: Uncle Clive is
program will not STOP. Try draw pictures on the screen, I superfluous PSU which you will severely lacking in consumer
substituting the following line in- sometimes need to stop a pro- have paid for. relations and WH Smiths should
stead. gram without showing a report I recently spoke to a train their staff property!
code. spokesperson from WH Smiths I would be most interested
40 IF INT (A *2)=1 THEN The method I use is to make who made no secret of the fact to hear other Sinclair users'
STOP sure the computer is in Stow that consumers would end up views on these matters.
mode, then LET L = USR 861. with two PSUs and one of them Yours faithfully,
Hope this has cleared up your To escape from this routine, you would probably be redundant. It
problem. merely press Break. was explained to me that WH Alan Turnbull.
I hope this will be of use to Smiths have to accept packages Stockport,
other ZX81 users. from Sinclair Research 'as is" Cheshire.
Yours faithfully,

Alexander Rogers,
Radlett,
Herts.

Two's company
The bugs are biting Dear ZX Computing,
Dear ZX Computing, I am undergraduate in Computa-
I would like to bring to your at- tion at the University of Man-
tention an error in the otherwise chester Institute of Science and
excellent program Bandit by Technology (UMIST) and have
Messrs. Cleverle and Waring in been an owner of Sinclair
your October/November issue of Research's ZX81 computer
ZX Computing. since March 1982.
This concerns the Hex I bought the ZX81 in kit
loader at the beginning of the form and it was supplied with a
program. Used as listed, it will 1.2A PSU which is able to drive
cause a syntax error on the first the ZX Printer.
input. If line 10 is changed from I initially wanted the com-
INPUT X to LET X = 16514, all puter for hobbyist purposes, but
will be well. recently I decided to put it to
I realise this is a small point, some commercial use. I thus
but one that could easily 'bug- decided that a printer would be
up' a novice programmer in- of some use.
definitely. When I went to WH Smiths'
Yours faithfully. to have a look at one, I noticed
that it was supplied with
Roy Barrett another 1,2A PSU. I queried this
Northlew, at several branches of WH
Devon. Smiths and at one, the assistant
(whom I presume has had some
training) even tried to persuade
me that two PSUs were required
simultaneously.
I realise that many Sinclair
users were provided with a
0.7A PSU with their ZX81s and
thus require an updated 1.2A
PSU to drive the printer and
computer together, but why
cannot Sinclair Research provide
the updated supply with the
computer?
May I make this quite clear
to potential buyers of the ZX81
system: when you buy your
ZX81, you will in all probability
get a 0.7A PSU with your
machine. At a later date, if you

J
983 Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB, M A R C H 1 9 8 3 1
 WELCOME

hours and 10 minutes, without

To be certain that the problem is any signs of over-heating, the
not from the FOR. . . NEXT in printer came with your
struction, try the following with 10,000th prime, and the ZX
the first program. carried on, as happy as ever. I
ZX tipster 5 LET N = 19
modified the program so that
Dear ZX Computing. only primes 9990 to 10010
10 LET N = N + 1 were printed, the others were
While looking through D Jones' 50 GOTO 10
article on tips to improve your only displayed on the screen,
programs, I found this: which I turned off most of the
Hoping to have contributed to
time.
the war against bugs.
I was once again impressed
10 POKE 16418,0
20 PRINT AT 23,5;"
Yours faithfully, How long? by what this little machine can
•••••••••• " Dear ZX Computing do.
Paulo Ricardo Plath Xavier,
IVty interest having been arous- Yours faithfully.
30 POKE 16384.74 Bairro Or Augusto de Castro,
Lote 9 2°B. ed by your program 'Getting
primed' (ZX Computing, Or. Dick Zeilstra,
Can anyone improve on this? 2780 Oeiras,
Yours faithfully, Aug/Sept 1982, page 73), I Zu den Rehwiesen 9,
Portugal.
decided to try the program. 4100 Duisburg 1,
In Slow mode, after 47 W. Germany.
J Crawford,
Beccles, Q Q Q 0 1 0 4 - 6 5 1
Suffolk. 1 0 4 6 5 9
9 9 9 2 1 0 4 6 7 ?
9 9 9 3 1 0 4 - 5 3 1
9 9 9 4 - 3 3
9 9 9 5 w
9 9 9 6 1 O 4 7 0 1
9 9 9 7 1 D 4 7 3 7
9 9 9 3 1 0 4 7 1 1
9 9 9 9 1 0 4 .' 1 7
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 7 2 3
1 0 0 O 1 1 0 4 7 2 5
i O \ ? e i 2 1 D 4 7 4 3
1 0 3 0 3 1 C 4 7 5 9
ROM bug? 1 O 0 I 3 4
1 0 0 0 5
1
1
0 4
0 4 7 7 3
-

Dear ZX Computing, 1 0PJR6 1 0 4 7 7 9

On writing a program for my 1 0 0 0 7 1 0 4 7 6 9
ZX81, I think I have discovered 1 0 0 0 8 1 0 4 8 0 1
a ROM bug. Consider the 1 0 0 0 9 1 0 4 3 0 3
following program. 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 3 2 7

10 FOR N = 20 TO 30
20 LET A = SQR N Simple as 1, 2, 3 good, the program will load nor-
30 PRINT A;" ~ - 5"
40 IF A = 5 THEN PRINT 'THEY
What's your Dear ZX Computing,
mally into the computer, and
often the loading will start to
ARE EQUAL" problem? I was about to Join all those who work if recorded 'from within'.
50 NEXT N Dear ZX Computing, are complaining about the diffi- 7) If the recording is faulty, there
t would like to ask your advice culties with LOAOing. However, are two possible things that
As you can see, when N attains concerning the 16K RAM Pack. in the wake of my 'experiments' could happen:
the value of 25, SQR N should I recently borrowed a 16K RAM to get this operation more i - during loading, the silence
be 5 and the screen should Pack from a friend but I have a reliable. I am persuaded that all pattern appears on the screen.
display the message from line lot of problems trying to load my is not lost. I have discovered a ii - at the end of the loading,
40. programs. way of checking the quality of a the silence pattern appears on
However, this does not hap- I have tried various volume recording, without losing the the screen.
pen. I have even tried this on a and tone settings, but nothing program. 8} If the silence pattern shows
friend's ZX81 just to be certain seems to load. When I load 1K Carry out the following: up, press the Break key. The
it was not a malfunction on my programs, I have to disconnect program which was previously
own machine. the RAM Pack. Please help me. 1) After writing and debugging a in the computer will reappear
The problem can be solved if Yours faithfully, program, save it on a cassette, either immediately or after
you write: preferably 'from within' (with pressing Newline.
Paul Gingell. the SAVE as a program instruc- 9) Now, you can attempt a new
40 IF INT A = 5 THEN PRINT Killiney, tion). SAVE.
"THEY ARE EQUAL" County Dublin. 2) Do not type NEW. 10) Repeat the above steps until
Ireland. 3) Type LOAD and the program al check up to point six are
But then the next declarations name. positive. Now, you have really
won't be accurate. The best • In this issue, Paul, we have 4) Rewind the tape to the begin- SAVEd your program.
solution would be to use the included an article covering ning of the recording, adjust the Good luck!
following lines: some of the problems of volume to the correct level (or Yours faithfully,
LOADing and SA VEing which I what you assume to be the cor-
20 LET A$ = STR$ SQR N hope will be of some help to rect level) and start the tape. Oswald Baruch,
30 PRINT A $ ; ' - - 5 " you. Perhaps you may like to try 5) Press Newline and watch the 20306 Nesher - Givat Amos,
40 IF A$ = "5" THEN PRINT the tip explained in the letter screen. PO Box 1049.
"THEY ARE EQUAL" from Oswald Baruch. 6) If the recording on the tape is Israel.

83 ZX C O M P U T I N G F E 8 , M A R C H 1 9 8 3 11

J
 Every computer needs a

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STUART
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Essex C M 13 3SD. England | 180a Bedford Road, Kempston. Bedford MK42 8BL J
S Y S T E M S Ltd Telephone Brentwood (0277) 810244

983
Z X C O M P U T I N GF E B ,M A R C H1 9 8 3 12
 ZX81CAME

Numerology
130 NEXT I
14-© L E T N U M = 0
1 5 0 FOR 1=1 TO LEN N$
160 IF N $ « I ) = " - " OR N 5 ( I ; = " . " O
w N $ f l ) = " " T H E N GOTO 160
170 LET NUM=NUM+N(CODE N* (I) -3?
Gary Nugent, from )
16© NEXT I
Dublin, presents a 190 LET C$=STR$
2 0 0 L E T NUM = 0
NUM

program which will tell 2 1 0 FOR 1=1 TO LEN

2 2 0 LET NUM=NUM+UAL
C$
C$ ( I>

you a little bit more 2 3 0 NEXT

24©
245
I
I F NUM>9 T H E N GOTO
CLS
190

about your friends. All 2 5 0 GOSUB

2 6 0 FOR
NUM*1000
1=1 TO 500
you have to do is type 2 7 0 NEXT
260 CLS
I

their names in, the ZX81 ON

2 9 0 P R I N T »KT 1 0 , 7 ; " A N O T H E R PERS

does the rest. 300 LET

310
320
IF At="Y"
IF
fi$=INKEY$

fl$<)MN"
THEN RUN
T H E N GOTO 300
330 STOP
Numerology is a program writ- are also catered for. The com- 1000 PRINT TOP * j
ten for a ZX81 with 1 6K RAM puter will then calculate the Full
Pack which will reveal aspects Name Number by allotting each 1010 PRINT R T 3 , 0 . : "I Y O l HRUE RN
of a person's character from letter of the alphabet with a ALMOST B L I N D EX-"
their name. number. Based on the Full Name 1020 PRINT "HUBERANCE, R SELF-EX
Simply type out your name Number, you will see a display CITEMENT - "
lor anyone else's), separating of a character outline for that 1030 PRINT "hN EFFERVESCENCE.. RN
each name Christian name person. RUDRCITY."
and surname - by a space, Try typing your friends' 1CI40 P R I N T "PLERSE C R L M DOWN R B
followed by Newline. IT . "
names in — the results may 1050 P R I N T "YOU CRN S U R P A S S RLL
Hyphenated names and initials surprise you! OTHERS IN"
1060 PRINT "EhSY CHARM. ON T H E U
HOLE YOU"
107O PRINT "ARE P O S I T I V E , HUMORO
US, THE"
1060 PRINT "POSSESSOR Or ENDURIN
G ENERGY."
1090 PRINT "" O N T H E O T H E R H A N D AT
YOUR WORST"
1100 PRINT "YOU CRN BE SELF-RBSC
P6ED TO THE"
1110 PRINT "POINT OF B E I N G POMPO
US . v

1130 PRINT " E I S E M YOU WORK WELL

UITH YOUR"
1140 PRINT "HANDS. YOU hLSO DO U
— L L I N "
1150 ^PRINT "SCIENCES, PHILOSOPHY
. ECONOMICS"
1160 PRINT " R N D L R U RND Y O U UOUL
3 M R K E AN"'
1170 PRINT EXCELLENT TERCHER."
11S0 FOR 1 = 1 TO 750
1 REM ** NUMEROLOGY ** 1190 NEXT I
o REM ** G . NUGENT ** 120© CLS _ __
REM ** * *
1 0 REM - — — b i r s r - % « w S" ' — u
3 T £220 PRINT RT 3 , 7 . ; "HUMPHREY BOGA
15 "CHARLIE CHAPLIN";TAB
DIM N(26)
3 0 FOR 1 = 1 T O 26
4 0 L E T N ( X.» = P E £ K (16562+1;
50 NEXT I ,;TRB 7, " P R I N C E CHARLES
RRINT HT 9 , 3 ; " P L E A S E ENTER 1230 RETURN
/ O U R NAME." 2000 PRINT TRB 7; " NO . 2 PERSON*
70 INPUT
30 LET M $ = " " 2010 PRINT RT 3 . 0 ; "| YOU RRE CHR
55 F O R 1 = 1 T O LEN N$ RMING. SUBTLE RND"
90 ;_ET M $ = M $ + C H R $ i CODE N«(I) + 2020 PRINT "HUMOROUS, B U T YOU RL
125) 5 0 HRUE R"
9 5 NEXT I 2030 PRINT " C- R P R C I T Y F O R C R E P T I N
100 l£T X = INT C( 3 2 - L E N N$< /2) G EXCEPT-"
110 FOR 1 = 1 TO 11 2040 PRINT "IONRL DISCORD. YOUR
PRINT HT 1 3 , X . N s MR J OR F R I L — "
122 FOR J = l T O 6 2050 PRINT "ING IS HN INRBILITY
1 2 3 NEXT U TO PUT PLRNS"
125 P R I N T HIT 13.X;M$ 2060 PRINT "INTO ACTION. SECOND
1 2 ? :>r ( = 1 T O 6 THOUGHTS," ~ ^
126 NEXT U 2070 PRINT "INDECISION, R LRCK O W

J
ZX COMPUTING FEB/MARCH 1 9 8 3 13
 ZX81 CAME
TST IC . "
- E N E R G Y " ^ 4-070 PRINT "ORIGINAL RND WARM,
2030 PRINT "CONSPIRE TO ROB MJ.TR ERCEPTIUE"
_ITY 4-060 PRINT "TO A FAULT, ALWAYS
2090 PRINT "CONFIDnNCt . YOU ftKE E E INC- BOTH"
THE COHPROM-" 4.090 P R I N T 'SIDES OF E V E R Y QUEST
£100 PRINT "I5ER WITH A DANGEROU ION. YOU ARE" __ _
= tendency" 4-10O P R I N T "LOYAL ANl> N i C E , tUT
2110 PRINT "TO RETIRE INTO FRNTR ALSO OFTEN"
= \ • f= I t-J- X p " ,
4 110 PRINT "CONTRARY AND TOUCHY.
2120 PRINT "DISCIPLINE PUTS HARD
EDGES ON" 4-120 P R I N T
2130 PRINT "CLOUDS YOU ChN DIaPL 4-130 P R I N T " H S E B M YOUR APTITUDE
"V PRODIG-" IS FOR THE"
2135 PRINT 'IOUS RBIL.IT IE-- . 4.14-0 P R I N T "ARTS AND. STRANGELY
214-0 P R I N T ENOUGH, FOR
21S0 PRINT •• w r a a s f g YOU ARE HPTIS 4-150 P R I N T "POLITICS."
TS , ATHLETES" 4 . 1 6 0 FOP. 1 = 1 T O 550
£150 PRINT "PERPORHEKS OF HLL KX 4-170 NEXT I
• t ^ C- 0 f ;^ C
NDS AND GOOD"
2170 PRINT "SALESMEN." <t 1 9 0 PRINT TAB 7, '
2ISO FOR 1 - 1 TO 750 9 "
2190 NEXT I 4-200 P R I N T AT 3 . 7 ; "ORSON WELLES"
2200 CLS .TAB 7;"NORMAN MAILER",TRB 7 ; " S P
2210 PRINT TAB 7.. IKE MILLIGAN";TAB 7;"NRPOLEAN BO
NAPARTE";TAB 7;"STANLEY KUBRICK"
2220 PRINT RT "KHRL MARX.".;TR ., T A B 7, " J I M C A L L A G H A N " .; T A B 7.; " P R
5 7; "PRBLO PlC'fiSSO"; TRB 7, " S I N G ESIDENT FORD";TAB 7;"SOOTY"
CROSBY" TRB 7; " UERN-PRUL SRRTRE" 4.210 RETURN
..TRB 7; " B E N J A M I N BRITTEN"., TH6 7..
"GENGHIS KHHN";TRB 7;"DR. CRIPPE 5000 PRINT TRB
IN'MHB 7 ; " L E N MURRAY" ; T R B 7 ; " HRR 501O PRINT R T 3 , 0 ; "J
OLD WILSON" THE {UMBER
OF INTELLECT, WIT"
2230 RETURN 5020 PRINT "RND WORDS. SUPREMELY
3000 PRINT TRB 7J ADAPTABLE"
50 30 PRINT "QUICK AND CYNICAL.. F
3010 PRINT RT 3 / 3 ; " E T H I S IS THE IUE TAKES"
WORLDLY NUMBER." 504-0 P R I N T " T H E WORLD AS ITS OYS
3020 PRINT ' T H R E E S n h ' t r Uw£lr-!rUL - p p , ALMOST"
QUICK RND" 5050 PRINT "EVERYONE LIKES R FIU
3030 PRINT " P R O U D . •JOVIAL RND EX 5• NOT A"
-•ANSIVE RND" 5060 PRINT "POWERFUL N JMBER, BUT
304-0 P R I N T " A L E R T , ON T H E S I D E O
A LUCKY"
e LRU AND" 507O PRINT "ONE THE NUMBER OF G
3050 PRINT " O R D E R , R CCU ST 0MED TO
N' M E ^ A N C''1
THE EXER-" 5060 PRINT "GAMBLING, MENTALLY R
3060 PRINT "CISE OF" A U T H O R I T V . C
j I L E , UN-"
ARABLE" 5090 PRINT SENTIMANTAL, VOLRTIL
307 0 PRINT "PEOPLE P G R WHOM THIN 5. HIGHLY"
3 5 GO WELL." 5100 PRINT STRUNG. YOU HAVE A O
3030 PRINT "BUT THEY HAUE OTHER UICK TEMPER"
-AILINGS, AS" _ 5 110 PRINT "AND YOUR CRAVING POP
3O90 PRINT " W H I C H OF US DO NOT7 EXCITEMENT"
"HREE5 CRN" 5 120 PRINT "RND CHANGE CAN LEAD
3100 PRINT "BE INSUFFERABLE IN TO PARANOIA"
=ENSITIUE , " 5130 PRINT "AND EXHAUSTION."
3110 PRINT "HERVYHRNDED RND SURE 514.0 P R I N T
P F I C I R L . " 5150 PRINT ' WHEELS THE BEST OF S
3120 PRINT ~ I NTS- - THE"
3130 PRINT "•MWIriaB YOU W I L L DU W 5IBO PRINT "BEST OF CROOKS., GOOD
ELL IN THE" SPIES,"
314-0 P R I N T "ARMY, THE GOVERNMENT 5170 PRINT "SALESMEN, GAMBLERS A
jp Ci H U L T I - " N O UP. I T E R S . "
3150 PRINT "NRTIONAL I N D U S T H Y . 1' 5180 FOR 1 = 1 TO 55 0
3150 FOR 1=1 TO 550 5 1 9 0 NEXT I
£••170 N E X T I 5200 CLS
5210. P R I N T TAB OT HE
3190 PRINT TRB 7; 1' MSHSb^SZL-HHSHB 3"
5220 PRINT AT 3 . 7 ; BOBBY FISHER"
3.200 P R I N T AT 3 , 7 ; " 7 . E. LRWEREN TAB 7; "VINCENT VAN G O G H " T A B 7.;
CE";TRB 7;"BRRBRRR CASTLE ;AB 7 "ROBIN DAY' . T A B 7; '"JILLIAM SHAKE
. " A R I S T O T L E " ; TAB 7; "GOUGH UrilTLR 5PEARE",TAB' 7, "JANES BOND";TRB 7
ri" ; T A B 7 ; " R O N A L D REAGAN" , ; AS 7 ; " ,"ELTON JOHN";TAB / . " F I D E L CASTR
MICHAEL FOOT" O ".; T A B 7; "CHE GUEVARA".TRB 7, "ST
3 210 RETURN PAUL OF TARSUS"
PRINT TAB 7, NO _
5230 RETURN
6000 P R I N T TAB
4-010 P R I N T AT 3 , 0 ; " B FROM A WORL
~ L Y ST A N D P O I NT , " 5010 PRINT AT 3 , 0 ; " P PPRi" <1
4-020 P R I N T "POURS RRE PROBRBLY T
HE LEAST" SINGLE-MINDED, I N - "
4.030 P R I N T "ABLE TO SUCCEED - SO 6020 P R I N T DUSTRIOUS, MAGNETIC,
PRY ABOUT" THE BORN"
4-04-O P R I N T "THAT. ON T H E OTHER H 6030 PRINT "LEADER. SIXES ATTRAC
RND YOU" T ^iflpH,"
4.05© P R I N T "DON" "T SEEM TO CARE 604-0 P R I N T "DEVOTION. SIXES ARE
MUCH. YOU" PRAGMATIC."
4 060 PRINT "ARE SENSITIVE, IDEAL 5050 PRINT "AND TIRELESSL RESPO
983
Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB, M A R C H 1 9 8 3 14
 ZX81 CAME
NSIBLE. THE/" SO4-0 P R I N T "STARES INTO THE BLAC
6060 P R I N T GET HINGS DONE. BUT - 5 5T ABYSS"
T H E 15- IEW " 505O PRINT "OF THEM A L L . THEY AR
5070 PRINT "OF L FE I S OFTEN BLI - AMBITIOUS,"
NKEREO. THEY" r.Qh0 P R I N T "INTIMIDATING.. INTENS
60S0 PRINT " C R N BE RUTH 55 PND 5 . SELF-"
tNSENSITIUE . " =070 PRINT "RIGHTOUS WITH A PASS
*090 PRINT "SMOOTHLY PUSHING OPP TON FOR"
ISITiON FROM" 5OS0 PRINT "JUSTICE. THEY TEND T
=100 PRINT "THEIR PATH. T GREAT"
•-•HO PRINT O PRINT " S U C C E S S AND FAILURE,
5120 PRINT THEY DO UELL -1PE OFTEN"
TN A L M O S T " 6100 PRINT " A L O N E AND MI5UNDERST
5130 PRINT fiNVTMING. LftW I S PAR :-CD. TO"
TCULhRLY" 5110 PRINT "SOME EYES E I G H T IS T
514-0 P R I N T GOOD. SO ARE MOST F I —E LEAST"
E L D S OF 5120 PRINT "ATTRACTIVE NUMBER BU
5 I S O PC* I N T BUSINESS - APPARENTLY"
5 1 6 0 FOR 1=1 TN 5F,G 5 1 3 0 PRINT "THER ARE GREAT I'MP
5173 k J
E-<T I ENSATIONS."
5180 :*LS 514.0 PRINT
6190 PRINT TAB ~, ' 6150 PRINT WORK THEY ARE THE
SCHOLAR
620© P R I N T AT 3 . 7 : • MARGARET THAT 5160 PRINT "HISTORIANS AND PHILO
CHER"., T A B 7 . EDWARD H E A T H " . T A B 7 rOPHERS,"
.."INDIRH GHANDI . TAE- 7 , DANNY LP 5170 P R I N T "THOUGH THEY ALSO DO
RUE"; TAB 7, " B R I G G I T E BfiRDuT" ; T P ;-!ELL IN"
5 7; " J I M S L A T E R " , T A B 7. ' ALBERT F 5ISO PRINT "COALMINES AND ON F A R
INNEY". TAB 7; MAO T S E TUNC-" MS. THEY"
52IO RETURN 6190 P R I N T " S O ARE HAPPY IN PUBL
7 O 0 O P R I N T T A B 7.: X5HING. RE-"
5200 PRINT " U I E W I N G AND INSPECTI
7 0 I O P R I N T AT 3 , 3 ; " L
5E R C T I U E AND THEY" 52IO FOR 1=1 TO 7SO
7020 P R I N T " C A N BE S O L I T A R Y , THE '220 NEXT I
Qpji.j •• =-30 CLS
7O30 P R I N T "ARTISTIC AND THEY CA 624-0 PRINT TAB 7;
BE I N h R T - "
7040 PRINT "ICULATE. THEY ARE US 5250 PRINT AT 3 , 7 , " W I N S T O N CHURC
JALLY GOOD" HILL".TAB 7;"ERIC MORECAMBE".TAB
7O50 P R I N T ' L O O K I N G AND A T T R A C T I 7 , " R I C H A R D BURTON".; T A B 7 , " j . B.
-<E, BUT T H E Y " P R I E S T L E Y " . T A B 7 ; " J O E B U O N E R " ," T
7060 PRINT ARE O F T E N SHY AND SE AB 7 , ' L E O N I D B R E Z H N E U " ; T A B 7 ; " I D
*UALLY IN-" I AMIN"
707O P R I N T " H I B I T ED . S T I L L . . YOU 52BO RETURN
r EUENS GET" 9 0 0 0 PRINT TAB 7,
70SO P R I N T "THINGS DONE, APE UER 3 0 1 0 P R I N T AT 3 , 3 ; " • DYNAMIC.ST
f RELIABLE" PONG, HAGNETIC, YOU"
709O P R I N T "AND DON" "T MESS AROU 9020 PRINT " S T R I D E THROUGH LIFE
AND OTHERS"
MD . "
710O PRINT 9030 PRINT "STAND A S I D E . YOU ARE
7110 PRINT • MFrairew Y O U W O U L D ENJ LARGER THAN"
904-0 P R I N T "LIFE, LUCKY, CAPABLE
OY A L I F E " EFFECTIUE"
7120 PRINT "ABROAD WITH TRAUEL. 9050 PRINT "AND ALWAYS IN THE TH
- (-) T Q BA " •r p OF XT " *
7130~PRINT "YOU""LL DO W E L L THER 9060"PRINT "YOU ARE IMPULSIVE AN
E HN T H F **
7- Q U I C K - "
714-0 P R I N T "OTHER HAND YOU COULD 9O70 PRINT "TEMPERED TOO. STILL
TURN OUT T O " _ THAT CHAR-"
7150 PRINT "BE R MUSICIHN, H POE 9060 PRINT "ISMA CHARMS ALMOST E
T OP A" VERYONE. YOU"
7160 PRINT "PAINTER., H MYSTIC OR 9090 PRINT " C A N HAUE BLACK MOODS
A CLERGY BUT WHEN"
7 1 7 0 1 - PR I N T "MAN. IF v'OU G O INTO 9100 PRINT "YOU ARE F E E L I N G CONF
BUSINESS" IDENT (WHICH"
"ISO PRINT "YOU W I L L PROBABLE EN
t- UP B O S S . " 9 11G P R I N T " 1 5 MOST OF T H E TIME)
""190 F O R 1 = 1 T O 50O NOTHING CAN"
" 2 0 0 NEXT I 9120 PRINT "STAND I N YOUR WAY."
"210 CL5 _ __ 9 130 p r i n t
9140 PRINT "MBHiaaB YOU MAKE FINE
SOLDIERS."
7230 PRINT AT 3 , 7 , " H E N R Y KISSING 9150 PRINT " A T H L E T E S AND POLITIC
ER".;TAB 7 'GERMAINE GREER" ;TAB 7 TANS,"
,"ABRAHAM L I N C O L N " , T A B 7."NICK J 9 1 6 0 FOR 1 = 1 T O BOO
AGGER", TAB 7 ; "GEORGE BERNARD SHA 9 170 NEXT I
W" - T A B ; "MALCOLM HUGGERIDGE" . TA 91SO CLS
= 7;"TONY BENN" 9 1 9 0 PRINT TAB 7 . '
724.0 R E T U R N
6000 PRINT TAB 7 . J B H M E ^ S B l =•200 P R I N T AT 3 , 7 . ; " J A C K KENNEDY"
;TAB 7.; " E L U I S PRESLEY" , TAB 7, "EZ
S 0 1 0 P R I N T A T 2 . 0 : "I H NUMBER OF RA P O U N D " , T A B 7;"TOM JONES" TAB
INCREDIBLE, INEX- 7,"RUDOLPH UALENTINO";TAB 7 R A L_
•5020 P R I N T "ORABLE POWER, EIGHT PH N A D E R " , T A B 7; " JOHN BET IEMAN " ;
PONDERS" TAB 7 , " J A C K I E ONASSIS",TAB 7;"TH
303© PRINT "SLOWLY, MOUE IMPLACA 5 OUEEN"
ELY.. AND" 9210 RETURN

J
15 ZX COMPUTING FEB, M A R C H 1 9 8 3 15
 ZX81 CAME

Space adventure
Fourteen year old David Lambert delves into outer
space with a great program for the 16K ZX81. All you
have to do is reach Earth before the aliens get you...

Space Adventure is a game for resort, scuttle your ship. they might have their protective be rewarded with a 'Well done'
the ZX81 with 1 6K RAM Pack. However, if you take evasive ac- shields up to deflect your message which is generated in
You are travelling in a space ship tion, you will use up more fuel missile. If they do have their lines 2070 to 2130. You will
journeying back to mother than if you increased your shields up, it is very likely they also be told how many aliens
Earth. The trouble is that there speed. You only have a limited will fire at you so be prepared for you managed to do away with
are a number of nasty aliens who amount of fuel so care must be quick evasive action, on your trip home.
are out to get you! taken in your choice. If you have Here is a table of the variables
You first choose how long not enough fuel to finish the run All's well.. . used in the program to help you
you wish the game to last, then to Earth, you will get a message There are several ways for the follow how David has put the
your fuel and estimated time of on the screen warning you of game to end: your ship could be listing together.
arrival are calculated in lines 3 this and you will have to leap in- blown up; you could scuttle your
and 4. When an alien ap- to hyperspace to get your own ship; you could run out of
proaches, you will get a warning estimated time of arrival down. fuel; your engines could F - Fuel.
on screen and it is then up to you Your star ship also has the overheat; or the explosive E — Estimated time of ar-
to choose your course of action. capability to fire missiles at any missiles you are carrying could rival.
You can either increase your annoying aliens, but be warned, accidentally be triggered. Of K - Kills.
speed, take evasive action, if you score a direct hit the aliens course, if you manage to reach T — Temperature.
enter hyperspace or, as a last will not always be blown up — Earth after your journey you wilt TRAV Game length.

16 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB, M A R C H 1 9 8 3
 122 PRINT RT 15.0.;" COMPUTER P.
ERD OUT"
1 S 3 P 9 I M T prr 1 3 . 0 ; " P R E S S T XF T
£MP IS 5 0 OR CUER"
130 PRINT RT 17 FUEL ETR K
ILLS TEMP "
1 4 © PRINT RT I S . C F .. R T i O
T 1 © j. l i ; K ; f i T 1 6 . 1 6 ' T
14-5 L E T F = F - 4
147 LET E-E-4.
150 LET RND=INT ( R N D * S >
151 I F E >F T H E N PRINT RT 16 O .
E NC'UGH TO REACH ETR
152 LET EX=INT ( R N O -k 2 0 i
153 IF E X = 5 T H E N GOTO 6 5 1
1 5 4 . IF T =70 THEN GOSUE 3300
155 IF F < = 0 THBN GOTO 1500
156 IF E<=0 THEN GOTO
160 IF R N D s 4 THEN GOTO 160
170 GOTO 130
180 FOR R=1 TO 10
190 PRINT RT £ 0 . 0 ALIEN I N Sr.
CRNNER RANGE"
200 PRINT RT 2 0 . 0

SlO NEXT R
215 CLS
220 FOR R = 1 TO
221 CLS
222 PRINT

223 PRINT
*
224- PRINT
225 PRINT
O

226 PRINT
RT 10 0.
230 PRINT
240 PRINT RT 1 1 G. O
*
wfwMaianTT *
*m
pkint "hou l o n g t o t r r u e l 250 PRINT RT 1 2 0.
T O 3 © " IWiTTTfTTIintlTw
o
INPUT TRfiU 260 PRINT RT 14 . 0
LET f =TRRUtlO 1 r -
4 LET E = T R R U * 9 270 NEXT R
5 LET K = © 280 PRINT
6 LET T = 30 290 PRINT " A L E R T "
CLS 300 PRINT " A L I E N . t ' O U R O F T I G
B 1© PRINT YOU RRE T H E COMRNDER NS RRE"
| OF S T A R " 310 PRINT " H i TAKE EWlSIUE ACV
£ 20 PRINT SHIP (R1 D2CULT>. I ION. "
T I S ON ITS URY T O P L R N E T TRERH 320 PRINT " i 2 ) INCREASE SPEED."
. U E KNOW THIS PLANET RS ERRT 330 PRINT "4 3) SCUTTLE"
H. YOU RRE 5HIPING EXPLOSIVES, 34.0 P R I N T " t4> HYPERSPACE ORIUir.
I -. THEY
MINUTE"
C O U L D GO O F F RT ANY
o 350 IF INKEY $ - " 1" THEN GOTO 50O
if 30 PRINT " YOU COULD MEET U P L' 360 IF INKEY$="3" THEN GOTO
ITH L O N G T E N S ON T H E URY. THEY RR 370 IF I N K E V* $ = " 2 " T H E N GOTO 5St
£ NOT UERY NICE ALIENS TO MEET 371 IF 2NKEY$="4" THEN GOTO 30O
UP U I T H IF THEY GET T H E CHRNCE 0

I|
FIRST THEY U ILL OPEN F I R E ON Y 375 GOTO 350
OU. YOU W I L L HAUE P R I R E UORNING 360 CLS
SEFORE THIS HAPPENS. " 381 PRINT "INPUT NEU SPEED"
31 PRINT "B E U R R E . UHEN YOU TAK 390 INPUT SP
E EURSIUE RCTION YOU USE UP.L 400 LET RET=INT (RND *3>
O T S OF FUEL THE ONLY URY TO GET 4 10 IF RET=2 THEN CLS
THIS BACK I S T O GO I N T O HYPER 420 IF RET=2 THEN PRINT "ALIEN
SPACE DRIUE THIS UILL A D D ON TO CL05EING"
YOUR ETR." 430 IF R E T = 2 THEN GOTO 360
4.0 R R I N T " 4 40 LET RET=INT IRND*9>
450 IF RET=5 THEN CLS
50 IF INKEY$= THEN GOTO 460 IF RET =5 THEN P R I N T "YOUR f\
50 CLS ERCTER HRS BLOWN UP"
70 PRINT ". 465 IF RET =5 THEN GOTO 65^5
470 CLS
so PRINT " m 480 GOTO 70
* * 500 CLS
90 PRINT " i . 1 505 PRINT "YOU RRE T A K I N G EUASI
UE ACTION"
io© PRINT " 510 PRINT "YOU OPTIONS ARE."
* *
520 PRINT "(1> FIRE MISSILE"
i i o PRINT " 530 PRINT " ( 2 ) INCREASE S P E E D ^ V
12© PRINT " 540 PRINT "<3) FIRE LAZERS" W

1983 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 17
 ZX81 CAME
550 IF INKEV$="1" T H E N GOTO ?0Q 1 0 9 0 NEXT A
56© IF INKEY$="2" T H E N GOTO 80Q 1091 LET F - F - 5
570 IF INKEY$="3" T H E N GOTO 900 1 1 0 0 GOTO 660
590 GOTO 550 1500 CLS
600 CLS 1510 PRINT "YOU HAUE RON R I G H T
610 PRINT "YOU RRE GOING TO KIL. UT OF FUEL"
L RLL THE" 1520 PRINT " Y O U L U L L D R I F T I N SF
62© P R I N T "MEMBERS OF YOUR CREW RCE F OR"
RRE YOU " 153© PRINT " E U E R RND EUER
630 P R I N T " S U R E YOU URNT TO DO
THAT" 154© PRINT " D O YOU UANT T O TRY A
64-0 I N P U T SS£$ GAIN"
650 IF INKEY$="N" THEN GOTO ?© 1550 IF INKEY$="Y" THEN RUN
651 CLS EX 1560 IF INKEY$="N" THEN STOP
652 IF EX = 5 T H E N P R I N T "YOUR 1 5 7 0 GOTO 1550
PLOSIUES UENT O F F " 2000 CLS
653 PRUSE 100 201© PRINT " Y O U HAUE MRDE IT TO
Geo CLS TRERH" I
6 6 3 FOR A = 1 T O 6 2 0 2 0 PRINT "SCREEN UILL GO BLANK
664 CLS WHILE I"
665 PRINT RT 10.10 2030 PRINT "THINK. P L E A S E DO NOT
666 PRINT " t <i O > ) > " PRESS "
670 PRINT " < -F3." 2040 PRINT "BREAK UHILE I RM DOI
680 PRINT " g M l S j " NG T H I S . "
665 PRINT " | V i ? S " 2050 PRINT "THANKYOU. NOU PRESS
666 PRINT " ( ( ( < ) > ) > " RNY KEY"
6 9 0 NEXT R 2055 IF INKEY$="" T H E N GOTO 2055
692 PRINT "YOU RRE DEAD 2©60 CLS
• • 2070 FAST
694 STOP 2060 FOR I=-4 TO 4
700 CLS 2090 FOR J = © TO 120
710 PRINT RT 1 7 . 0 . " 1 ;; 2100 PLOT 3 2 + 2 0 * 5 I N 1 1 + < J / 6 0 * P I 'f
720 PRINT RT 1 6 , 0 . " ) .22+20*CGS ( J / 6 0 f P I f l / 4 j t P I i
730 PRINT RT 1 9 , 0 . " 2 1 1 0 NEXT U
2120 NEXT I
740 PRINT RT 2 0 . 0 , " I I 2130 PRINT "WELL DONE"
750 FOR R = 1 TO 21 2140 IF K : 0 THEN PRINT "YOU KILL
760 SCROLL ED " ; K . " RLIEN5"
7 7 0 NEXT R 2150 STOP
777 LET F=F-5 2700 PRINT wYOUR E N G I N E S H A V E OV-
780 LET RND=INT * R N D 10) ER HEATED"
7 9 0 GOTO 610 2710 STOP
8 0 0 GOTO 36© 3 0 0 0 FOR A = 1 TO S
810 IF RND=5 THEN PRINT "ALIEN 3001 CLS
HAD S H I E L D UP" 3002 PRINT ". ; "
811 I F RND =5 T H E N S C R O L L 3003 PRINT " . ,. : * * "
820
FIRES
IF RND =5 T H E N P R I N T
RT YOU
H E NOW 3004
. PRINT "
»» ** O . ;
830 IF RND = 5 T H E N GOTO 1000 30i© PRINT * :
8 3 1 CLS *
8 3 2 FOR C = 1 TO 6 3020 PRINT " . ; O
833 PRINT RT 6,1! . »»
634 PRINT AT 9,1! 3030 PRINT " ;
635 PRINT AT 10,15,"
836 CLS 3040 PRINT
637 NEXT C 305O PRINT " O
840 PRINT .»
845 P « XNT 3060 PRINT
850 PRINT
860 PRINT
" A L I E N NOW
" Y O U C R ^ KNOU
GONE."
CONTINU
3070 PRINT
. »" *-*• .;
E UITH TRIP" 3060 PR INT " . , ; ::
362 PRINT "BUT REMEMBER THAT YO
« %%

U HAUE USED" 3090 PRINT''

863 PRINT "ALOT OF FUEL YOUR T 3100 PRINT ". , +
EMP H A S GONE UP ASUELL."
664 L E T F = F —10 3101 NEXT A
865 LET K-K + l 3110 PRINT "DECODING:"
866 LET T=T+5 3120 PRINT COS (PIf1+9)
667 IF INKEY $ = " " THEN GOTO 6 6 7 3230 LET E = E - 2 0
870 GOTO 60 3240 PRINT "RETURNING TO COURSE"
900 CLS 3250 PAU5E 50
910 FOR U =0 TO 30 3255 CLS
920 PRINT AT 10,U;"—" 3260 GOTO 70
930 PRINT AT 3300 CLS
940 NEXT U 3310 PRINT " Y O U TOOK T O MUCH EUR
950 GOTO 760 S I ' J E RCT I O N RNiD Y O U ENGINES
1 0 0 0 FOR A = 1 TO 100 OUER HEATED"
1 0 1 0 NEXT A 3320 PRINT "THE E N G I N E S HAUE NOU
1020 CLS BEEN COOLED"
1030 PRINT AT 17.0." 333© PAUSE 500
1040 PRINT RT 18,0," 3 34Q RETURN
1050 PRINT
l*
AT 19,0,"
1060 PRINT AT 20,0.;"
1070 FOR A = 1 TO 21
1080 SCROLL
983

J
Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB, M A R C H 1 9 8 3 18
 48K SPECTRUM
Ship of the Line
48K version features the chance to send out boarding parries, to build up
pn/e money, to take intelligence tests and to bribe your way up the
admiralty ladder' This greatly extended version of Ship of the Line really
makes the most of your extra memory £6.50

t6K ZX81
48K SPECTRUM Bargain Bytes Cassette One
Shaken Deep Sea Adventure ' Bank Account * Underground Adventure *
Deptncharge * Hangman • Loan Calculator * Codebreaker * Foreign
But Not Currency Calculator A genuine bargain'

Stirred" Eight interesting programs for jus; £5.00

A James Bond 007 Adventure
You are secret agent James Bond No 007,
with d licence to kill Your task is to locate and
disarm a nuclear warhead which has been Bargain
16K ZX81
Bytes Cassette Two
kidnapped by the mysterious Or Death You try to Stock Market Game * Seafaring Adventure * Jackpot * OXO * Financial
follow his trail across the continents to nis secret Model * Ski Run * General Knowledge Quiz * Copycat
island where he is holding (he missile But he has some Too many programs to desnbe for only E5.00
surprises in storeforyou i Ideal as a ZX81 Staner Pack'
W Even with your range of death defying gadgets you may not
manage to escape from the maze of hts underground hideout -
if you canfindit that ist 48K SPECTRUM
Anyway, watch out for his henchmen, the steel fisted giant PAWS'
and the deadfy midget TIC TAO If you finally manage to get through Multi Function Cash Controller
the on screen three dimensional maze, kxate the control room, disarm the If you want to make your machine work for you. this is an ideal
warhead, and think you deserve a drink, then rush back home for a Vodka program
Mamm - SHAKEN BUT NOT STIRRED' Cash Controller has four basic functions, it keeps your Bank Account m
Can you resist beifiq 007? £6.50 order, it looks after your Home Budgeting, it calculates loan interest
and repayments, and finally it checks your mortgage (or you. In
16K SPECTRUM & 48K SPECTRUM addition. It only lets you into the program by means of your own secret
Everest Ascent password which you personally choose Once you've allocated
budget headings, any transactions you put through the Bank
Stake your claim to the Top of the World in this gripping vertical adventure Account will automatically be taken into account on your
in which you aim to conquer the 7V. 141' summit of the world's highest budgets
peak Using a Sinclair pnnter, hard copy statements can be
Struggle from base camp to base camp in defiance of all the obstacles produced running from any date to any date, much
which man and nature can throw at you' Survive intense cold as you more versatile than your regular bank statement' This
watch out for avalanches, thm ice and, of course, abominable snowmen' program has been carefully crash-proofed to
Cope witn wayward Sherpas and cross bottomless crevasses but prevent a minor error from scrambling the existing
remember to watch your oxygen suppfy'Agame of Skill. cunning, braveiy data, and comes with clear on-screen
and daring for those wrth a head for heights' instructions plus full printed notes to help you
For the ! 6K Spectrum we have divided this game into exciting parts to give on your way Finally, it holds up to 200 bank
you an adventure as complex and varied as the 48K version transactions and fills up most of the
For the 16K or48K Spectrum onty £6.50. memory of you r 48K Spectrum £ 10.00

48K SPECTRUM
Transylvan ian Tower Despatch within 48 Hours
A spine-chilling adventure with spectacular 3-D graphics Guaranteed.
Can you rid the world of Count Dracula before he All tapes despatched by
introduces you to the dark world of the living dead? Horror First C I « i Post.
film addicts will know most of the moves, but we've also
added a few of our own" Can you discover the mystery of
the turret and escape with its treasures?
Enter via the dungeons and work your way up to the ter-
rifying top' Find objects to help you whilst exploring the
500 rooms ail m exciting 3-D detail - but watch out for the
bats
Give your Spectrum a bite of the action now'
Includes full save routine for use during the daylight
hoursl £6.50

I6K SPECTRUM
Ship of the Line
An Adventurous Management Game
Command a 17th Century sailing ship win victories for Britain
juggle your supplies, manpower and ammunition
fearlessly battle your way up the ranks and finally achieve
promotion to First Sea Lord, but beware it won't be easyi
Encounter and engage enemy fleets survive sunstroke,
fever and famine endure fire, fog and thirst then
when you think you've done well rush Dack to Port
for promotion i With full colour, ship graphics and
sound £4.95

983 ZX COMPUTING FEB. MAR 1983

 ZX81 — DOMESTIC
of this system that when enter-
ing the first long entry into a sec-
tion, say an address 30
characters long, a short time (a
second or two) will be taken to
expand the section length. After
this, entries to following cards
will be fairly quick, as a shorter
address will go straight in and a
longer address will only expand
the section by a few characters.
Keep all your You could also use the
system as a notebook if you

information want to, having 30 or so cards

with 255 characters and just

on file using one section. Each card may then

be used as a page containing up
to eight lines (including the pro-
this excellent mpt quotes) of text.
After Card Entries, a report
program page tells you: Name of Pro-
gram, Number of Cards, Max-
from imum Characters (from Setting
Up mode). Number of
Jim Enness Cards/Sections used and the
assumed maximum length of

of Poole. each section to date. Newline

sends the program to the Option
mode.

On the cards
There are ten main options
numbered 0 - 9 which may be
used. Card Entries, Card Altera-
tion, Card Delete, Section En-
tries and Section Name Change,
do just as their titles suggest and
This file card program was broken up into sections, eg and enter the bulk of the infor- instructions are printed up by
designed to suit almost any re- Name, Address, County, mation later. After answering the program for the various
quirements of storing useful in- Telephone Number, etc. You the number of cards required, modes as they are used (as in all
formation using a 16K ZX81. will therefore be asked how the computer will ask you to in- the options). Card Delete,
Great effort had been made to many sections are required. In put information on each section however, will shift all the later
keep the programming minimal the above example, we would name in turn, onto Card 1. This cards forward one card thus the
(to save memory storage space) need four of course, but the continues until the number of numbering will change leaving
and keep all the required func- cards may equally be used for cards required are completed. the spare card at the end of the
tions. The program had afso to Stock Number, Part Description, Entries Onto the cards is fairly file. Card List will ask for a card
be easily usable by anyone, call- Price, Quantity or Song Title, straightforward - you simply number and display the contents
ing for clear instructions and Record Label, Artist, etc. The enter the words or characters in- of any single card entered. List
fool-proof entries. number of sections is only to the string prompt, then press All Cards will list the name of all
The program allows up to limited to the number of Newline. This is the case with all the sections (numbered) then
10K of usable storage space. characters allowed per card, and inputs. The length of each entry list the first line's worth of
You can, for example, have 100 extra sections can, of course, be is only limited to 255 characters characters on each card. A blank
file cards, allowing up to 100 added in later on in the program. (or the number of characters space is inserted between each
characters per card (100 x 100 allowable on the card, should section should there be several
= 10,000). You may require this be less). For example, if we sections in the line (as may be
50 cards with 200 characters what's in a name? have a section called Name and the case in Part Numbers, etc).
per card, or 250 cards with 40 The program will then ask you to we enter 'Joe Bloggs' then this Card Search will search for,
characters. You may use any name each section one at a section will build up one and display all the cards which
combination making up the time. The section names as in character at a time until it is ten contain your search word/
10K. You can also choose less the first example, Name, Ad- characters wide to accept this characters within a particular
than this, eg 50 cards at 150 dress, etc, should be kept down entry including the space. A section. This will display the
characters if you wish; this to 1 5 characters in length. This space 10 characters wide will number of and the first line's
shortens the taping out time, or is because these names are used now be assumed on every card worth of characters of the card.
taping back time, which can as keywords for the Card Entries for the 'Name' section. You can therefore search for a
take up to seven minutes with a mode and longer names will If on another card, a longer person's name to get the card
full system. simply get their ends chopped name should be entered, say number of that entry, or for a
Running the program is quite off after 1 5 characters. No harm 'David Appleby' then this sec- county to get names of all en-
straightforward. Firstly, you will can be done by this and you can tion will expand until it reaches tries living in a particular area,
be asked to give the program a change the section names later the end of the name. It will pad etc. The search ends with a
name. This is used for the taping on should you enter a longer out the 'Joe Bloggs' and shorter 'Finish' just in case your search
out routine and the Report Page. name. Punctuation, inverse names entered with blank is fruitless.
Still in the Setting Up mode, you characters and graphics may be spaces behind, shifting any Section Trim will cut one
will next be asked how many used in these names or on the following sections along the character off the section
cards you require and your limit Card Entries if required. card so that they all line up. Each specified. If you decide to ab-
of maximum characters per Next comes the Card Entries section, therefore, will assume breviate long entries to leave
card. mode. It is a good idea to only the greatest length entry into more room on the card, the sec-
This is followed by a Section enter one or two cards first time that section for its number of tion must be trimmed down as it
Entries mode. Each file card is around to check the system. characters width. It is because has already assumed a max-

J
20 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MARCH 1 9 8 3
 ZX81 — DOMESTIC
imum length that is no longer re- entries takes about 1 2 seconds card in the form of character from lines 1 70 to 1 80.
quired. to search and display. codes, so the maximum Lines 700 708 Reset E,F,G
Section Order Change will allowable entry into any one and H. The E and F variables are
take the section number The program section is restricted to 255 used to hold the number of the
specified and put it as the first characters. beginning and end characters of
Care should be taken entering
item on your card; the section D$ holds the Section Names. a particular section name.
this program as the memory
numbering will be altered accor- E$ holds the length of the Sec- Lines 7 1 0 - 7 1 4 These are
saving techniques used make it
dingly. You can therefore move tion Names (and also uses repeatedly used to add up the
very complex to read.
the sections into any order you character codes). character codes in E$ until the
The variables 1=1, Q = 0,
wish one at a time. It should be Line 1 32 Prints the report page. correct section name is put into
J = 710, K = 800, T = 1000,
noted that in the Card Listing Line 146 GOSUB K (starts at A$(10). The G and H variables
L = 2, M = 7 and N = 20, remain
modes, should the information line 800) is a more simple input are used to interrogate the
constant throughout the pro-
fill the screen, then Newline will G$ routine. The variable P is us- codes of C$ in the same manner
gram and simply substitute
clear the screen and continue ed as a counter in this routine. It to find the beginning and end
these numbers to save memory.
the listings until the task is com- is only used when any listings position of an entry.
A$ is dimensioned 30 by 15
pleted. are required and is reset in the V, W, X, Y and Z are used as
characters in length. This holds
Slow and Fast modes are Option mode, line 164. When temporary variables in FOR
all the phrases that make up the
available from the Options 22 lines have been completed TO loops, etc, in the various
instructions (the spacings
mode. Fast is useful for listings. GOSUB K (800) will CLS after routines ending in a 'don't care'
should be followed to get the
Slow for entries. 'T' tapes out input and add 22 to P allowing state when the program returns
correct displays). A$(1) and
the program, puts the recorder the next 22 line page to be to the Option mode.
A$<10) are left blank, AS{1) to
to record and play first, then displayed. Other variables used are:
blank the displays and A$|10)
enter 'T\ If the program tapes to hold the section names; the Lines 1 5 0 - 1 8 0 Print out the
out before you are prepared, latter is updated during the pro- options and are the centre con- C — Number of sections
leave it to tape out as it will gram. Incidentally, this is why trol to which all the other entered.
return to the Option mode after section names should be limited routines return. If a number 0 to D — Number of cards used.
this so you can tape out as to 1 5 characters. 9 is entered then it will send the R Number of unused char-
many times as you wish. program to this number * 50 acters left on the card.
The main printing routine is
After all the options, the pro- + 200. So the various options
the input routine at line 1000.
gram will return to the Option programs are numbered in steps
This draws the box, top centre
mode. If you enter Newline of 50 from 200 to 650 in the Quite a lot of usage is made of
of screen and prints in it; this is
alone then the program will give same order as printed. The ex- the open ended 'TO' as in line
then followed by the instruc-
you back the Report Page mode. ceptions are the Slow/Fast, tape 378. I must admit this looks
tions. If extra instructions are re-
The program will not come out out, sort routine, and the strange but it is quite legal as ex
quired, the routine may start at
of this loop until it is turned off. Newline command for the plained in the Sinclair manual,
lines 900 or 950. Most of the
If you wish to start a new file Report Page, which can be seen page 137.
options use this routine and a
card program then you must coded message tells the routine
press Break whilst it is busy, what to print and what the input
then RUN. side of it can accept. H$ holds Where you see '{space)' leave the number of spaces indicated
the coded message and G$ is within the brackets. When you type in some of the other graphics
Illegal entry used as the input string. For ex- characters within brackets, here is a guide to what you should see
ample, lines 104 to 108 ask on the screen.
Various error messages and how many cards are
traps are used in the program to required, show the Setting Up
saving prevent illegal entries. If a mode in the box and expect a Shifted graphic 1
of the mistake is made in the program- numerical answer. If the first
a card ming and an error report comes character in H$ does not equal Shifted graphic 5 E
Hents up, check and alter the program "0' then a number is expected.
I List as required then enter a direct The value of this first character Shifted graphic 6 65
! of all command GOTO 130. This will is the maximum acceptable; in
then save any information being lost. Shifted graphic 7 LJ
this case 'T' = 1000 maximum
th of An alphanumeric sort of pro- cards are allowed. The second
blank gram sorts the contents of the character in H$ holds the error Shifted graphic 8 a
each cards from the first section, re- message code for the print
everal numbering each card into alpha- Shifted graphic E
routine. The third character is
ay be numeric order. This part of the the mode printed in the box,
etc), program has been put in as an leaving four phrase codes to Shifted graphic Q
h for, optional extra, although I will ad- make up the instructions, ie 1
which vise it is worth the extra work. Shifted graphic R
- 0 - 3 - 4 = "PLEASE
word/ This option should be entered ENTER" "BLANK" (twice) then
icular after the main program has been "THE NUMBER OF" "CARDS Shifted graphic W
r the checked and tested. Break REQUIRED". The value of these
line's whilst running and add in the ex- numbers (+ 1) are taken from
8 LET R-VAL "1"
card, tra program lines, then RUN. A$. 10
for a The program will stop at line 81.
LET Q . I - I
¥
card
12 71j"
Lines 8 to 81 inclusive must
LET J=VAL

for a now be deleted to give you back Line by line IFC LET K-VAL

II en- the 10K of memory for the Line 102 F$ holds the program 16 LTT T=VAL -Iff<fm

cards. Then GOTO 1. name. :a LET L.z-I

Sorting cards tends to be a Line 108 A is the number of J/ L E T MIVAL *7"

lengthy business so it will auto- cards. 22 L E T N= VAL " k f

matically presume the Fast Line 120 B is the maximum DIM AY{.<J.K/L,N-«»L)

mode when 'S' is selected. Sor- number of characters per card. 2t LET A/(LJ "PLEASE EF.'TES

ting 200 entries, 50 characters Line 124 B$ is dimensioned and LET A / G - I ) -I T.:;- :;AKE o r "

long, takes just over three holds the cards contents. ;•/ L E T A/{L-L)T"(I JAACTO THE N U H E E B OF"

minutes. Obviously, less entries Line 92 C$ initially holds the J2 LET A / ( K - L ) - " C A R D S REQUIRED. »

take proportionally less time to graphic characters of code 1. JU L E T A / ( M - I ) "SECTIONS BEQ.•

sort. The search routine, by the C$ is used to hold the length of 36 LET A / ( H ) N * S E C ? I O K NUNBER."
way, in the Fast mode for 200 each section entry made on the 38 LET A/FM.L>-»F2 ; M C » : I CARD N U M B E R . '

ZX COMPUTING FEB/MARCH 1 9 8 3 21
 ZX81 — DOMESTIC
U0 LET A/(L.M)«"VORD OR C K R / . " 212 PJUWT A/(H*J) ;•- (1 =r>ac*J":W:"."...
b2 LET AJ(H'H~L)."(Z spaces) 5ETTING UP" 21* POP X - I TO C
bb LET A / ( N - H - l ) « " f 3 tO»C*t) CARD LJST" 210 GOSUB J
b6 LET ARFRH-tfU" f2 t H C t a l CARD SEARCH" 218 LET p . p - I N T ( ( H - G j / V A L "32"J
••0 LET A Y ( L ' H ) * * ( 2 spaces) CARD DELETE" 220 IP X>.P/(l-L} THEN GOSUB K
50 LET A / ( H - H . L ) . » f I scace) CARD ENTRIES" 222 PRINT A / ( N / L ) ;TAB L . I ; 8 / ( W , G TO H)
52 LET A / ( N - 1 ^ L ) . " C A R D ALTERATION" 22b PRINT
5b LKT A ^ f K - L - g ) « * f l i m h ] SECTION TRIM" 220 NEXT X
50 LET A / ( K - L } - - ( i _ i £ A £ £ ) (1 - c a c o ) !UKE CHANOE* 228 OOSUB K
58 LET A / ( N - I ) - " S . fl smct) ORDER CHANCE" 210 RETURN
-0 LET A / ( N ) . " S E C T I O N ESilRIES" 250 LET H / . " C 9 2 1 6 / / "
u2 LET A / ( N . I ) = " L I S T ALL CARDS." 252 OOSUB T
6b LET A / ( M . L ) a " (2 t e x t s ) T> TAPE OUT" 25b POP X = I TO VAL 0 /
t>6 LET A0 (N*L*I)s "D/F= SLOW/FAST" 256 GOSUB J
<••8 LET A / ( N . L . L ) . "THIS P I L E SET. " 258 NEXT X
70 LET A / ( N « M - L } « "KAX.NO.OF CHR/. " 260 LET "0221600"
72 LET A / ( N . M - I ) = "REQ. (j scacc) PER CARD. * 202 GOSUB T
7b LET A / ( N . H > . " " P L E A S E W A I T " " 26b DIH I/(I,K-G.I)
7u LET A / ( N . H . I ) . "EXCEEDS NO. Q _ £ £ £ £ £ > OP* 266 LET I / ( I J = G/
76 LET A/(K.K.L) = "PLEASE RE-ENTER" 208 CLS
«/ LET V < N W I / L ) . " J . E . (1 space) P I I , £ CARD" 27/ POP y . I TO D
82 LET C~Q 272 If 1 / ( I J O B / ( * , 0 TO H> TKEJ) LET rf-1
at LET D - f l 27b I P I / ( l J - U / { y , G TO THEN PRINT Y ; " : " ; B / ( Y , TO N . M - l )
86 LET P=$ 276 I P y . P TliEN GOSUB K
88 LET Y= VAL " 2 3 " 278 NEXT r
90 LET Z / r » b 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 " 28/ PRINT "(PINISHj"
92 LET C / . " f s h i f t e d g r a p h i c 1)" 282 GOSUB K
9>* LET E / - C / 28b RETURN
96 LET D / - "" 3// LET K / . " O b 3 1 7 / / "
98 LET H/* "000102Y" 302 GOSUB T
100 GOSUB T 3/b FOR X-VAL G/ TO D - I
102 LET F/-0/ 3/'- LET B0(X)-B0(X~I)
10^ LET 3/8 NEXT X
106 GOSUB T 31/ LET B0 (X) = ""
106 L E T A . V A L 00 312 LET R = R . I
110 LET X.T*N/L/A JIT LET D - D - 1
112 LET y . y . i 31o RETURN
116 LET z * y . i 35/ LET WrA-D
lis LET H/-'X0010YZ" 352 LET H / - " W b i l / 3 b "
118 OOSUB T 35b OOSUB T
120 L E T B- V A L C / 35<- FOR M 1 0 VAL G/
122 LET R . B 358 LET D - D . I
12^ DIM B/(A,B) 300 LET W=D
126 GOSUB VAL "000' 3"2 GOSUB VAL '100"
128 QOSUB VAL "350' 3^ FOR X « I TO C
130 CLS 366 OOSUB J
132 P R I N T T A B M - L : A / ( N . N / L ; . . . A / ( N . L . L > i P / . , , A / ( N - H . L . L T O ) ,D. . , 3T>8 LET H/- "00t>l?00"
13<* PRINT A / 0 0 * C . . , A / ( N . M - L ) ; B , , , A / ( L . L . L TO J ; A / ( « - L , TOM-IJiA... 37/ GOSUB VAL " ; > / / "
136 PRINT "LENGTH OP (1 <-pac») * ; A / ( N ) . . . 372 I F LEW 00"CODE C / C X - I > R THDJ GOTO VAL "3'-«"
138 POP X ' L TO LEN C / 37b I F CODE C / ( X . I J > . L E N 00 THE.V GOTO VAL -390*
W PRINT CODE C0(X)}"; 376 FOR Z - 1 TO D
1*2 NEXT X 378 LET B / ( Z J = B / ( Z , TO H ) . " ^ " . B / ( Z . H . I TO )
lbb PRINT AT N . L . L ; " (NEW-LINE TO CONTINUE. ) " 36/ NEXT Z
lb6 0OIL'S K 382 LET C / ( X . I ) = C H R / (CODE C / ( X . i ; . I J
150 CLS 38b LET HcH+I
152 PRINT "OPTIONS' (Note: "Ontton;" » i n i n v e r s e CHR/J 38c LET R - R - I
15^ FOR x - c TO M . L 388 GOTO VAL "37^"
156 PRINT "(7 naco.-)*:X: • — • : A / ( x . N - M - I . VAL Z / ( X . I ) TO ) , , , 390 LET B / ( W , 0TOH)*GM
158 NEXT X 392 NEXT X
1--0 PRINT A / f N . L ) , A / { N . L . I ) 391" NEXT Y
162 GOSUB VAL "7//" RETURN
lob LET P.Q W LET H / - " D b 5 1 7 / / "
166 GOSUB K OOSUB T
lufl I F 00*" THEN GOTO VAL " 1 3 / " U U
t 00
LET Vs VAL

170 IP 0/(l)>"." AND G / { I ) < " A » THEN OOSUB VAL 0 / ( 1 ) " VAL " 5 / " . T - K k 6
0 LET H0''C951O00'
I P G / - " F " THEN PAST GOSUB T
17 2
17b IP 00= "D" THEN SLOW FOR X ; I TO VAL 00
176 I P G / - " T f THEN GOTO J ' L 4 1 2 OOSUB J

178 (Thla l i n e l«ft blank f o r the a o r t option) I F X . VAL 00 THEN 00TO VAL "368"

18i« OOTO VAL " 1 5 / " 4,16 NEXT X

200 LET H / - " D b l l 7 / / " '•l® RETURN
202 GOSUB T u
50 LET H/a ' C 9 & H 0 0 '
201 LET H0 (X) . */" GOSUB T
206 LET V.VAL G / '•S'* FOR X x l TO VAL 0 /
20 6 CLS W OOSUB J
210 LET P . N 4
58 NEXT X

22 ZX COMPUTING FEB/MARCH 1983

J
 ZX81 — DOMESTIC
FQR y . I TO D 80'- RETURN
<•62 LET i)/(y)-u/(y, TO K - i j . b / ( y r H . i TO ) >00 PRXNT AT H-I.9;A/(H*l) ;W
U&k NEXT y 902 GOTO R
466 LET C / W - C H R * {CODE C/(x)-i; 950 P R I N T AT N-»-I,N-N/L;X
kid LET R = R * I -000 P R I N T AT I . M j " ( l * - . M f i r d E . 1 5 * m i f t e d ; : r J t . ; . i c 7.
I , .-.-.ifted i r . i p « i c R)-:rA. ... ^ r t . J ,;.-.,,„• •.. j ) - ; A / f V A L
*tf RETURN
H/(L»XJ»>;-M-L)i"fl * • f t txl / : r . « » i i i e fi)«:TAJ» N ; * ( l - Milt. I
5/0 LET H/-mC971' //" flrapf-.ic u . l i - i - h i r t i - d ^ r a o h l c < . 1 > . h i r e . * ! a r a o h l c oJ •
502 OOSUB T 10/2 P R I N T AT - . ' / L . Q . A / f V A L li/ ( L . 1) • J ) ; A/(VAL H / ( H - L > - l ) , , , A / (VAL 11/
50k FOR X = I TO VAL 00 ( H - 1 ) • ! ) ; A / ( VAL rt/(M).l)
50i OOSUB J 100k VIPUT 0/
508 NEXT X 1/0- IF LEfr 0/ VAL>'25i' THEN GOTO VAL "l/>2"
510 LET X = X - I 10/8 IF VAL H/(l}OS 7KEN G O T O VAL •llfi./m
512 LET H0-"077102c" 1010 CLS
SI* 00SL'B VAL '950' 1012 P R I N T AT L.M*I;A/(N-H)
516 LET E/ (X*I/ • CHH0 LEJ) 00 1/1- RETUWi
518 LET D / = D / ( TO E - I J * G / * D / ( F . I TO ) 1/2/ IF 0/ " TUMI GOTO T
520 RETURN 1/22 FOR 2 - 1 TO LEW G /
550 LET H/."C38l',//" 1/2- : F G/(Z)<~0- 1 H 0 / ( 2 J > - •• TUt-'J GOTO T
552 GOSUB T 102<, NEXT 2
35* FOR X-I TO VAL 0/ 1/26 :/• VAi ,:/ 'I;<VAL G / OF' VAI 0/ * THEN GOTI VAL
556 GOSv'S J 1/20 GCTO VAL -1^15"
558 NEXT X 1032 hh:::' A T .';-L,li:A/(f.'.H.I; IA/FVAI. H / ( L ; . N - M - L J i A T N . N ; A / ( N . M - L )
5C0 POP TO B l/'jk GOTO T
562 LET B > ( y j = E/(Y,O TO H)»3/(y, TO o-ij-B/(y.H^i TO ; Iki/ AVE F/
56* NEXT y 1^22 GOTO VAL "12/"
J66 LET CRF.MFIFURTED ^RACHIE 1) '.C/(XUC/(L TO X-1)~C/(X.I 70 J

563 LET D/ C/ 'E TO FJ.D/( TO E-I>*D>{F..I ^ J Note that underlined instructions indicate the number of blank
570 LET E / "(AHIFTTD CRAAHLC JJ • • E / ( X ) .£/ FL T O X - I ) - E / ( X * I T O > spaces or the graphic character symbol that should be entered in this
572 RETORH position.
*>00 LET SI/, - B j f 9 1 | » 3 5 "
t,02 OOSUB T The program should now be run, tested and taped out, before conti-
60* LET y VAL G / - C nuing to add the sort option which follows. Then press Break whilst
w FOR X . c * l TO y either the Option Page or the Report Page is being printed onto the
LET C/-C/*" (thifted 1)" screen (in Slow model in order to add the extra programming. Then
010 LET H/- "f r,i026' add the following.
(12 GOSLB
' VAL
6lk LET E/E/.C!£P/ LE:.- • ; / 81 STOP

616 LET D / = D / . G /
618 LET R - R - I Then RUN the program. The program will stop at line 81. Now
620 NEXT X delete lines 8 to 81 inclusive {this can be done by entering the line
622 LET c * r numbers followed by Newline). The program must not be RUN again
62k RETURN after this. Now add the following.
650 FOB X=I TO C
15* I'RIK: •OPTIONS" •• - , " •. .:. I: V. • <F;2-J • . • : :.JC«. )
652 OOSUB J S-SORT*
654 PRINT X;". ":A/(N/LJ, 178 I F 0/ •S• THEN OOSUB T - L
656 IF X=P THEM GO::!.! U K 2/0/ FAST
658 NEXT X 2/02 FOR P.I TO D
660 LET P . P - X 2/0k IF L-«R>D 00. VAL " it''
662 PRIST A/(K-*.L) 200-: NEXT P
661. FOB Y s l TO D 2008 LET « r L - * P - I
666 OOSUB VAL "7/0• 2010 LET W . I N T (V/Lj
668 IF Y-P THEN GOSUB K 2/12 IF M = Q THEfJ RETUR'J
670 PRINT r:*:*; 201k LET X-D-W
67 2 FOB X=I TO C 2/1. L E T Y--I
67k OOSUB VAL "716* 2/13 LET F = y
676 IF X . H . L E X S7P/ y>VAL " j 1 " i : i v GOTO VAL " -.* 202/ LET Z•P*V
e>78 PRINT B / f Y . O TO H) : M l 3»e<f]*: 2022 IF TKEV GOTO VAL
i-60 NEXT X 202k LET y.Y»I
68 2 PRINT B / ( y , 0 TO VAL " J l ' - X - L E M S T R £ y j AND X< C 2/2m IF M TJIEI; GOTO VAL " V - / "
68* NEXT y 2/28 GOTO V A L "2/18'
6 86 GOSUB K 203/ LET X/-I.Y(PJ
688 RETURN 2/32 LET B/(P)-B/(Z)
700 LET E»Q 20}* LET B0 (2) -- X/
702 LET P = « 20 J t LET F=P-W
70k LET 0 - 0 20} 6 I F PCT THEN GOTO VAL
701- LET H-Q 20k/ GOTO T - L - N
708 RETURN
710 LET ENCODE E/(XJ.E
712 LET FA CODE E/(X.I}«F Now enter as a direct command:
71k LET A/(H/L)=D/(ETOF)
716 LET 0 =CODE C/(X).G GOTO 1
718 LET H-CODE C/(X.L).H
720 RETURN then press Newline. The program should now work complete with
W IKPUT 00 the alphanumeric sort option. To start a new file, always Break, then
602 LIT P±P«N*L GOTO 1. If you have more than 16K of memory and wish to add
80- CLS more cards, then replace the 'X' in line 116 with a '0'.
983
ZX COMPUTING FEB, M A R C H 1 9 8 3 23 23

J
 SPECTRUM CAME
Drainpipes is based on the old
style of mechanical arcade game
in which steel balls were drop- Here's an adaptation of
ped into cups or tubes.
The basis of the game is sim- an old arcade game
ple enough, A ball runs along a
stepped roofline at the top of the written for us by Colin
screen and will drop down if
you press 'D'. Below it are a
series of seven 'drainpipes' and
Cooch of Somerset.
you score by making it drop into
the centre of one of these. Each
drainpipe will only score once
routine by leaving out line 190 A Graphic
and lines 710 to 890. You can
and a red indicator will light up also omit line 15 and the in-
explanation
to show where a score has been structions.
made. A score in each pipe will Line 100 looks a little clum- To help you type the program in,
give a maximum of 28 points. sy, but it works! It could be done Colin has provided us with an
This version of the game has with a subroutine of print explanation of some of the lines.
a random 'flip' feature. A red statements. It can also be made
and white flag will sometimes il- straight. . . though whether this Line 100 includes seven
luminate as the ball is dropping makes for an easier or harder Graphics shifted 8s followed by
and at the same time, the rate of game is a matter of opinion. 31 spaces, then six Graphics
drop slows down. If you don't You can make things a tittle shifted 8s followed by 31
like where the ball is heading more difficult by reducing 'ra' in spaces.
press 'K' and it will slide off to line 190 thus getting less flips. Line 240 includes four Graphics
the left and make its way back You could also reduce the shifted 8s, one Graphics shifted
to the start without incremen- PAUSES in lines 730 and 800 to 5. one Graphics 8, one Graphics
ting the ball score. You can then increase the speed of each ball. 5, one Graphics shifted 8, one
try again. Alternatively, as it And if you really want to get Graphics shifted 5, and so on to
slides off to the left you can your fingers confused on the until the end of the line which
press 'D' again whereupon it will keyboard, why not write an ex- you should finish with a
once more go on its downward tra subroutine called by INKEY$ Graphics 5.
path. After 1 2 balls (or a max- "L" which will cause the ball to Line 360 includes one Graphics
imum score!) the computer will slide to the right. If you do this, shifted 8.
tell you your score and invite the subroutine would be called Line 840 includes three
you to play again. If you don't from line 740. Graphics shifted 8s.
want to continue, then pressing
'N' will get you a fond farewell. D R A I N P I P E S

Down the drain _ YOU _ w I L L _ S t c _ A BALL P O L L L TNG

fiLOivj A R G C t ; C*P « <_- rtiJS : G^.T
The main movement of the ball IT TO DROP ANJ'U A O H H ± M H i W f c t>Y
and the setting of the graphics is PRESSING "P"
done in lines 20 to 320. Lines
350 to 400 detect a scoring ball Y O U ~ i'li' Y ~ =r
"'~ I S -
S T ' —
and label it with a score value. ONCE IN A P I P E . A flc.D TMr- T P . A T O R
Lines 460 to 480 check to see SHOWS U H E P E T H E R E HAS BEEN A
if there is a full score line, ie that SCORE
no tube still has a score of zero,
and if necessary terminates the
round by allowing the next loop
500 to 530 to add up the score.
These lines also add the score if
you run out of balls. T H E BALL. ' J I L L R E T U R N TO THE
START " U N L E S S VOU PRESS* " 0 , v S G R I N
Lines 600 to 660 print out TF Y O U r-O rj-s=- ' i M TLL DROP
the score and start a new game. I N T H F F P •' .F
Lines 670 to 690 terminate the
game. The 'flip' routine is in lines NO . O f F A L L = F
710 to 890 and shift the ball
around the screen as required.
Lines 900 onward print out the "ggggs
game instructions.

variations on a
theme
Anyone who wishes can find a
FLIP
lot of variations that can be done
with this program. For a simple
game, you can omit the 'flip'

NOW A V A I L A B L E
r> \ O
FROM
ASP SOFTWARE
See page 114 for 5 REM D R A I N P I P E S
I P REM E-Y C . N . G O Q C H © I 9 B 2
further details I S CLS ; GO S U B 9 0 0
2<3 LET P S = 0 : LET p b = 12

ZX COMPUTING FEB/MARCH 1983

 SPECTRUM CAME
30 BORDER 5: PRPER 6. CLS LE
S C =0 PRESS", PRPER 7, INK 2 ; " Y "
4-0 LET ba=0: L.ETT ; PRPER 4; I N K 0 ; " E S O R ••; PRPER
50 DIM c (7) 7; INK 2 ; " N " ; P R P E R 4; INK 0 ; " O
•«
50 LET p=2
80 P R I N T RT 2 0 , 0 ; PRPER 4 , " 640 IF INKEY $ = " Y " OR I N K E Y 1 = " y "
7 6 5 4 - 3 2 1 0 ' T H E N GO T O 25
100 L E T a $ = "| 65© IF INKEY $ = " n " OR I N K E Y $ N"
T H E N GO T O 570
6 6 0 GO T O 840
670 CLS
675 PRINT TAB bb-fS; PfiPER 1 + INT
(RND}7); INK 9; BRIGHT 2 - i l + I N T
( R N D *S) ) ; " T H R N K S F O R PLAYING,
110 PRINT RT 3,0: INK 2;3$ BYEE E E E E IP bb)5S THE
120 GO S U B 2 4 0 : REM SET UP ROOF N G O TO 690
130 LET a=0; LET b=2: PRUSE p * 5 630 LCT bb-bb+1; POKE S3092.235
e BEEP .25,bb; GO TO 6 7 5
140 P R I N T RT b , a ; INK 3;" C" : P 69© CLS : PRINT R T 4 , 4-; PftPER 6
P I N T RT b - 1 , 3 , " IF a =0 THEN B ; INK 2' gqi^HT • <=-i_&-=.H i; •- f\
EEP . 1 5 , - 2 0 . REM S f ART BALL N V
U N E W H N T " ini G R M E
150 LET ra=1+INT (RND*10J: LET ? "'TAB 4-;" PRESS ENTER TO ST
a =a + 1 : I F a = 7 O R a = 1 2 O R a = 1 7 OR RRT ";RT 15,7; INVERSE I ; " D R R
a = 2 2 OR 3 = 2 7 T H E N L E T b-b + 1 I N P I P E INPUT OS; IF 0$=
1 6 0 I F 3 = 3 1 T H E N GO T O 190 "" T H E N GO TO 23
170 I F a >3 RND I N K E Y $ = " d " OR A > 710 IF b < '13 T H E N P R I N T RT 10,0;
3 RND I N K E Y $ " D " T H E N DEEP . 1 5 , 1 INK 2; PROEP FLRSH 1; BRIGHT
0: GO T O 190
1 8 0 GO T O 140 720 I f " b = 13 THEN PRINT RT
190 IF R 3 (4 T H E N G O T O 710: REM P R P E R L>; i-LHci! DKIGMJ w;"
DROP BALL
200 PRINT HT b,a; INK 3; "G" : Pfk 730 PRINT RT b,a; INK 3, 1 n • R T
INT RT b-1,a," LET b=b+l b - 1 , a ; " ": PRUSE 5
210 I F b = 19 THEN LET b =I 9 . GO S 740 IF b > "10 P M O b < 1 4 - PJf'iD INKEY
UB 3 5 0 : GO T O 230 $ = " * • ' UR INKEY Js-'K" T H E N GO T O 8
2 2 0 GO T O 190 00
230 LET p = 1 + INT ( R N D * 3 ) : GO SUB 760 LET b =b+ 1
250: GO T O 130 770 IF b > =1 4 THEN GO TO 21©
240 LET b$ = " M M B tm I B • • | 7 8 0 GO T O 710
• H B3 I " 80© PRINT RT b,a; INK 3 ; " O ": P
2 5 0 FOR n = 1 T O 5 : REM S E T UP P I RUSE 2
PES 810 LET a=3-1: IF 3=2 THEN PRIN
2 6 0 P R I N T RT 13-t-n,0; INK l ; b $ T RT 1 0 , 0 ; " ": I F a=2 THEN GO
2 7 0 NEXT n TO 830
2 9 0 P R I N T RT 3 , 0 , INK 2 ; 3 $ 815 IF INKEY $ = " d" OR INKEY$ = "D"
300 LET b a = b a + l : PRINT RT 0 , 2 ; " T H E N GO T O 870
NO. o f BRLL = ",ba: IF ba=13 THE 820 GO T O 300
N GO S U B 5 0 0 : PRUSE 100: GO T O 6 330 PRINT RT b,a; INK 3;"O ";AT
0 0 b U . a ; " IF b =lS THEN P R I N T R
3 1 0 GO S U B 460 T 14,0; INK 1; b $
320 I F s c >=23 THEN P R I N T RT 34-0 L E T b =b-1 : IF b -2 THEN PRIN
S; " S c o r e = " ; s - c ; A T 1,8; INK 2 ; PR T RT 1 0 , 0 ; " ";AT 3,2; INK 2 ; "
PER 7 ; FLftSH 1; "M R X I M U M ":
P R U S E 2 0 0 : GO T O 600 850 IF b = 2 T H E N GO T O 140
330 RETURN 860 GO T O 830
3 5 0 FOR i = 5 T O 2 9 S T E P 4 : REM I 870 PRINT RT b,3; INK 3;"O AT
NDICRTE SCORE b - 1 , a ; " "; A T 18,0;"
360 IF b = 19 RND a = i THEN PRINT 8a® LET b=b+l: IF b=19 THEN LET
RT 1 9 , i ; INK 2, FLRSH 1; " • " b = 19: GO S U B 3 5 0 : GO T O 230
370 I F 3 = i RND C ( C 3 3 - i i / 4 ) - 0 TH 890 GO T O 870
EN B E E P .15,50 900 BORDER 6 : PRINT PAPER 5 IN
3SO IF a=i THEN LET C ( ( 3 3 - i / / 4 ) K 2; AT l , 5 ; " O R A I N P I P E S
= ( 3 3 - I J /"4
3 9 0 NEXT i 920 PRINT PRPER 7;AT 3,0;" YOU
400 RETURN
WILL SEE A BRLL ROLLLING ALON
4 6 0 FOR q = l T O 7 : REM D E T E C T FU G A ROOFTOP. Y O U M U S T G E T IT T O
LL 5CORELINE DROP INTO A D R A I N P I P E BY PRESS
470 I F C <q> = 0 T H E N RETURN ING ""£,***•
48© NEXT q 930 PRINT HI K H P t K F*; vOLi
_ 5 © 0 FOR 1 = 1 TO 7: REM ADD SCOPE CAM ONLY REGISTER A SCORE ONCE
5 I N ft P I P E , A R E D I N D I C A T O R SHOW
510 LET J C = S C K (l > S UHERE THERE MRS »EEM R SCO
520 NEXT I RE
530 RETURN 94-0 P R I N T AT 1 3 , 0 ; INUERSE 1;"
6 0 0 CLS : P R I N T RT 3 , 5 ; INK 1; I F A F L R G "; I N K 2 ; " F L I P "; PAP
PRPER 6 ; " YOUR SCORE UAS "iSCjflT ER 7; INK 0 ; " S H O W S ON T H E LEFT
5,7;" IN " ; ( b a - l i ; " BALLS " PRESSING ""K"" UILL CAUSE
610 IF ( b a - 1 ) <pb THEN LET pb=(b THE BALL TO MOUE TO THE LEFT
a -1) 9 5 0 P R I N T A T 1 7 , 0 ; P H H F C R /; " T H
620 IF S O P S THEN L E T PS- SC E BALL UILL RETURN TO THE STA
625 PRINT RT 6,4; P R P E R 1; INK R T U N L E S S Y O U P R E S S " " D " " RGFTIN
7;" HIGHEST SCORE SO FfiR ";ps;RT IF Y O U D O T H E B R L L U I L L D R O P I
7 , 1 0 ; " I N ";PL.; " B A L L S " N THE NEU PLACE
630 P R I N T P R P E R 4 ; R T 1 2 , 0 , " D 960 INPUT "PRESS ENTER TO START
0 YOU URNT ANOTHER GC* •• * mm
"; L I N E Z $ : G O T O 20

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 25

 NOW FROM AFDEC
HORSE RACING
ZX81
16K This programme analyses 17 separate inputs o( information
on each horse's past performance to lorecast winners The pro-
gramme comments on the important factors such as the horse's
racing record, weight etc etc Also all the information is assessed
and correlated lo a numerical value. Full instructions and a 14 day
50% money back guarantee if not fully satisfied £12.00

16K Expandable RAM 1K. This smaller programme also analyses all the horses in a race
Uniquely expandable lo 32K by the addition of our 16K Expansion and will list the most likely winners On the first day ever trated it
Module. picked 8 winners from only 8 races (20 3 82) Full instructions
ZX P A N D A Basic 16K R A M Pack £25.00 incl included and a 14 day 50% money back guarantee if not fully
Z X P A N D A 16K Expansion M o d u l e £19.95 incl satisfied £8.00
G I A N T P A N D A Full32K R A M Pack £40.00 incl
Finally the Really big O n e M K R A M Pack £65.00 incl
FORTUNE TELLING
The predictions in this full 16K programme will amaze you and your
KEYBOARDS friends. Covers your future, day to day gambling etc etc A 14 day
TYPE A CASED 42 KEY 50% money back guarantee if not fully satisfied £5.00

Send cheque or P.O. to the

BUTRONICS CO.
44-46 Earls Court Road,
London W8 6EJ.
(Mail order only please)

£30.00lncl
TheZX81 fits inside
The tough ABS injection moulded plastic case measures 8" * 14"
x 2 V4 " and hooks up to your ZX printed circuit boar'd in minutes. No
technical know how or soldering is required.

TYPE B 41 KEY REPLACEMENT

The famous
ZX LOADING AID for
ZX80. ZX81 or ZX Spectrum [Please specify) Removes guess-
'KLIK' work from adjusting volume Plugs in between computer and tape
Keyboard recorder. Red & green LEDs on — Optimum Volume Set Red LED
[only] on — volume too low Yellow LED on — Volume too high
£11.95 |incl. Instructions. pAp & VAT]
Push button lo reset K' Cursor £1 extra
Earphone & SKT to monitor Voice Overs £1.50 extra
€26.50 incl
•Fits in the Recess left after peeling off existing touch sensitive
Keypad ZX81 KEYBOARD BLEEPER
• N o Soldering • No trailing wires. Provides feedback missing from touch sensitive keyboard cheaply
•Positive feel and sound as key operates — easy installation All 210 characters bleep in slow & fast modes
Cheques.'PO please to No soldering required — all connections plug-in illustrated
instructions supplied. Fits inside case either under keyboard or
AFDEC ELECTRONICS LTD ZX81 PCB No trailing wires — also suits mosl full size keyboards
318 Kempshott Lane. Basingstoke, £9.95 [Incl. Illustrated Instructions, p&p & VAT]
Hants RG22 5LT On/Oft Switch £1.50 extra
PLEASE SUPPLY (all prices include VAT ft P&P)
16K EXPANDABLE RAM £25.00 T - S H I R T S £3.50 S W E A T S H I R T S £7.50
16K EXPANSION MODULE for above £19.95 Black wrth Red "SINCLAIR ZX81" or White with Black ZX
32K GIANT PANDA £40.00
64K THE BIG ONE SPECTRUM" + Rainbow
£65.00
KEYBOARD TYPE A Terrific hand airbrushed multicoloured designs "I'm a Micro
£30.00
KEYBOARD TYPE B Addict" or Micro Computers Take You into Another World ',
£26.50
PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY against space scene
T / S £4.50 S/S £9
NAME
Specify size required — 24" — 44"
ADDRESS
SEND SAE FOR FURTHER DETAILS

FULCRUM PRODUCTS, Dept B,

Hillside, Steep Lane, Flndon, West Sussex BN14 0UF.
 ZX81 DOMESTIC

Proctim
1 and 4. Next, you will be pro- processing of both film and
mpted to give a name, of up to paper where daylight containers
four letters, to step 1. Then, you are used. I suppose with the
will be asked for a time, from one right colour filter over the VDU it
minute to 10 minutes in 1 5 se- could also be used in true
cond blocks, for step 1. This se 'darkroom' situations.
quence of naming and timing
if you're still in the dark will continue until all steps are
done. When all are done you will
4
5
DIM ZI4)
DIM N$ (4,4)

about using your ZX81 as be given N/L. When you press

Newline, the sequence will
10
20
PRINT " STEPS'"
INPUT A

a process timer, Peter start.

30
45
GOSUB 500
PRINT" N/L "

Coupe shows you how. The screen will now clear and
the name of the first process and
the time that you have allocated
46
47
50
INPUT F$
CLS
GOSUB 900
to it will appear on the top line. A 100 PRINT "END"
vertical plot will also appear. 101 STOP
The object of this program is to cially produced timer that I know The vertical plot is propor- 500 FOR K = 1 TO A
enable me to use my ZX81 as a of! tional in size to the length of time 510 PRINT "NAME STEP" ;K
process timer in the photo- The program listing is fairly that the step will take. As 1 5 520 INPUT K$
graphic darkroom. Most straightforward and it involves second intervals go by, one pixel 530 LET N$(K) = K$
photographic processes involve no concepts beyond the scope at a time is nibbled away from 540 PRINT "TIME FOR";
a number of steps and all these of the average ZX81 program- the original vertical plot. The N$(K)
steps can have different times. mer. bottom pixel is left to show the 720 INPUT Z
Keeping track of which step in a start of the plot. When there are 730 LET Z(K) = Z
process you are in the middle of, RUNning the only two pixels left, at the top 740 NEXT K
and how long it should last, and bottom, you are into the last 750 RETURN
makes it difficult if not impossi
program 1 5 seconds for this particular 900 FOR P = 1 TO A
ble to do anything else at the The program splits, basically, in- step. At the end of the step the 910 PRINT N$(P);"FOR";
same time as processing work. to three major areas: screen clears, a new top line ap- Z(P);"MINS."
Obviously a device which keeps pears and a new plot appears. At 915 LET W = (ZIP) * 4)
track of these things for you — a. input sequence. the end of the sequence, the 920 FOR R = 0 TO W
and gives an instantly b. Timing sequence. word END appears. 930 PLOT 0,R
'checkable' graphic readout — c. Graphics display. The program runs happily in 940 NEXT R
is going to make working much my unexpanded ZX81. Ob- 950 FOR Q = 1 TO W
easier (and more foolproof!). At the start of the RUN, you will viously, with more memory, a 955 PAUSE 748
Timers are available commer- be presented with the word much more elegant program 960 UNPLOT 0,G
cially, but many of these units STEPS. Here you input a number could be produced using Proc- 980 NEXT Q
will cost almost the same as a which corresponds to the tim as its base. I have found the 985 CLS
newZX81 — and you can't play number of steps in the sequence program most useful in a 990 NEXT P
space invaders on any commer- that you wish to time, between number of applications in the 999 RETURN

983
ZX COMPUTING FEB/MARCH 1 9 8 3 27
 MACHINE CODE

Memory 9999 PRINT "MEMORY ALLOCATION ",,,

remaining
"PROGRAM", USR 16514,
"DISPLAY FILE", USR 16522,
"VARIABLES", USR 16531,
"WORK SPACE". USR 16540,
"STACKS", USR 16559,
"SYSTEM VARS", "125",,,
"SPARE", USR 16549

if you've ever wondered The BASIC part of the listing

what your computer

does with all its The machine code is meant
to put in line 1 with a REM
a REM statement when calling.
Should you not wish to use a
memory, lan Turtle has statement. Although the code
is completely relocatable, the
Hex loader, the machine code
can be loaded using the follow-
devised a useful pro- BASIC line (line 99991 assumes ing program.

gram to tell you.

This program is a 'memory re-
maining/memory expanded'
program with a difference. In-
stead of simply stating '7193
bytes used' on the screen, it
splits up how the computer has
used the bytes and how many
bytes are remaining for future
use. For example, on my 8K
ROM ZX80 with 8K RAM. an
output may be as follows.

MEMORY ALLOCATION
PROGRAM 2943
DISPLAY FILE 793
VARIABLES 48
WORK SPACE 0
STACKS 18
SYTSTEM
VARIABLES 125
SPARE 4265

It should be noted that the total

number of bytes displayed adds
up to 8 1 9 2 which is
8 * 1024, ie the total RAM
available on an 8K computer.

Thanks for the

memory
The actual program itself con-
tains a REM statement with 61
bytes of machine code, and
another line of BASIC to call the
machine code and present the
display as shown above. The
machine code segment con-
sists of six small subroutines
which are called from the line of
BASIC.
The titles on the left of the
screen may be noticed to be
roughly the same as the system
variable titles on pages
177-1 79 of the Sinclair
manual. This is how the pro-
gram actually works, selecting
the required areas to be cal-
culated from the system vari-
ables.

J
28 ZX COMPUTING FEBMARCH 1983
 MACHINE CODE
1 REM (containing 61 of any RUN this program and input the number of figures have been in- time.
character) decimal values given in the put) will terminate with 0/7.
2 FOR I = 16514 TO machine code listing. Note any If found useful, the REM Any RAM to spare?
16574 mistakes made as these must statement and line 9999 which
3 INPUT A be 're-POKEd' before the end. calls the machine code can be If the user requires the spare
4 POKE I, A When the last value (2011 has SAVEd on tape and re-LOADed RAM option without the rest,
5 SCROLL been input, the program (if before inputting any program. the program in Table 1 will
6 PRINT PEEK I.I everything has been input cor- The 'SPARE' is very useful as it achieve this.
7 NEXT I rectly or at least the correct give the bytes remaining at any

Op-codes Hex Decimal Comments This machine code can be plac

ed anywhere, though perhaps it
LD HL.0000 210000 33,0,0 Clear HL register pair would be best in a REM state-
ADD HL,SP 39 57 Set HL to value of SP ment in line 1 {which will re-
LD BC, (STKEND) ED4BIC40 237,75,28,64 Ld BC with STKEND quire 15 characters). Using
ADD A,0 C600 198,0 Clear carry PRINT USR (address) will print
SBC HL.BC ED42 237,66 Find memory left out the memory remaining.
LD B,H 44 68 Put valve into BC
LD C,L 4D 77 for convenience
RET C9 201 Return to BASIC M Table /,

PROG LD,HL,(D-FILE) 2A0C40 42,12,64 i

LD BC. 16509 017D40 1,125,64 Program
JR CALC( + 46) 182E 24,46 1
DIS-F ID HL,(VARS) 2A1040 42,16,64 I
LD BC.(D-FILE) ED4B0C40 237,75,12,64 Display File
JR CALCI + 37) 1825 24,37 1
VA-BLES LD HL.(E-LINE) 2A1440 42,20,64 ,
LD BC.(VARS) ED4B1040 237,75,16,64 Variables
JR CALC( + 28) 1 81C 24,28
SPACE LD HL,(STKEND| 2AIC40 42,28,64 i Calculator Stack, Line
LD BC, (E-LINE) ED4B1440 237,75.20,64 being typed +
JR CALC(+ 19) 1813 24,19 work space
SPARE LD HL,0000 210000 33,0,0 i
ADD HL.SP 39 57 ( Spare RAM
LD BC,(STKEND) ED4BIC40 237,75,28,64 (
JR CALCI + 9) 1809 24,9 '
STACK LD HL,0000 210000 33,0,0 i
ADD HL,SP 39 57, ( Machine Stack
PUSH HL ES 229 > +
POP BC CI 193 \ GOSUB Stack
LD HL,(RAMT0P| 2A0440 42,4,64 J
CALC ADD A,0 C600 198,0 \
SBC HL.BC ED42 237,66 f
LD B,H 44 68 > Calculate figure
LD C.L 4D 77 (
RET C9 201 J

The machine code part of the listing.

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 29

 SOFTWARE REVIEWS

On your spectrum
Phil Carratt takes a long,
hard look at some of the
software available for
the zx Spectrum.
and is used for movement.
Startrek 'Torpedo' uses the same direc- o<5
— Fuller Micro tion input, and will always
4
Systems destroy any Klingon it hits, 4 0
whereas 'Phasers' seem to need HIT
Fuller Micro Systems' Startrek is an awful lot of energy to knock
a no-frills version of the classic out the enemy. 'Update' is
game, for the 16K Spectrum. equivalent to a short range Cf>
Your task, as ever, is to clear the display, and has to be used if PN
eight by eight sector galaxy of 'KSS/J
you want the destroyed Klingon * go
the cursed Klingons. Nicely to disappear from the screen. 3 1 4
detailed user-defined graphics Updating is done automatically
13
are used to mark the Enterprise when the Enterprise moves. The
and any Klingons or starbases in 'Long Range Scan' shows Kl-
your current sector. You are also ingons, starbases and stars in The galaxy is well supplied
told the state of your energy the surrounding eight sectors with starbases at which you can
reserves, shields and torpedoes. and is slightly confusing as it is refuel, but I can't help feeling would have been nice to see the
Sectors are numbered con- not justified, so that if there are that with such a limited number torpedo tracks) and sound ef-
secutively, rather than in the only stars in a sector, it appears of commands and scenarious, fects.
more usual line/column format. in the Klingons column. 'Shields' you'd have to be a pretty
Seven commands are set the strength of your dedicated 'Trekkie' to see this 'Startrek' is priced at £5.50
available in this version. 'Helm' defences and the last command one through to the bitter end. and is available from Fuller Micro
requires a direction from 0 to 7 is 'Resign' for when you tire of However, it is reasonably quick, Systems, The ZX Centre,
and 'Warp Factor' from 1 to 63, the chase. has good graphics (although it Sweeting Street, Liverpool 2,

Shaken but not Mickey Finn!) and I'm not sure

it's the sort of idea that should
stirred! be incorporated in a game.
— Richard
Shepherd Soft- For your eyes only
ware I never managed to find the lair,
The ASK Spectrum rather than but if I had I would have been
the cinema is the venue for the confronted with a 10 by 10
latest James Bond epic. In room maze, displayed three
Richard Shepherd Software's dimensionally on the screen.
'Shaken but not stirred' you play Somewhere in it is the control
the part of 007 sent on a room with the warhead, and
dangerous mission to disarm a
nuclear missile, which has been
stolen by the dastardly Dr.
Death. Having been briefed by
M and after selecting your
weapons from the range that Q
has to offer, you set out on your PRUS
adventure.
In the first stage, you must
travel the world and try to stay
alive long enough to gather suf- If you manage to find the out of weapons with which to
ficient clues to identify the island, you go on to the second beat off the attentions of
island on which Dr. Death has stage in which you have to sharks, wolves and scorpions,
his base. Muggers, midgets and discover the entrance to Dr. then you will have to resort to
priests are out to get you, and Death's underwater lair. The brute force, which leads to a
you will also have to cope with locations on the island are rapid reduction in strength.
offers of mysterious meetings, logically connected (although There is no going back to Lon-
unidentified packages and different for each game) so you don so it is important to try and
suspicious bowls of fruit. As can build up a map. The sea, discover the secret stock of
long as you don't do it too often, beach, woods and plantation all benzedrine which restores your
you can return to London to hold their own special terrors strength. I don't remember
replenish your strength and which attack without warning James Bond ever taking drugs
restock your personal armoury. as you move around. If you run (apart from the occasional
983
ZX C O M P U T I N G F E B , M A R C H 1 9 8 3 30
 SOFTWARE REVIEWS
also Paws, the steel fisted bad- seen from Richard Shepherd,
die who is too strong to fight and there is certainly plenty of it.
against, and so must be avoided The game can be SAVEd, but
at all costs. Movement is by us- once restored cannot be SAVEd
ing the cursor controls, and you again. I think it's a shame that all
can also get a map of the maze, the graphics are left for the last
but this is displayed for just 10 section, which is very hard to
seconds and can only be used reach. Little use is made of
three rimes. If you find the con sound and rather too much use
trol room, you then face a is made of the RND function for
mastermind-type puzzle to crack me to be hooked.
the secret code which defuses
the bomb. And if you manage 'Shaken but not stirred' is
that then I think you deserve a priced €5.50 and is available
vodka martini shaken not stir- from Richard Shepherd Soft-
red, of course! ware, Freepost. Maidenhead,
This is the best program I've Berks, SL6 5BY.

given the 'team attributes' for

Football manager yourself and the opposition, and
- Addictive it is then up to you to juggle with
Games the composition of your team if
you need to. The five team at-
Versions of Addictive Games' tributes are the average energy
Football manager have been rating, morale (which goes up
produced for all the popular and down depending on results),
home micros, and it is now and then the total skill rating in
available for the 48K Spectrum. defence, midfield and attack.
You are given the manager- With the team selected, you
ship of any one of the 64 teams can sit back and watch the
in the league (you can even match highlights in moving 3-D
change any team's name to graphics. This is what makes
your own favourite if it is not the game more than just a
one of those shown). Whichever sophisticated 'Kingdoms'.
team you choose, it begins in Seven or eight goalmouth in-
division four at the start of a cidents are shown, with players
new season. Your aim is to running around, moving into
achieve promotion and a good position, and then shooting at
run in the FA Cup - who goal. Having to helplessly watch
knows, perhaps even win it! the results of your decisions like
The league is split into four this is almost as exhausting as
divisions of 16 teams, so each playing. The final score is based
season involves 1 5 league mat- on the team attributes, but there
ches plus up to eight rounds of is always the chance of a shock
the FA Cup. You start off with a result. After the highlights, if it
squad of 12 players and was a league match the rest of
El00,000 to spend in the the results are given and the
transfer market if you wish. If league table calculated and
you're the sort of manager who displayed.
likes to try and buy your way to
the top, then you can also obtain
a bank loan up to a certain creditMatch of the day
limit based on your division, at a Each week you are shown your
1 % per week rate of interest. financial balance sheet. Outgo-
The players, whose names ings are wages, which depend
are those of current league foot- on the number of players and
ballers, have three attributes. their value, ground rent, and in-
First, they are either defence, terest on your loan (if any). In-
midfield or attacking players. comings are gate receipts,
Second, they have a skill rating which are based on your posi-
of 1 to 5, on which depends tion and your opposition's posi-
their value. Third, they have an tion in the league. A good FA
energy rating of 1 to 20, which Cup run can also be a money
goes down by one for each spinner. At the end of the
game played, and up by 10 for season, promotion and relega-
each game rested. When you tion take place, you are given
come to play a match you are bonus according to your league^

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 31

 SOFTWARE REVj

position and a 'managerial suc- graphics. The game is very

cess rating' is calculated. logically put together, so that
There is a facility to SAVE the development of strategy and
the game at any point so that tactics has a real effect. For ex-
you can progress with one team ample, one of my teams got
for as long as you like. This through to the fourth round of
feature is often available in the FA Cup where it was beaten
adventure or chess programs, by a second division side. This
but I always find I forget where upset morale and meant that our
I've been, or what strategy I promotion bid failed. Perhaps I
was following. With Football should have given up the FA
Manager, this is not a problem, Cup run and held some good
as all the information you need is players back - the possibilities
available at each stage. are endless. Brian Clough had
Although I'm no great foot- better watch out!
ball fan, I really enjoyed playing
this game. Despite having been 'Football manager' is £7.95
converted from a 2X81 pro- and is available from Addictive
gram, excellent use is made of Games, PO Box 2 78, Connibur-
colour and user-defined row, Milton Keynes, MKT4 7NE

quick, but if the phrase is not

understood or a number is
entered which is not a valid exit,
the command is rejected and the All singing, all
location re-displayed on the
screen. This makes the game dancing
rather slow to play. Where the program does score
Automata are (in)famous for is in the large number of tunes
their ZX81 'cans of worms' pro- and the clever use of moving
grams, and despite the attempt user-defined graphics. The
to go more up-market with tunes range from the 'Hokey
Pimania, some of the program is Cokey' complete with dancing
distinctly seedy. Rancid sewage Pi Man, to a gratingly not-quite
pipes flow into clogged canals, right rendering of 'Lucy in the
watch out for the scab-infested Sky with Diamonds' when you
odorous pit and you can guess collect the Valium!
what the sound effects are I didn't have sufficient time
when you collect the baked to work out how the objects
beans! If frustration causes you relate to each other or to the
to use language more suitable locations, so I haven't any idea
for the 'can of worms', you will what the solution is or what
be harshly punished by the Pi form it might take. But with so
Man for the first time. This all- Man. many objects, tunes, locations
Pimania singing, all-dancing little and graphics, some or all of
— Automata creature appears from time to 'Pimania' is £10 and is which may provide clues to the
treasure, there's certainly many
I thought Pimania was the time in the adventure, and may available from Automata Ltd.,
help or hinder your progress. 65A Osborne Road, Portsmouth hours of detective work to put
reason I'm two stone over- in.
weight until I received P05 3LR.
Automata's new adventure
program for the 48K Spectrum.
Advertised as 'The Adventure Baked beans?
Game that's for Real', there is The adventure itself is not a par-
more than just satisfaction ticularly large one, around
awaiting the person who cracks 20-30 locations, with only short
this puzzle. If you interpret the descriptions. The locations are
clues correctly you can work out logically connected, and you
the time, date and place where move between them by entering
someone will be waiting to hand a number, which may or may
over the 'Golden Sundial of Pi'. not have been suggested in the
The Sundial is £6,000 worth of description. Objects are random-
gold, diamond, lapis lazuli and ly scattered around, and a pretty
obsidian, crafted by the award- odd bunch of objects they are -
winning designer, Barbara Tip- a cross between the 'Generation
ple. The prize is on show at Game' conveyor belt and the
Southsea, and will also be adverts that come after. A cudd-
displayed at computer fairs and ly toy, hula hoop, pork pie, bak-
exhibitions (accompanied by ed beans and quite a few others
Securicor, I hope, in case are to be found, although I didn't
anyone thinks of a less subtle have time to do anything very
method of winning it!). useful with them afterwards!
The program starts in a The program's vocabulary is
none-too-friendly way with dire described as 'absolutely vast',
threats against anyone attemp- but if you exclude the objects
ting to pirate Pimania. Then you and words which have no useful
have to work out the 'key' effect, the actual vocabulary is
which unlocks the First Gate of pretty small. The processing of
Pi, and you get to meet the Pi words entered is reasonably
 COBRA 1000
THE COMPLETE BUSINESS
SYSTEM FOR THE ZX81
The Cobra computer system allows you to expand your Sinclair ZX81 into a powerful and efficient
computer for the small business,
• Accommodates a full range of business hardware
• Capacity for up to 9-12 boards
• PCB slide guide systems ensure total stability
• All add-on hardware comes complete with leads and sockets — no soldering of drilling necessary
• Durable, lightweight metal computer case
• Fully professional keyboard — with space bar
HIGH QUALITY, FULLY BUILT BASIC MODEL £79.95 + VAT
Expand your Cobra with a comprehensive choice of add-ons:
• Interfaces • Tape drive unit • Upper and lower case character board • High resolution graphics
• Input/output ports • Light pen • Colour Modulator.

THE CHEAPEST INTERFACES ON THE MARKET

RS 232 Interface
At last a high quality 232C interface to allow you to connect your ZX81 to any 232C printer from
the cheapest dot matrix to the most expensive daisy wheel. Look at these features:
Baud rate variable from 110 to 9600 with software control
Upper and lower case printout
Up to 120 haracters per line
Small and compact — fits on to the back of your ZX like a RAM pack
Uses the ZX power supply
Output via a small 3 pin jack.
Price only £26 + VAT
Centronics Interface
Allows you to connect the ZX to any Centronics printer. Has similar features to the 232C interface —
one exception is that output is via a 24 way socket at the back of the unit.
Price only £26 + VAT
Coming Soon: ZX81 SPECTRUM MICRODRIVE INTERFACE
Connect the Sinclair to the new Spectrum Microdrive! As soon as the microdrive is available we will be
developing an interface for it to be connected to your ZX.
Interfaces will also be available to adapt this example of modern micro engineering for use with Apple
and Pet computers.
This is just one of the future developments by Cobta Technology.
MICROLINE A PRINTER
• Print speed 120 characters per second • Bidirectional printing • 9 x 7 dot matrix • 5-10 and 6.5
characters per inch • 8 or 10 lines per inch • Vertical tabulation and form feed • Form length user
selectable • Upper and lower case • Block graphics • 1 tine print buffer • 80 characters per line
Price £281.75 inclusive of VAT

COBRA TECHNOLOGY LIMITED

378 Caledonian Road, Islington, London N1 1DY
Please send SAE for brochure
ZX C O M P U T I N G F E B / M A R 1983
33
 ZX81—DOMESTIC

House names
Should you have a problem
searching for a house with
a name but no number, Mr
Graham of County Durham has
come up with a clever solution
This program, written for the error at this stage there is no Save and finish routines are
X Temporary map
ZX81 with 16K RAM Pack, need to worry as you can al- included in the listing. For a screen number.
following initial entry will start ways amend your entries later more detailed guide to the
M$ Map string.
immediately with a main menu. using option 4. listing, here is a table of the
This menu offers you seven op- N$ Name string.
House Names will search for variables used in the program. - Temporary test.
tions: a list of house names; a PS
a property using the first few let-
search for a house name; a T$ - Test string.
ters of the name and then B - Map screen number.
display of a street; the oppor- X$ - Input check.
display a map on the screen C - Map line number.
tunity to enter or amend a house Z$ - Input.
with a flashing cursor in inverse D - Flag check.
name; to start a new file; to video adjacent to the house in E - Loop counter.
save a file on tape; or to finish. question. On request, the com- F - Loop counter. The reason why so many
Ten maps of 20 lines can be puter will then search for G Flashing cursor line variables were used was to pro-
entered line by line and after 10 another property. Once you number. tect the screen maps. Should
lines have been entered you are have the correct display on H - Flashing cursor loop the program crash, try typing
asked if you would like to cor- screen, you can copy the screen counter. GOTO MENU and restart from
rect any errors. If you make an onto a printer. S - Save flag check. there.

^1 FAST 1070 PRINT T.^6 -3 EMTEK DP'- ION l-J

CLEAR
3 DIh M $ I lO .20 . lO) 1030 INPUT ZS
4- DIM N$ I 1 0 , 2 0 . 1 6 ) 1OS0 I f 2$-" ' THEN ! iunu
5 DIH R$ t 2 0 0 , 2 0 J 1100 IF 7.%<'"L" OR Z $ > " 2 " T H E N GO
e DIM Z$(l) TO 1080
7 D IM X $ t 2> 1110 LET A-UAL ZS
50 L E T 6 = 1 1 1 2 0 GOTO i Arr£0O i + 1 0 0 0
5 1 LET C= 1 li=!0U P R I N T T A B 6 ; •ENTER INITIAL
5 2 LET D -0 LETTER"
5 3 LET E = 1 1210 INPUT Z$
54 L E T o =0 1220 IF Z $ < " A " OR Z $ :> " Z " T H E N GO
55 LLT M - I TO 1210
56 LET MENU=200 1223 CLS
100 REM * * S . G R R H R M . ** 1225 3LOI.I
2O0 CLS 1226 PklN'i J HU y; b t H K C M i M t
2 1 0 P R I N T T A B 6 : " * * jH G L ' 1 2 3 0 F O R F = 1 TO N
3 8 3 * * " 124-0 I F Z $ = R $ ( F i ll.t THEN PRINT
AB 8;R$tF)
215 PRINT 1 2 5 0 NEXT F
220 PRINT YOU HAVE THE FOLLOWI
1260 PRINT TAB 1 0 ; "'
N6 OPTIONS TAB 5 ; " P R E S S N./L T O CONTINUE"
230 PRINT 1270 INPUT Z*
24-0 P R I N T " 1. L I S T OF HOUSE NA
1260 FAST
I1ES" 2. SEARCH FOR A NAME" , " 3
1 2 9 0 GOTO MENU
. DISPLAY S T R E E T tlRPS»'*#" ENTE
1400 CLS
R / A M E N D A NAME" . 5. START A NEW
F I L E " . " 6 . i f i U E f I L L OH TAPE*'," 14 1 0 F O R G = 1 T O N S T E P 20
7. F I N I S H ' , , " & 1 4 - 2 0 F O R F - G T O L- + 1 9
24-1 PRINT 1-1-33 P f t l M T T A B 8;R$iP)
250 PRINT T A B 6.. " E N T E R O P T I O N N 14-40 N E X T F
UMBER" 1450 PRINT AT £ 1 / 6 ; " P K E SS
S M/L TO
2 6 0 I N P U T Z S CONTINUE"
2 7 0 It" Z 5 ; " 1 ' UK % > THEN GO 1460 INPUT Z5
TO 260 14 7 0 CLS
280 LET H - U A L z$ 14 7 5 I F R * t ' F ) i TO --: ' THEN G
2 9 0 CLS . OTO MENU
3 0 0 GOTO H*1000 1 4 6 0 !NEXT G
1000 P R I N T T A B S ; 14.Se GCTQ Ht.HU
ii" 2300 PRINT HT 3,6; JifiM
1010 PRINT S H f f i H B '
104-0 P R I N T VOU nAUE THE POLLQUI 2010 PRINT " E N T F R HOUSE NAME TO
HG OPTIONS; BE S E A R C H E D F O R H O U S E S IN
1060 PRINT t H B ' o ; ' 1. A SELECTIVE DIFFERENT A R E A S MAY HAUL 1DENT
LIST.",TAB 6; "2. A F U L L L I S T . " j, i^HL NAMES",,," E N T E R AT LEAS

34 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MARCH 1983
 T 4- L E T T E R S " , " P R E 5; NvL IJH GOTO 4030
EN R E A D Y . " 4090 CLS
20 2 0 INPUT T $ 4-100 I F THEN GOTO
£0 3 0 IF T $ = " " THEN GOTO MENU 4-130 P R I N T "ENTER T H E HflP REFERE
20 4 0 P R I N T T $ . " S E R R C i i l H C - NCE NUMBER IF NOT KNQUM PLERSE
20 5 0 PRUSE 5 0 ENTER ""0
20 6 0 POKE 164-37 , 2 S 5 4135 PRINT *' YOU SHOULD FIND THE
20 8 0 FOR E = 1 TO B NUMBER ON THE EXTREME L E F T OF
20 8 5 LET G=0 THE MRP S C R E E N - "
20 9 0 FOR K = 1 TO £ 0 4 1 3 6 P R I N T RT 2 1 . 0 ; " E N T E R NUMBER
21 0 0 I F ( 1 tO L t N »
THEN GOTO 2 3 0 0 4 140 INPUT X 9>
2105 LET G ~ G + 'l 4 150 IF X S < " 0 " OR x * 9 " U K •I'HL
2110 NEXT K X $ < > I N T URL X * OR U R L X £ -> 1 w T H E N
2120 NEXT E GOTO 4140
2130 CLS 4160 CLS
214-0 P R I N T HT 1 0 . 3 . " 4170 IF X$="0" THEN GO i O 3 0 0 0
35R" , .. . " DO OU {,'RMl TO ENTER RN 4190 LET X =URL X *
OTHER N R M E ' ? " , T R B 14, " Y / N " 4200 PRINT
2170 INPUT Z$ 4201 PRINT X$ .
2180 I F Zt<> "Y" THEN GOTO MENU 4 2 0 S FOR G = 1 TO 2 0 STEP . t-
2190 CLS 4£10 FOR F = G TO G+9
2200 GOTO S 0 O 0 4220 PRINT THD 3;F;TRB tt $ i.X , F )
2300 CLS ; N * I X . F)
2305 LET 0—1 4.235 N E X T
2310 GOSUB 3 0 1 0 4 2 3 0 GOSUB SS10
2400 PRINT "PRESS r»JH?S5 END 4 2 35 CLS
.. UK •' C l L'L«P/ 4 2 3 6 PRINT
4 2 4 0 NEXT G
240S SLOW 4 2 7 0 GOTO MENU
2410 FOR H — 1 T O 3 5 0 0 0 PRINT RT 9
2420 PRINT RT G.15,'Jtf:'
2430 NEXT H
2450 FOR H — 1 TO 3 5 0 1 O L E T L - O
2460 PRINT RT G,15j 5 0 2 0 P R I N T B ; " . " ; T A 8 3 : e ;
2470 NEXT H 5 0 5 0 SCROLL
2475 LET D=0 5 0 6 © P R I N T RT 2 i. . 0 . ENT .hi MH» - i C
2430 IF INKEY $ = " " THE:-) G O T O £ 3 1 0 CHARS j OR" " Z Z " "TO END"
£435 r Hi- T 5 0 7 0 I N P U T I B )
2490 IF I rtEN IsUl'O iild 5 0 3 0 I F M$(B.CJ » l l TO 1 H;
i N GOT U SSO S
11 2493 IP INKEY9= "C" THEN COPY 5 0 9 0 PR I N 1 HI I U , -Ji, L- ; ! M O t? . !»
2495 GOTO MENU CJ
3000 REM SSHBGHlEIaKgeaHSi 5 1 0 0 PRINT RT £ 1 " t N T C f i NAME -
3001 L E T C- = 0 16 L E T T E R S
3002 LET E =1 5 1 1 0 INPUT N$(6,C)
3010 PRINT ; E; " . " ; 5 1 2 0 PRINT RT 1 0 , 1 6 ; N » t B , C *
3020 FOR F = i TO £0 5 1 3 0 PRINT RT £ 1 , 0 ; ' *
3030 P R I N T T H i S S ; M S i £ ,» i ; M 5 t L , F >
3040 NEXT F 5140 IF D = 1 THEM R E T U R N
3050 IF D = 1 THEN RETURN 5150 LET N —N 1
3060 PRINT "ANOTHER MRP? Y / N " 5151 LET C=C+1
3070 INPUT Z$ 5152 LET J=1
3075 CLS 5160 IF C = 1 1 OR C=£l THEN GOSUB
3080 IF ZJ<>"Y" THEN GOTO MENU 5500
3090 L E T E =E 1 5170 IF C < >21 THEN GOTO 50t>0
3095 I F E >10 THEN L f T C=1 5190 L E T B =B + I
3100 GOTO 3010 5191 LET C =1
400© PRINT TRB B; 5200 IF B < >11 THEN GOTO 5050
mam- 3 2 2 0 ir-r
4010 PRINT 2 P Q 5 H 5 "
4020 PRINT " Y O U MRY U P D A T E R N EX 5230 PRINT TRB 6; "PRESS N.-'L T O C
I ST IMG MRP / OR fOU CRN HRUE R 0L ONTINUE"
flNK S C R E E N T O D R R U ft N E U M R P . " , 5240 INPUT S
TRB 5 ; "ONLY" 10 RRE RURILRBL2" 5245 LET M$<S,CJ="
4025 PRINT 5250 GOTO MENU
1030 P R I N T "YOU i;lLi_ BE GJLUCN TH 5500 REM
E CHRNCE TO RECTIFY Rt4Y ERRORS L 5505 LET X-B
RTER" 5510 MRINT NT £ 1 . 0 uO
4032 PRINT RRECT7 Y / N "
4033 PRINT "R SCREEN MRS O N L Y £0 5520 INPUT Z$
LINES. YOU MRY N t E D MORE »»1nN O 5530 IF Z * = " Y " THEN R E T U R N
NE SCREEN." 5S40 PRINT RT 1 , 0 ; "ENTER i'NCuftR
4035 PRINT "NOTE R NEW MRP START ECT L I N E NUMBER"
5 LINE 1" 5550 INPUT P$
4040 PRINT ' "DO YOU URMT TC- COMTX 5552 IF P $ < " 1 " OR P f > 9 " OR U f l L
Nut? r / N " P $ <>INT URL P S O R U R L P $ >£fc< T H E N
4050 INPUT Z$ GOTO 5550
4060 I F Z$<>"Y" THEN GOTO MENU 5555 LET P-URL. PS
4063 LET S-0 5560 LET U=P
1065 CLS
5565 IF U >10 THEN LET U- U -10
4070 PRINT R> 51 0 ; " N E W OR EXIST 5570 PRINT RT 2 1 , 0 ; " E N T E R MRP MH
ING-? N/E. X. 10 CHARACTERS -
4080 INPUT Z$ 55B0 INPUT M$<X,P)
4081 IF Z$< )"N" RND Z * < > " E " THEN 5585 PRINT RT U.6,M$<X,P>,

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 35

 ZX81 DOMESTIC
S590 PRINT AT 21,0;"ENTER NAME M
HK. 16 LE i TER5 «
560O INPUT N$ .P) 'I I ' I ' I 1 M i l l UJ M i l W <i >
5620 PRINT AT U , 1 6 ; ; N% f X , PJ
5 5 3 0 P R I N T RT 2 1 , 0 ; *' R R E T H E S E CO ntj H R U E T H E F O L L O W I N G OP" iMS -
RRECT ? Y /M
56-10 INPUT 2$ 1. L l i l " OF MOUSE NRHE6
5645 PR I.ST n i 2i,w;;; £. 3 E R R C H F O R R NOME
3. DISPLAY STREET HRP5
5650 IF THEN GOTO 55-10 •t . E N T E R / A M E N D R NRME
b'bOt? LET 1 5. 5 T R R T R NEU FILE
5 6 70 RETURN e. SAUE F I L E ON TRPE
6000 PRINT SSiST? r .

60<S0 P R l N i hi 11.3, " iTRRT ftECORD ENTER OPTION NUMBER

t" R " , T A B 6 ; " P R E S S H / L UHERJ R E A D Y .
" .T A B 3 ; " O A ntifiu"
P O R
AKEN5IDE
L-0 3 0 INPUT 2$ ALLYNBRAE
6035 I F Zz . " " T l i E H
604-0 S H U L ri^iit''-
ALNESS
6045 LET 6=1 R5HCPOFT
6050 GOTO MENU ATTONBURN
7000 REM AULDEARN
7 0 1 0 IP 5 = 1 T H E N GO PC 7050 AUONDALE
7030 PRINT l H& • iMrf:««ra5" , AYLUYM
r m s F ILE Hh'5 N O T B E E N 5RUED AYTONOALE
P R E S S N O . riGAIM TO FINISH' BEECH HOLME
BRAESIDE
BRRNDELHOU
BRETTENLRU
BRIERHEDE
BURN BRRE
CRIPNhUON
CAMERTON
CRMILLR
COLDUELL LODGE
DALEGRPTH

PRESS N/l. TO CONTINUE

SEARCHINGUS
UANCOURT
U f t P O R INF.
UARENFORD
UATENDLATH
UERRHOLME
UELUYN
UERNETH
U E S T U I EL;
7O4 0 INPUT Z? UESTLANDS
7050 IP Z$ . > "7 T H E N GOTO M E N U UESTOE
7 0 6 0 CL 6 UILLOUBRAF
"'0S0 P R I N T RT 10,10; "EB FINISH B UTNGROUE
-
iftfci:
7090 GOTO 9999 C IT w
P R fc— 3 N, L i O C'jriT I N U E
i?000 REM
I F U < >I THEN GOTO MENU
6C)2S
SUN , ' L N D RD UIL5
THE
SCREEN W I L L BLANK OUT"; * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
( Re. o , " n S O BE Udwr PRTIENT*" * H * I • THE POPLARS
3 0 2 6 PRINT ,,"GO AND MAKE R C U P * I *
G F T ER OR H A O E " : T A B 9 ; ' * R N ERRLY * G * ! < AYTONDALE
liATH" .TAB 7; KEV N s L U H E H R E A D Y " * H * FELLDALE
3023 INPUT Z% D * * 1 i EAGLESFIELD
H
•!
«030 LET G = 1 * *
6 0 1 0 F O R E = 1 TO B E * E * CAMILLA
U
I•
5 0 5 0 FOR F = 1 TO £0 * *
3 0 6 0 L E T P * G = N $ (£.. F N * O * GORSEUOOD
R
I•
306S I P R$ (6) (1) r ' f l " OR R * t G J V I ) * *
>"Z " THEN LET R $ ( G ) = " V E * T * BURN BRAE
H SCHOOL ENTRANCE
6 0 7© L E T
3 0 3 0 NEXT
G=G+1
F * * •
I TUDOR LODGE
•DC-30 N E X T
3 1 0 0 FOR
E
• 1 TO
J X i e i P UK L = K 4 l
G - l
TU N
*
*
*
L
N
R
*
*
* !I
•
I ALNESS
DENESIDE
E
• E NGDL E N D E" UI JO" N U R G N G
B ' 1 2 0 I F R $ C L ) > = R » (K> T H E N G O T O 8 * *
260 * *
S S
M .. p.
•3130 LET i_.«
ol40 LET R5(L)=R$(K) "C" TO COPY
3150 L E T R $ u*. .i - T * Above are some example screen displays from the program. The top
6160 NEXT L illustration shows the options available, then once you have entered
NEXT K the option you want you can list the house names or search for a
3130 LET J=0 specific name. The final example shows a street with the various
3190 GOTO MENU houses with their names PRINTed alongside.
9999 STOP

36 ZX COMPUTING FEB/MARCH 1983

 prize
SOFTWARE REVIEW!
clues...which I did. So.
LOADing the clues program,
after a couple of moments (in
ZX time, of course) up comes

• your
the title page:

WELCOME TO KRAKIT, THE

ULTIMATE ADVENTURE

This certainly looks promising!

Then it's down to the real
work of this program — the

dreams
clues themselves. Their difficul-
ty ranges from moderately dif-
ficult to downright impossible,
but they are not all along the
same lines as is so often the
case with games.
Now for the one disappoint-
ment of the program there
are no graphics at all. Surely
they could have 'jazzed' up the
clues a little with some ani-
mated diagrams or moving
Our reviewer, James Walsh, looks at the pieces. That might sound a little
silly, but it would be nice and
latest offering from Artie Computing would certainly brighten up the
game. As it is the program has
and tries to win himself £10,000. been writien almost entirely in
BASIC, which seems rather
wasteful of space and time,
claimed the amount of money is though fortunately (as you will
increased on a weekly basis). soon find out) the time factor is
OK, it looks as though it has not so important!
almost LOADed. Hurrying to Actually playing the game is
gel my registration form so that quite fun, but I fail to see the
I can quickly claim my prize, I need to take the trouble to put
sit down waiting for the pro- on a cassette and load it all in
gram to begin. You are first and spend hours staring at a TV
greeted with a menu which of screen, when it could quite
fers you five options: how to easily have been written out on
register, rules and play, see a a few pieces of A4 paper and
sample clue, how to claim the sold for a tenth of the price-
prize and see the real clues. As for the game itself, it is
definitely good if you are into
All clued up? cryptic clues and mind-bending
puzzles, but I would not say it
The rules program is good. was for the majority of games
There is a nice sequence of players. Needless to say, I have
graphics to start — a key not filled in my registration form
moves across the screen and yet!
turns in a lock. After reading
KRAKIT is a new program from the rules, I pressed for option 3 KRAKIT is priced at C9.95 and
Artie Computing which claims and had a glance at the sample is available from Artie Com-
to be the ultimate adventure for clue. After the solution has puting Ltd, 396 James Reckill
the Spectrum/ZX81 with the been explained to you, you are Avenue, Hull, North Humber-
added bonus of a generous ready (?) to start on the real side HU8 OJA.
prize if you should be the first to his will, but (and it is a big but)
'KRAKIT'. Retailing at C9.95 in to claim the money, you must
this country, it certainly isn't first solve 1 2 clues before you
cheap — but is it worth the can gain access to the bank ac-
cash? There is only one way to count in which the money has
find out - cassette in, LOAD been placed. The prize money
"RULES", press Play, sit back actually exists and just to make
and wait. things completely fair, Artie
Because of the complexity Computing have released the
of the program, the rules and program simultaneously in
clues have been split up into America to run on the Timex
two separate programs on the 1000. Artie are quite definitely
16K ZX81 and ZX Spectrum. going all the way to make it
So. while we are waiting for the successful and fun not only
program to LOAD, I'll tell you has there been a lot of press on
something about the package the package, but Artie have set
itself. up a 24 hour telephone answer
line so that contestants can
The story so far... keep themselves informed
about the status of the contest
....... - - . -
The story is that your eccentric and the amount of prize money
father has left you £10,000 in now available (if the prize is not

J
ZX COMPUTING FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 37
 SOFTWARE REVIEW

your
Puzzled by Dr. Nowotnik, after
a glass of wine Nick Pearce
settles down to'checking out
some of the software
commercially available for your
ZX81.

The Nowotnik fie, giving sixteen smaller If you complete the puzzle, shed, later. I would have liked
squares; at the hardest level, you are told the number of an option to reduce the number
puzzle and the four squares are each divid- moves taken, and there is a of shuffles so that some logical
Other Diversions ed into 1 44 elements, giving a game save facility so that a method of solution could be
— Phipps total of 576 elements alto- partly completed puzzle can be developed by trial and error dur-
gether! continued, and hopefully fini- ing the first few tries; the sight
Associates of a well-shufled puzzle on the
first attempt is itself rather
If you're bored with that drat-
daunting.
ted Rubik cube, then the
Nowotnik puzzle is an original The person who has
concept in computer games mastered the magic cube will
that might be just the thing for have a head start in tackling the
you. The chances are you'll be Nowotnik puzzle. Conceptual-
tearing out your hair in hand- ly, the problem is similar; it is
fulls trying to solve the puzzle relatively easy to complete one
at the simplest level of play, square, or face, but it is solving
knowing that there are four pro- the whole puzzle without ruin-
gressively harder levels to ing those squares, or faces,
move onto if you ever do already completed that is so in-
manage to get it worked out. furiatingly difficult.
"Easy — it's only two dimen-
sional", I hear you say, as I
myself commented — until,
that is, I had seen the pieces
shuffled and attempted a few
exploratory moves. It is indeed
a puzzle of merely two dimen-
sions, but don't be under the
misapprehension that it is,
therefore, a doddle.
At the beginning, and when
(and if!) completed, the puzzle
is in the form of four large
squares. These squares are
shuffled by the computer using
a random selection of eight
possible movements. The pro-
blem is then to use these eight
movements to get back the
four squares in their original
layout. At the simplest level,
each of the four large squares is
broken up into four by the shuf-

38 Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB/MhT^
5
A very addictive game, and Finally, Tenpin simulates a
as is so often the case with this standard game of tenpin bowl
kind of competition of self ver- ing. The alley is displayed at the
sus the computer, it is very top of the screen, with score
hard to admit defeat and one cards for either one or two
tends to persist, thinking that a players displayed below. The
few more moves will have it game is played over ten frames.
cracked. Perhaps it is fortunate When bowling, you indicate the
that the ZX81 is less portable strength of delivery; a stronger
than the cube, otherwise it delivery is less accurate but in-
would undoubtedly make its creases the number of pins
appearance at parties with the which fall if you make a hit. Not
nonchalant admission, by being a tenpin bowling affici-
devotees, of the number of onado, I was intrigued by the
moves or time taken to solve scoring which apparently is true
the puzzle. to life and is coupled with Computerwine Instructions come in a 22
'strikes' and 'spares'. The page manual, which is well
A dynamic duo graphics are fair; the ball dis- — computerwine written and extremely helpful
appears when it hits the pins If you make your own fruit — a pleasant change, I feel; so
Two other games, routine in and the effect as the pins fall wines, you might find this often, otherwise good com-
comparison to the puzzle but and also disappear is rather dis- package of interest. It is aimed puter software is let down by
nonetheless absorbing, com- concerting. Nonetheless, a primarily at the more experi- the poor quality of the suppor-
plete this cassette and make it novel simulation to complete enced winemaker, and is a tool ting documentation. As well as
good value for money. the package. to enable precisely balanced describing the background to
In Demolition, a wall appears All the games on this wine recipes to be designed the experimental work,
at the bottom of the screen and cassette require a ZX81 with quickly and accurately. For the together with the theory behind
the object is to knock down as more than 1K, and each pro- amateur, it shows that there a 'balanced' wine and giving a
many bricks as possible using a gram is duplicated on the can be more to making wine comprehensive explanation of
' * ' fired repeatedly at the reverse side. The programs can than religiously following recipe the program, it also gives some
wall. There is a catch — the all be LISTed, and instructions books — perhaps leading to the useful practical hints on suc-
wall moves upwards at a slight- for making security copies are development of winemaking cessful LOADing and the merits
ly faster rate than you can given. Dr. David Nowotnik, the skills. of various cassette recorders
knock bricks out. and also more author of the three programs, is The package is based on the and makes of cassette. It gives
walls appear; eventually the a member of the Aylesbury results of recent and apparently a lot of useful information of a
game ends when a wall reaches Computer Club. extensive research which has more general nature to help the
the top of the screen. Points are led to the discovery of some of winemaker, although probably
awarded for each brick remov- the scientific principles which not sufficient to instruct a com-
'The Nowotnik puzzle and
ed, and the total for the game is Other Diversions' costs C5.00 govern the balance of wines. It plete beginner in the art of
displayed so that a competition and is available from Phipps is now possible to select winemaking.
between a number of players Associates, Mail Order Dept.. through these principles the in- Five separate programs are
can be held. A fast moving in- 99 East Street, Epsom, Surrey. gredients of the must to give a recorded on the cassette, and
teractive game and completely wine of the required acidity, each is duplicated on the
idiot proof — my four year old body and alcohol content. reverse side. Firstly, there is the
daughter played for about an Flavour is not scientifically Preface; this takes three
hour without managing to crash defined but is left up to the minutes to LOAD and runs
the program! winemaker through the choice automatically, starting with
of a large selection/combination some nice graphics. It then
of fruits — although hints for displays a summary of a few of
achieving a wine of good the more important points
flavour are given. The computer given in the manual. A nice
programs cover the design of touch (although I feel it is
balanced wine recipes for dry largely unnecessary) is that the
and medium wines (Computa- manual itself is sufficiently
wine intend to make programs comprehensive and gives full
available for sweet and dessert instructions as well as ex-
wines soon). amples.

*
T H O U S A N D S OF *
RESEARCH-BASED *
R E C I P E S FOR *
B A L A N C E D DRY A N D »
MEDIUM UINES. *
UITH CONTROLLED:
*
PH
*
*
BODY *
*
TOTAL ACIDITY *

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 39

 I SOFTWARE REVIEW
A wine time
The other four programs con-
tain the calculations for the
wine balances. The selection of
the balance, and hence which
of these four balance programs
to use, depends on the wine
one wishes to make. Balance 4
should give a quick, dry table
wine; balance 3, a wine which
is a little improved in quality,
fuller in body and slightly
sharper, but taking longer to
make; balance 2 and 1 give
wines of fuller body and more
flavour. Each of these programs
takes about six minutes to load.
These programs are used to
create wine recipes by specify- Space invaders,
ing (from a list given in the
manual) which of the two- scramble and
ingredient sub-recipes are to be Breakout
used (up to eleven can be com-
bined), and the proportion of
— Microgen
each. The programs go on to Space Invaders is Microgen's Ten points are awarded for ment over the use of the touch
give data on the resulting version of the arcade type each invader ship hit, and if you sensitive keyboard for inter-
overall nscipe (eg percentage game of the same name in clear the first wave, another active games of this sort. A
alcohol, acidity which you defend the Earth will take its place, and nice finishing touch is the dis-
and body) and from successive armies of in- another. . . Each time this oc- play at the end of each game
ingredient vaders. On LOADing the pro- curs the game speed is increas- giving the score for that game j
quantities. gram, you are presented with a ed slightly. The game perform- and the highest score so far,
choice of three speeds (normal, ed well and I found it enjoyable thus enabling competitions to i
fast and superfast). The in- without being positively addic- be played.
vaders are displayed at the start tive. However, I thought the ac- This game is also marketed
of the game and there is a short tion was somewhat jerky, par- by Sinclair under the Psion label
pause before the action starts ticularly at the slowest speed. I with Bomber, also by Microgen,
to allow you to prepare was told by an experienced on the reverse side.
In summary, a novel appli- yourself. You have three lives player who had a go that it Scramble is another fast in-
cation for the ZX81 and a very (bases), and lose one each time bears the most similarity to the teractive arcade type game. In
well-produced package in all a bomb from the invader fleet arcade game when it is played this one, you are flying low over
respects. The programs are lands on you, or if you allow in the superfast mode — too mountainous enemy terrain,
easy to use, my only criticism any invader ship to get down to fast for me! the object being to keep your
being the time taken to LOAD the level of your shields. The The program includes the ship in the air for as long as
which might tend to put off the technique is to knock out the option to use Microgen's joy- possible. At the same time, you
casual winemaker; and one lower ships first with your laser sticks, which I think would have to shoot down as many of
really does need a cassette beam. make a significant improve- the alien attackers as you can.
recorder with a digitiser, or fast
forward/cue facility, to be able
to locate quickly the desired
balance program. One could
overcome this, of course, by
SAVEing each balance on a
separate cassette — instruc-
tions for SAVEing the programs
are given.
I cannot comment on the
quality of wines made using
recipes developed from the
Computawine programs —
you'll have to wait a year or so,
I'm afraid, to find out the suc-
cess of my efforts! Both wine
making and competing are time
consuming hobbies, and one
tends to preclude the other —
too much wine and the humble
ZX81 keyboard starts to
resemble the cockpit display of
Concorde in complexity. For
those who can combine both,
this package may be well worth
looking at.

'Computawine' costs
£7.95, and is available only
from Computawine, 9 Labur-
num Way, Etwa/IDerby.

40 Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB M A R C H 1983
 SOFTWARE REVIEW!
and there are air-to-air and All these three Microgen make it a treat to play. It is writ-
ground based missiles to con- Another brick... games require more than 1K ten in machine code, and the
tend with as well. Points are and are written in machine speed (choice of fast, medium
awarded for each alien and air- Finally, from Microgen. Break- code. They are 'locked', ie the and slow), and the bat size
to-air or ground missile you hit. out is the traditional 'ping pong' programs cannot be LISTed (large or small) can be varied
Your fleet is small — three video game. Again you have a and, for example, modified by using POKE commands. Al-
ships — and only one is in the choice of three speeds (normal, the user. They perform well, are though written in 1K, this game
air at a time, although you can fast and superfast) and three enjoyable, and are idiot and can also be played on a ZX81
get a bonus ship if your score lives per game. You score ten crash proof. However, with on- with 1 6K RAM pack (by POKfc-
reaches five thousand points. points for each brick removed ly one game on each cassette, ing RAMTOP before LOADing
Fortunately, you carry an from the wall, and after each they are in my opinion rather the program — full instructions
unlimited supply of ammunition hit, the speed of the ball in- overpriced. There is only one are given).
plus one 'smart' bomb in each creases slightly. There are recording on each cassette, Nothing as straightforward
ship which will destroy every- seven angles of rebound off the although the review copies all as the usual Breakout wall of
thing in sight. The nearer you bat, and one life is lost each LOADed first time. bricks on this one either. The
get to the enemy base, the time the ball misses the bat. wall is built up of pound signs
more frenetic become the alien You win one thousand points 'Space Invaders', 'Scram which convert to dollars when
attacks on your ship. for completely clearing the wall ble' and 'Breakout' cost €3.95 hit. Ten balls are available and a
Again, joysticks can be used (not much chance of that with each and are available from maximum score of $240 can
and would be a definite advan- yours truly at the controls, but Microgen, 24 Agar Crescent, be achieved (but not by me!).
tage with this game. It is par- with practice and at the Bracknell, Berkshire. The instructions state that bat
ticularly difficult with the touch slowest speed, who knows...), movement is effected by using
and a record of the highest
sensitive keyboard of the 2X81
score is kept. A well-written
Gamestape 6, the cursor keys 5 to 8; on the
review copy, however, any key
to both maintain and achieve
forward and up and down and enjoyable version on this Breakout in the top row from 1 to 5
movement as well as battling not terribly inspiring theme. — J. K. Creye moved the bat to the left, keys
with the aliens. As with Space from 8 to 0 moving it right.
Invaders, the most recent game J. K. Greye are well-known for An excellent version of
score and 'highest so far' score good quality software for the Breakout, and good value for
are displayed to facilitate com- ZX81, and this fast 1K game is money. That it runs on an unex-
petitions. no exception. panded IK ZX81 is a commen-
The three bat angles in this dable achievement.
version, with full screen display
and the fast smooth action. 'Breakout' costs €1.95 and
is available by mail order from
J. K. Greye, Dept. SU., 16
Brendon Close, Oldland Com-
mon, Bristol, or from branches
of W.H. Smith and other stores.

ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1983 41

 •

HAVEN HARDWARE
ZX PRODUCTS & JUPITER ACE
SAE for details. 4 Asby Road, Asby, Workington, Cumbria CA14 4RR.
Prices include VAT and P & P.
Some of the products are also available from the following agents:
THE BUFFER SHOP, 374A STREATHAM HIGH ROAD, LONDON SW16
MICROWARE, 5 ST PETER'S LANE, LEICESTER.
PHILLIP COPLEY HI-FI, 7 CLIFFARD COURT, OSSETT, WEST YORKSHIRE.
TRADE ENQUIRIES WELCOME
Z X 8 0 & Z X 8 1 HARDWARE
Repeating Key Module KIT £3.95 BUILT £5.95
(As reviewed by Popular Computing Weekly)
Inverse Video Module KIT £2.95 BUILT £4.50
(As reviewed by Popular Computing Weekly)
Keyboard Beeper Module KIT £6.95 BUILT £8.50
Keyboard Entry Module KIT £2.95 BUILT £4.95
Input/Output Port KIT £10.95 BUILT £14.95
(Can be used with 1 6K RAM and printer without motherboard)
Programmable Character Generator KIT £17.95 BUILT £24.95
3K Memory Expansion BUILT for only £ 1 2.00
The most reliable memory expansion available.
Full-Size Keyboard with Repeat Key —The first of its kind
Built version plugs in. KIT £19.95 BUILT £24.95
ZX Edge Connector 23-Way Long gold plated pins £2.95
ZX Spectrum version £3.50
ZX SPECTRUM SOFTWARE CASSETTES
Fruit Machine Colour graphic representations of fruits. Including HOLD and
GAMBLE. £4.95
Solitaire Alpha-Numeric move entry. £4.95
Patience The popular card game (cheat proof). £5.95
Mancala The Chinese Logic Game. £5.95
REPULSER Repel the alien invasion. £4.95
WE ALSO STOCK A LARGE RANGE OF RESISTORS, CAPACITORS, ETC

Access Card Orders Accepted

Ring 0 9 4 6 8 6 6 2 7
(24 hr. ANSAPHONE) IHKVnRR. a w a • a a a a u e

STOP PRESS!! JUPITER ACE £89.95

ZX SPECTRUM input/output port. The kit £11.95. Built £15.95. Plugs
onto the back of the spectrum doesn't require motherboard, (usesBASIC in
and out commands).

983
Z X C O M P U T I N GF E B ,M A R C H1983 42
 What's in
give them (our competitors) some fairly cryptic comments
three or four months lead to make. When asked if the
time. We expect the price of any of their products

store for
Microdrives to improve the would be coming down due to
sales of the Spectrum, but I the introduction of products
would expect the Spectrum to such as the Oric, he replied "If
sell on its own anyway." Mr they knew what Sinclair were
Searle went to explain that the going to do, they might well
Microdrives will be using "a have cut their prices." And on
totally new material for the Binatone, Nigel Searle really
recording medium. It's not set the cat among the pigeons
been used before in with these comments — "I
computers." think we will worry about that
Talking about Sinclair (the Binatone computer) when
Research's sales abroad, Mr they release the machine. If
Searle had this to say about we really believed the rumours
their growth in the Japanese we've heard, we would have
computer market. "We've not released the ZX83 two
made anything like the impact months ago."
on the Japanese market we Nigel Searle shouldn't have
would have hoped, but we will been surprised at the
be tackling it. The realistic avalanche of questions
alternative is to do it on one's resulting from his throwaway
At a recent press conference, released in the first quarter of own. It's a difficult job to do, comment. Hedging a little on
Nigel Searle of Sinclair 1983. As to why there was a but it's a challenge. If we took the 'ZX83', Nigel Searle had
Research was asked many of delay in their introduction, that approach, we would open this to say, "We are going to
the questions which have journalists were told that the an office in Japan, but as a try to produce a machine
been on everyone's lips over design of the Microdrive was matter of choice we would not which is quite different from
the last lew months. altered at a late date to manufacture in Japan." any other on the market. We
The Microdrives were, of incorporate some Moving onto the subject of want to create a new segment
course, one of the first topics improvements. Mr Searle the competition, which seems of the market — it's not a
to be brought up. Mr Searle explained why no details had to have made itself more matter of moving up or down
announced that he expected been given on the Microdrive, obvious over the last few the personal computer
to see the Microdrives "There is just no reason to months, Nigel Searle had market."

The High are widely available, WH

Smiths are proudly beating
their chests over their
computer coup.
The 1 6K Spectrum will sell

Spectrum at £ 1 25 and the 48K version

will be £175, both prices
inclusive of VAT. An extensive
Just as the ZX81 began life as range of compatible software,
a mail order item only to end including WH Smiths' own-
up as the darling of the chain brand range, is now available
stores, so to has the ZX in the larger branches together
Spectrum found its way onto with a new WH Smith
the High Street shelves. Computer Carry Console at
To an astonishingly quiet £14.95. A comprehensive
fanfare, WH Smiths began range of computer books and
stocking the ZX Spectrum in magazines is also available in
late November, 1982. And the stores' 'Computer Know-
there was good reason for How' departments.
their silence the first batch You should be able to
of Spectrums delivered to 66 purchase a ZX Spectrum, and
of the larger WH Smiths accompanying software and were Frank Kermode, David Part of the Process, is based
stores were sold out within publications, from any of the Caute, Richard Hoggart, on Ms Bernstein's own
two to three hours! However, larger WH Sm-ths stores in Mervyn Jones and Polly experience of political conflict
now stocks of the Spectrum England. Toynbee. in South Africa. An inside
Explained Clive Sinclair as view of people and
he was about to award the organisations that plan and

Better read...
prizes, "We are delighted to carry out acts of sabotage, it
make these three additional deals with the tensions of
awards in the Prize's inaugural actual events and the complex
year, because the authors moral dilemmas they provoke.
Hilda Bernstein, the South prize worth £2,000 and two responded so well to our The National Book League
African womens' and black third prizes worth £500 each. purpose of encouraging new are now taking entries for the
rights' campaigner, has won Announcing the awards at an writing on critical issues. In 1983 award. If you fancy
the first annual £5,000 evening reception in London, particular, Hilda Bernstein's trying your hand at writing a
Sinclair Prize for Fiction for her Clive Sinclair also presented winning novel completely novel for the Sinclair Prize for
novel, De3th is Part of the the second prize to Gill fulfilled the Prize's criteria for Fiction, write for further
Process. Edmonds for her novel. The high literary merit combined details from Barbara Buckley,
Due to the very high quality Common, and third prizes to with contemporary social and National Book League, Book
of the entries, the sponsors Aviot John for Chasing political relevance." House, 45 East Hill,
agreed, at the judges' Cursors and to Philip Latham To be published in the New Wandsworth, London SW18
recommendation, to provide for Sara Singing. The judges Year by Sinclair Browne, Hilda 2QZ. |
for this year only, a second for the Sinclair Prize for Fiction Bernstein's novel. Death is

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 43

 HARDWARE NEWS

Spectrum
for the
i

!
disabled
As a result of close
collaboration between Possum
the keys recessed and spread
out to facilitate operation.
Controls and Sinclair Research, There are also speed, delay
the ZX Spectrum is now and tone controls which can
available in a form which is be adjusted to suit individual
easily operated by physically operation requirements.
disabled people. As well as the regular
The Possum ZX Spectrum Sinclair manuals, there is a
comes in three versions: the Possum computer handbook
i Desk-top Scanning device, for which details the setting-up
constant use in the office or and operation of the Possum
school; the Brief-case machines. All systems are
Scanning model, a cased available with 48K RAM.
version allowing accessories to Possum Controls will also be
be carried in the lid; and the making recommended
Expanded Keyboard model, for educational software available.
people with gross movement The Expanded keyboard
or tremor. model can also be used in
The scanning models are conjunction with the 1 6K
operated by using any Possum ZX81 and, as with the other
input to scan the light around Possum products, the devices
the front panel which is a are compatible with the
complete replica of the Sinclair range of accessories.
Spectrum keyboard. In The price of the units is
I addition, an eight-way method very much dependent on the
of selection can be employed input devices used with the
using a joystick or footskate to machines and for further
provide faster selection. details, you should get in
The Expanded keyboard touch with Possum Controls
version is an enlarged Ltd, Middlegreen Road,
keyboard replica of the Langley, Berkshire SL3 6DF or
Spectrum keyboard and has 'phone 0753 79234.

The keys to Loaning

problems?
If you experience any
problems loading programs on
cassette into your ZX81, you
may wish to consider an
American product that has just
come on the market.
Called the Z-Dubber, the
unit (as you can see in the
photograph) interfaces
between the ZX81 and the
tape recorder boosting the
reproduction of the sound so sells for $29.95 in the United
'Why hadn't it been done Space Intruders. The overlays that even the most difficult States, although you will
before' seems to be the main fit neatly over the required cassette program will load probably have to add a small
question being asked about keys of the Spectrum for each easily. Additionally, the shipping fee if you order one
this product. It's so simple and particular game. Then, as Z-Dubber allows you to from the UK. For further
yet so useful. Quicksilva say themselves, connect two cassette information on this device, get
Quicksilva have announced there will be 'no more recorders together to create in touch with Bytesize
keyboard overlays which will fumbling with keys and no good backup copies of your Computer Products, PO Box
be provided free with their more thrusting when you programs. 211 23, Seattle, WA 98111,
games Meteor Storm and should be firing!' Battery-operated, the unit U.S.A.
983
ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB, M A R C H 1983 44
 Measure for measure that the computer is not Interface Module could well be
damaged by very high of use to the enthusiastic
voltages accidentally applied robottcs user.
to the input sockets. A range The Measurement Module
of accessories such as a and the Interface Module are
joystick switch, speaker box, priced at £98.00 and £79.50
A to D and D to A converter respectively. For further
also plug into the Module. information on the devices
Although originally designed contact Educational
for use in technology Electronics, 30 Lake Street,
education by the Advisory Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire
Unil of Bedfordshire's LU7 8RX or 'phone 0525
Education Authority, the 373666.

• r\ , • •*<
m
Two new products are Software is the key to the 1
available to enhance the
operation of the Sinclair range
instrument's flexibility. By
measuring voltage and current,
L * • .
of computers.
The (list is ;he
the program can multiply
these quantities and obtain the v • . "
Measurement Module, which power value in Watts. In . i •
is designed to operate with a addition, by integrating over a *- 11
ZX81, offering science period of time, the instrument

St
teachers access to a versatile, can act as a digital Joule
data gathering system with a meter. Data can be gathered
wide variety of measurement, and displayed in large digits
data processing and display for all the class to see or in
options. columns of data taken at
The Measurement Module regular intervals, or
comes complete with a variety automatically plotted on a
of programs which operate the graph as the experiment
Module and select the continues. But perhaps the
appropriate physical variable to unit's greatest strength lies in
be measured (eg voltage, its ability to measure two
current, magnetic field or variables simultaneously and
temperature!. Although there then plot one variable against

That's handy
are no switches on the the other, thus enabling a
Measurement Module, it is a large number of relationships
multi-range, multi channel between physical quantities to
instrument. All range and be rapidly investigated.
channel selections are Whilst the Module is
performed by the program. All primarily aimed at physicists, it Midwich Computer Company range of computers. Also, as
the Module's functions are will also accept inputs from a Ltd have announced high the ZX81 and Spectrum do
controlled via single key variety of standard biological quality analogue joysticks for not have an A D converter
strokes from a main menu: no probes found in educational the ZX81 and Spectrum. built in, Midwich have also
knowledge of programming or establishments. The joysticks are made of designed a low cost, high
electronics are needed to The second unit available is injection moulded plastic and speed, four channel joystick
operate the instrument. the Interface Module which is are designed to sit controller board. This plugs
In addition, the instrument designed to enable a Spectrum comfortably in the hand. into the expansion slot of the
offers outstanding protection or ZX81 to be used to control Incorporated into the joysticks relevant machine, and
to the user's computer against robotic arms, solenoids, are potentiometers which are incorporates an edge
the inadvertent application of hydraulic and pneumatic claimed to have a life connector so that other
high voltage lall digital inputs valves, and stepper motors, expeciancy in excess of peripherals can also be added.
outputs to the computer pass etc. 200,000 operations (just The joysticks are available
through optical isolators, The Interface Module think how many alien invaders at £1 5 98 per pair from
giving up to 1 5KV overload contains four (optionally six) you could kill in that time!!. Midwich Computer Company
protection!. The inputs to the relays capable of switching 5A A push button is built into Ltd, Rickinghall House,
Module itself are also capable each and a stepper motor the handle which can be Hinderclay Road, Rickinghall,
of withstanding a very high driver IC. In addition, it has a operated, for example, as a Suffolk IP22 1 HH. Telephone
overload thus making it built in traffic light sequence 'fire' button. Each joystick or enquiries can be made on
1, suitable for use by the and all inputs to the computer pair of joysticks are fitted with 0379 898751.
students themselves. pass through opto-isolators so DIN plugs to suit the Sinclair

ZX COMPUTING fEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 45

 SOFTWARE NEWS

Sinclair software
Sinclair Research have names, addresses, etc. A
announced a further collection Reversi game is also available
of software cassettes to for the 1 6K Spectrum.
complement their existing For the ZX81, Sinclair have
range of business, educational made available 1 0 new
and games packages. software cassettes. For the
Priced from £2.95 to 16K ZX81, there are versions
£14.95, there are 18 of the adventure games Planet
cassettes available in the new of Death, Inca Curse, Ship of
range and have been specially Doom and Espionage, as well
written by Melbourne House, as Reversi, and two cassettes
Games of Skill, Artie, Psion with Thro' the Wall and
and ICL. Scramble, and Super Glooper
There are four adventures and Frogs. For the 1K ZX81,
for the 48K Spectrum there are two packages: one
including Planet of Death, Inca providing a game of chess and
Curse, Ship of Doom and the other, a collection of 11
Espionage Island I Planet of games such as Slot Machines,
Death will also run on the 16K Slalom, Space Pirate and
Spectrum). Two other Maze.
cassettes for the 48K A useful ZX81 Toolkit has
Spectrum are Collector's Pack, also been announced for the
which allows you to keep up 1 6K ZX81 providing nine
to 1,500 records of stamps, functions: RENUMBER,
LPs, etc; and Club Record DELETE, MEM, DUMP, FIND,
Controller, which enables REPLACE, SAVE and APPEND
clubs to hold records of up to and REMKILL.
300 members including their

Completing the new catalogue characters from Tolkein's

of Sinclair software is their book, including Gandalf,

May
piece de resistance, The Thorin, Gollum, and many
Hobbit. Based on the fantasy others, and best of all, they The people up at Work Force
land created by JRR Tolkein, not only interact with you but must have been busy of late
the player takes on the role of act independently as well Due judging by the huge selection

the
Bilbo, the hobbit. This to this feature, each time you of software they have
adventure program is take part in the adventure, dreamed up for the Spectrum
presented in words and full events will proceed in a and ZX81.
colour graphics and is slightly different way, and the Looking first to the

force
designed to run on the 48K further you get into the land of Spectrum software, they have
Spectrum. Tolkein's Hobbit, the more devised a package called
Perhaps the most unique different it will get. Programmer's Dream which
provides the user with a

be
factor of this program is that Written by Melbourne
the user instructs the House, The Hobbit comes number of extra features such
computer in completely complete with a copy of as RENUMBER, BLOCK
ordinary English sentences. To!kem's book and MOVE, BLOCK ERASE, LINE

with
The Hobbit program is capable instructions to play. Priced at ERASE, SEARCH and
of very sophisticated £14.95, for information on REPLACE. DUMP VARIABLE/
communications using this or any of the rest of the STRING, as well as commands
adjectives, adverbs and Sinclair range of software, to make a quick check on the

you
multiple sentences which the contact Sinclair Research Ltd, program and variable size. The
Spectrum understands. In all, 6 King's Parade, Cambridge features are called from just
the program has a built-in CB2 1 SN or phone 0223 one line of BASIC and operate
library of 500 words. 353204. instantly. The Programmer's
You get to meet all of the Dream is priced at £7.00.

Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB M A R C H 1983
 SOFTWARE NEWS

Seriously.
Other software for the which is to create adventure
Spectrum includes a games (and if that sounds
Disassembler in 1.500 bytes; confusing, a mini adventure.
Di Loader, a machine code Treasure Mountain, is included
loader to use with a to show you how it's done).
disassembler; and Renumber These two packages are
Delete, a fast machine code priced at £6.95 and f 5.95 Notation; and Statistics, which
A series of programs have
loader which allows the user respectively Other programs covers t-statistics. chi squared
been announced by Asher
to define where to renumber for the 16K ZX81 include lor equal and unequal
Kuehn which will turn your
from, what the new start Address, which allows the expected values and 2 x K
ZX81 into a very clever
should be and specify the user to set up files of contingency tables.
business machine.
increment. The Disassembler. addresses on tape; ZX80 Among those available are And if these programs
Di Loader and Renumber Convert, which will allow you Matrix Planner, a matrix based seem a little too serious for
Delete are priced at £5.50, to run ZX80 programs on your modelling and planning you, there are three programs
£7.00 and £5.00 ZX81; and Greatest Games 1, 'spreadsheet' program; which tackle the lighter side of
respectively. a package which contains 10 Wordprocessor, which allows computing. The first. Truth, is
And if you've got a 1 6K games such as Pac Maze, you to process text in capitals a program which enables your
ZX81, Work Force haven't Gobler. Slar Defender, or upper and lower case ZX81 to enunciate an endless
forgotten you. Among the Vampires, Minefield and characters on screen or succession of remarks about
programs available are others. These last three titles printer; Commodity Trader, a computing and life in the
Adventure in Time, an are priced at £4 95, £4,95 program to help you keep a world of the computer. Using
extravaganza based in and £5.00 respectively. record of your trades on the a sophisticated linguistic
Australia where you have to For more information on all commodity market with your model to generate English
use your time machine to these titles and the rest of the broker; Forecasi, which sentences at random, most of
travel forwards and backwards Work Force range of software, provides the user with market its comments are amusing, all
in time to save mankind from contact Work Force, 140 forecasts, price fluctuations are different.
nuclear destruction; and Wilsden Avenue, Luton, and practical statistics; and The other two programs
A.D.V.E.N.T., an eight part Bedfordshire or phone 0582 three practical modelling available are Adventure and
program, the function of 454456. programs based on the Matrix Death, a trip through a
Planner: DCF Planner, Cash medieval castle inhabited by
Flow Planner and Profit

Poster problems?
monsters, ghosts and
Planner. treasure; and Scout 1, which
Alongside these programs, puts you in the cockpit of your
Asher Kuehn have also own spacecraft, escaping from
announced a set of the alien hordes.
mathematical and statistical All of these programs are
programs such as priced between £5 and £10
Mathroutines and Fit. which and are available via mail
can solve mathematical, order. For more information on
technical and scientific how to obtain these cassettes,
problems; RPN Calculator, get in touch with Asher
which simulates the operation Kuehn, a division of Karmead
of a technical calculator Ltd, 60 St Leonard's Gardens,
utilising Reverse Polish Heston, Middlesex.

Soft options
A new range of software is amount of memory.
now available from Video Also available are a number
Software covering the fields of of games cassettes including
business, education and Football-League, Test-Match,
recreation Stock Market and Party-Tricks.
Written for the 1 6K ZX81, Every program is recorded
the range includes Video twice and with the exception
Sketch, a program exploiting of Video-Index and Party
the full graphics capabilities of Tricks, an audio commentary
the ZX81; Video Map, a game describing the operation of the
in which you have to navigate program is also included. All
your 'plane to its target the more 'serious' programs
without being shot down; are accompanied by a
In our recent publication. 3 REM followed by 240 zeros Video-View, which allows the comprehensive operating
Poster Programs The Valley linstead of 239) user to create a miniature manual.
of Adventure, some readers 4 REM followed by 98 zeros view-data system; Video- A similar range of programs
are experiencing difficulty with (instead of 103) Graph, a planning and design will soon be available for the
the machine code listing that In addition change line 3040 aid; Video Index, a ZX Spectrum.
more experienced users would to read 3040 LET F = USR sophisticated indexing system All of these programs can
not come accross. 16985. allowing up to 1,000 be ordered by mail order and
Tc make the machine code To make testing Figure 5 references; Video Plan, an are priced between £3.95 and
easier to RUN and test (and hex dump easier, enter PRINT electronic planning chart or £9.95. For more information
harder to crash!), our author, USR 1 6985. S$ is an empty 'spreadsheet'; and Video Ad, you could write to Video
Ray Elder, suggests you make string. 32 bytes long ie. 32 providing an active information Software Ltd, Stone Lane,
the following changes: spaces. It is used to clear a display. Video-View. Video- Kinver, Stourbridge, West
line. All the machine code and Graph and Video-Ad can also Midlands DY7 6EQ or 'phone
2 REM followed by 41 zeros BASIC listings work as be used on the ZX80 should them on 038-483 2462.
(instead of 42) published. you possess the necessary

ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 47

983
Following last issue's list of
user clubs, we have had a Irish Amateur
tremendous response from
some of the clubs we didn't
Computer Club
mention (mainly because we
didn't know they existed). Dear ZX Computing,
If you run, or are a member Our recently formed group,
of, a user club which caters the Irish Amateur Computer
for the Sinclair user, why not Club, wish to hear from
get your group on the map by Sinclair ZX users in the Dublin
writing to us at: area and other parts of Ireland.
Those interested should
Club corner, contact either Brendan Haligan
ZX Computing, at 22 Gortmore Avenue,
145 Charing Cross Road, Fmglas Sth., Dublin 1 1 or
London WC2H OEE. myself at the address below.
A stamped addressed
All you have to do is to send envelope would be appreciated
us a letter with details of your with all enquiries.
club (times of meetings, Yours faithfully,
addresses of who to contact,
etc) and we'll do the resl. if Martin Stapleton,
you publish a newsheet or 48 Seacourt,
club magazine, we'd very Ctontarf,
much like to see that too. Dublin 3.

zx Exchange
Dear ZX Computing, Club was formed in October
ZX Exchange offers 1981 out of the mutual
opportunities for people to interest of owners of Sinclair
make informal postal contact ZX80 and ZX81 computers.
with ZX users in the UK and Founded by John Palmer and
abroad. This is especially myself, the membership has
relevant to those who live in expanded rapidly and currently
rural areas or who have no stands ai over 70. Natura'V,
local user group. the scope of the club now
Full details and a copy of encompasses the ZX
the current ZX Broadsheet are Spectrum.
obtainable by sending a The club provides a chance
stamped addressed envelope to meet other ZX owners
and an additional lOp stamp socially and to exchange ideas
to me at the address below. and experiences. To this end,
Yours faithfully, various club activities are run.
Meetings are held every
Nick Godwin, second and fourth Wednesday
4 Hurkur Crescent, of each month in the
Eyemouth, Claremont Hotel, Claremont
Berwickshire TD14 5AP. Crescent, Edinburgh, from
about 7.30 to 10.30pm,
Edinburgh ZX At these meetings,
members can bring their
Computer Club computers along, meet other
members and help solve each
Dear ZX Computing, other's problems. There are
The Edinburgh ZX Computer also tutorial groups so that the
983
ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB, MARCH 1983 48
 I CLUB NEWS
more experienced members Gabriel tndalecio Cano alternate Wednesdays at 7pm. South East London
can pass their knowledge on. Sardana, For further information get in Microcomputer Club —
Currently, tutorials are being No 4 atico 2a, touch with Bazyle Butcher on Meetings are held at Thames
held on beginner's BASIC, Sun Andres de la Barca, 01 950 7068. Polytechnic, Woolwich, every
advanced BASIC, beginner's Barcelona. other Wednesday at 7pm.
machine code, and advanced Spain. North London Hobby Further details are available
machine code. Computer Club Meetings from Peter Philips on 01 853
We also publish a aro held at the Polytechnic of 5829
bimonthly newsletter which North London, Holloway Road,
every Monday, Tuesday, West London Personal
carries news of the club's
Wednesday and Thursday Computer Club Meetings
activities and articles and
during term time. For further are held at the Fox and Goose,
programs written by some of
information phone 01 607 Hanger Lane, on the first
our members. Another feature
2789 ext. 2161. Tuesday of each month at
of the club are the occasional
7.45pm. For more information
'workshops' we hold on
East London Amateur contact either Graham Brian
Saturdays.
Computer Club Meetings on 01 99 7 8986 or Neil Cryer
Membership rates arc £5
are held at the Harrow Green on 01 997 9437
per annum, or C3 for children,
Library, Cathall Road, on the
students, OAPs and the Worcester Park Computer Club
second and fourth Tuesday of
unemployed. Meetings are held in the
each month at 7pm. For
For more information Windsor Road Library on the
further details contact Fred
contact John Palmer, first Monday of each month at
Chairman of the club, at 56 The Association of Linger on 01 554 3288.
7.30pm. Further details of 1he
Meadowtield Drive, Edinburgh London computer North Kent Amateur Computer club may be obtained from the
{Tel: 031 661 31831 or
myself at the address below.
Clubs Club Meetings are usually library on 01 337 1609.
held at Charles Darwin School, Other Clubs include: Post
Yours faithfully. Biggin Hill, on the first
Dear ZX Computing, Office Headquarters (BT h
Keith Mitchell. The Association of London Thursday of the month. For POI. 1CPUGISEK Metropolitan
Club Secretary, Computer Club (ALCC) was lurther information contact Police. Home Office, ITN.
19 Meadowplace Road, formed in 1 980 as a result of Barry Biddies on Biggin Hill Guildhall and BASUG. Clubs in
Edinburgh EH 12 7UJ. the First London Computer 71 742. the following areas are also
Tel: 031 334 8483. Fair when the North London being organised: Wandsworth,
Richmond Computer Club
Hobby Computer Club Sutton, the Isle of Dogs and
Meetings are held at the
{NLHCCl invited other clubs to Westminster.
Richmond Community Centre,
loin them in organising this Yours faithfully.
Swindon users' Sheen Road, on the second
event. Monday of each month at
Club The Association was 8pm For further information
Robin Bradbeer,
Polytechnic of North London.
formed to provide a forum for get in touch with Robert London N7.
Dear ZX Computing, the Computer Clubs in and Forster on 01 892 1873.
A users' club has been formed around London to enable the
recently in Swindon especially clubs to assist each other and
for ZX80, ZX81 and ZX to co operate in areas of
Spectrum users. common interest. The ALCC
We hope to hold monthly aims to promote hobby and
meetings and run a software recreational computing, co
library for both copyright and ordinate the varied activities of
non-copynght material. For the clubs and to organize
more information on the club exhibitions, seminars and
contact me at the address meetings.
below. There are now 16 clubs
Sf Your faithfully, and the chairman and
secretary from each club will
air Andrew Bartlett. together form a clubs council.
s. 47 Grosvenor Road, The main work of the ALCC
nd Swindon, will now be carried out by 10
IS
Wilts. specialist sub committees
Tel: 0793 30770. concentrating on the above
ntly
V. mentioned areas of interest.
The list of computer club
members include:
international zx
ice Spectrum Club Croydon Micro Computer Club
Meetings are held in the
eas Central Reference Library,
d,
Dear ZX Computing, Kathenne Street on the first
in.
Our club will produce a bi- and fourth Tuesday of each
monthly magazine with month. For further information
Jay
software, hardware, reviews, contact Vernon Gifford on
contact addresses of other 01 653 3207 or Oavid Annal
users and news. The ob|ective on 01-764 4043.
of the club is to circulate
programs around the world. Harrow Computer Club
Meetings are held at the
For further details of the
Harrow College
club send an International
of Higher
r reply coupon to the following
Education.
:h address:
Room G43 on
International ZX Spectrum
t\e Club.

183 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 49

 V & H C O M P U T E R SERVICES From Warp
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Order form. Please send me HI STAK set(s) (at £3 95 per

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V & H C O M P U T E R SERVICES
Name
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STAINES, MIDDX. Addtess

TEL: S T A I N E S 58041
Business users please note: Our PAYROLL program is now Post code
available for ZXS1 SPECTRUM. PET BBC and KONTRON Please
write tor floiails or send C2 00 lor comprehensive manual To Warp Factor EiglM. Dept ZXC
6 Pelham Road, Braughing Ware. Herts SG11 2QU

MANAGEMENT GAMES 16K ZX81

Spectrum
DALLAS AIRLINE
A game o* oil exploration arc exploitation -n Can you compete wilh British Airways' You
Texas UtKi^ons are requited on purchasing must decide < in the nyiiUjer of a"r.ratt to operate
ci'i > ssiois l'i»? movement an:: use ot dulling slatting ana mamtenant e Problems cncoun
i j", andtnebuiidiigof piattorr s and pipelines te !•••: ar< ta> .iOf '-nnti- -!r.k,-s cancelled tlqMs.
Can you take-over the Ewing Empire or will you hi ,irks and aircraft cashes
be taken over in the attempt'
PRINT SHOP
AUTOCHEF You OA") a small printing company and are
MD ol a Catering Company you mustnego ft-quired to decide on i at the number ana type ot
u a i e i leases decide on menu prices level of stall you cmloy and when to increase or reduce
/.ages advertising and d<viiend$ Each yea' sialf i bi the amount 3nd type ot paper yfij stock
you musl prir3n t lie iriliatior rate You will be t: i (he week in which wo'k is scheduled'dMhe
iti.i !" tesiun ,! yim <iro not successlu! There quotation for each There are 3 scales o<
arc 3 levels oi difficulty ditficully

FINANCIAL MODEL — MODELLER X

Tms is a user ti.endfy business mooeiler wn.r.h provides Managers with a t::ol to
ALL PROGRAMS AyAlLABLt FOR plan the strategic dec ons of a Business The model snows the piotit sensitivity
16KZX&1 SPECTRUM and the interact on ot the pertinent maiketmg and production factors Ot a outness EXCELLENT ROYAL TIES PAID
16K and J8K A i,isi:r manual s ^eluded m the price ol the program F O H SINCLAIR SOFTWARE

PRICES RETAIL STOCKISTS

ZX81 OR S P E C T R U M 16K 48K*
Dallas Aitline Aulochef Punt Shop £5 £6 LONDON Dala-assette. 44 Shrolon Street. N.W.I.
M; dc "f X £B £9 Buffer Micro Shop. 310 Sfreatham High Road.
'Ekienuea 48K Spectrum now available S.W.16.
BATH Micro Style, 29 Belvedere, Lansdown Road.
MAIL ORDER D I S C O U N T BOURNEMOUTH Zedextra. S School Lane. Kinson
£1.50 for two, £3 for three. £5 for four and £7 for the liwe.
DAVENTRY Micro Style. 67 High Street.
T O ORDER: LEICESTER Microware. Unit 5. SI Peters Lane.
Please state computer lype and send cheque to: MANCHESTER Micro-Link. 830 Hyde Road
J.M Computers. 136 Park Lane. Whitefield
DEPT ZX, CASES COMPUTER SIMULATIONS NEWBURY Micro Style. 47 Cheap Street.
14 L A N G T O N WAY. L O N D O N SE3 7TL.
983
Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB,MARCH1983 50
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ZX COMPUTING FEB, MARCH 1 9 8 3 51

983
 ZX81 EDUCATION

Sums and fun

for infants
we present an incredible
educational software
package written for us
by Mr P E Bloxham of
Loughborough.
This program is written for the reward for correct answers to
ZX81 and occupies 14ViK the sums, while others will be
of memory so you'll need to use offered to the child quite ran-
a 1 6K RAM pack. Designed for domly. There is a bias, however,
5-6 year olds, the program com- towards the sums rather than
prises a mixture of simple the games, so the child should 1 REM _
arithmetic tasks and easy-to- spend more time involved in the e REM St,
play games, the sequence of former. The games programs in- 3 REM
which is purely random, offering clude 'Star Crash' in which you 4- G O T O 9 S 0 C
interest and variety to help must dodge the falling stars; _LO REM FtT^GEST+SMRLLfc^T TE^T
stimulate the child's learning 'Racing Car' in which you guide i i REM i.
and retain the child's attention a racing car around a track 1 2 P R I N T RT s - P . I G S E 5 T HMD 3
for a reasonable length of time. without hitting the sides; and
When you've typed the pro- 'Catch a Falling Star' in which IS P R I N T RT ">.<•****** *
gram in, you will be greeted with you move along the bottom of
a friendly 'Hello, my name is the screen and try to catch the * * I S * P R * H T AT
ZX81, what is your name" to stars which fall from the top of * * 2 S * P S J N T R T I 4 . , S . ; " O U l Z F O R -J *
which you will reply with your the screen. The games all have *
name. The program then takes simple instructions and are very >5 P R I N T R T ±<3 ,<5:. " * * * * * * * * * * * *
you through a series of simple user friendly.
teaching tests followed by a There are also some very nice 3© FOR 1 = 1 TO >00
number of games if you manage programming touches which 3 5 N E X T J
to get the answers right. 4-d C L S
should appeal to younger users. 4-5 R f l N D
Among the teaching tests are For example, should you get the LET X = INT \i+30*RNDi
'Biggest and Smallest' where answer to one of the problems b V Ltfl V = ATI I i
you have to identify which of wrong you will get a large frown- 6® LET Z = I N T (1+30»RND)
two numbers is biggest and ing face on the screen asking 6 1 I F X=Y T H E N GOTO 5 0
which is smallest; 'Simple you to try the problem again. © 2 I F X = Z THEN GOTO SO
Sums' in which you are en- Should you get the answer right, 63 I F V =Z T H E N GOTO SO
couraged to attempt basic addi- you are rewarded with a smiling 6S LET P = INT fl*10*RNDJ
tion and subtraction; and 'Sort face and a congratulations I F P - J 6 T H E N GOTO 150
3 0 REM BIGGEST
the Numbers' in which you have
to sort six numbers into their
message. 31 REM M N M
The program runs at a fairly 32 LET B=0
correct order of magnitude. slow pace so as not to leave the ^ 3 5 PRINT TRB 3 ; " ******
Where the child is unable to child behind, but can be speeded
enter the correct answer, after up if necessary, by adjusting the P R I N T T R B 3.; " W H I C H IS*BIGGE
a number of attempts, the cor- FOR. . . NEXT loops - used in
rect answer is given. After all a s PRJNT TRB 3:
preference to the PAUSE state- ******
entries, except in the games, ment which gives that distrac- 96 PRINT
Newline should be used. ting screen flicker. Likewise, 97 PRINT "1
There are also a couple of the sums have been kept sim- aaniffititJEKgiSBai
programs which produce nice ple, but could be made more • • y * •• .. . y
effects on the screen. These are difficult by extending the range 98 PRINT
'Fun Time' which draws shapes of random numbers used.
>9 P R I N T
on the screen such as flowers, Initially, children may need a
spirals and circles; and 'Sign little help from parents but very 1 0 0 I F B < X T H E N L E T B =X
Writer' in which you type your soon, at the highly receptive age 1 1 0 I F B <Y T H E N L E T B=Y
name and the letters are made of 5 or 6 years, they will be more 1 2 0 I F B<Z THEN LET B=Z
up into a sign which is moved than able to use this program 1 2 5 I N P U T B 1
across the screen. 1 3 0 REM B —RCTURL BIGGEST
pretty much unaided. This pro- 1 3 1 REM
The games provided in the gram presents a complete 1 3 2 REM B 1 = C H Q 5 £ N BIGGEST
package are simple, but give a package for the younger ZX 1 3 3 REM I — — — — — — — I
break from the 'number crun- user, being both fun to use as 14.0 I F B 1 = B T H E N G O T O 92S0
ching'. Some are offered as well as educational. 14-5 G 0 3 U B ©100

52
 ZX81 EDUCATION
14-6 G O T O 80
150 REM S M A L L E S T
1 5 1 REM — • — —
14-20 P R I N T m
155 L E T B=31 14-30 PRINT
14-4-0 PRINT TAB • •y • wr • V ••
160 P R I N T T A B 3 ; * * * * * * * *
**»**'
165 PRINT TAB 3; "WHICH IS*3MALL 14-50 PRINT
EST * " ; R% ; * •
^170 PRINT TRB 3 ; " * * * * * *
1470 INPUT Z
175 PRINT 14-80 LET T=T + 1
180 PRINT 14-90 I F T =4 THEN GOTO 1530
14.95 CLS
1500 IF Z=X-Y THEN GOTO 9200
1510 GOSUB 9100
1520 GOTO 14-20
1530 PRINT
195 I F B > X T H E N L E T B =X 154-0 PRINT "WELL " ; A *
200 I F B > Y T H E N L E T B =Y 1550 PRINT " IU I L L H E L P Y O U NOU'
205 IF B > Z THEN LET B=Z 15B0 PRINT "THE ANSUER IS ".*. X - Y
210 REM S = R C T U R L SMALLEST 1570 PRINT " ****"

»
211 REM — — — — — — 1580 FOR 1=1 TO 100
212 REM B 1 - C H Q 5 E N S M A L L E S T 1585 NEXT I
213 REM f — i i — » H » 1590 GOTO 9035
215 INPUT B1 2000 REM GAME-STARCRASH
220 IF B 1 = B THEN GOTO 9200 2001
225 Rem • H H H M H
GOSUB 9100 2010 PRINT "LET US PLAY A GAME 1
230 GOTO 150 .: A *
1000 REM S I M P L E SUMS 2011 PRINT
1001 REM 20 1 2 PR I N T
1008 PRINT TRB 9 2013 PRINT
1009 PR I N T T A B 9 ; " * * * * * * * * * * * " 2014. P R I N T
1010 P R I N T T A B 9'; " S I M P L E SUMS' 2 0 1 5 P R I N T TRB
1015 PRINT TRB 9;"»»»»»*»»»* 2016 P R I N T TRB
1016 PRINT t a b 9; — a ^ m a s 2 0 1 7 PRINT TAB
1020 PRINT 2018 PRINT
1025 PRINT 2 319 PRINT
1030 PRINT 2 320 P R I N T "PRESS M TO STEER YOU
1035 PRINT TRB 10 NOLI A $ R SPACESHIP"
1040 PRINT 2021 PRINT "
1045 PR I N T 2022 PRINT
105<? Pf-. I N T TPS 6:"LET US DO SOME 2 0 2 3 P R I N T " I F YOU H I T A STAR TH
SUMS" S GAME ENDS"
1060 FOR 1 = 1 T O 200 2024- P R I N T " AND I W I L L T E L L YOU
1065 NEXT I YOUR SCORE"
;A 1070 CLS 2025 PRINT
* * 1075 RAND 202B PRINT
1080 L E T X = I NT f1+20+RND) 2027 PRINT
1090 LET Y = I N T I 1 + 2 0 + RND) 2 O 3 0 P R I N T " G E T R E A D Y - T H E GAME S
1100 LET A = I N T <1 + 1 0 * R M D ) TARTS SOON"
1105 I F A<6 THEN GOTO 1360 204-0 FOR 1 = 1 TO 120
1110 PEM RDDITION 204-5 NEXT I
1111 REM I — — — I 2050 CLS
1115 LET T = 0 2060 LET W=0
1120 FOR 1 = 1 T O 7 2 0 7 0 LET X = 10
1130 PRINT 2030 LET Y =15
1140 NEXT I =090 LET Z =20
1150 PR I N T 2 1 0 0 P R I N T RT Z.RND*30;"*"
2 1 1 0 P R I N T RT X Y : "
1160 PRINT 2120 LET U =U + 1
1170 PRINT TAB x; • «
f. *' t
. ** 2130 SCROLL
214-0 I F Y > 2 THEN L E T Y=Y-1
1180 PRINT 2150 I F INKEY $ = "M" RND Y<28 THEN
PR I N T LET Y=Y+2
2 1 6 0 P R I N T RT X . Y : " '*
* * 2 1 7 0 P R I N T RT l i . Y + l ;
1200 INPUT Z
CE 1210 LET T = T + 1 2130 IF PEEK (PEEK 16393+255+PEE
** 1220 I F T = 4 THEN GOTO 1250 K 1 6 3 9 9 ) < >23 THEN GOTO 2100
1223 CLS 2190 PRINT W
1225 I F Z=X+Y THEN GOTO 9200 2 2 0 0 FOR 1 = 1 TO 35
1230 GOSUB 9100 2 2 0 5 NEXT I
1240 GOTO 1150 2210 CLS
1250 PRINT 2220 PRINT
[ V 1260 PRINT "WELL ".; R $ 2221 PRINT
1270 PRINT " IU I L L HELP VOU NOU" 2222 PRINT
1280 PRINT " T H E ANSWER I S ";X+Y 2223 PRINT
1290 PRINT " ' ****" 2225 IF W> 50 THEN GOTO 2230
1300 FOR 1 = 1 T O 100 2230 PR I N T " N O T B A D " ; A J,
1310 NEXT I 2231 PRINT "YOUR SCORE W A S . . " '
1350 GOTO 9 0 3 5 s'235 PRINi
1360 REM S U B T ^ A ^ O N 224-0 PRINT "WAS THAT FUN?"
1365 224-5 PRINT
1370 IF X ^ Y T H E N G ^ T O 107® 2250 PRINT "LET US DO SOMETHING
1380 LET T =0 ELSE NOU"
1390 FOR 1 = 1 T O 7 2260 FOR 1 = 1 TO 45
1400 PRINT 2265 NEXT I
1410 NEXT I 2270 GOTO 9035

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 53

 2X81 EDUCATION
3280 IF U > 3 0 0 THEN GOTO 2296 4000 REM S O R T T H E NUMBERS
2290 PRINT "UELL DONE 4-001 REM _
2295 GOTO 2231 4.005 P R I N T T R B 6. * * 4 + * * 4 * * * * 4 4 *
2296 PRINT "UERV GOOD INDEED
* * * "
4 0 1 0 PRINT TRB 6.; " S O R T THE NUM6E
2 2 9 >3 GOTO 2231
30C0 REM FUN TIME 4* 0*1" 5 PRINT TRB 6. * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
3001 REM
3010 PRINT TRB 6: " F U N - - T I M E " : R$ 1020 FOR X = 1 TO 5
30X5 PRINT TRB 4,; 4-025 P R I N T
4030 NEXT X
3016 PRINT TRB 4-; " 4 4 + 4 * * 4 * * * * * * * 4-035 P R I N T "WHEN I PUT 6 NUMBERS
4 * 4 4 4 "
ON"
302O PRINT 4036 PRINT
3021 PR I N T 4040 PRINT " T H E S C R E E N , YOLI SORT
3022 PR I N T THEM
3030 PRINT URTCH ME NOU 404 1 PRINT
3035 PRINT 4045 PRINT
PRINT " INTO ORDER-SMRLLEST
304-0 RND I UILL DRftU R PR TO BIGGEST"
STTY" 4050 PRINT
304-5 PRINT 4055 PRINT
3050 PRINT SHRPE FOR YOU" 4060 PRINT "IF YOU GET YOUR RNSU
3055 FOR 1 = 1 TO 30 ER RIGHT"
3058 NEXT I 4070 PRINT
3060 CLS 4075 PRINT "I UILL L E T Y O U P L RY
3065 RRND GRME"
3070 LET R = INT ( l + 10iRND.» 4080 PRINT
3080 I F R < 4- T H E N G O T O 3200 4085 PRINT " I R M C H O O S I N G T H E NU
3090 IF R > 6 T H E N GOTO 34-00 MBER5 NOU...
3100 REM P R E T T Y SHRPE 4 0 9 0 FOR 1=1 TO 30
3105 REM 4093 NEXT I
3110 FOR X = 1 TO 100 4095 CLS
3128 LET Y = P H X y S 8
3130 PRINT RT 9JCOS (Y)+10 4100 REM S E L E C T I O N OF 6 NUMBERS
1 4 * 5 1 4 1 0 1 REM n v i n i n
N (Y) +15 : "D"
4105 RRND
3140 NEXT X 4.110 D I M RC6)
3150 FOR 1 = 1 TO IS 4 1 1 5 FOR 1=1 TO 6
3155 NEXT I 4120 LET R ( I ) = I N T <1+20+RND)
3160 GOTO 3300 4 1 2 1 NEXT I
3200 REM FLOUER 4122 IF R ( 2 ) =R ( 1 ) T H E N G O T O 4100
J W 1 " KLT1
4123 IF R =R ( 2 ) OR R ( 3 ) = R ( 1 ) T
3205 LET R =INT f 1 + 10+RNDJ
3208 IF R > 5 T H E N GOTO 3260 HEN GOTO 4100
3 2 1 0 REM P R E T T Y FLOUER 4124 IF R ( 4 ) =R ( 3 ) OR R ( 4 3 = R ( 2 ) 0
3 2 1 1 REM — — • — — 1 R R ( 4 > = R ( 1 ) THEN GOTO 4100
3 2 1 5 FOR 3 = 0 TO 2 0 0 STEP 3 4125 IF R ( 5 ) =R ( 4 ) OR R ( 5 ) = R < 3 > 0
3220 LET T a S i P I / 1 0 0 R R ( 5 ) =R ( 2 ) OR R ( 5 ) = R ( 1 ) T H E N GO
3225 LET F=23*SIN (5+TJ TO 4100
3230 LET P=30+F*COS T 4126 IF R ( 6 ) =R C5) OR R C 6 1 = f t ( 4 ) 0
R R C6) =R (3i OR R ( 6 ) =R ( 2 ) OR R(6)
3235 LET Q=20+F*SIN T
3240 PLOT P.O =R(1) THEN GOTO 4.100
324-5 NEXT S" 4130 P R I N T "NOU ";R$
3 2 5 0 FOR 1=1 TO 15 4131 PRINT
3 2 5 3 NEXT I 4135 PRINT MY N U M B E R S RRE
3255 GOTO 3300
3260 REM P R E T T Y SPIRRL 4140 PRINT
3 2 6 1 REM W — — W — 1 4145 FOR 1=1 TO 6
3 2 6 5 FOR S = 0 TO 1300 STEP S
3270 LET T=S»PI/1S0
3275 LET F=1.1*T
3280 LET P=30+F»COS T
3285 LET Q=20+F4SIN T
3290 PLOT P.O
3 2 9 5 NEXT S
3 2 9 6 FOR 1 = 1 TO 15
3293 NEXT I
3300 CL3
3310 PRINT RT 3 . 5 : "NQU "*. R «
3320 PRINT RT 1 0 , 5 ; "ONTO' S O M E T H I
NQ ELSE"
3 3 2 5 FOR 1=1 TO 35
3 3 2 8 NEXT I
3330 GOTO 9035
34-00 REM PRETTY CIRCLES
34.05 REM
34-10 FOR J = 10 - 1
34.15 L E T Q*=CHR$ (RND + 1 1 + 12
3*(RND<0.5)J)
34-20 FOR B = 0 TO 360 STEP 10
34-30 L E T G=B*PI/>130
344.0 P R I N T RT 1 0 + J » C O S G.. 1 5 + J i S I
N G : Q$
3450 NEXT B
34-60 NEXT J
34-70 FOR 1 = 1 TO 15
3475 NEXT I
3 4 8 0 GOTO 3300

983
ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB, MARCH 1983 54
1150 PRINT fifl) ;*' 14-21 PRINT
1155 NEXT I 44-25 PRINT -YOUR NUMBERS UERE
1158 LET C=0
1160 REM R » S O R T * E N T E R N U M B E R S 1430 PRINT
1161 REM mmmmmmmmmmmmm 4435 FOR 1 = 1 TO i
1165 PRINT 44-40 PRINT B < I J '
1166 PRINT 1445 NEXT I
1170 PRINT "YOU ENTER THE N U M B E R 44-50 PRINT
5 NOU" 44-51 PR I N T
1171 P R I N T 4455 PRINT "FROM S M A L L E S T TO BIG
1175 P R I N T " S H R L L E S T F I R S T TO B Z 3EST "
3GEST L A S T " 1460 PRINT •THE NUMBERS SHOULD B
1177 P R I N T
1180 D I M B ( 6 ) 4465 PRINT
1185 F O R 1 = 1 T O 6 1470 FOR 1=1 TO 6
1190 I N P U T B f U 4 4 7 5 P R I N T FL(I) ; "
1195 P R I N T B C D ; " 44-80 N E X T I
1196 I F B ( I ) = R ( l i OR B ( I J = R ( 2 ) O 44-85 P R I N T
R B ( I ) =R ( 3 ) OR B ( I ) = f l ( l ) OR Bfl) 1186 PRINT
=RC5) OR B C D = R ( S J T H E N G O T O 419 4189 PRINT "THERE YOU ARE " R ®
3 1190 PRINT "CHECK UHERE YOU UENT
1197 GOTO 4500 URONG"
1198 N E X T I 4
* 1* 9* 1* * *P*R*I*N*T* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
1199 FOR 1 = 1 T O 12
*2©0 N E X T I 4192 FOR 1=1 TO 75
1 2 0 1 REM Z X S O R T T H E NUMBERS 4493 NEXT I
1202 REM 1191 PRINT
1203 L E T K=0 4195 PRINT "NOU TRY SOME SIMPLE
1205 FOR 1 = 1 T O 5 SUMS"
1208 I F R ( I ) > R ( I > 1 ) T H E N G O T O 4-2 4 1 9 6 F O R I=*L T O 1 5
15 4197 NEXT I
1210 GOTO 4230 4198 CLS
1215 LET T=A(IJ 4199 GOTO 1000
3-220 LET A <I) = R ( I + L ) 4500 REM INVALID NUMBER INPUT
1225 L E T R ( I + 1 ) = T 1501 REM wmmmmmm
1226 L E T K = K + 1 4510 PRINT
1230 N E X T I 1520 PRINT 'URONG NUMBER-NOT IN
1231 I F K = 0 T H E N G O T O 1250 MY L I S T "
1232 GOTO 4 2 O 0 4
*5*2*1* * *P*R"I N T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
1250 REM C O H P R R E Z X + R S SORTS
1251 R E M — — m m m m m m m m m m i 4525 PRINT
1255 FOR 1 = 1 T O 6 4530 PRINT "LET US START RGRIN'
4510 FOR 1=1 TO 35
1260 IF R C I ) O B ( Z ) THEN GOTO 4-3® 4515 NEXT I
4550 CLS
1265 REM
1270 N E X T C OI R R E C T R N S U E R GIUEN 4560 GOTO 41O0
1 2 7 1 REM " 3000 REM REURRD G R M E S
1272 P R I N T 3001 REM
1273 P R I N T 3005 RRND
1274 P R I N T 3 0 1 0 L E T G = I N T (1 + 1 0 * R N D )
1275 P R I N T T R B 5.; *' * * * U E L L DONE 3 0 1 5 IF G <1 T H E N G O T O 8100
;fi$.; • • * * * " S 0 2 0 IF G > 7 T H E N G O T O 8600
1278 P R I N T 3100 REM RRCING CRR
1280 PR I N T T A B 5.; " N O U Y O U C R N PL. 3110 REM
3Y O BBBB" * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3115 PRI
1281 P R I N T " 3120 PRINT •RRCING CRR"
************ 3130 PRINT v » v » % v » s v v
1285 FOR 1=1 TO 35 3131 PRINT
1288 NEXT I 3132 PRINT
1 2 9 0 CLS 3133 PRINT
1295 GOTO 8 0 0 0 3131 PRINT
1300 REM U R Q N G P N S U E R G I U E N 3135 PRINT 'RRCE YOUR CRR ROUND
1301 r e m m n i mmmm THE TRACK"
131© L E T C = C + 1 3137 PRINT
4315 I F C = 3 T H E N GOTO 14-O0 3110 PRINT BUT DO NOT HIT THE S
IDES"
5.320 C L 5 3115 PRINT
1325 P R I N T " N O R $
1327 P R I N T S
•i
15© PRINT OR THE GAME WILL END
1330 P R I N T NOT Q U I T E RIGHT"
1335 P R I N T 3155 PRINT
1340 P R I N T 3156 PRINT
YOUR NUMBERS UERE 3157 PRINT
5158 PRINT
1345 PRINT 3160 PRINT "PRESS TO GO LEFT
4350 FOR 1 = 1 T O 3165 PRINT
1355 PRINT B ( I ) 3170 PRINT PRESS M TO GO RIGHT"
1360 NEXT I 3175 PRINT
1365 PRINT 3176 PRINT
1366 PRINT 3180 PRINT "THE GRME STARTS SOON
1376 PRINT "NOU T R Y RGRIN"
1375 GOTO 4 1 6 0 3135 FOR 1=1 TO 50
1400 REM H E L P N O U N E E D E D 3188 NEXT I
1401 REM 3190 CLS
1405 CLS 3200 LET U=10
1410 PRINT " U E L L " A* 3210 LET X=10
44-15 PRINT " I U I L L HELP YOU NOU 3220 LET Y =20
1420 PRINT 3230 LET Z=9

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 55

 ZX81 EDUCATION
3 S 1 0 PRINT RT Y.Z; 3660 PRINT
3250 P R I N T R T U'.X': 3S65 PRINT PRESS M TO GO RIGM
3260 SCROLL T "
3270 IF INKEY* Z " THEN LET X =X - 3670 PRINT
1 3675 PRINT
3280 IF INKEY$="M" THEN LET X =X + 3S80 PRINT THE GRME STRRTS SO
1 ON"
3 2 9 0 P R I N T R T U.. X.; " Y " 3685 FOR 1=1 T O 35
3 3 0 0 IF Z < 1 7 T H E N L E T Z=Z+2*RND 3683 NEXT I
3 3 1 0 IF Z > 7 T H E N L E T Z=Z-2*RND 3690 CLS
3 3 2 0 P R I N T R T 11.. X ; 3695 LET X=0
3 3 3 0 IF P E E K (PEEK 1 6 3 9 3 + P E E K 16 3700 LET Y = 16
399*256)=128 THEN GOTO 3350 3705 FOR R =1 TO 5
334-0 G O T O 324-0 3710 LET S = INT (RND*25>
3350 FOR 1=1 T O 15 3715 F O R T =0 T O 2 0
335S NEXT I 3720 IF I N K E Y $ = " Z " T H E N LET Y =Y -
3350 GOTO 9035 1
9400 REM SIGN-URITER 3725 IF INK EY $ = " M " THEN LET Y=Y +
34.01 R E M x
34.03 P R I N T T R B 10; 3730 IF Y < 0 T H E N L E T Y = 0
34-05 P R I N T T R B 10;"SIGN-WRITER" 3735 IF Y > 3 1 T H E N L E T Y = 3 1
34-10 P R I N T T R B 10; 3740 CLS
34-15 P R I N T 3745 P R I N T R T T.S; " * " ; R T £ 0 , Y ; "1
34-16 P R I N T
34-17 P R I N T J"
3750 I T = 20 RND =Y THEN LET X=
34-20 P R I N T " Y O U E N T E R Y O U R FULL X +L
NRME " T =20 R N D S =Y+1 T H E N LET
34-25 P R I N T
9430 PRINT AND I UILL CHRNGE IT X=X + 1
INTO R" 3 7 5 5 If T = 2 0 R N D s = Y T H E N GOSUB
3435 PRINT 3850
3440 PRINT 3 7 6 0 I f T = 2 0 R N D s = Y + 1 T H E N GOSU
HE S C R E E N " 3 3850
3445 INPUT 3765 NEXT T
3770 NEXT R
3450 CLS 3 7 7 5 FOR 1=1 TO 10
PRINT 3773 NEXT I
5780 CLS
3 7 8 S P R I N T RT 3.0: "UELL/'.;R$
3790 PRINT RT 10,0;"YOU CRUGHT "
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * :X;" OUT OF s S T A R S "
3* 4* 5* 8 3 7 9 5 P R I N T R T 12.0*. " N O U L E T U S D
* * *P *R *I *N*T* *R*T* • 1
*6* *,*0*;*""» * * * * * * * * • # * O SOMETHING ELSE"
3800 FOR 1=1 TO 35
M f . .R.T. a ^ W W V W t f W A 3803 NEXT I
34-60 P R I NtoUdMtMMZ 3805 GOTO 9035
3 8 5 0 FOR 1=1 T O 10
3465 FOR 1=1 TO S 6 8 5 5 P R I N T R T 20,Y.: "KB*"
3470 LET PCLEN B* 9960 P R I N T A T 20.. Y ; " * * "
3475 LET C=1 6865 NEXT I
34-80 I F C < 3 1 T H E N P R I N T R T IER>-UA. 3870 RETURN
1-C) B * ( 1 T O C) 9000 REM GENERRL INTRODUCTION
3 4 8 5 IF C > = 3 1 R N D C < = L E N B $ T H E N 9001 REM • ^ ^ • ^ • • • I B H B M H I
P R I N T R T 1 0 . 0 ; B > ( C - 3 0 T O CJ 9005 PRINT RT 8.3;"HELLO.MY NRME
34-90 IF C > = L E N B $ T H E N L E T B>=B« IS 2 X 8 1 "
^ • • •• 9* 0 0 *6* *P*R* I N T R T 9.. 3.; " * * * * * * * * * * * * *
** **
3495 IF LEN B $ =P -F 3 2 THEN GOTO 86
10 90 IS P R I N T RT 12.3; " U H R T IS YOUR
3500 LET C =C+1 NAME?"
3505 GOTO 8480 9* 0* 1* 6* * *
P"RINT RT 13,3;**************
3510 NEXT I 9020 INPUT R*
3515 FOR S = 1 T O 10
3 5 2 0 P R I N T R T 1 0 . 12; " H H S " 9021 PRINT
3 S 2 5 P R I N T RT 10.12;"GOODBYE- 9022 PRINT
3530 NEXT S 9023 PRINT
3535 FOR 1=1 T O 30 9025 PRINT * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
3538 NEXT I 9*0*2 *6 * * *P*R*I*N*T* * *
3540 GOTO 9035 NOU
3600 REM CRTCH R FRLLING STRR 9
•»
0 2 7 P R I N T " L E T U S H R U E S O M E FUN
9601 REM M
3 6 0 5 P R !INT I N T T R B 5.; " « * * * * » * * * * * » « * 9028 PRINT "HERE UE GO
* *• ***"
3610 PRINT TAB S;"CATCH R FRLLIN 9
3 STRR" *0*2**9 **
P *R *I*N*T* * **** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
3* 6
* *1*5* * P R I N T T R B 5; " I U I ^ I F I J F F I * 9030 FOR 1=1 TO 35

mm
**
9033 NEXT I
3620 FOR 1=1 TO 5 9035 CLS
3625 PRINT 9040 REM SELECTION OF RCTIUITIE
3630 NEXT I
3635 PRINT '
9041 REM i
RS THE STRR FRLLS 9045 FOR
FROM THE" 9048 NEXT I
3540 PRINT 9049 RRND
3645 PRINT ' SKY.YOU TRY TO CRT 9 0 5 0 L E T R = I N T (1 + 1 0 » R N D )
CH IT" 9 0 5 5 IF A < 7 T H E N G O T O 9090
3650 PRINT 9060 LET B=INT (1*10*RND)
3655 PRINT ' PRESS Z TO GO LEFT 9 0 6 5 IF B > 7 T H E N G O T O 2000
9 0 7 0 L E T C = I N T (1 + 1 0 * R N D )

56
 ZX81 EDUCATION
9075 I F C < 4- T H E N GOTO 3 0 0 0 9230 PRINT
GOTO 4-000 •i
3090
3095
LET D = I N T (1+10*RND)
I F D < 6 THEN GOTO 10
9235 PRINT •
9096 GOTO 1000 JS' *
3100 924-0 PRINT
REM
3101 a-
3102 PRINT 924-5 PRINT
9105 PRINT "NO " : R$ ; " .TRY ftGfilN"*
9110 PRINT
?•2FF
50 PRINT w m

3115 PRINT 92S5 PRINT

3 PRINT " m m
l« 1 2 0
9260 PRINT
9125 PRINT • t

3 130 9 26S PRINT

**
PRINT ••

3135 9270 PRINT

PRINT
1 3275 FOR 1=1 TO 25
3140 PRINT 9279 NEXT I
1" 928© FOR 1=1 TO 3
3145 PRINT 9285 CLS
I " 9290 PRINT
3
•i
150 PRINT 9295 PRINT
9300 PRINT
3155 PRINT
»l m m
9305 PRINT
3310 PRINT
3160 PRINT
•i 93IS PRINT " * * *
•i
3165 PRINT 9320 PRINT
* * *
• »
* * *
917© FOR 1 = 1 TO £5 3325 PRINT "
3173 NEXT I • * * * *••
3175 CLS 9330 PRINT " * * * * * * * * *
3180 RETURN 9335 PRINT *'
3200
3201
REM C O R R E C T
REM
ftNSUER
^
GIUEN
i •I

934-0
334-5
PRINT
PRINT
"
"
*
*
*
* *••
*"
* * *
33S0 PRINT "
3355 PRINT "

3360 NEXT I
3365 GOTO 9035
9600 REM O P E N I N G T I T L E PRGE
9801 REM • ^ • • • • • • • • • • • 1
9805 FOR 1 = 1 TO 5
9810 PRINT
3815 NEXT I
9820 PRINT

9835 PRINT " * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
984-0 PRINT SUMS RND FUN FOR INF
RNTS "
984-5 PRINT SVVAWVWVVWWVW»
9%50 PRINT
9855 PRINT
9
• «8 6 0 PRINT "BY P.E.BLOXNRM
9865 PRINT V A W i ( W / » W W W V W «

9870 PRINT "

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
j ^ ^ P R I N T

9 8 8 ^ P R I N T

9385. PR

9886 FOR 1=1 TO 3 5

9887 NEXT I
3202 PRINT 9888 CLS
3205 P R I N T 9889 GOTO 9000
UELL DONE " ; R $ ; " - M R U 9900 REM RUTO-WUN
£ R STRR. "
9901 REM
9210 P R I N T
3910 SRUE "S-
3215 P R I N T 9920 GOTO 1
3220 P R I N T 9990 REM MEMORY
<t
9991 REM _
3225 PRINT 9992 PRINT PEEK H ( 9 6 + 2 5 6 * P E E K 1
5397- 16509

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 57

 SPECTRUM CAME

Not an easy game this! You not always destroy the aliens. If The control keys for the Once the program has been
have three ships, and your mis- an invader hits you then you will game are as follows: typed in and RUN, you will have
sion is to rid the planet's surface lose one of your ships. The only to wait four seconds for the
of invading aliens. way to get more ships is to in- The '1' key moves your ship game to start not long really,
Each time you fire a missile at crease your score; you will get down when you consider the fate of
an invader and destroy it you an extra ship when your score The 'Q' key moves your ship up Earth is in your hands!
will be awarded 60 points but increases to 5,000, 10,000, The 'P' key fires a missile
watch out, your missiles may 1 5,000 and 20,000. The 'T' key stops the game

5 BORDER PR FEZ 0 : INK 7: C 190

LET f=7: LET t =£»
L 5 IF t =1 HND INKEV $ = OR t =
4 G O SUE- 1 i+ND I N K E Y » = T H E N GO T D J9P
7 CUERR 201 LET 5 = 3 f tINKEY$ ="q") -flNKEY
10 LET t=0: LET hs=G: LET d =4-: S = " 1" ;
LET s=0: LET a =10: LET 1=3 202 IF I N K E Y t " THEN GO TO 75
2 0 LET a $ 0
2©3 IF INKEY$="p" THEN LET U 1
30 LET bi= 205 IF a < 5 THEN LET 3=5
210 IF a > 1 1 THEN LET 3=JJ
40 FOR f =14- TO 21 215 PRINT R T 3 - 1 . , 3., "
S P R I N T I N K 216 PRINT fiT a + 1 , 3 ; "
2 IS PRINT R T a.. 3 . : "
S© NEXT t 220 IF t = 0 T H E N GO T O 250
65 FOR h =0 TQ 2 221 IF SCREEN* ' a , f ) f " " THEM
PRINT INK 4-.RT GO T O 500
H H H 222 IF SCR I I O j F T J. THE
S0 NEXT h N GO TO 5S0
=•0 P R I N T PftPER 0; INK 7; AT 2 2 3 P R I N T HT a ; ? ; C H R $ 1 4 6
6 . " S C O R E ®* 2 S 5 B E E P . 0 2 , 0
1S0 PRINT HT D.0.:" LET 227 PRINT R T a., f " "
~d=RND*S+5: LET' i =28 229 LET f s f + 1
983
Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB, MARCH 1983 58
 SPECTRUM CAME
233 I P S C R E E N * ( 8 / 7 ) :,>•' " THEN 7 9 0 PAUSE 4-3
GO TO 6 0 0 SO0 P R I N T RT 5 , 1 © , "
234. P R I N T I N K 3 AT 3 , S , C H R f 14-4- 3 1 3 PAUSE 3 0
,CHR$ 14.5 S20. F I N K E Y J o ' ' T H E N GO TO 7
235 PRINT INK 5 ; A- a,,3., C H R * 14-9 336
loee FOR n = 144 TO 1
P." I N T PAPER 7 , RT ii3.,i0,SCRE 101i3 OR t =i5 T O "7
EN$ ( s , 6 • 1320 READ fOKE USh CHR$ i n ) +- f
253 PRINT 'flPER INK 7., A T 19.,
1O , 103O NEXT f
263 PRINT :NK 4-, r t 1 3 ,0 y j $ 104-0 N E X T n
265 PR It iT "NrC i . hi 3.. 0 ; b $ 1050 DDTH O . 0 . S I N ©1111103.BIN 1
270 LET a j s a $ ( l ' T O $ (1) 1111110.. B I N 11111111 -BIN 1111 111
275 LET b$ = b $ U TO 32) +b$ H 1 1 , BIN 11111111 .BIN OillllQi?,
260 LET a $ = 3 $ <2 TO f 106-© D f t T R O . O , 0 . 0 j 0 , B I N 11111111
265 LET b$=b$<2 TO > ..BIN 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 , 0
290 PRINT INK 7; AT d . i 1; C H R $ 14-7 1 0 7 0 D H T H 0 0 , -0 , 0 .. 0 , & I.N 00JJ1110
• *» ll " *
..BIN 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 , 0
295 IF s>5030 THEN LET = f 1 0 S 0 D A T Pi B I N © 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 , S I N OIQIO
296 T*= s i n c O O t ^ f i = ' +-2 100, SIN 0111110© 5 IK OOillStV.,BI
297 , 1 5 3 O 0 T H E N LET 1 = 1+1 N 01010103.BIN 10010010.BIN 1031
298 TP Sv > 2 0 E C £ i THEN LET 1= 1+1 0 0 10 . B I N 10010010
330 IF J >=13 i RICW L F i i = i - i RNO * 1 1 & 3 DPT R 3 . 0 , 0 . , E- I N 0 0 0 l l l t l , B I N
1 + 1) 11111111.BIN 11111111-BIN 30011
335 IF HEN LET n i - I i l l - 0
313 IF i y=3 THEN GO T O 15S 1110 DRTP 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , B I N 0O00000I,B
315 IF t =31 T H E N GC TO I S 0 »k I . 1 ,Ti t 1 > j .—
J. t 1 _ W J. i i 1 . v. . v '
~0 2 0 0 1120 DATA
11113 100 ,255 . £5^O .B IN
5 0 0 FOR h - 1 T O 3 .. 2 5 5 . . 2 5 5 . , B I N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . , B I N 1 1 1 1 0 ©
535 P R I N T INK 5.: R T - 3 3 . ; C H R $ 14-S 0 0
/ CHR $ 1 4 B 1133 DRTP 0 , 0 . B I N 10000000.BIN 1
5 1 3 INK 7 : PRINT AT 3 - J , x ; C K f f i 1111300,BIN 11111111 .BIN 111003O
152.;CHR$ 1 5 3 : PRINT m^ a\r;CHc>* 3 , 0 , 0
154; C H R * 1 5 5 PAUSE IP ' " 114-0 D R T p 0 , E I N O 0 0 0 1 i l l , B I N 000
520 INK 6 - PRINT HT a - 1 , f ; C H R $ 11111.BIN 00011II1.BIN 02111111
156; CHR$ 1 5 7 P R I N T fTT a . f ; C H R 4 - B I N 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , B I N 3X 1 1 1 1 1 1 . B I N 01
156,CHR$ 155' PAUSE 1C 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 2 1 INK 7 1150 DRTP 0 ,B I N 1003^000 , BIN 111
525 BEEP . 1 . - 3 0 ; BEEP
530 NEXT h
T . - 0 0 0 & 0 , B I N m i 1 0 0 0 , e i M 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0-
537 LET S = s t S O B I N 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 , B I N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 . B I N 11
1 1 1 1 1 0
540 P R I N T AT a - 1 , f , " PRINT
RT a , f ; " H B O DATA B I N 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 . 1 ,B I N D l l l l
5 5 0 GO T O ISO 1 1 1 . B I N 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , B I N 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1.BI
6 0 0 FOR Q = i T O 3 - INK 5 N 0O011111.BIN 00001111 .BIN 0000
632 P R I N T RT a - 1 , 4 ; " " , C.H.R* 00111,O,255
; B" ,CHR $ 153 1173 DATR BIN 11111110.BIN 11111
110..BIN 11111110 .BIN 1111110O.BI
635 P R I N T AT a , 4 ; " ";CHR$ 1F4: " N 11111000.BIN 1111B000.BIN 1110
1";CHR$ 155: PfiUSE IS' 0000
637 INK 6 IIS© DHTR B I N © © l l 1 1 1 1 . B I N 00111
605 S E E P ,05.-30- EEFP .©"7,-25- 111,BIN 01111111,255,255 255,255
BEEP , i , - 2 0 ' ~ =- cr
6 1 0 P R I N T RT a - l . i ; " " ; GHRj 156 1190 DhTR BIN 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 . B I N 11111
;nr;CHR$ 15- 000 .BIN 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 .. 2 5 5 .. 2 5 5 2 5 5 , 2 5 5
6 1 6 P R I N T AT u .. 4 ,CH??J. 1 5 3 . ' tr ir-
i",CHR? 15-3: PPU5E 1Q 1200 DhTH 2 5 5 , 2 5 5 , 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5
623 NEXT 5.BTN ©0111111.BI N 00311111.255
627 P R I N T " A T a - 1 4 , " 1213 DATA 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 2 5
630 P R I N T AT 3 . 4 : " 5,BIN 11111110.BI N 1 1 I I I 1 3 0
6 3 2 PR I N T AT a+l',4;" PfiU 123© RETURN
SE 15
635^BEEP . 1..-1©; B E E P . VJ : E- Sample screen display.
EEP .2.0
643 LET 1=1-1
650 I F I =0 T H E N GO T O 7 5 ?
7 3 3 GO T O ISO
752 P R I N T AT 10. "GAME OUER"
7 5 5 FOR f =1 TD 3
7 6 3 c<EEP . 1 . - 3 : EEEP , 1 , -3.5 RE GAME OUER
EP . 1 , - 4 . BEEP . 1 , - 5 : BEEP .2.5
BEEP . 1 . - 2 0 '
770 NEXT f Press any fc^y to p Lay actain
775 B E E P . 1 , - 1 0 : REEp . 0 7 . - 4 : B
EEP . 2 . 3 : BEE>~> . 2 , 2 : BEEF i . -2P SCORE 15900
7 7 7 I F S > h S T H E N L E T h 5 =S
763 P R I N T P A P E R 0 . TNK 7 . R T 1.4.
;"HIGH SCORE •• : P R I N T RT
5 , 1 3 ; "GHHE O U E R " : PRINT ; PT 6 , 2 :
a r > t o
y P l a y j i l d i n " : P
RINT AT 1 0 , 1 0 , " S C O R E " . s
765 P R I Nit T P A P E R 4 ; A T 1 9 . 6 ; "

7 5 6 I F S> > = h s T H E N P R I N T PRPER 0

; INK 7.; R T 1 5 . , 3.; " Y o u have the hi
ghest score"

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3

59
 MACHINE CODE

How l wrote 9500 FOR l = 16509 TO PEEK 16396 +• 256*PEEK

my first
16397
9510 IF PEEK I 234 THEN GOTO 9590
9520 LET 1 = 1+1
9530 IF PEEK 1=118 THEN GOTO 9590

machine
9540 LET A = PEEK I
9550 IF A63 THEN GOTO 9520
9560 LET A = A + 1 28
9570 POKE I,A

code
9580 GOTO 9520
9590 NEXT I
9600 LIST Listing ,

program
Line 9500 finds the end of the Unfortunately, it takes th
program area, and sets up a program three seconds to
FOR . . NEXT loop to search achieve this. Admittedly, thre
the listing. Line 9510 checks if seconds is not long to wait,
the byte is a REM keyword. If if this program had to so
not, it jumps to line 9590 and through a 1 5K program it would
lan Turtle, of Ashbyf back around the loop. Once a take minutes. To be frank,
REM statement is encountered, thought this would be mor«|
Scunthorpe, explains then it begins to execute the trouble than it is worth.
lines 9520 to 9580. Line 9520
how he got to grips with increments the I count to the
next byte in the REM statement.
Eureka!
machine code, the Line 9530 checks for a
NEWLINE, and the end of the The obvious answer was to
REM statement. If the end of the put it into machine code. Unless!
problems he faced, and REM has been found, then the you are a computer fanatic, then|
program again begins to search I would not tightly recommen
the triumph he achieved. for another REM in memory. If you take the drastic step od|
the end has not yet been reach- deciding to tackle machine!
ed, then the code of the code.
character is checked. If it is If you find BASIC programn
greater than 63 then it is likely ing makes you tear your hair out I
to be a keyword with no inverse, in frustration with its error!
or a letter/number that is messages as you debug yourl
already reversed, so the loop latest masterpiece, do not at-
skips this byte. tempt to write machine code, orI
If its value is less than, or you'll soon need the services of I
equal to, 63, then 1 28 is added a hair-transplant specialist. It >s]
to the value to get the inverse the most frustrating experience I
(line 95601. Line 9570 then have ever gone through. Despite I
POKEs this value into memory this, the result were well worth)
and line 9580 returns to check all the effort.
the next byte in the program. The frustration made mel
Enter the program, and add a write a simple BASIC program to
line tike 9951 REM XXXXXXXX aid the development of machine
and RUN the program. The code, but more about that later.
listing will appear with the Xs Eventually, the program was
after the word REM in inverse as written and debugged, and >s|
This is an account of how required. shown in Listing 2.
wrote my first program in
machine code, following the Op-code Hex Decimal Bytes
study of Toni Baker's book START LD HL, 1 6549d 21A540 33,165,64 3
'Mastering Machine Code on the LD DE,(1 6396)d ED5B0C40 237,91,12,64 4
2X8 V. It was a real struggle to INC HL 23 35 1
get the program actually work- ENOCH LDA.D 7A 122 1
ing, as many of my initial CP H BC 188 1
assumptions were proved JRNZ REMCH 2003 32,3 2
wrong. LD A,E 7B 123 1
At first, I wrote a BASIC pro- CP L BD 189 1
gram to search through a pro- RET Z C8 200 1
gram, and convert all the letters, REMCH LD A(HL) 7E 126 1
numbers and the like to inverse CP 234d FEEA 254,234 2
video; this not only looks good, JRNZ ENOCH 20F3 32.243 2
but allows REM statements to INREM INC HL 23 35 1
stand out in listings so long as LD A,(HL) 7E 126 1
there are not too many PRINT CP1 18 FE76 254,1 18 2
statements in the program. JR Z ENOCH 28ED 40, 237 2
The program sat at the bot- CP 64 FE40 254,64 2
tom of program memory, and JRNC INREM 30F6 48,246 2
had to be typed in after the pro- ADD A, 128 C680 198,128 2
gram which I wanted to LD (HL),A 77 1 19 1
transform had been entered. My JR INREM 18F1 24,241 2
BASIC program to do this is Listing 2
shown in Listing 1.
983
Z X C O M P U T I N G FEB, MARCH 1983 60
 MACHINE CODE
the four 'line number' digits made to work. However, the
reading 00 OA 06 00. papers with a disassembled
Strangely, the computer has a listing (BASIC) were close to
'double standard' here. The hand. It was while rereading
line number is stored with the these that the idea of using the
high byte followed by the low length of line indicator oc-
byte. The length of the line, cured. Obviously, I cannot
lowever, is stored the other claim monopoly on this idea -
way round, with the low byte I had read of its use elsewhere,
first. but I had not previously
thought of using it here.
Back to the Anyway, it sounded rather
complex. In fact, it did cause
beginning the machine code to be a little
To return to the original pro- more complicated, but not too
blem, the line number 3050 difficult.
The machine code listing
BrtJl will be stored in memory as
OBEA, where EA is the value was longer, but it used the fact
the program searches for. So, that the REM indicates the end
of a listing by two Newlines on
the length of line marker will be
overwritten - not a good way the trot to check for the end of
to keep a bug-free program. the program. It was with this
With this knowledge, it is ob- listing I was finally satisfied.
vious that there is a set of HL was loaded at START with
numbers that would cause this 16509 since I had finally
problem. It was luck that un- decided to go for storing the
covered this bug (the numbers machine code above RAMTOP
are 234, 490, 746, 1002, for more convenience. This
1258, 1514, 1 770. . .). was done as follows:
Programming in machine code can make you old before your time
This was all very satisfying ENTER POKE 16388,216
in its way, but it meant the POKE 16389, 127
This is simply a straight the actual machine code original machine code program
translation of the BASIC into loader' program. For some NEW
was practically useless, as it
machine code. Location reason, it corrupted the line
would have meant the user Then the machine code can be
16514 inwards lie a REM which read:
had to search through the written, starting at address
statement as the first line of a
3050 IF 8$ = " D " THEN LET listing and change every occur- 32729.
ZX81 program) is my favourite
A$ = STR$ B rence of the line number set to So, after many hours , the
place to store machine code,
something else, running the listing below was produced,
so the program was written to
code, then changing them all which did the job demanded of
occupy these memory loca- To find out why, it was
necessary to find out how the back. A return to the BASIC it in the blink of an eye.as op-
tions. In theory, however, the
8K ROM stored line numbers. listing would obviously be a posed to minutes. I tested it on
program is completely
I discovered that the com- better idea. "Back to the draw- the longest program t could
relocatable, as there are no JPs
puter stores a tine number in ing board", I thought, and at- find, and it took no noticeable
as opposed to JRs (things you
four bytes. The first two bytes tempted a new approach. running time at alt. As a con-
have to come to terms with
contain the value of the line I do not think it is just me. clusion, I'd say that if you're
when programming in machine
code}. In practice, this number, and the second two However, I find it very difficult willing to stick at programming
assumption proved incorrect. bytes indicate how many to produce a brand new in machine code, the results
bytes long the line is. So a line method, or idea, straight after will be well worth the cost in
The HL register at the start
10, LET A PEEK 1, would have an old one had been tested and frustration.
of the listing is set to 1 6549
instead of 16509 to skip over
the actual REM statement. If Op-code Hex Decimal Bytes
this was not done, the START LD HL, 1 6509d 217D40 33,125,64 3
machine code would search LSKIP INC HL 23 35 1
itself, find the 243d one in- INC HL 23 35 1
struction after REMCH and LD E,(HL) 5E 94 1
assume this was a REM state- INC HL 23 35 1
ment. Then rt would alter all LD D.IHLI 56 86 1
the machine code which INC HL 23 35 1
followed, until it reached the LD A(HL> 7E 126 1
118 two instructions after IN CP 234d FEEA 254,234 2
REM. Obviously, this would JRZ ENDCH 2807 40,7 2
cause a crash. ADD HL.DE 19 25 1
If, then, the machine code LDA,(HL) 7E 126 1
was relocated, it would still CP 1 18d FE76 254,1 18 2
begin its search at memory RET Z C8 200 1
location 16549, and miss any JR LSKIP 18EE 24,238 2
early REM statement. The ENOCH INC HL 23 35 1
solution was simply to LD A,(HL> 7E 126 1
substitute 16509 in START. CP 1 18d FF76 254,1 18 2
The idea behind relocating JRZ CONTS 2809 40.9 2
the routine was to place it CP 64d FE40 254,64 2
above RAMTOP, to save hav- JRNC ENDCH 30F6 48,246 2
ing to reload machine code ADD A,128 C680 198.128 2
over and over again in a pro- LD (HL), A 77 119 1
gramming session. However, JR ENDCH 18F1 29,241 2
disaster struck when the CONTS INC HL 23 35 1
machine code was used to in- JR LSKIP 18DC 24,220 2
Listing 3
vert all the REM statements in

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB M A R C H 1 9 8 3 61

 ANDREW HEWSONS BOOKS
29BEST PROGRAMS FOR THE SPECTRUM
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^vvlftamAN
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62 Z X C O M P U T I N G F E B / M A R 19B3
 Scrolling
Z X 8 1 UTILITIES

screen
window!
J Elliott from
Gloucester
describes some
machine code
routines he has
developed to
emulate some screen
controls available on
more sophisticated computers.
As a teacher I have access to The first routine defines a character on the screen is prompted to enter size and
both an RML 380Z and 4 8 0 Z rectangular window of any removed and replaced with its positions for your window or
in the course of teaching size at any point on the screen. inverse. This is very effective scroll window and also fill
Computer Studies. These Once defined, the window can for explosions. character. Having done this
computers allow fairly easy be instantly filled with any you are offered the option of
screen control. In particular character, or cleared, simply Using the routines redefining, testing or ending
they allow the definition of by calling the routine. Any of the program, When you end
"screen windows" at any these parameters can be The easiest way of using the the program is automatically
point on the screen. These changed at any time from the routine is as follows; 'NEWed' so that you can easily
windows may be scrolled master program. This means First type in listing 4 and enter the BASIC code which
independently of the remainder that several different windows save at least twice. will call the routines.
of the screen. In addition to can be used with the same Save 1 14 bytes of high To call the routines, the
this, the "GRAPH" command program. memory by poking addresses following commands can be
restricts scrolling to the The second routine uses the 1 6 3 8 8 and 1 6 3 8 9 with a new inserted at any point in the
bottom four lines of the same principle as the first. A value for ramtop. With a 16K BASIC;
screen. window is again defined — any machine, suitable values are ; i) Fill or clear window LET
My own ZX 81 does not size and any position on the POKE 16388,140 POKE L = USR START
have these facilities. The screen. When the routine is 1 6389.127. iil Scroll one line of window
"PRINT AT" command is the called, the contents of the If you now enter 'NEW' you - LET L - USR (START + 39)
nearest equivalent. I decided window are scrolled up will have the space above iii) Inverse screen-LET
to attempt to emmulate these through one line and the last 3 2 6 5 2 free for the machine L - USR ( S T A R T + 94)
facilities with machine code line is cleared. The routine can code. Where START is the start
subroutines. The three be set to fill the last line with Now reload listing 4 and address of the machine code
routines to be described any character instead of 'RUN'. The code will be loaded which must have been
increase the screen handling clearing it. to the area of memory you previously loaded the
abilities of the ZX81 quite The last routine is a very enter when prompted by the parameters of the windows ^ ^
considerably. simple screen reverse. Every program. You will now be can be changed easily from ^

1983 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1983 63

 Z X 8 1 UTILITIES
within the BASIC program 2A OC 4 0 START Ld HL, (Display File) find screen in memory
using the routines, by 23 INC HL find first screen location
'POKEing' the following OE x Ld C,x number of lines to rectangle
addresses with suitable 3E x RECTANGLE Ld A,x rectangle length end
values; B9 CPC start reached ?
30 06 JRNC BEGIN
Fill window 1 1 21 0 0
19
Ld DE 0 0 2 1 H
A D D HL, DE move one line down screen
18 12 JR END
(START + 5 ) = last line of
06 20 BEGIN Ld B 2 OH length of full line
window
3E x COLUMN Ld A,x (32-stari column number)
(START + 7) = number of
B8 CPB start of rectangle reached?
lines of window
38 0 7 JRC NEXT
(START +20) = 32-start
3E x Ld A,x number of columns to clear
column of window
B8 CPB not finished 7
(START + 2 5) = columns
30 02 JRNC NEXT
from end of window to line end
36 x Ld (HL),x put character to screen
(START + 3 0 ) = fill character
23 NEXT INC HL next screen position
code
10F1 DJNZ repeat to end of line
23 INC HL step past line end
Scroll window OD END DEC C
2 0 EO JRNZ RECTANGLE repeat to end of screen
(START +44) = last line C9 RET
number in window
(START + 4 6 ) = number of
lines in window Listing 2: Screen
(START +59) = 32-start scroll
column number
2A OC 4 0 START Ld HL, (Display File) find screen in memory
(START +64) = columns
from end of window to line end 23 INC HL find first screen location
(START +85) = scroll OE x Ld C,x lines to end of window
character code 3E x SCROLL Ld A.x lines to scroll
89 CPC start reached?
The program shown in listing
30 06 JRNC BEGIN
5 demonstrates how this is
11 21 0 0 Ld DE 0 0 2 1 H
done. It produces random
19 A D D HL. DE move down one line
windows and fills or scrolls
18 22 JR END
them with random characters.
06 20 BEGIN Ld. B.20H length of full line
It can produce some quite
3E x COLUMN Ld A.x (32-start column number)
effective patterns!
B8 CPB start of window 7
I have included listing 1, 2
38 17 JRC NEXT
and 3 for those of you
3E x Ld A,x number of columns to scroll
interested in the assembler for
B8 CPB not finished 7
these routines.
3 0 12 JRNC NEXT
3E01 Ld A, 0 1 H
Memory B9 CPC last line?
28 OB JRZ LAST
To run the routines as described E5 PUSH HL save screen position
you need at least 3.5K of 11 21 0 0 Ld DE 0 0 2 1 H
memory. Those of you with 19 A D D HL, DE move down one line
less than this will need to create D1 POP DE get screen in DE
a display file by 'PRINTing' 7E Ld A(HL) move character up one line
spaces to the screen before you 12 Ld <DE)A
attempt to use the routines. EB EX DE HL get screen in HL
The routines will work perfectly 18 0 2 JR NEXT
well with an 8K ROM Z X 8 0 but 36 0 0 LAST Ld(HL),0 clear last line
the following changes must be 23 NEXT INC HL get next screen position
m a d e to the l o a d i n g a n d 10 E1 DJNZ C O L U M N repeat if not finished
demonstration programs; 23 INC HL step past line end
OD END DEC C
Loading program 2 0 DO JRNZ SCROLL scroll finished ?
C9 RET
Line 1 0 0 INPUT D$
Line 5 2 0 INPUT M $ Listing 3: Screen
reverse
Demonstration 2A OC 4 0 START Ld HL, (Display filel ;find screen in memory
program 23 INC HL find first screen location
OE 16 Ld C, 1 6H lines in screen
Add line 1 1 5 PAUSE 1 0 0 06 20 LINE Ld B . 2 0 H columns on line
Add line 116 POKE 7E NEXT Ld A,(HL) reverse character at current
16437,255 C6 80 A D D A 128 screen position
Whenever these routines are 77 Ld (HL).A
used, you will have to use 23 INC HL ;get next screen position
'PRINT A T ' to print to the 10 F9 DJNZ NEXT repeat if line not finished
windows. The normal 'PRINT' 23 INC HL step past line end
statement will print in the OD DEC C
normal w a y to the whole 20 F3 JRNZ LINE ;repeat if screen not finished
screen. C9 RET

1983
ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1983 64
 2X81 UTILITIES
190 PRINT AT 4.0; "ENTER FINISH C O L U M N "
195 INPUT H
200 PRINT AT 4 , 0 ; "ENTER FILL SCROLL C H A R A C T E R "
205 INPUT K $
210 IF {((CODE K$ > 6 3 ) A N D (CODE K $ < 1 2 8 ) ) OR (CODE
K$ > 1 9 1 ) ) THEN G O T O 2 0 5
220 LET L = 0
230 CLS
240 IF D$ = "2" THEN GOSUB 4 0 0
250 POKE B + 5. F
260 POKE B + 7, F E
270 POKE B - 20, 32 G
280 POKE B + 25. 32 (G + H)
290 POKE B + 3 0 L. CODE K$
300 GOTO 8 5
400 LET B - B f 39
410 LET L = 16
420 RETURN
500 CLS
510 PRINT "ENTER 1 TO TEST YOUR W I N D O W . 2 TO
REDEFINE OR 3 TO NEW THE P R O G R A M "
520 LET M$ - INKEY$
530 IF M$ < " 1 " OR M$ > " 3 " THEN G O T O 5 2 0
540 IF M $ " 3 " THEN NEW
550 IF M $ - " 2 " THEN G O T O 8 5
560 LET N = USR B
570 FOR P - 1 TO (F E)
580 LET N USR (B+ 39l
590 NEXT P
600 PAUSE 1 0 0
610 POKE 1 6 4 3 7 , 2 5 5
620 GOTO 500

Listing 5:
Demonstration
routine
10 REM SCREEN ROUTINES MUST BE IN MEMORY
20 PRINT "ENTER START ADDRESS OF MC ROUTINES"
30 INPUT A
40 CLS
50 LET B = INT(RND* 22I + 1

Listing 4: Basic 60 LET C =• INTIRND*B) + 1

loader 70 LET D = INTIRND * 32) ^ 1
80 LET E = INTIRND * (32 - DM
10 REM LOADING P R O G R A M FOR SCREEN ROUTINES 90 LET F INT(RND' 63) + (1 28 * (IRND * 2 I < 1»
20 LET A$ " 2 A 0 C 4 0 2 3 0 E 1 2 3 E 0 A B 9 3 0 0 6 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 9 1 8
1206203E18B838073E08B8300236802310F1230D 100 LET G INT(RND'3U2
20EOC92A0C4O23OE123EOAB93006112100191822 110 GOSUB ( 1 0 0 * G )
0 6 2 0 3 E 1 8 B 8 3 8 1 7 3 E 0 8 B 8 3 0 1 2 3 E 0 1 B 9 2 8 0 B E 5 1 1 21 120 GOTO 50
001 9D1 7E1 2 E B 1 8 0 2 3 6 0 0 2 3 1 0 E 1 2 3 0 D 2 0 D 0 C 9 2 A 0 C
402 3 0 E 1 6 0 6 2 0 7 E C 6 8 0 7 7 2 3 1 O F 9 2 3 0 D 2 0 F 3 C 9 " 200 POKE (A + 5),B
30 PRINT "ENTER START ADDRESS FOR C O D E " 210 POKE (A + 7),C
40 INPUT B
220 POKE (A + 2 0 ) , 3 2 D
50 FOR C = 8 TO B + 1 1 3
60 POKE C. ( 1 6 " C 0 D E A$) + C 0 D E A$(2> 476 230 POKE (A + 25),E
70 LET A$ = A$(3 TOl 240 POKE ( A - 3 0 ) , F
80 NEXT C 250 LET H = USR A
85 CLS
90 PRINT "ENTER I TO DEFINE W I N D O W , 2 TO DEFINE 260 RETURN
SCROLL OR 3 TO E N D " 300 POKE (A + 44),B
100 LET D $ - INKEY$ 310 POKE (A + 4 6 ) , C
110 IF D S < " l " O R D$ > " 3 " THEN GOTO 1 0 0
120 IF D$ = " 3 " THEN G O T O 5 0 0 320 POKE (A f 5 9 ) , 3 2 - D
130 IF D$ = " 1 " THEN LET J$ - " D E F I N E W I N D O W " 330 POKE (A + 64),E
140 IF DS = " 2 " THEN LET J$ - "DEFINE SCROLL" 340 POKE (A + 85),F
145 CLS
150 PRINT AT 2,9;J$ 350 FOR H = 1 T O C
160 PRINT AT 4,0; "ENTER START LINE" 360 LET J - USR ( A + 39)
165 iNP'JT E 370 NEXT H
170 PRINT AT 4,0; "ENTER FINISH LINE"
175 INPUT F 380 RETURN
180 PRINT AT 4,0; "ENTER START C O L U M N " 400 LET H = USR ( A + 94)

•E
185 INPUT G 410 RETURN

65 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3
 ZX81 CAME
Rat Race is a game for two ti
four players and occupies 4K o
memory, so you'll need you
1 6K RAM Pack.
Each player has a rat ead
and £ 2 0 0 with which to have!

:
bet (you may only bet on you
rati. If your rat wins then yo
win the amount you wager
and this is added to your cas(
total. Should you lose, tN
amount of your flutter «
deducted from your cash total
Should your cash total read
zero, you are pronounced brofci

Join the rat race with this program for

your ZX81. Phil Lester admits to having l:
had a lot of fun writing it and hopes
you'll have fun playing it.
- viMM

Sample screen displays.

PLRYER NO.1 NAME? LOUIE

PURYER NO - 2 NRME? DOUIE
PLRYER NO.3 NAME? *
*

LOUIE YOU HRUE £1200

WHAT UILL YOU SET ON NO . 1 ? £100 (>

riOUIE YOU HRUE < s ^ F S P - -

UHRT UILL YOU BET ON NO . 2 ? £150

*
*
*
DOUIE YOU HRUE £200 • » • r
*
iJHRT MILL YOU BET ON NO , 3 ? £S0

66 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 Z X 8 1 CAME

>r two to and out of the game. 2 5 7 NEXT N

ies 4K of Once the amount of each bet 29C? C L S
!ed your has been recorded, the race is 2 9 5 L E T U =0
on. Once all players have run out 3 0 0 FOR N = 1 TO P
rat each of money, another game is of- 303 I F R ( N . ) = 0 T H E N GOTO 350
o have a fered to which the reply yes (Y) 305 PRINT . , , ( N ) ; " YOU HRUE
on your or no (N) must be entered. £•" ; R <N)
hen you 306 PRINT , , " U H R T U I L L YOU BET
wagered
ON NO . •• ; N ; • " ? " ;
310 INPUT BIN)
>ur cash
se, the 312 IF B(N)>R(N) T H E N GOTO 310
itter is
31-i PRINT " £ " : B (N)
»h total.
3 2 0 NEXT N
3 3 0 GOTO 690
reach 35
d broke
• •0 P R I N T , ,//«$l'N.I; " IS BROKE.
3 5 5 L E T U=U + 1
3 5 6 I F U = P T H E N GOTO 400
3 6 0 NEXT N
3 7 0 GOTO 6 9 0
4 0 0 GOSUB 4000
405 CLS
4 1 0 P R I N T HT 3 . 5 ; " Y O U RRE RLL B
OKE "
4-15 P R I N T R T 1 2 , 5 ; " R M O T H E f ? G R M E
Y/N"
420 INPUT 1$
4-25 I F I«J, = ' Y " T H E N G O T O 4 - 3 5
4 2 3 GOTO 500O
4 - 3 5 P R I N T RT 1 6 , 5 ; " S f l H E PLBYERS
YVN"
440 INPUT 1$
445 IF I $ = " Y " T H E N GOTO 250
4 5 0 GOTu 75
6 9 0 GOSUB 4 0 0 0
700 CLS
7 0 5 FOR L = 2 TO P*5
710 PRINT RT
7 2 0 NEXT L
7 5 0 FOR L = I TO P * 6 S T E P 5
7 6 0 P R I N T RT L . 0 ; " - -
770 NEXT L '
730 P R I N T HT 0,9;
34-0 FOR N = 1 TO P
345 L E T H IN:i = 2 0
650 NEXT N
1000 FOR N = 1 TO P
1010 LET L=N*5-3
1020 L E T R ( N ) =R ( N ) - S G N I RND*3 - . 5
) - ( f t ( N ) > 2 1 )
1 0 4 0 GOSUB 2000
1 0 5 0 NEXT N
1 0 6 0 GOTO 1000
2 0 0 0 P R I N T R T L.. R ( N ) ; " fJ
2 0 1 0 P R I N T R T L + 1 , R <M> ; " cm"; CH
R$ (N + 1 5 6 ) ; " M & » " Wi:
2 0 2 0• * P R I N T RT L+2,fitN);"
2030 PRINT RT L + 3 .. R ( M ) ; "
2050 I F R ( N ) = 0 T H E N GOTO 2 2 0 0
2100 RETURN
2200 FOR N = 0 TO 4
2 2 0 5 P R I N T RT L,10;"
2 2 1 0 FOR Z = 0 T O 6
2211 NEXT 2
65 D I M B \ 4 ) 2220 P R I N T RT L.. 1 0 ;
90 D I M R ( 4 ) 2 2 3 0 FOR Z = 0 TO 6
95 D I M P$(4,8) 2 2 3 1 NEXT Z
100 P R I N T RT 1 0 / 5 ; "HOW HRNY" P L R 2 2 3 5 NEXT N
YERS? ( 2 - 4 ) " 3 0 0 0 FOR N = 1 TO P
105 I N P U T P 3010 I F R (N ) = 0 T H E N GOTO 3060
108 I F P > 4 OR P < 2 T H E N G O T O 105 3020 I F R (N ) = 0 T H E N GOTO 3050
110 CLS 3 O 3 0 L E T R ( N ) =R <NJ - B (N>
200 FOR N = 1 TO- P 3 0 4 0 NEXT N
205 P R I N T , , , " F L A Y E R NO „ M; " 3 0 4 5 GOTO 290
NOME? 3 0 5 0 L E T R ( N i =R I N ) +B VN)
210 I N P U T R $ ( N ) ^ 0 6 0 NEXT N
220 P R I N T R$(N> 3 0 6 5 GOTO 290
230 NEXT N 4 0 0 0 FOR Z =0 TO 5 0
235 GOSUB 4 0 0 0 4 0 1© N E X T Z
250 FOR N = 1 T O P 4 0 2 0 RETURN
256 L E T R ( N ) = 2 0 0 5000 PRINT OKAY B Y E '

ZX COMPUTING FEB/MARCH 1 9 8 3 67
 The Memotech approach to microcomputing is to take the well-pn
and popular ZX81 as the heart of a modular system. This small
computer houses the powerful Z80A processing unit and acts as th
central processor module through which the MEMOPAKS operate
Memotech has a reputation for professional quality, producing un
which are designed to fit perfectly, to look well-balanced, and tow
efficiently and reliably.
The modular approach gives ZX81 owners the freedom to design th
system they really need Furthermore, the intercompaiibilily of the
modules ensures that later additions will click straight in, to give yo
system that grows with your ambitions and abilities.
MEMOCALC The screen display behaves as a window" on As one example, a system with 16K of memory and MEMOCALC i$l
a large sheet of paper on which a table of numbers is laid out. that is required to perform sophisticated numerical calculations gii
The maximum siie of the table is determined by Ihe memory the same results as a computer at 10 times the price. The problem r
capacity, and with a MEMOPAK 64K a table of up to 7000 be as complicated as a cash flow or production schedule, or as sir
numbers with up to 250 rows or 99 columns can be specified. as household accounts or pocket money budgeting. If the bank
Each location in the table can be either a number which is keyed manager wants to see the cash flow, then a single print instruction t
in or a formula which generates a number. Every time the the Centronics 1 F will give a printout which is more than acceptablew
command lo 'calculate' is given, all the formulae in the table are any bank.
re-evaluated Spreadsheet analysis started as an aid to
cash-flow analysis, but this powerful tool has now been The example system which is shown, on the other hand, would satisl
generalised and MEMOCALC with its special ability to perform the needs of someone who wanted to enter data via a light-touch
iterative calculations is invaluable in the performance of keyboard, construct and label graphs, and then copy the screen to an|
numerical tasks. 80-column printer. Only 16K of memory is used here but with
additional memory, more than one video page can be stored. Up loTj
successive pages can be displayed cyclicly to give animated dispia

16K £26.00 £3.90 VAT £29.!

32 K £43.43 £6.52 VAT £49.!
64K £68.70 £10.30 VAT £79.<
HRG £34,70 £5.20 VAT £39.!
CI/F £34.70 £5.20 VAT £39.!
MEMOCALC £26.00 £3.90 VAT £29.!
Z80 ASSEMBLER £26.00 £3.90 VAT £29.!
KEYBOARD
WITH BUFFER £43.43 + £6.52 VAT £49.!

MemoteQh products are available at larger branches of WHSMF

 MEMOPAK HRG This pack breaks d o w n the constraints MEMOPAK Centronics l/F The BASIC c o m m a n d s
imposed by operating at the ZX81 character level and allows LPRINT, LUST and COPY are used to print on any
high definition displays to be generated All 248 x 192 CENTRONICS type printer. All ASCII characters are generated
^dividual pixels can be controlled using simple commands, and translation takes place automatically within the pack
and the buili in software enables the user to work interactively Reverse capitals give lower case Additional facilities allow high
at the dot, line, character, block and page levels Scrolling, resolution printing The full capabilities of your printer are now
flashing and animation are all here under the control of the ZX81.

MEMOPAK Z80 Assembler This click-in EPROM MEMOTECH Keyboard The light-touch positive stop
basea pack accepts standard Z80 assembly language keys of this elegant typewriter-pitch keyboard allow you to work
mnemonics to allow you to write faster and more compact faster, more accurately and more confidently. To speed you
programs. It has its own ADD, EDIT. LIST, A S S M and QUIT along we have added an extra SHIFT key to the array at top right.
functions, the editor allowing insertion, deletion, automatic line The keyboard is attached by a cable to the Keyboard Buffer
renumbering and error checking. Source code and object code which fits m amongst your other Memopaks or straight onto the
listings can be displayed and printed in decimal or hex format. back of your ZX81.

Towsure tha' your expectations are realised, care is taken at every

stage to design features into the system to anticipate your frustrations
and to forestall them. For example:
Ai Memories are cumulative e.g. 16K and 32K can be added to the
UtMOPAK 16K or even to the Sinclair 16K R A M pack.
3i The HRG firmware allows commonly used constructions (such as
icol r.g, shading and labelling graphs), which might otherwise be
beyond the user's programming capabilities, to be evoked by a few
iimple commands.
Cl The Centronics I F converts ZX81 character codes into ASCII and
exiands the print line to the width of the printer, still using the LLIST,
LPRINT and COPY commands.
Loo« lorward, Memotech will continue to back the ZX81 through W e want to be sure you are satisfied with your Memopak - so we offer
'963 with fast storage devices, pressure sensitive electronic drawing a 14-day money back guarantee on all our products.
beards and more software packs including a wordprocessor and an o
RS232 interface. 0
«

MEMQPAKS may be ordered by post (cheque. Access Barclaycard m e n o i e c n •e

quoting number) or by telephone. Please make cheques payable to
MEMOTECH LIMITED, WITNEY, OXON. 0 X 8 6BX
I1
Vemotech Ltd. and please include C2.0Q per unit for packaging and
postage inland (overseas C3.00). TELEPHONE (0993) 2£77 TELEX 83372 MEMTEC G

«
 ZX81 DOMESTIC

FEBRUARY 1983 1983

^ Monday St vnnvw
Week 7 4S 320

r m
ft
i
T f
1
2 j

15 Tuesday week 7 4 6 319

Chris wilder, a salesman

_ ' A _

written a program he i m
finds particularly useful
for noting past events
and future
commitments.
g Saturday
16 WednesdayW««k 7 47-318
w»dt*s0»Y
Week 7 50 31i

i f l o Tlppl
• ^ o LAaca - A A W W ^ T

Dtary is a user-friendly program

choice of six items. Item 1 pro-
olT.eo f(X t h e 2 X 8 1 with 16K duces a prompt for the entry of character name and an eight
HAM Pack. N e w line. A prompt in line 1150
data couples which should be dm code - this can be
, W o ^ n t h e P ro 9 r am is RUN modified to take date and time has been included to avoid retur-
entered one couple at a time.
line 80 displays a pleasantly- Entr
V must be in the form of ning to the menu each time a
The data couples should be
formatted menu providing a entered in the form of a 10 name (A$) followed by Newline data couple is entered. Provision
and date (Z$J followed by 'S made in lines 1 0 and 20 for
70 2 0 0 data couples to be entered.

ZX COMPUTING FEB/MARCH 1983

 Hem 2 gives a scrolled requires the answer yes (Y) or 1140 CLS
display of all the items currently no (N) before it will execute a 1150 PRINT "MORE D A T A ? (Y.'N) "
entered plus a warning that the save. The computer then 1200 INPUT E $
menu is about to be returned displays a 'save begins' 1250 I F E $ = " Y " T H E N GOTO 1000
after completion of the scrolling. message and starts to execute 1300 I F E $ =' N " T H E N G O T O 6 0
The menu is then returned. the save. iOO© CLS
••0 1 '7} I P T X - u
Item 3 prints a list of the
uems and then returns to the
A note in your L E T X —X +• 1
diary 2030 SCROLL
menu. If you have much fewer 2 0 4 . 0 P R I N T A % i X > .. i, >. X I
than 200 items of data, it's a The program must not be RUN 2 0 5 0 I F A $ < X ., T O 3 l • END 1 HEN
wise move to BREAK execution when full or nearly full of data. GOTO 2 0 2 ©
at this point and GOTO 80 as Always GOTO 80. This should 2 0 6 0 PAUSE 3 0 0
otherwise you'll use up a lot of be overcome when saving from 2065 CLS
paper for nothing! within the program since this 2070 PRINT " I RM NOW R E T U R N I N G
Itftm 4 finds a name. A cue is automatically returns the menu OU T O T H E MENU"
presented asking you to input when re-loaded. 5 0 5 0 PAUSE 2 0 0
the name to be found. The As this program is a diary,
2090 CLS
search is made based on the in- 2 1 0 0 GOTO 8 0
you are able to make a few en-
itial three letters of the input
3000 CLS
tries every day saving, adding
name; for example, 'BILLY' will 3010 LPRINT 'DIARY"""
and saving again until all 2 0 0
turn up the names 'BILL',
3 0 2 © L P P. I N T
entries have been made or your 3 0 3 0 LET X = ©
BILKO', 'BILLS' and 'BILLY', so chosen period has elapsed. 304© LET X=X+1
don't be surprised if you get The program is aimed at 3 0 5 0 L P R I N T A $ IX> .. " Z (X>
more names than you expect. those of you who have to make 3 0 6 © I F A*. <X> < > " E N D " T H E N G O T O
You will be informed of a failed a record of past 34©
search as well as a completed activities, although it could also 3 0 7 0 GOTO 6 ©
search, but with 2 0 0 items to be used to keep track of future 400© CLS
search through this search may commitments. Chris Wilder, the 4 01© PRINT "NAME. PLEASE"
take some time. When you have author of the program, used the 402© INPUT D $
lound your chosen name, you program to keep a record of the
4 0 3 0 I F L E N D $ < 3 T H E N GOTO 4 0 2 ©
have the option of copying the 4 0 4 0 LET P = 0
customers he visits. The 'find 405© LET X = 1
information onto a printer or else name' option in Item 4 is very 406© CLS
returning to the menu. If COPY useful for Chris as he often 4 © 7 © I F A $ (X . T O 3 ) < > D $ ( T O 3 ) T
is chosen, the computer will wants to know when the last HEN G O T O 4 1 0 ©
return to the menu once the time was he saw a particular 4©S© LET P = 1
printing has been accomplished. customer. 4090 PRINT R $ t X ) ; " " ; 2 $ <X)
When a given name or names It is advisable to leave out 4 100 LET X=X+1
we found, the corresponding redundant zeros when entering 4150 I F A $ ( X T O 3)<>"END" THEN
dates of entry are always dates and to use full stops in- GOTO 4070
displayed next to the names. stead of dashes (simply because 4160 I F P = 0 THEN P R I N T D $ ; " NOT
Item 5 does more or less the it's quicker to enter dots on the
FOUND"
same as Item 4, but it will 4 165 PRINT
ZX81! The abbreviated dates
search for a given date rather will make data searches much
4 17© P R I N T " M E N U OR C O P Y ? "
than the name. Once found, the
4 1 6 © I N P U T M$
ay srtfl quicker as well. 4 1 9 0 I F M $ = " M " T H E N GOTO 6 ©
date will be d i s p l a y e d
0 31S Extremely simple in concept, 4 2©© I F M $ = " C " T H E N COPY
first, followed by the names with the multitude of prompts 4205 CLS
entered on that date. and automatic returns, Diary 4 2 1 © GOTO S ©
Item 6 saves the program to should be able to operated by 500© CLS
tape after setting up a safeguard anyone with a minimum of in- 501© PRINT "DATE., PLEASE"
in the form of a question which struction. 5020 INPUT U$
5 0 3 0 I F L E N U $ < 3 T H E N GOTO 5 O 2 0
504© LET P = 0
5©5© LET X =1
506© CLS
fttn • (.> 1RRY 507© I F Z$(X., TO 3 ) <>U$( TO 3 ) T
10 D I M H H $$ ,. HEN G O T O 5 1 © ©
2 0 DIM Tt 508© LET P = 1
3 0 LET RS ( 2 0 S ' i ="E!<IC>" 5 0 9 0 P R I N T Z $ ( X ) ; " " A $ (X >
40 LET Z i O 0 0 ) s"00/00/0D" 510© LET X=X-l-l
5© LET 5150 I F Z M X , TO 3 / <>"00/" THEN
70 C I 5 , GOTO 5 0 7 ©
60 PRINT ' *+SSHS**" . . . . "ENTER 516© I F P=0 THEN PRINT U $ , " NOT

,
R NUMBER" , . . . " 1) MAKE E N T R Y '*,.,. " 2 FOUND"
i DISPLAY L I S T " . " 3 J PRINT LIST" 5165 PRINT
j < " 4.) F I N D NAME " , " 5 ) FIND DATE" 5170 PRINT " M E N U OR C O P Y ? "
5 1 8 0 INPUT C $
90 INPUT R 5 1 9 © I F C * = " M " T H E N GOTO 6 ©
100 GOTO A * 1 0 Q © 5 2 0 0 I F C $ = " C " T H E N COPY
1000 CLS 5 2 1 0 GOTO 8 ©
1010 LET X = i 6000 CLS
1020 I F A $ ( X .. T O 3 > = " E N D " T H E N < 6010 P R I N T '
0T0 107©
1030 I F A f <X) = B $ T H E N G O T O 1100 >020 PRINT S C. E ' I * * '
1040 LET X = X + 1 6030 INPUT
0 105© GOTO 1 0 2 0 604© IF U $ = " Y " T H E N G O T O 6©5©
r- 1070 P R I N T " NO N O P E POOl" 6050 PRINT RT 10.11;"SAUING BEGI
a 1100 CLS N5 "
n 1110 P R I N T " E N T E R NAME A N D D A T E . 6055 PAUSE 8 0
K
6056 SRUE " D I A R ® "
1120 INPUT A $ ( X) 6060 CLS
l.

•E
1130 INPUT Z*(X) 6070 GOTO ©0 '

71 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3
Sinclair ZX Spect
16Kor 48K RAM...
full-size moving-
key keyboard...
colour and sound...
high-resolution
graphics...
From only
£1251 First, t h e r e w a s t h e w o r l d - b e a t i n g
S i n c l a i r Z X 8 0 . T h e first personal c o m p u t e r
for under £ 1 0 0 .
Then, t h e Z X 8 1 . W i t h up to 16K R A M Ready to use today,
available, a n d the Z X Printer. Giving m o r e
easy to expand tomorrow Key features of the Ci
p o w e r a n d m o r e flexibility. Together,
t h e y ' v e sold over 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 so far, to m a k e Your Z X S p e c t r u m c o m e s with a mains
Sinclair ZX Spectrum
Sinclair world leaders in personal a d a p t o r a n d all t h e necessary leads to • Full c o l o u r - 8 colours e a c h for
c o m p u t i n g . And t h e Z X 8 t remains the 0«-
c o n n e c t t o most c a s s e t t e recorders foreground, b a c k g r o u n d and bordC ai
ideal low-cost introduction to c o m p u t i n g a n d TVs (colour or black a n d white). plus flashing a n d brightness-intensf^ 0
N o w there's the Z X S p e c t r u m ! W i t h Employing Sinclair BASIC (now u s e d control. Sin
up t o 4 8 K of R A M . A full-size moving-key in over 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 c o m p u t e r s worldwide)
• S o u n d - B E E P c o m m a n d with variat(His
keyboard. Vivid colour a n d sound. High- the Z X S p e c t r u m c o m e s c o m p l e t e with
pitch a n d duration.
resolution graphics. And a low price that's two manuals which together represent a
unrivalled. d e t a i l e d course in BASIC p r o g r a m m i n g . • Massive R A M - 1 6 K or 48K. •B
W h e t h e r you're a beginner or a c o m p e t e n t
Professional power- p r o g r a m m e r , you'll find t h e m both of im-
I Full-size m o v i n g - k e y keyboard- all soi
keys at n o r m a l typewriter pitch, wits rec
personal computer price! m e n s e help. D e p e n d i n g o n your c o m p u t e r
e x p e r i e n c e , you'll quickly b e m o v i n g
r e p e a t facility on e a c h key.
T h e Z X S p e c t r u m incorporates all into t h e colourful world of Z X S p e c t r u m i High-resolution - 2 5 6 dots
the proven f e a t u r e s of t h e ZX81. But its professional-level computing. horizontally x 192 vertically, each '
n e w 16K BASIC R O M dramatically There's no n e e d to stop there. T h e individually addressable for true higlr
increases your c o m p u t i n g p o w e r Z X P r i n t e r - a v a i l a b l e now - is fully resolution graphics. fur
You h a v e a c c e s s t o a range of 8 c o m p a t i b l e with t h e Z X S p e c t r u m . A n d larc
' ASCII c h a r a c t e r set - with upper
colours for foreground, b a c k g r o u n d and later this y e a r t h e r e will b e Microdrives for Co
l o w e r - c a s e characters.
border, t o g e t h e r with a sound g e n e r a t o r massive a m o u n t s of e x t r a on-line storage, fCO
a n d high-resolution graphics. plus an R S 2 3 2 / n e t w o r k interface board. ' T e l e t e x t - c o m p a t i b l e - user software c o
You h a v e the facility to support c a n g e n e r a t e 4 0 characters per line I dri
s e p a r a t e d a t a files. or other settings.
You h a v e a c h o i c e of storage c a p a -
* High s p e e d L O A D & SAVE-l6KinlO(
cities ( g o v e r n e d by t h e a m o u n t of R A M ) .
s e c o n d s via cassette, with VERIFY!
1 6 K o f R A M (which y o u c a n u p r a t e later
M E R G E for p r o g r a m s and separate
to 4 8 K of R A M ) or a massive 4 8 K of R A M
d a t a files
Yet t h e price of the S p e c t r u m 16K
is an a m a z i n g £ 1 2 5 ! E v e n t h e popular i Sinclair 16K e x t e n d e d 8 A S I C -
4 8 K version costs only £ 1 7 5 ! incorporating unique'one-touch'
You m a y d e c i d e to begin with the k e y w o r d entry, syntax check, and Sii
16K version. If so. y o u c a n still return it later
for a n u p g r a d e . T h e cost? A r o u n d £ 6 0
report c o d e s MCl
Is
 The ZX Printer- The ZX Microdrive-
available now coming soon
D e s i g n e d exclusively for use with the T h e n e w Microdrives. d e s i g n e d
Sinclair Z X range of c o m p u t e r s , the especially for the Z X S p e c t r u m , are set t o
printer offers Z X S p e c t r u m o w n e r s t h e full c h a n g e the f a c e of personal c o m p u t i n g
ASCII c h a r a c t e r s e t - i n c l u d i n g l o w e r - c a s e by providing m a s s on-line storage.
c h a r a c t e r s a n d high-resolution graphics. E a c h M i c r o d r i v e c a n hold u p to 100K
A special feature is C O P Y which bytes using a single i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e
prints out e x a c t l y w h a t is on t h e w h o l e TV storage m e d i u m
s c r e e n without t h e n e e d f o r f u r t h e r T h e transfer r a t e is 16K by tes per
instructions. Printing s p e e d is 5 0 c h a r a c - second, with a n a v e r a g e a c c e s s t i m e of
ters per s e c o n d , with 3 2 c h a r a c t e r s 3.5 seconds. A n d you'll b e a b l e t o c o n n e c t
per line a n d 9 lines p e r vertical inch. up to 8 Microdrives to y o u r S p e c t r u m via
T h e Z X Printer c o n n e c t s to t h e rear of t h e Z X Expansion M o d u l e .
your Z X S p e c t r u m . A roll of p a p e r (65ft A r e m a r k a b l e b r e a k t h r o u g h at a
long a n d 4in w i d e ) is supplied, along with r e m a r k a b l e p r i c e . T h e Microdrives will b e
full instructions. Further supplies of p a p e r available in t h e early part of 1 9 8 3 for
are available in p a c k s of five rolls. around £ 5 0 .

How to order your ZX Spectrum

BY P H O N E - A c c e s s , B a r c l a y c a r d o r A c c e s s or Trustcard.
X Spectrum software on Trustcard holders c a n call 01 - 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 for EITHER W A Y - p l e a s e allow up to 2 8
personal a t t e n t i o n 2 4 hours a day, every d a y s for delivery. A n d there's a 14-day
ssettes-available now day. BY F R E E P O S T - u s e t h e n o - s t a m p m o n e y - b a c k option, of course. W e w a n t
T n e e d e d c o u p o n below. You c a n p a y by y o u to b e satisfied b e y o n d d o u b t - a n d w e
he Spectrum software library is
c h e q u e , postal order, Barclaycard, h a v e no d o u b t that y o u will be.
ing every day. Subjects include
order,
es. education, and business/
tensity
old management. Flight
lation...Chess... Planetoids...
P i o : Sinclair
Si Research, FREEPOST, Camberley, Surrey, GUI5 3BR. .71
Order
ariable ("-story Inventions. V U - C A L C . . . V U - 3 D Qty Item Code Item Price Total
fi^b Record Controller, t h e r e is £ £
tanething for everyone. A n d t h e y all
Sinclair Z X S p e c t r u m - 1 6 K R A M version 100 125.00
wake full use of the Spectrum's colour,
wund.and graphics capabilities. You'll Sinclair Z X S p e c t r u m - 4 8 K R A M version 101 175.00
-all
, with recede a detailed catalogue with your Sinclair Z X Printer 27 59.95
Spectrum Printer p a p e r (pack of 5 rolls) 16 11.95
Postage a n d packing: orders under £ 1 0 0 28 2.95
;h ZX Expansion Module orders over £ 1 0 0 29 4.95
This module incorporates t h e t h r e e Total £
i high- i factions of Microdrive controller, local Please tick if y o u require a VAT r e c e i p t ! ! ]
*ea network, and R S 2 3 2 interface *! e n c l o s e a c h e q u e / p o s t a l order p a y a b l e to Sinclair R e s e a r c h Ltd for £
Conned it to your Spectrum a n d y o u c a n
'-and control up to eight Microdrives.
• P l e a s e c h a r g e to m y A c c e s s / B a r c l a y c a r d / T r u s t c a r d a c c o u n t no
vare :cnmuriicate with other c o m p u t e r s , a n d 'Please delete/complete
line rea wide range of printers. as applicable
The potential is enormous, a n d the
Signature
-cdufewill be available in the early part
in 1 0 0 PLEASE PRINT
:'1983 for around £ 3 0 .
FY& Name: Mr/Mrs/Miss | ! I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1
ate
[Address | I I I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
] I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i 1 I I I I I I
s i n i z l a i i —
V t 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 t ! 1 2XC 902
d Sindair Research Ltd, S t a n h o p e R o a d ,
Cambertey, Surrey GU15 3PS.
Tel Camberley (0276) 685311. L FREEPOST- no stamp needed. Prices apply to UK.only. Export prices on application
"J
Motor
ZX81 EDUCATION

Thomas Ballantyne of Paisley

has sent us his 8K ZX81 program
which he uses to teach basic
electrical principles.

This program was devised to la) The motor efficiency. method of achieving it to ap- When the program is run, lines
simulate the electrical condi- (b)The motor power factor. pear. 1 0 0 0 to 11 3 0 generate the.
tions which occur when a single (c) The input Volt Amperes. The motor takes a random questions to be answered, and
phase A C motor is in operation. (dIThe reactive power. current of between 1 and 10 the methods to be used. The re-
The first section of the pro- Amperes. The supply voltage is mainder of the program is
gram draws a circuit diagram Information can be obtained constant at 2 4 0 V . This voltage d e v o t e d to displaying the
which represents the motor con- from the program in order to is chosen because it is the stan- answers entered and to show-
nected to an electrical supply, devise a solution to these pro- dard value of the single phase ing the user how to correct
with instruments in circuit to blems. If you want to delve a bit supply in this country. The cur- them, if necessary.
measure current, voltage and more deeply into the electrical rent is limited to simulate prac- There is no way round the
the input power. Readings of theory involved, then an elec- tical conditions; if the voltage fact that a program of this type
these values and also of the trical text book must be con- was to be higher, then a three is rather long (this one takes
power output of the motor are sulted. phase system of supply would about 8K) as every eventuality
shown in the diagram. These A teaching program should have to be used. must be catered for. The disad-
values appear when the motor is be designed to correct wrong vantage of any teaching pro-
operated. answers. Entry of a wrong gram is the amount of memory
Since the program is used in answer causes the program to Motor ways that is used. Once it is made up.
the teaching of basic electrical display how the correct one Lines 10 to 9 8 0 print the however, it can be used over
principles, it now asks you to should be obtained. A further diagram and set the variables. If and over again. It often also
enter the values of four quan- entry of a wrong answer causes a different voltage, say 110V, is forms the basis for a new pro-
tities. These are: the correct solution, and the required, simply alter line 750. gram at a later time.

74 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983

•E
 ZX81 EDUCATION
470 FOR X = 4 0 TO 62
480 PLOT X.14
TEST ON A S I N G L E P H A S E MOTOR
— > m mmm > >«4mtmmmtimmtmmmntm*mmm»mmmmimimmt4 9 0 PLOT X,2
50O NEXT X
3 A 14-4-0 U 5 10 FOR Y =2 TO 14.
520 PLOT 62,Y
o u u u u o * 53© NEXT Y
SUPPLY I ouuuuo
u 54.0 P R I N T A T 2 1 , 3 0 ; " L "
5 5 0 P R I N T RT
5 6 0 FOR Y =2 TO
2 1 , 2 2 ; " 4 "
14
5 7 0 PLOT 40,Y
24-0U 5 8 0 NEXT Y
5 9 0 FOR Y = 5 TO 9
600 PLOT 30,Y
610 NEXT Y

I
620 F O R X = 3 0 T O 4*0
MOTE THE UALUES 6 3 0 PLOT X , 10
PRESS NEULINE 640 PLOT X,5
1152 U 6 5 0 NEXT X
TO C O N T I N U E
I OUTPUT
660 FOR Y =6 TO
6 7 0 PLOT 39,Y
10
t>88 N E X T Y
682 PRINT RT 14,1;"PRESS NEULIN
E "
683 PRINT AT 15,2;"TO START MOT
A sample screen display showing a circuit of a single phase motor OR"
684 INPUT D$
685 PRINT RT 1 4 , 1, "

1 REM " M O T O R TEST" 686 PRINT RT 15,2;"

2 REM T.BALLANTYNE
9 SLOW 687BGOSU8 74-0
10 P R I N T "TEST ON R S I N G L E PHR 6 8 8 FOR Z = 1 TO 100
SE M O T O R " 6 9 0 P R I N T AT 18,16,*1
PRINT - • ^mmmmmmmmmmmmmtmtemmummmmmmmmt%t * 7 0 0 P R I N T RT 13/16;"
MWMMMMMMMM »«
7 1 0 P R I N T A T 1 7 , 1 6 ; "3
30 FOR X = 2 T O 12 7 2 0 P R I N T AT 17,16;"
40 PLOT X , 3 5 730 NEXT Z
50 NEXT X 7 3 5 GOTO 950
60 FOR V = 3 3 T O 37 740 LET A = INT (RND*10.l +1
70 PLOT 1 3 . Y 7 5 0 L E T U =24-0
75 PLOT 18,Y 760 I F A = 1 THEN LET PF = 0 - 4
80 NEXT Y 765 I F A = 1 THEN LET EF = 0 . 4
90 FOR X — 1 4 T O 17 770 IF R = 2 T H E N L E T P F = 0 . 4-5
100 PLOT X , 3 3 7 7 5 I F A = 2 THEN LET EF = 0 - 5
PLOT X,37 R = 3 THEN LET PF = 0 . 5
120 N E X T X IF
785 I F R = 3 THEN LET EF = 0 . 55
FOR X = i e T O 36 790 I F A = 4- T H E N L E T P F = 0 . 5 5
140 P L O T X . 3 5 795 I F A = 4 THEN LET EF = 0 . 6
150 N E X T X 800 IF A =5 T H E N L E T PF = 0 . 6
1 6 ; " O U U U U O " 802 I F A = 5 THEN LET EF = 0 . 65
170 F O R X = 4 © T O 60 305 I F A = 6 T H E N L E T P F = 0 . &5
160 P L O T X . 3 5 310 IF A = 6 THEN LET EF = 0 . 7
190 N E X T X 815 I F A = 7 THEN LET PF = 0 . 7
200 P R I N T R T 6,16;"OUUUUO" 820 I F A = 7 THEN LET EF = 0 . 75
210 F O R Y = 3 0 T O 35 830 I F A =8 THEN LET PF = 0 . 75
220 P L O T 3 5 , Y 835 I F R = 8 THEN LET EF = 0 . 8
230 N E X T Y 840 I F A = 9 THEN LET PF = 0 . 8
240 F O R X = 2 T O 46 845 I F A = 9 THEN LET EF = 0 . 85
250 P L O T X . 2 4 850 I F A = 10 THEN LET PF=0•9
260 N E X T X 855 IF A = 10 THEN L E T EF=0.8
270 FOR Y = 1 4 T O 30 860 LET U=U*A*PF
280 P L O T 4S.Y 870 LET 0=U*R*PF*EF
262 N E X T Y 8 8 0 L E T 3 = U -at A
285 FOR Y - 1 4 T O 35 3 9 0 LET X =ACS iPF)
290 P L O T 6 0 . Y 900 LET Q=U*A*SIN X
300 N E X T Y 9 1 0 P R I N T RT 2 , 1 8 ; U, " Li"
310 FOR X = 5 2 T O 56 9 2 0 P R I N T AT 1 6 , 2 1 ; O ; " U"
320 P L O T X,22 925 PRINT AT" 1 8 , 2 1 , " O U T P U T "
330 P L O T X.. 1 6 930 PRINT AT 9 , 2 6 , U ; " U "
340 N E X T X 94-0 PRINT AT 2 , 6 ; A , " A"
350 FOR Y = 1 8 T O 22 3 4 5 RETURN
360 P L O T 5 2 . Y 9 5 0 P R I N T AT 14,1;"NOTE THE UAL
370 P L O T 5 6 . Y UES"
360 N E X T Y 960
390 FOR X = 4 8 T O 52
400 P L O T X,20 970 PRINT AT 16,1,"PRESS NEULIN
420 N E X T X E"
430 FOR X = 5 6 T O 60 980 PRINT AT 17,1;"TO CONTINUE"
440 P L O T X,20 990 INPUT
43® N E X T X 1000 CLS
460 P R I N T R T 6,0;"SUPPLY" 1010 PRINT "CALCULATE THE FOLLOLi
462 P R I N T R T 4J8;"fl" ING"
464 P R I N T R T 1 1 , 2 7 ; " U " 1015 PRINT "ENTER YOUR ANSWERS"

•E
466 P R I N T R T 5.20;"U" 1016 PRINT
75

ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983

 ZX81 EDUCATION
1020 PRINT "EFFICIENCY OF MOTORS 1215 PRINT
1220 PRINT "REACTIUE POUER=";INT
1021 PRINT (Q+0.5);"UAR"
1022 G O S U B 4-000 1225 PRINT ]
1023 I N P U T A$ 1230 PRINT "PROBLEM COHPLETED"
1024- I F R $ :: " Y E S " T H E N G O T O 2000 1235 PRINT
1025 G O S U B 4-020 1240 PRINT DO YOU
1026 INPUT EL GAIN YES/NO"
1027 CLS 1250 INPUT Z$
1028 GOSUB 4040 1260 IF Z$="YES"
1030 PRINT. 1265 CLS
104-0 P R I N T " P O W E R F A C T O R OF MOTO 1270 PRINT
Ra?" 1280 PRINT "OK TRY
104-1 PRINT ME"
104-2 G O S U B 4-000
104-3 INPUT B $
1044 I F B $ =: " Y E S " T H E N G O T O 2500
1046 CLS
1047 GOSUB 4020
1048 INPUT PI
104-9 CLS
1050 G O S U B 4-04-0
1051 PRINT
1052 G O S U B 4-080
1060 PRINT
1070 PRINT "UA INPUT=?"
1071 PRINT
1072 GOSUB 4000
1073 INPUT C$
1074 IF C%- : " Y E S " T H E N GOTO 3000
1075 CLS
1 0 7 7 G O S U B 4-020
1078 INPUT S I
1079 CLS
10B0BGO5UB 4040 1290 STOP
1085 PRINT 1300 CLS
1 0 9 0 G O S U B 4-080 1310 G O T O 10
1092 PRINT 1400 C L S
1094 GOSUB 4 100 1401 PRINT
1096 PRINT 14-02 P R I N T
1100 PRINT "REACTIUE POWER IN UP
R = *? " 14.04 P R I N T ' ^ Y O U R A N S W E R ; EI; " i
PRINT "TO NEAREST UHOLE NUM S NOT CORRECT"
1 1 1 0 1405 PRINT
BER" 14-06 P R I N T " U S E T H I S METHOD"
1115 PRINT 1407 PRINT
1116 GOSUB 4000 14-08 P R I N T " E F F I C . = O U T P U T / I N P U T "
1117 I N P U T o%
1118 IF D $ = " Y E S " T H E N 1409 PRINT
GOTO 3500 1410 PRINT "ALTER YOUR ANSWER"
1119 CLS
1120 GOSUB 4 0 2 0 1415 PRINT
1 1 2 1 INPUT Q 1 14-20 I N P U T E L
1122 CLS 14-25 I F E 1 = E F T H E N G O S U B 1804
1 4 3 0 IF N O T E 1 = E F T H E N G O S U B 180
1123
1124
GOSUB
PRINT
4-04-0 0
1125 GOSUB 4080 1440 LET E1=EF
1126 PRINT 1450 RETURN
1127 GOSUB 4 100 1 5 0 GJBC L S
1128 PRINT 1501 P R I N T
1129 GOSUB 4120 1502 P R I N T
1130 PRINT 1504 PRINT "YOUR A N S U E R ";PI; " I
1132 PRINT 5 NOT CORRECT"
1505 PRINT
1134. INPUT Z$ 1506 PRINT USE THIS METHOD"
1135 1507 PRINT
IF N O T E 1 =EF THEN GOSUB 14-0 1508 PRINT POUER F A C T O R = I N P U T P
0
1140 IF NOT P1=PF THEN GOSUB 1S0 OWER/UA"
0 1509 PRINT
1510 PRINT "ALTER YOUR ANSWER"
1150 IF N O T S L - S T H E N G O S U B 1600 1515 PRINT
1160 IF N O T I N T (O1+0.5)=INT <Q+ 1520 INPUT PI
0 . 5 ) THEN GOSUB 1700 1 5 2 5 IF P 1 = P F T H E N G O S U B 1852
1165 CLS 1 5 3 0 I F N O T P 1 = P F T H E N G O S U B 185
1 1 7 0 P R I N T "UIELL D O N E " &
1175 PRINT 154.0 L E T P1=PF
1176 PAUSE 150 1550 RETURN
1 1 7 7 P O K E 164-37 , 2 5 5 1500 CLS
1178 CLS 1601 PRINT
1179 PRINT 1602 PRINT
1180 PRINT "CORRECT ANSUERS ARE"
1185 PRINT
1606 PRINT "YOUR ANSWER ; si; " I
1 1 9 0 P R I N T " E F F I C I E N C Y = "; E F S INCORRECT"
1195 PRINT 1607 PRINT
1200 PRINT "POUER 1608 PRINT U A I N P U T = U O L T S •AMPS-
F A C T O R P F ; " L 1609 PRINT
AG" 1610 PRINT ALTER YOUR ANSWER"
1205 PRINT 1615 PRINT
1210 P R I N T "UA INPUTS";S;"UA" 1620 INPUT SI
76 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E
 ZX81 EDUCATION
1625 I F 5 1 = 5 T H E N G O S U B 1903 2030 PRINT INPUT URTTS"
1630 I F N O T 5 1 = 5 T H E N G O S U B 1900 204.0 PRINT
1640 L E T 51=5 2050 PRINT NOU UHRTS THE RNSUER
1650 R E T U R N
1700 C L S 3060 GOTO 1026
1704- P R I N T 2500 PRINT
1705 P R I N T 2510 PRINT COS G=P.F.=INPUT URT
1706 P R I N T "YOUR AN5UER " ; 0 1 ; " I TS"
5 INCORRECT" , 2520 PRINT
1707 P R I N T 1
1706 P R I N T " R E A C T I U E POUER=Ufl SI 2530 PRINT UOLTS X A
N 0" MPS . "
1709 P R I N T 254.0 PRINT
1710 P R I N T " r t L T E R Y O U R RNSUER" 2550 PRINT "NOU UHRTS THE RNSUER
1715 P R I N T *? "
1720 I N P U T 01 2560 GOTO 104.8
1725 I F 0 1 = 0 T H E N G O S U B 1958 3000 PRINT
1730 I F NOT 0 1 = 0 T H E N G O S U B 1950 301© PRINT "UR INPUT =UOLT S X RMP
1740 L E T ©1=G S"
1750 R E T U R N 3020 PRINT
1300 P R I N T 3030 PRINT "NOU UHRTS THE RNSUER
1801 P R I N T "YOUR RNSUER IS STILL ti

INCORRECT" 3040 GOTO 1078

1802 P R I N T 3500 PRINT
1804 P R I N T " R N 5 U E R T O EFFICIENCY 3510 PRINT "RERCTIUE POUER=UR SI
f^J Q
— •*
11

1805 P R I N T "OUTPUT/INPUT = "; o; " / " 3520 PRINT "UHERE G IS THE PHRSE
iU; " = " l E F ANGLE"
1806 P R I N T 3530 PRINT
1807 P R I N T 3540 PRINT "NOU UHRTS THE RNSUER
1606 P R I N T *»

3 5 5 0 GOTO 1121
1809 I N P U T Z $ 4000 PRINT " U R N T MORE INFORMRTIO
1810 R E T U R N N ? YES/NO"
1650 P R I N T 4-010 RETURN
1651 P R I N T " Y O U R RN5UER I S STILL 4020 PRINT
INCORRECT 4025 PRINT 1
1852 P R I N T 4030 RETURN
1853 P R I N T " R N S U E R T O P O U E R FACT 4040 PRINT '
OR = " 4050 PRINT
1854 P R I N T " I N P U T U R T T 5 / U O L T 5 XR 4 060 PRINT ' E F F I C . O F MOTORs";El
HP5 = " 4 0 7 0 RETTURN
1855 P R I N T u ; u ; " * " ; A ; " =" ; P F ; 4080 PRINT " P O U E R F R C T O R OF MOTO
" LRG" R=";Pl;" LRG"
1856 P R I N T 4090 RfcTURN
1857 P R I N T 4100 PRINT "UR INPUT = " ; S l ; " UR . "
1858 P R I N T c p r = =
4110 RETURN
4120 PRINT "RERCTIUE P0UER=";01;
1859 I N P U T Y $ » URR."
1860 R E T U R N 4130 RETURN
1900 P R I N T
1902 P R I N T "YOUR RNSUER I S STILL
INCORRECT"
1904 P R I N T " R N S U E R T O UR I N P U T a "
; V; " * " ; R ; " = " ; S ; " UR . "
1905 P R I N T CRLCULATE THE FOLLOUING
1906 P R I N T
E N T E R YOUP. A N S W E R S
1907 P R I N T EFFICIENCY OF MOTOR=T
19058 I N P U T X( URNT MORE INFORMATION "? Y E S / N O
1910 R E T U R N
1950 P R I N T EFFIC.=OUTPUT URTTS
1957 P R I N T " Y O U R RNSUER I S STILL
INCORRECT" INPUT URTTS
1956 P R I N T
1959 P R I N T " R N S U E R T O R E R C T I U E " NOU UHRTS THE RNSUER ?
1960 P R I N T " P O U E R = U * R * S I N G
1961 P R I N T
1962 P R I N T UHERE G I S THE PHRSE M w a w u ^ n
ANGLE"
1964 P R I N T EFFXC.OF MOT O R = 0 . 8
1966 P R I N T G=RCS PF=";X*180/PI;
" DEGS. " POUER FRCTOR OF MOTOR=0.8 LAG
1968 P R I N T
1970 P R I N T RERCTIUE POUER=";U;"
i " ; PI.; •• * " ; S I N ( X ) ; " = " ; I N T UR INPUT = 1200 UR.
(G+0.5)
;" VJRR . "
1974- PRINT PEE RERCTIUE POUFCLK=900 UHR.
^THfiFtPJ-aH*'
1976 I N P U T U$
1960 R E T U R N
2000 P R I N T // you can't solve the problem, the program will first offer you some
2010 P R I N T " E F F I C . = Q U T P U T URTTS" help and then, if you still can 't manage it, show you how to do it.
2020 P R I N T "

77 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3 •E
 SOFTWARE REVIEWS

I expect that by now you are as description hidden in caves, computer by giving it simple
sick of turkey sandwiches and
Christmas cake as I am, and are
passages, jungles, Egyptian
pyramids and the like. Just to
one or two word instructions
such as 'get keys' or 'take ABERSOFT
now on the lookout for some make matters more compli- lamp'. Using these keywords,
post festive inspiration for your cated, there are usually a you can pick up a number of
ZX Spectrum. Whether you
managed to survive the Christ-
number of monsters
mysterious objects whose sole
and items that you might think will
be of use to you at a later point
ADVENTURE1
mas period with some cash or aim in life is to hinder or help in the game; you are allowed to
you are wondering what to do you on your quest. 'hold' up to eight items.
with that fiver you received Abersoffs adventure, how- To find out what you are
from your Auntie, here are a ever, has no harmful monsters holding at any stage in the
number of goodies to choose but makes you rely on your game, you type 'inventory'; the
from. own intelligence to get around computer's recognition of voc-
the passages and utilise the ob- abulary is very good, and fast
Adventure 1 jects you find to help you win too due to the fact that the vast
— Abersoft the treasure. In the first scene,
you are looking at a water
majority of the program is writ
ten in machine code. The com
This is an adventure game, and house and you can see a large puter only scans the first four
for the uninitiated an adventure set of keys, a shiny brass lamp, letters of each keyword so 'in-
game is one of a 'search' some tasty food and a bottle of ve' is the same as 'inventory'.
usually for treasure of some water. You can instruct the To move about io the game,

78 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 I M

SOFTWARE REVIEWS
simple compass directions There are 21 items of irea there's no resting to cook the review had a header that was
should be given such as 'N', sure to find in the game in all, odd meal or read a book or two full of rubbish, so that the nor-
'E', 'S' and ' W \ Instructions so don't expect an easy time. while you await some happen mally tolerant Spectrum re-
such as 'enter' are obeyed such The adventure holds many ing — the computer always has acted it. The whole program
that if you are next to a building secrets for the player to work a quick answer for you. For in- was littered with clicks and
or the entrance to a passage, out, one of which is the mean- stance, in the depth of frus- buzzes. However, I did manage
you will appear inside. ing of the secret messages on tration. I told the computer to load the second copy, albeit
the walls in certain rooms. I where to go' to which it pro with some difficulty.
A smashing1 game managed to work out most of mptly told me 'Watch it. The
Adventure is priced at £ 9 . 9 5
them, but I won't spoil your fun wi2ard is watching you". I
The adventure is based on a by telling you. and is available from Abersoft,
found its understanding of my
series of caves, canyon crawls 7 Maes Afallen, Bow Street,
use of 'non-Queen's English'
and passages. There are count Lack of talent? quite amusing and prompts me
Dyfed S Y 2 4 5BA.
less rooms with a white mist
lingering on the floor (similar to At one point in the game I came
to applaud the author's sense
of humour.
Superview/Super-
a Top of the Pops rehearsal, across a very strange room in One of my main criticisms of draw
maybe?). M o s t passages,
rooms, etc, are empty but some
which I was standing at a win the game is the actual quality of — video Software
dow looking down on a pit the cassettes themselves. One
will contain useful objects and (complete with mist). Opposite of the two copies I had for Video Software are now selling
treasure. The treasure varies me I could see a man at another
from extremely heavy golden window waving back at me. It
nuggets to easily breakable has been a puzzle to me ever You are s t a n d i n g at i h e end of
Ming vases. since what is the relevance road before a small, brie*,
The Ming vase had me in of the eerie figure? Perhaps he building. Around you is a
some confusion for a few days was, like me, another player forest. R smau stream flows
Idon't get the idea that you'll driven to madness by this
3ut of the b u i l d i n g and down a
g u l l y .
manage to finish this game in a game.
week'l. The problem with the I fear he might have been, as
vase is that the only way to put the game is non-graphical and i n t e r
something down is to use the requires great enthusiasm to
b command 'drop' which is
countered with the reply 'you
play for more than a few hours
You a r e i n s i d e a building, a
at a stretch. Pure text, with no <»» e I I h o u s e for a large spring.
hurled it delicately to the colour or sound, is a clear
ground'. {You have to put some waste of the ZX Spectrum's 3 b o u t y o u c a n be s e e n
of the objects down again as talent and would clearly wear ~t l a r g e s e t o f Key^
for every item of treasure you the interest of the player.
return to the water house, you (There is also a ZX81 version of
^ shiny brass lamp
receive 10 points.) So all I got the game available for £8.95.) Some tasty food
the first few times I tried this Far too often in the game, I
was a smashed vase! Until I found myself going round and bottle of water
found ihe pillow, of course... round in circles. However,

You a r e a t one end o f a v a s t

^all stretching forward out of
sight to the west . There are
openings to e i t h e r side .
Nearby, a wide s t o n e staircase
l e a d s d o w n w a r d . The h a l l is
filled with wisps of white mist
swaying to and f r o a l m o s t as if
j l i v e . R c o l d w i n d b l o w s up the
staircase. There is a passage
a t t h e t o p o f a dome b e h i n d you.
^bout you can be seen
^ough stone steps leading up
? ar g Ie
J don't understand.

FT
/ ou can't get by the snake.

You are in the hall of the

mountain king, with passages off
in all directions.
About you can be seen
r*n a r o u s e d , h u g e , g r e e n snafce,
barring t h e way
s i n g

mo.x have a terrible voice

K i l l
Don't be ridiculous

ZX COMPUTING FEB, MARCH 1983 79

3
 SOFTWARE REVIEWS
two 'creative' packages for the character arrays and recalled to
48K ZX Spectrum. The first is a the screen using a very clevei

JOIN
text display and creating method. First of all, the screen
system called Superview. attributes are set set to white
Superview has two options: so that the machine prints
42 pages of two colour text or white characters onto a white
2 1 pages of eight colour text. background. Then, once a

THE
These two options provide sen- whole 'invisible' page has been
sibly an optional trade-off bet- printed, the attributes are trans-
4 b OK> ween colour and space. The ferred by machine code from an
array to the attribute file. In this
only thing that disappointed me
was the waste of space in the way the text appears to in
colour storage methods. The stantly arrive on the screen.

USERS'
most space saving system This program would be very
would have been to insert col- useful to the shop owner who
our codes into the text wher- could set up some product in-
ever there was a change of INK, formation for his or her cus-
PAPER intensity and its FLASH tomers to inspect at their

CLUB
mode. Instead, they have taken leisure. Overall, I was impres-
the option to store an individual sed.
attribute for each character,
which is unnecessary. If they
had taken the more efficient op-
Luck of the draw?
tion, the storage size could
Superdraw is similar to Super-
have been doubled.
view in that it is for visual crea-
Superview is supplied on tion, but Superdraw is lor
Make the most of y o u r Spectrum or ZX81 by cassette, complete with a creating Hi-Res graphics. It too
reasonable little manual held is based around a main menu
joining the country's strongest and most
together by ring binders. Com- and uses a similar programming
enthusiastic users' c l u b - t h e National ZX Users' plementing the manual is a new style to its sister package.
Club. concept of having a written
In the drawing mode, full
commentary on the reverse
eight way cursor control «
side of the cassette. This is
W h e n you join us, we'll send you our 'new members welcome allowed along with a number ol
quite a good idea and should
pack' with 3 0 programs (15 for the Z X 8 1 , 1 5 for the Spectrum), necessary functions to alter the
clearly be an indication to other
plus the first issue of our value-packed club magazine colour, brightness, etc. Again,
manufacturers of software
INTERFACE. like Superview, there is a com-
packages requiring good docu-
mentary on the reverse side of
mentation.
Inside INTERFACE as well as at least si* programs for your the cassette and the package u
ZX81 or Spectrum, you'll find letters from members as they supplied with a ring bound
share tips and ideas, and sound off on a variety of subjects What's on the manual which provides a full
(such as you-know-who's appalling delivery times record), a menu? explanation of the system.
list of local ZX clubs, and special offers from software houses The loading problems with
and book publishers-special offers just for members. On the tape, a demo set of 21 this tape were really very
If you're having problems with your computer, we have full colour pages are provided serious. I tried to get the pro-
experts on tap to try and help you. If you want to start a local which can be loaded using gram loaded using a 'new-
users' club, we'll give you publicity, and let you buy books at a Superview's 'Load a set of fangled' graphic equaliser, but
special discount for your club members. pages by name' option. These even then failed to get it into
If you're not a club member, you're missing out on making the pages depict the history of the machine. Because of this I
most of your micro (and try saying that ten times quickly') computers and effectively am certainly not in a position to
Come on in and join us, the water's fine. It's C9 50 for a year's show off the capabilities of say whether or not you should
INTERFACE, and we'll send you a sample issue for El.00 good coloured text. buy this program. The best
Superview operates via a thing to do if you are interested
Run by Tim Hartnell, the National ZX Users' Club is a resource menu which allows you to save in this particular tape is to ar-
just waiting to be tapped Come on and start tapping, and load pages, view pages in range for some form of demon-
sequence, view pages on de- stration so that you can actu-
mand (in a similar way to Tele- ally see it loaded into the
National ZX Users' Club. text and Prestel) and to create a machine.
Dept. ZC new set of pages or alter the
44-46 Earls Court Road, existing ones. To create a new Superview and Superdraw are
London. W 8 6EJ set of pages, one must first priced £ 5 . 0 0 and are available
destroy the existing ones leav- from Video Software, Stone
OK, Tim, you've convinced me: ing room for the new set. The Lane, Kinver, Stourbridge,
pages are stored quite simply in West Midlands DY7 6EQ.
I I Send me my 'new members' welcome pack' plus my first
issue of INTER FACE and keep those INTERFACES coming
for the next year. I enclose £9.50 (UK). £1?.50 (Europe) SUPER'J IEU MENU OF O P T TONS

( > Just send me a sample of INTERFACE I enclose Cl.00

1. Clear or copy a page.
Load a single page by name
I have ( ) a ZX81 ( ) a Spectrum Load a set of pages by n s a e .

Name 4 . Save a Single page by n a t u e .

5 . Save, a s e t of pages by rva»t.
Address 6 . U i ew pages on d e» and .
7 . Uiew p a g e s in sequence.
8 . Create/amend a page.
3 . Create a new set of pages

80 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 ZX81 DOMESTIC

Purchase/sales ledger
Neil Streeter of Hastings decided to save himself
some money - instead of buying a commercial
purchase/sales ledger package, he thought
he'd write one of his own!

w ?
OPTIOMS
uper- MAKE NEW ENTRY
DELETE ENTFLY
crea- SAVE
for LIST IfcTRIES^
SAVE MLt
t too
nenu
ning
I recently became interested in the kind of format I was going to
getting hold of an accountancy store the data in. I toyed with
full package for my ZX81, especial- several ideas such as packed
)l is ly those including purchase and free, packed fixed, etc, until I
sr of sales ledger programs. decided to use a combination of
• the However, the cost of these was the first two methods I found.
lain, slightly too high for my ex- There would be two string
om- penses (I am a bit of a miser I arrays: the first would contain all
e of suppose). So, I decided to have the account names and the se-
}e is a go at writing them myself. As cond, all the data. The first array
und the prices of these programs are was easy and just needed
full in the range of £8-17, I had dimensioning. The second array
every reason to believe that this required a packed fixed format
with would be a difficult task as - packed because the data was
'ery usually the more expensive pro- packed tightly and fixed
>ro- grams reflect the complexity of because each piece of data
the programming involved. always occupies the same
but
However, I did have one number of bytes. The format for
nto
Fig 1, thing in my favour - I had each string in the array is shown
is I
studied basic accountancy while in Fig. 3.
i to
at the University of Aston in Bir-
uld AN was chosen to represent
2St
ed
r\ mingham, and I still had all my
old text books. So I rescued
the account number. This would
be a character, the code of
them from their hiding place
ar- which is the reference to the ar-
and, having dusted them off,
>n- ray of account names. VAT
looked through the indexes for a
tu- IMMT would be either the character I
j Flit NAME purchase and sales ledger.
he J or E, depending on whether it
I was amazed to find that it was to represent 'inclusive' or
would not be as difficult as I had 'exclusive'.
re
GIT NEXT first imagined. One program
Thus, having worked out my
«COUM would serve as the central core
ite format, flow diagrams and
I NO for both, with only minor altera-
>e reference material, I set to the
IENTE H AS METFT tions needed between the two.
B, NO I FILE,NAME DAE NTER FIND TOTAL task of writing a program to fulfil
TE ONLY Basically Ino pun intended), they
ANO DATA SALES.EIC my needs. It was finished after
I consist of a number of files,,
approximately seven hours
each containing information on a
work.
sale or a purchase. At certain
POINT The program is quite
TOTALS times, these accounts would
straightforward to use and has
have to be balanced and up-
space for 50 accounts and up to
dated.
3 0 0 entries. If you have less ac-
First things first though - I counts you may alter the arrays
decided to draw up a series of to suit your requirements. The
flow charts to simulate exactly program listing as it stands is for
what the final program should the purchase ledger, but only six
do. These are shown in Figs. 1 lines need be altered to magical-
and 2. ly transform it into a sales
ledger. Two programs for the
Setting up price of one - pretty good, eh?
Fig. 2 Then, I set about the programm- I'm not saying that this pro-i

•E
ing. My first decision involved gram is as good as a commercial |

81 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3
 ZX81 DOMESTIC
2120 IF INKEY $ < > " " THEN GOTO 212
0
2130 LET F $ = INKEY $
M AN OAK AMOUNT REFERtlMCf < 2140 IF F $ <> " I" AND F $ < : > " E " THEN
>
1
GOTO 2130
I 11 6 1 2150 PRINT , , " U . A . T . "J"INCLUSIU
> AND F j = " I " j " E X C L U S I V E " A N D FS
NUMBER OF BYTES = " E"
Fig. 3. The format for each string in the array 2160 PRINT .. I S ENTRY CORRECT?
(YES OR NO} ? "
2170 IF INKEY$<>"" T H E N G O T O 317
package, but it does do the job as a direct command. Follow 0
and it's fairly fast too. Which this with GOTO 1 0 0 0 as a 2180 LET Gt=INKEY$
may present a moral - just direct command. 2185 IF G$="N" THEN CLS
because the price is high, it You will now be requested 2190 IF G$-"N" T H E N GOTO 24 10
doesn't mean you can't write it to enter the date again which 2200 IF G$="Y" T H E N GOTO 22P0
yourself. you should do and you will get 2210 GOTO 21SC
the menu. You may now select rOR -< = 1 T O NA
Operation the SAVE option and save the 2230
GOTO
IF A l t y ,
2280
TO LEN E£; - F i THEN
program either as a sales ledger
The program, like all good 224-0 NEXT X
business programs, is menu or as a purchase ledger. This 2 2 5 0 L E T NA = N A + 1
driven and extremely user means that your program will 2260 IF NA > 5 0 T H E N G O T O 2470
friendly. It should be evident automatically start on loading 2265 LET X=NA
how to use the program as soon with the first date as 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 . 2270 L E T A $ <X)
as you have it up and running. 2280 LET AC =AC 1
However, when I set it up 2285 IF AC T H E N GOTO 2470
for the first time, I do the follow-
2 ^ 2 L E T 5 $ ( A C . 1 ) - C " H R $ >:
-'300 LET 5 $ 'AC., 2 T O 9 ) = D $ >2)
ing. RUN the program, which References 2 3 1 0 ' L E T 6 $ f AC . . 1 0 T O £ 0 ) - S T R $
should give you a date request 2320 LET 5 $ (AC ..21 TO 26>=R$
on the screen. Then, EDIT and Business Accounting 1 and 2 - 2:330 L E T 6$ (AC, 2 7 ) = F $
STOP, followed by Newline to Frank Wood, published by 2340 CLS
break into the program. Now, Longman. 2350 PRINT "ACCOUNT ENTERED."
enter: Framework of Accountancy - 2360 PRINT . . A $ (CODE E$(AC)>
CC Magee, published by Mac- 2370 PRINT , l AC, 2 TO 3 6
LET DS(I) = " 0 0 : 0 0 : 0 0 " Donald and Evans. . 1 0 TO 20)
2380 PRINT , , " R E F : " ; B $ t A C , 2 1 TO
2
Its l> I H *5tJ.,2(3) 2385 LET U=0
3 C D I M 1 3 0 3 , 2 7 ) 2390 PRINT "UAT. £",
3 0 D I M 6 ( 5 0 t 3 J 24-00 I F 6 $ (AC , 2 7 ) =" I " T H E N LET V
4-0 D I M D $ ( 2 , 8 > =UAL B $ ( A C , 1 0 TO 20)^100*15
5 0 L E T N f l = 0 2405 PRINT U
5 0 L E T fiC=0 2410 PRINT , /'OPTIONS:
1 0 0 0 C L S ^4.20 P R I N T E N T E R A N O T H E R fl
1 0 1 0 P R I N T " E N T E R D R T E R S : - ( D D / CCOUNT.","2, RETURN TO MENU."
'-iM/YYi " 24-30 I F I N K E Y $ < > " " T H E N G O T O 243
I N P U T E $ .- * •
I 0 Q 0 I P L E N T H E N G O T O 1 0 3 0 2440 Ir I N K E Y $ = " " T H E N G O T O 244C
104-i:'. L E T D $ < 2 ) = E $ 24 50 IF INKEY $ = " 1 " T H E N G O T O 200
105 3 • = •Tk

1 0 6 0 P R I N T D * < 2 ) 24.60 IF INKEY $ = " 2 " THEN GOTO 105

i . 0 7 0 P R I N T . _. " P U R C H A S E L E D G E R OP 0
T I O N S : - " , ..wtmh—i^mm^—mm—mmmmi^m^m 24-70 GQTQ 2430
, ^ .. " 1 . MAKE ENTRY .
* j- j C
1 0 8 0 P R I N T " 2 . L I S T A C C O U N T S . " ,
3 . D E L E T E A N A C C G U N T . " f " 4 . P R I N T 2460 PRINT " O U T OF ROOM, PLEASE
HN A C O U N T R E C O R D . " , " 5 . B A L L A N C E SAUE T H I S FILE A N D S T A R T A FREi
A C C O U N T S " 6 . 5AUE F I L E . " 3H F I L E F O R N E U R C C O U N T S . BALANC
i l 0 0 L E T E $ = I N K E Y $ i THIS F I L E T O MAKE ROOM."
1 1 1 0 I F E * < " 1 " OR E J > " 6 " T H E N GO 24-90 P R I N T f >" P R E S S A N Y K E Y FOR
TO 1 1 0 © MENU."
1 1 3 0 GOTO 1 0 0 0 4 - 1 0 0 0 t U A L E $ 2500 IF I N K E Y T H E N G O T O 258
2 0 0 0 C L S 0
4 3 3 5 P R I N T " E N T E R ACCOUNT N A M E : - 2 5 10 IF INKEY$=s"" THEN GOTO 251®
t t
2520 GOTO 1050
^ S I O I N P U T E$ 3000 CLS
2 3 2 3 I F L E N E $ > 2 0 T H E N L E T E $ = E £ j>005 LPRINT "ACCOUNTS S T A N D I N G ft
TO 20. r • • D $ (2)
-_O30 P R I N T . .. H 0 ' \ : E $ 3006 LPRINT
_i04.0 P R I N T , f " E N T E R AMOUNT . 3 0 1 0 FOR X = 1 TO NA
-PURCHASES 3020 LPRINT X;" " ; A $ (X /
+ " ^ R E T U R N S " 3 0 3 0 NEXT X
2 0 5 0 I N P U T A 3 0 4 0 GOTO 1050
4000 CLS
SG P R I N T "HQ £ " ; A
4010 PRINT " E N T E R A C C O U N T T O BE
2 0 7 0 P R I N T ...."ENTER R E F E R E N C E CO DELETED."
4-O20 I N P U T E»
2 S S 0 I N P U T R $
4-025 I F LEN E $ > 20 THEN LET E$«Ei
2 0 9 0 I F L E N R $ > 6 T H E N L E T v T O 2 0 )
T O 5 )
PRINT , , "MM ";E$
2100 P R I N T " K R E F : " J R * 4040 PRINT , . "PRESS T Q CEL
—l i u P U Z N T , , " U . R . T . INGLU-J r«/c c iETE A C C O U N T ANY' O T H E R KEY RE
P E X C L U S I V E ? PRESS » » I » » OR TURNS TO MENU."
4050 IF INKEY* <>"" THEN GOTO 4®5

82 ZX COMPUTING FEB,'MARCH 1983

 ZX81 DOMESTIC
0 5016 LET TU-O
40&O IF I N K E Y $ = " " T H E N GOTO 4060 5017 LET TR =0
4070 IF I N K E Y $ < > " D " T H E N GOTO 10 5 0 I S LET TOR =0
50 5020 FOR X = 1 T O Nfi
-330 FH5T 6030 LET B(X,1) =6«X,1) f6(X.2'J f 6 (
-3C - !- D P X = I Tu NH
IF U L- E4.
- > = e. * Trtc.; "640 LET £ ( X . 2 ' ; = ©
• jT j -i. I S O 5050 LET d iX,3)
' 10 NEXT 5t56d NEXT X
-ti 5LOW 6070 FOR X=1 TO HC
PRINT RCCOUNT NOT FOUND. 6030 LET Y =CODE B $ ( X )
8090 LET H=URL B$(X,10 TO 20)
-114 GOTO 4 2 1 0 5 1 0 0 LET U=0
: 120 F O P Y « X T O NH - i ••3110 IF ( X .. 2 7 ) = " I " THEN LET U =
-130 L E T H $ ( Y ) = A $ Cv + 1> v 1Q0 * 15
• i-tS NEXT Y •5 1 2 0 LET A= h - U
L~T ( M R ) =•• " 6 130 L E T 5 (Y ..2) =B (Y . 2 ) +U
•U68 LET N R s N R - 1 6140 LET B CY . 3 • = B (Y . 3 > +£i
-170 FOR Y = 1 TO hC- 6150 IF SGN f i - 1 T H E N L E T T O T =TOT
41S0 IF CODE B$ (Y) - X THEN GOTO 4
530 6160 IF SGN R=1 THEN LET TUBTU+U
4190 N E X T Y 6165 IF SGN H = - 1 THEN LET TR=TR +
4200 P R I N T t f "RCCOUNT DELETED."
4210 P R I N T j. " P R E S S RNY K E Y T O R 6 165 IF SGN A=- l THEN LET TUR=TU
ETURN T Q MENU." Q -i-t.l
5L.QO •iI70 NEXT
4220 IF INKEY $ < > " " THEN GOTO 422 6 175 LPRINT "EHLRnlES FOR PEPIOC
4230 IF INKEY$="" THEN GOTO 4230 ••• J. ~ 6 P ~< I v< 1 D $ »1 > TO
1240 GOTO 1050 6 177 LPRINT ' '
1300 FOR Z = Y T O AC-1
10 L E T B $ ( Z ) ^B $ ( Z 1 j 6150 F O R X = 1 T O NA
4320 NEXT Z 6190 LPRTNT R$(X<
4330 L E T B $ C R C ) = " ** 5200 LPRINT " £ " , B ( X , 2 ) t B ( X , 3 ) i "
4340 LET PC =RC —1 INC. £ " ; 6 ( X . 2 ) j " URT"
'; e 1350 GOTO 4190 6210 NEXT X
5300 CLS
ro 5G10 PRINT "ENTER RCCOUNT NRME."
"•220
6230
LPRINT
L P R I N T "CRRRY DOWN T O NOHIN
•5015 INPUT E$ '>.. u£CC>ER. -
5316 IF LEN E $ > 2 0 THEN LET E£=E£ 6240 LPRINT " RETURNS : " . " £ " . TOT
p u TO 20) 5250 LPRINT "RETURNS U R T : " , " £ " ; T
3020 FAST
5030 FOR X = 1 T O NP 6 2 6 0 LPRINT " P U R C H R S E S : " > " £ " ; -Tfrc
5040 IF A * t X , TO LEN E $ j THEN 6270 LPRINT "PURCHRSES URT:","£"
GOTO 5100 , -TUR
l R kic\rr v
5050 NEXT X 5230 LPRINT
>4.3 •>060 PRINT , , "RCCOUNT NOT FOUND.
5231 FOR X=1 TO RC
• 4- 0 -•" 0 ~ CTJQ 5 2 2 0 5 2 8 2 LET ( X ) = " "
to© LPRINTT "RCCOUNT " ; X 6233 NEXT X
5102 LPRINT 6234 LET hC=0
5220 SLOU
5103 LPRINT R $ (X ) 5 3 0 0 LET D $ ( 1 ) = D $ ( 2 )
5104 LPRINT "BflLRNCE B / F 6 3 1 0 LET D * ( 2 ) = " "
6 3 2 0 GOTO 1000
5 1 0 5 L E T T O T = B CX . 1 » 7 0 0 0 CLS
E m © FOR Y as 1 T O RC 70O5 PRINT "ENTER F I L E NRME:-"
RE T115 LET U=0 "010 INPUT F$
:120 I F CODE B $ £Y) : . X THEN GOTO 7020 PRINT , , "HH "; F $
NC - i Jii '030 PRINT , "5TRRT TRPE RECORDE
5130 L P R I N T B $ ( Y , 2 T O 3; , - R E F : ". R RND P R E S S RNY KEY."
R -•MY, 2 1 TO 26) 7040 IF INK EY*<>"" T H E N GOTO 704
5140 L E T R^URL &$ (Y, 10 TO SO) *>
5 0 5145 L E T TOT=TOT+R 7050 I F I N K E Y $ = " " THEN GOTO 7 0 5 0
5150 I F B $ tY , 2 7 ) « " I " THEN LET V = 7 0 6 0 SRUE F *
1©
H/10O*15 '070 GOTO 1000
5160 L E T A = A - U
R 5170 L P R I N T " £ " ; R; " INCL . " To convert the listing of the Purchase ledger to that of a Sales
ledger, simply replace the revelant lines in the above listing to read:
5203 " f i E X T Y
5205 LPRINT 1070 PRINT , , ";>RLE-j LEDGER DRTIO
5206 L P R I N T "TOTRL f';T<JT
1. MRKE ENTRY."
5210 L P R I N T " f l ^ ^ ^ n ^ M M B B ^ H ^ M M M
2370 PRINT „ y ' EMT1TR flHOUNT- " " ^"
"soRUES
5230 P R I N T "PRESS RNY KEY" TO RET
URN T O MENU" -""=RETURN5" *
5240 IF INKEY $ < >"" THEN GOTO 524 6240 L P R I N T " S A L E S : " , " £ " / T O T
3. •
5250 IF INKEY 4 = "" THEN GOTO 5 2 5 0 6250 LPRINT "SALES U R T : T U
EL 5260 GOTO 135Q
IE
5000 FAST 6260 LPRINT "RETURNS:","£";-TR
5010 CLS 5270 LPRINT "RETURNS U R T : " , " £ " , -
5015 LET TOT=0

83 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983

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84 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 •M

On the density of If this is true then N D is an in-

teger and equal to INT (N Dl.
Successive values of D are tried

prime integers
and if the above is found to be
true, then ihe next N is formed
and the testing resumed.
Idl The pnmality of the tested
number is detected by limiting
the value of D to a maximum
equal to the square root of N. If
no divisor is found up to this
value, then N is prime. Steps are
taken to count and record (if
desired) the prime so found, and
then the next number for trial is
formed and tested for pnmality
or compositeness.
A program devised to do this
is given in Fig. 4. The work stops
when N is greater than the upper
bound of the chosen region.
Typical results are printed out in
Fig. 4a and fuller results are
tabulated in Table 1
A new region is then chosen,
Edgar Pulsford b s c , c e , m i e r e , typically one decade greater,
and the work continued. Be
uses his ZX81 to tell you everything cause of the slowness of the
testing when N is large, say
you ever wanted to know about greater than 10" , it is conve-
nient to reduce the number of
prime integers . . . but were afraid to ask. primes counted at any particular
decade, and to accept a worsen
A computer is programmed to P Number of primes in the each region, and relating this to ing of statistical accuracy.
identify and count the primes in range. the magnitude of the central in
a range of conseculive integers
centred on a power of 10. eg
R Proportion (or density*
of primes P W.
tcgei. For example, in the region Treatment of
5 0 0 to 1 , 5 0 0 . 144 primes
Irom 9.500 lo 10,500. The In N Natural logarithm ol N. were found. The proportion is
results
proportion of pr imes in I he range therefore 144 1 , 0 0 0 or 0 . 1 4 4 , As the observations were made
is calculated for each decade The empirical result in symbols which was related lo 1,000, the on regions one decade apart, it
from lOto 10". can be seen in the equation central integer between 5 0 0 seemed convenient to plot
If the proportion of primes in below and 1 , 0 0 0 A measurement of (manually) R against log. N
the mteyers of the range is term- this kind was made, using the Figure 5 is the result. Although
ed the density of primes, then it R k InN 1 program of Fig. 4, at each at first, the base 10 was used,
is found that: decade from 10 to 10', which is later it became apparent that the
Counting of primes about as far as the ZX81 will natural base, e, was to be pre-
The product of the density of conveniently qo. ferred. The plot of R against In N
primes and the natural logarithm This work was prompted by a The principles involved are: is therefore shown.
of the central integer uf the program published in ZX Com (al Integers of the series 6 M 1 The shape of this curve
range appears to he unity. putmg. Vol. 1, No. 1, page 29, are chosen for testing. It may be prompted examination to see if
which program was modified to seen that this series contains all it were an exponential or a rec
or: give a serial number to each the primes, although all numbers tangular hyperbola. It was soon
prime. This proved to be the im- of this series are not primes. found that it was a good fit to
The mean spacing of primes portant factor for what follows Seeing that and 6 M j _ 3 the equation:
about N equals hge N. resulting in the primes being represent all the odd integers
considered as a definite class of (but 6 M i _ 3 are composite, be X x Y is a near constant
These results have irregularities integers, little notice being taken ing divisible by 3) it follows that
because of the non-uniform of their values. The study 1 contains all the integers If ihe product of R and In N are
spacing ol the primes. Also, the became one of the density of which might be primes. formed, it is seen that they are
number of integers in the range primes in the integers, par The program starts with a not only near constant, but that
is small compared to the ticularly with relation to the posi trial integer of the form 6 M 1 'constant is near unity. Thus, the
magnitude of the central in tion in the integers where the near the lower bound of ihe empirical relation:
teger, and yet large enough to density was measured. region of interest, lests it. adds
reduce statistical errors to minor The modified program refer- two, lests the number so form R x in N 1 (approximatelyI
importance red to is given in Fig. 1. Figure 2 ed, then adds four and tests
All integers are positive, and gives I he result of printing out that, and so on, counting the is obtained, where N extends
primes are those with no faclors every hundredth prime, and ;ilso primes as they are found over the range from 10 to 10'
other than themselves and shows the ratio of the prime to (b) The divisors ID) used for the This result has the quality of
unity The principal symbols in its serial number. Figure 3 tests start at three, and each being mathematically simple,
volved with the density of prime shows a graph of this ratio time a new divisor is needed, which is satisfying. But it is
utegers are given below. against its serial number. The two is added to ihe D just used possible to go a slage further. R
shape of this curve has not been so that all the odd integers are x In N may be written:
X - Lower bound of range. studied, but the fact that it was a used in turn. There is no point in
Y- Upper bound of range. smooth curve indicated that using even integers. In Nf1 or In Itf' w
W - Width of range there was some relationship (c) The composite nature of the
IX Y> consecutive worthy of further investigation. number under test is detected and either of these equivalent
integers. It was then decided to study by: expressions may be equated to
N- Central integer of the small regions of the integers, fin- unity lapproxl. ^

•E
range = ( X - Y ) 2. ding the proportion of primes in 5 5 0 IF N D INTIN D) 0. etc And since the number whose ^

85 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3
 ZX81—EDUCATION
natural logarithm is unity is e, or used to calculate the number of
exp, it is possible to write: primes expected and to com
pare the results with 100. This
(sfw ^ e
was done and is shown in the
results of Ihe program in Fig. 7.
where e is equal to 2.718 The results are fairly consistent
with expectations, but this is
Statement of the only a small range over which to
do the test. The figures are in
result eluded for interest; their mean is
If there are P primes in a region 1 0 0 . 8 . It rsconsidered that they
W of the natural integers of support the empirical relation-
TO

37,4
which the central integer is N. ship.
then, if R - P W ,
various
R x In N - 1 or N 4 '« e
observations
The accuracy and 'constancy'
The program of Fig. 4 is so
of R x In N is shown in Table 1.
designed that it is essential that
The effects of the statistics of
the first integer in the range W
sampling have been laken into
offered for test is of ihe form
a c c o u n t only insofar as a
6M 1 To ensure this, when
reasonable sample size for P has
the value X of ihe lower bound
been aimed at, consistent with
has been found, the starting in
the time available for the work.
teger for the test, X , is found
using:
Testing the
relationship X' 6 x INT (X/6)
INT (X 6) gives the value of M,
Having made the observations and then theexpressrongivesan
and developed the relationship, integer which is a few units only
it remains to test it to see if it can away from the value of the
be used to forecast new infor lower bound, X
mation. The value of the upper
A test program was written bound, V, is used without
in which a series of Ns from 3.2 modification for ending ihe
x 1 0 to 3 2 x 1CT were chosen. search.
These may be thought of as the For the larger Ns the com
half points of decades because puting takes a long time, even in
log 3.2 is about 0 . 5 . For each of Fast m o d e . R e d u c i n g the
these Ns, the value of W which number of primes has been used
was expected to contain 75 to shorten the work but con-
primes was calculated and the tinuous running day and night
computer set to count the actual has been neccessary. If the N u 3 2 0
number in this W , the result be scope of this work is to be ex P = 75
mg compared to the expecta tended, a faster working and U = <132
tion. The program and results larger number-handling com L I M I T S 104 TO 5 3 6
are given in Fig. 6 and Table 2 puter will be needed.
S E R R C H FROM 1 0 1 T O 536
(test results). It will be seen thai The region about 10 pro-
there is a good agreemeni bet
RT N TMERE RRE 7 1 P R I M E S \M
duced anomalies, suggesting HERE 75 UERE EXPECTED
ween measurement and expec that there is a scarcity of primes
tat ion. there. This needs looking into. It * * T * * * +* i * *»1
Material for lests is also is known that there are regions
found in the results of the first where Ihere are long succes- N = 3200
experiment. Figs. 1 and 2. The sions of composites (see text P - 75
U = 6 0 5
empirical relationship can be books on Theory of Numbers)
L I M I T S 28S£- o 35S£
S E R R C H FROM Z3=>? TO 3503
PW
N
<^T N = 3 2 0 0 T H E R E P R E 7 1 PRIMES!
N w P R = P/W In N R x I n N e = 2.718 JHERE 7 5 UERE EXPECTEI?

10 20 9 0.45 2.303 1.04 2.82 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * H

10? 106 22 0.2075 4.605 .956 2.60 N = 3 2 0 0 0
10 3 1006 145 0.1441 6.908 .996 2.706 ° = 75.
10 4 1006 109 0.1083 9.210 .998 2.711 U = 778
10s 1006 87 0.0865 11.513 .996 2.707 LIMITS 31611 TO
106 1006 72 0.0716 13.816 .989 2.69 S E R R C H FROM 31607 TO 32389
10 7 1006 52 0.0516 16.118 .833 2.30
10 7 2000 114 0.057 16,118 .919 2.51 RT N = 3 2 0 0 0 T H E R E RRE 7 3 PPIMES
UHERE 7 5 UERE EXPECTED
1 O7
2624 160 0.061 16.118 .983 2.67 * * * * * * * * * * H f i * *f
(9 x 10 6 ) 998 59 0.0591 16.013 .947 2.516 N * 320000
10s 202 11 0.0544 18.42 1.003 2.727 P = 75
10 9 202 9 0.0446 20.72 .923 2.517 U =s 9 5 0
512 25 0.048 20.72 .995 2.704 LIMITS ""C 3 5 0 4 7 5
S E R R C H FROM 3 1 9 5 2 3 TO 320475
Table 2. The results obtained from the program given in Fig 6
Table 1 The full results from the program given in Fig. 4

86 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 ZX81 —EDUCATION
but This region has not yet been
examined Extending W , or shif
Conclusion
ting a little w a y f r o m 1 0 gives Search
It is thought that new light may N
results m o r e in line w i t h t h e Limits Expected Counted
general findings of this w o r k . have been shed on the subject of
For c o m p l e t e n e s s several the density of primes in the set 3.2 X 10 2 29 100 95
lesui's m this region are included of ordered integers. So far no 608
in Table 3. reference has been found to 3.2 X 10 3 2795 100 93
work of this kind in the few 3G04
The n u m h p f of Significant
books I have read. However, 3.2 X 10 J 31481 100 99
f^ures retained in the tables is
thought lo be not inconsistant there is a reference in Numbers, 32519
by L. F. Taylor (Faber I p. 81, to 3.2 X 10 5 319381 100 101
with the e x p e r i m e n t a l results.
Programming devices w e r e us work done in 1 8 9 6 , which gave 320634
the number of primes (Px) less 3.2 X 10 6 3199247 100 107
ed to reduce m a n y results to
•hreesignificant figures. than a given integer x, as in x In 3200749
X as x tends to infinity, but this 3.2 X 10 7 31999565 50 51
A machine plot of the results
ol the first e x p e r i m e n t w a s does not seem the same as the 32000432
made, but b e c a u s e of t h e result here described. 3.2 X TO8 319999510 50 49
coarseness of P L O T it s h o w s ir Further developments must 320000490
iegularities w h i c h are a b s e n t be left to m o r e skilled
from the manual plot. mathemeticians and computer
programmers than the present Table 3 The results obtained when N is large and W is shifted a little
It is k n o w n t h a t p r i m e s kv,iy from 107.
author is ever likely to be
sometimes occur in pairs, both
6M 1 a n d 6 M + 1 being prime.
Examples are 1 1 , 1 3 ; 1 7 . 1 9 ; Bibliography
29.31; etc. These pairs w e r e
l O REM " P P l "
noticed at all stages of i h e pre- H. S. Hall and S. R. Knight: 1 5 REM • • E . U . P . 16/5--32 iREF.
sent work. It is k n o w n that pairs Higher Algebra. Macmillan, 4th "ZX.S1 C O M P U T I N G " VOL. 1 NO . 1 ,
become rarer as N b e c o m e s edition, 1 9 2 7 . Chapter 30: PAC-E 2 9 " (MODIFIED) i
larger, so a program w a s devis Theory of Numbers. 2 0 REM " T H I S PROGRAM P R I N T S
ed to count pairs at v a r i o u s Tobias Dantzig: Number, the E V E R Y 1 0 0 T H P R I M E WITH I T S
decades of N. Beyond suppor- Language of Science, Allen and S E R I A L NUMBER RND T H E R h T I O P /-3
ting this s t a t e m e n t , no other in- Unwin, 1942 Chapter 3: sec 3 0 L PR I N T S E R I A L ' .TRB 8. " P R I !
formation a b o u t t h e m w a s E " ; T R B I S . ' RhT i I
tions on prime numbers.
noticed, but the density of prime 4 0 L P R I N T
F. S Merritt: Mathematics
pairs might m a k e the subject of 50 F R 5 T
Manual, McGraw-Hill, 1 9 6 2 . 60 D I M G ( 2 0 O 0 I
a study arising out of the w o r k Chapter 11: Numerical Integra ~7 0 L E T Z = 1
described here. tion. 80 L E T O ( 1 »= 2
It follows that In N is t h e L F. Taylor Numbers, Faber and 90 FOP G ~ 3 TO 3 0 0 0 3 S T E P 2
.mean spacing of primes in the Faber, 19 70 Chapters 7 and 8 10O FOP. h=:
vioniiy of N. Prime Numbers. 110 I F I N T ib G ( H ) i + Q ( H ) = G THE"
GOTO 180
1 2 0 N E X T H
1 3 0 L E T Z = Z + 1
AT N s 3 2 0 0 0 0 THERE PIPE 75 P R I H E 1 4 0 L E T O (2J -G
5 UHERE "75 U E R E EXPECTED I S O FOR C = 1 TO 3 5
1 6 0 B I F C =H -'130 T H E N L. P R I N T T RE
H H t t + •* f • * f * * 2 , Hj T PS S T H S 1 5 , . 0 1 t I N T ( (G-t
* *
OC.) / H + . 5 I
N = 320OOO0 17 0 NEXT
^ - 75 1 S 0 N E X T
U = 1123
attire 3 i ? 5 j . ? r ^ ~ : 2 c o 5 b i
2 0 0
2 1 0
SfiUE
GOTO 3 0
"Pi a-
SEARCH F R O M 3 1 9 9 4 3 3 TC" 3 2 P 0 5 6 2

RT N - 3 2 O 0 O O O T H E R E RRE 8 5 PRIM Fig 1 The modified program to give a serial number to each prime
£S UHERE 7 5 WERE E X P E C T E D

fti f + * * * * * * + * * S E R I A L PR I M E R P T I O P / S
* a 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 10O
P a 75 54-1 5 . 4 1
2 0 0 1 2 2 3 6 . 1 2
'J = 1296
3 0 O 1 9 3 7 6 . 6 2
LIMITS 3 1 9 9 9 3 5 2 T O 32000646 4 0 0 2 7 4 1 6 . 8 5
SEARCH FROM 3 1 9 9 9 3 4 9 T O 3200054
a 5 0 0
6 0 P
3 5 7 1 7
7
. 1 4
. 3 5
7 0 0 5 2 7 9 7 . 5 4
AT N • 3 2 O 0 0 0 0 0 T H E R E R R E 7 3 PRI
1ES UHERE 7 5 U E R E E X P E C T E D 8 0 0 6 1 3 3 7 . 6 7
9 0 O 6 9 9 7 7 . 7 7
1O0O 7 9 1 9 7 . 9 2
• *** * * * * * * * * * * * * * 1 1 0 0 8 3 3 1 8 . 0 3
1 2 0 0 9 7 3 3
N * 320000000 8 . 1 1
3 = 75
1 3 0© 1 OSS 7 3 . 2
14 0 0 1 1 5 5 7 8 . 3 3
U = 1468 150G> 1 2 5 5 3 3 . 3 7
LIMITS 3 1 9 9 9 9 2 7 0 TO 320000730 1 6 0 0 1 3 4 9 9 3 . 4 4
SEARCH FROM 3 1 9 9 9 9 2 7 0 T O 320000 1 7 0 0 14 5 19 3 . 34
730 1 8 0 0 154.01 e . 5 6
AT N - 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T H E R E R R E 7 3 PR 1 9 0 0 1 6 3 8 1 8 . 6 2
IMES UHERE 7 5 U E R E E X P E C T E D 2 0 0 O 1 7 3 3 9 8 . 6 9

Fig. 2. The result of printing out every hundredth prime and the
***** * * * * * * * * * * * * ratio. Ft

87 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3 •E
 12X81—EDUCATION1
5 2 0 LET C=1
5 3 0 LET D =3
540 SCROLL
- « t -*- 550 IF N/D-INT ( N / D ) = 0 T H E N GOT
0 630
5 6 0 I F D > SQR N T H E N G O T O tCC
570 LET D=D+2
5 8 0 GOTO 550
6 0 0 P R I N T TAB 5 , S , T A B 12;N
R 6 1 0 LET S=S+1
6 2 0 LET C=C+1
630 I F C > 2 T H E N GOTO 660
6 4 0 LET N = N +2
-
6 5 0 GOTO 530
1k 2k 660 SCROLL
©70 PRINT TAB 5 ; " * "
S ©30 LET N=N+4
690 I F N > U T H E N GOTO 705
RATIO P/S
7 0 0 GOTO 510
"705 SLOU
710 SCROLL
720HPRINT " C E N T R E OF R A N G E , N =|
" ; < AN+UN) / 2
730 SCROLL
740 PRINT "RANGE , U = " ; (UN-ANi
750 SCROLL
769 PRINT "NO. OF P R I M E S . P ="
S - l
770 SCROLL
780 PRINT " P R O P * N OF PRIMES,R
" ; ( S - 1) / C U N - A N 1
790 SCROLL
800 PRINT " N A T * L L O G N , L N N ="
LN ( ( A N + U N ) /"21
SE.PIAL NO
810 SCROLL
820 PRINT " P R O D U C T , R X L N N ="|
1 ( < S - 1 ) X (UN — AN J ) * L N I i A N + U N ) / 2 )
830 SCROLL
Fig 3. The top graph shows what the relationship between R and its 835 SCROLL
serial number should be The bottom graph shows the actual printout 840 PRINT "TABULATE IN URTTING"
845 SCROLL
846 SCROLL
1 0 REM " P P 4 " 850 PRINT " P R E S S C TO C O N T I N U E , |
ee PRINT " * * T H I S PROGRAM GIUES 86015CROLL I
P R I M E S RND S E R I A L N U M B E R S BETUE 870 PRINT BREAK"" THEN ""NEU!
EN S P E C I F I E D LIMITS**" LINE"" FOR PROG."
25 PRINT "FOR L I M I T S PRESS ""S 6S0 IF I N K E Y $ = " " T H E N GOTO 8 8 0
TOP"" AND " " N E U L I N E " " TUICE. CON 890 IF INKEY 4 = " C " THEN CLS
TINUE UITH "•'RUN"" AND " " N E U L I N E 9 0 ® GOTO 2 0
1 0 0 0 SAUE "PPQ"
" 3 0 REM * *L OUER LIMITS** 1 0 1 0 GOTO 2 0
100 LET A2=47
110 LET 0 3 = 4 9 7 Fig 4 A program to find the proportion of primes in a particular
120 LET A4=9497 region, relating the result to the magnitude of the central integer.
130 LET A 5 = 9 9 4 9 7
14.0 L E T A 6 = 9 9 9 4 9 7
1 5 0 L E T A7 =99994-97 *
150 LET A6 = 9 Q 9 9 Q 8 Q 9 108 104.
17Q L E T H 9 = 9 9 9 9 9 9 S 9 9 1
180 REM * ( U P P E R LIMITS** * 09 10501
200 L E T U 2 = 1 5 3 C E N T R E OF R A N G E , N =10000
2 10 L E T U 3 = 1 5 0 3 RANGE, U =1006
220 L E T U4 = 1 0 5 0 3 NO. OF P R I M E S . P =109
2 3 0 L E T U5 = 1 0 0 5 0 3 PROP" N OF P R I M E S , R =0.10834.99
240®LET U6=1000503 NAT* L LOG N . L N N =9.2103404
250 LET U7=10000503 PRODUCT, R X LN N =0.99793946
260 LET U8 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
270 LET U 9 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 TABULATE IN URITING
280 P R I N T " I N P U T LOUER L I M I T AS
" " " ••
RRESS C TO CONTINUE, OR
290 INPUT AN "BREAK" THEN "NEULINE FOR PROG,
400 L E T N =AN *
4 10 PRINT "INPUT UPPER LIMIT AS
" " U N " " " 59 9000499
420 INPUT UN
4 3 0 LET U=UN CENTRE OF R A N G E , N =9000000
440 PRINT N , " TO U; DIFF . = RANGE, U =998
; U-N NO. OF P R I M E S . P =59
450 LET S=1 P R O P " N OF P R I M E S , R =.059118237
470 PRINT "PRESS TO PROCEED. N A T " L LOG N , L N N =16.012735
PROGRESS MAY B E S E E N BY PRESSING PRODUCT, R X LN N =0.94664466
""BREAK"". CONTINUE UITH C A
ND NEULINE" TABULATE IN URITING
4B0 IF I N K E Y $ = " " T H E N GOTO 48© P R E S S C TO C O N T I N U E , OR
490 IF I N K E Y $ = " C " T H E N GOTO 500 " B R E A K " THEN " N E U L I N E " FOR PROG.
500 CLS
510 FAST Fig 4a Typical results from the program given in Fig 4

88 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 ZX81 — e d u c a t i o n ]
0.5- RRE " ; S ; " PRIMES UHERE P ; " U E R
E EXPECTED"
442 LPRINT
4
* * * * * P R I N T * "**" * * * *
4 3 L • * ** *

0.4— 444 LPRINT

450 LET N=10*N
g 460 PRINT
0-
4 7 0 GOTO 1 1 5
0.3 QPQ STOP
U
100OBSRUE "PT3"
GC 1 0 1 0 GOTO 1 1 0

0.2- Fig 6 A program to calculate the value of W from a series of /Vs. If

you want a break between decade tests, simply omit lines 204 and
225

0.1- 5 REM "PP3"

71PRINT " + *INPUT THE PRIMES
QP ....ppi.... I N ORDER. THESE RRE
100 PRIMES RPRRT * *"
~r I a PRINT "•NOTE-THE CRLCULRTEO
N O . I S NERR 1 0 0ERCH T I H E * *"
10 15 20 9 PRINT
10 I N P U T R
In N 20 INPUT B
fig 5 A graphic illustration of R plotted against In N 25 LET C = 6 - R
3 0 P R I N T Fk , , ,
3 5 L E T D = ( R + 6 ) .'2
50 PRINT INT ( (C/LN D)+.5)
10 REM "PTP" 70 LET R=e
110 L E T N = 320 8 0 GOTO 2 0
115 PRINT "N «" ; N 1 0 0 SRUE "PPS"
116 LPRIMT " N =" , N 1 1 0 GOTO 5
120 LET P=75
125 P R I N T " p - " ; P
126 L P R I N T "P =" , P * *INPUT THE PRIMES OF "PPI" IN
13® L E T U = I N T I P t L N N> O qR pD jE$R ^
p p . THESE RRE 1 0 0 PRIMES
14.0 PR I N T - U = "; U
14-1 L P R I N T " U =" ; U •NOTE-THE CRLCULRTED NO.IS NERR
150 P R I N T "LIMITS N - INT (0 . 5 * 100 ERCH T I M E * *
i P i L N N) ) TO N+INT (0.5*(PiL
N N) ) 541
151 L P R I N T " L 2 M I T 5 " . N - INT 101
+IP*LN N)) ; " T O " , N + I N T ( 0 . 5 * ( P * 1223
LN N ) ) 104
163 LET R = N - I N T ( P U N N)> 1987
170 LET X = 6 * I N T <R/&>-1 97
190 LET Y=R+U 2741
200 PRINT " S E P R C H FROM " ; X ; " T 103
0 "; V 3571
201 L P R I N T " 5EPPCH PROM " ; X ; " 101
202BPR I N T 44-09
203 L P R I N T 103
204. GOTO 2 2 5 5279
210 PRINT "PRESS C T O CONTINUE" 99
220 I P I N K E y J < >"C" THEN GOTO 2 2 6133
0 98
225 PAUSE 1000 6997
230 CLS 103
235 F R S T 7919
240 S C R O L L 101
250 L E T S = 1 8831
260 L E T C = 1 99
270 L E T D =3 9733
290 I F X / D - I N T ( X / D ) T H E N GOT 100
0 370
300 I F D > S O R X T H E N GOTO 3 3 0 10657
3 1 0 L E T D =D + 2 107
320 GOTO 2 9 0 116S7
330 P R I N T TRB 5 , Sj TRB 95
12, X 12553
335 S C R O L L
340 LET S=S+1 100
350 L E T C-C+l 13499
360OIF C>2 T H E N G O T O 4CJ0 107
370 L E T X = X + 2 14519
3 8 0 GOTO 2 7 C 92
4.00 L E T X = X U 15401
4 1 0 I F X >Y T H E N G O T O 4 3 0 101
420 GOTO 2 6 0 16381
430 C L S 104
4.35 S L O U 17389
440 P R I N T " R TN = " , N , " THERE A
RE " ; S ; M P R I M E S UHERE " ; P ; " UERE Fig 7. Using the results of the first experiment in Figs. 1 and 2. the
EXPECTED" empirical relationship can be used to calculate the number of primes
441 L P R I N T " R TN = " ; N ; " THERE

•E
expected and to compare the results with 100

89 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3
 Push your Sinclair to the limit
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In a lungle clearing
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90 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MAR 1983
 PROGRAMMING SKILLS

what can I Tricks of the trade

I thought it would be a good idea

do with ik
to gather together all the possi-
ble space saving techniques I
could think of into one place, for
permanent reference. Here,
then, in no particular order, is a
complete list of memory saving
tricks' for use with your IK
ZX81.
Some of these techniques
are very obvious, and are
presented without explanation;
others are illustrated in the sam-
ple programs. Some are mutual-
ly exclusive (if you use one, you
may not be able to use another)
and some appear to 'supersede'
others (they achieve the same
object, but more efficiently).
The actual amount of memory
saved, and which of the techni-
ques is 'best', will depend on the
You may context in which you use them.

think 1K of 1. Use single-letter variable

memory is names.
2. Re-use variables as often as

not enough possible.

3. Avoid using variables

to do altogether {eg when a result is to

oe PRINTed, and is not required

anything useful. Roger valentine shows further). For example, here is a

beginner's program for

you that 1K is more than enough if you calculating square roots:

program efficiently.
10 INPUT X
20 LET S • SQR X
3 0 PRINT "THE SQUARE
ROOT OF " ; X ; " IS S
There has been a tendancy of grammers take pride in their
late for computer memory sizes What's in store? work (and it is difficult to be pro- and here is the 'improved',
to go literally 'through the roof'. If you are still working with 1K, ud of something which is ineffi- shortened version:
In olden days (and remember you may well get the impression cient), consider the following
that in computer terms, the that you are becoming a 'second situation. You have a 16K RAM 1 0 INPUT X
'olden days' were only two or class citizen' in the computer Pack, and have been writing 20 PRINT "THE SQUARE
three years ago!), the largest world! Is there any point in even programs for months without ROOT OF " ; X ; " IS ";SQR X
possible memory size for an trying to squeeze in anything any memory problems. One
eight-bit microcomputer was worthwhile, or should you join day, you decide to write a 4. Remember that loop-control
64K. Only a very few exclusive- the rest in the Great RAM Race? database routine, the first line of variables take up more room
ly business machines actually The answer, ( firmly believe, which is; than simple variables. Either
achieved this maximum; the is yes, you should persevere, avoid using FOR . . . TO loops or
largest PET was 32K, the Apple and no, you should not expand, 10 DIM A $ ( 1 0 0 , 10,15) use the same loop control
was 48K and the Sinclair ZX80 until you have learnt how to variable for every loop in the pro-
was (theoretically) expandable make the most of every single gram.
up to 16K, although many one of your 1,024 bytes. Let's Panic! Anything you try to add 5. Avoid using numbers! The
ZX80 users either did not ex- face it, most people buy a ZX81 produces the notorious 'error ZX81 uses bytes to store a
pand beyond 1K at all, or were to learn about computing, and code 4', so you reduce the single digit number (or eight
content with the smaller 4K there are lessons to be learnt number of data items from 100 bytes for two digits, etc). Any of
RAM extension. But look at the about efficient and concise pro- to 90, and then to 80. Eventual- the following techniques may be
situation today - the latest gramming which even the so- ly, you find you have created the more economical:
'Superpet' is available with called experts have never realis- world's smallest database! a) If a number is going to be us-
256K of RAM; the Sinclair ed. Computer programs are like Now, massive multi- ed several times, assign a
Spectrum can have 48K 'on gases - they tend to expand to dimensional arrays are not the variable to that number.
board' as standard; even the fill the amount of space available sort of thing which beginners b) Use previously assigned
'small' Spectrum is as large as to them (Valentine's first law!). use very frequently, but look at variables. For example,
the 'fully expanded' ZX81 If you have got 64K, then you any professionally written pro-
(16K). And the ZX81 itself? will use it, all of it, even for the grams (certainly in the business 10 LET A = 1
Well, there is the 64K simplest of problems. And for field, but games and graphics 2 0 LET B - A
'Memopack', and I believe anything complex, well, you'll programs as well), and you will 3 0 LET C = A
(although I haven't actually seen lust have to look around for that see that they are extremely
this personally) there is a 1 28K 128K RAM pack! common. You are going to have will initialise all three variables
RAM extension on the market.
Does this matter? If larger to use them one day, and if you although only one number is us-
Sinclair's own 16K RAM Pack
memories are available, is there haven't learnt how to squeeze ed.
has been reduced in price, and
any point in writing efficiently? programs into a small amount of c) Use VAL. The expression LET
any number of alternative 16K
There certainly is! Apart from space by then, you are going to^ A = VAL "200" is more ^
RAMs are now available.
the obvious fact that most pro- have problems! economical than LET A - 2 0 0 . ^

2X COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 91

 PROGRAMMING SKILLS
N A M E " may sound better (?) graphics character (which is thel
than "INPUT YOUR NAME", one on the T key), but not after!
but is less economical, because, RND.
whereas 'ENTER' must be spelt c) POKE 1 6 5 2 0 , 7 8 should be 1
out in full, the keyword 'INPUT' entered (in immediate mode) sol
may be used, and it will only oc- that the '?' character will repre-1
cupy a single byte. (How do you sent the correct op-code.
set a keyword into a PRINT Just in case you are still think-I
statement? Easy: you simply ing that all of this is purely)
fool the computer into expecting academic, here is a program ex-[
a keyword by entering THEN ample which illustrates some of I
(shift 3), then enter the the above techniques and
keyword, and finally delete the shows just how much you can|
word THEN.) fit into IK.
14. Assign variables (par-
ticularly variables which are to
be used as constants, if that Guillotine
makes sense!) in immediate This program was written by j
mode. This means you simply Jean Hartopp. Jean is into com-
type in the required values for puter graphics and 'Guillotine' [
each variable using a normal makes good use of the ZX81
LET statement, but do not use a screen display to enhance the 1
line number. The ZX81 will res- old 'standard' computer game
pond with the pretty mean- where the ZX81 selects a]
ingless report code 0 / 0 , but number (in the range 1-10011
what it has done in fact is store which you have to guess in six
the variable names and values, attempts. The program saves on |
and you may refer to them in a text by using the characters '<'
subsequent program. The only and ' > ' to indicate whether I
limitations are that you must your guess was too high or too
not press Run.Clear orNew after low. This game will appeal to
d) Use CODE. For numbers up to assigning variables in this way
2 5 5 , this is even better; for ex- sadists who deliberately lose at
which will pad out the display (to start the program, use
ample LET A = CODE " C O S " . Hangman just so that they can |
file with spaces. GOTO 0). You can, however, see the victim swing!
e) Use PI. Never forget that the 8. Although the ZX81 will not SAVE the program and the
ZX81 already has the value of PI accept multiple-statement lines, variables. (This means that 5 LET H=INT <RND*10y>+l
in its memory. OK, so there you can combine any number of even if pre-assigned variables 10 FOR F=ft/M TO 12
aren't many occasions when PRINT statements (including AT do change their values during 15 PRINT #"
you would want the value and TAB) into a single line, by the course of a program, it is 20 NEXT F
3.141 5927 in non-trig- separating them with semi- always possible to 're-run' by 25 PRINT "####« 2121"
nometrical p r o g r a m s , but colons. (The word PRINT is only re-LOADing). 30 PRINT RT 8 * 7 J " 8 5 "
remember that INT PI is 3, and used once.)
15. Finally, one last space- 55 PRINT TfiE: 6;"8HH5"
that some expressions (eg 9. Avoid using the statement
saving tip - use machine code. 40 PRINT TRB 6 ; " ? H G l n
PRINT AT, FOR . . . TO loops, STOP, by:
I know that this is about as 45 PRINT 58"
etc) treat decimal values as in- a) Arranging for the program to useful to many users as saying 50 FOR F = - 5 TO 7
tegers without requiring the 'fall through' to a natural end at "write your programs in 55 PRINT RT 1 0 , 5 ; V "
word INT. Also, remember that the end of the listing. Greek", but even if you cannot £0 PRINT RT F , R / R , " "
PI/PI equals 1; PI-PI (or SIN PI, or b) Making the program into a (yet!) write entire programs in 65 PRINT "# "
even NOT PI, see below) equals continuous loop, which can only machine code, why not start by 70 PRINT
0, and COS PI equals 1. be terminated by pressing using one or two small routines 75 PRINT "# / "
f) Use Boolean logic. NOT is the Break, to replace lines of BASIC? For 80 PRINT " # / "
easiest expression to use: c) Using a 'dummy variable' instance, here is a very com- 35 IF F>R-R THEN GOTO
(unassigned) to terminate the mon line which sets C equal to 125
NOT (any variable with a value program with report code 2. the CODE of the character at 90 PRINT "# "
other than 0) = 0 10. Avoid using REMs (keep the top left of the screen: 95 PRINT RT 1 0 , 5 , " - "
and: program notes instead!). 100 INPUT G
11. Avoid using brackets in 1 0 LET C = PEEK (PEEK 1 6 3 9 6 105 I F R=G THEN GOTO 150
NOT (any variable with value calculations by exploiting the 110 LET n t - " > "
+ 2 5 6 * PEEK 1 6 3 9 7 + 1)
0)=1 ZX81's expression evaluation 115 I F G>R THEN LET
priorities (see chapter 4 of the And here is the same thing in RJ="<" J
The benefits of using logical ex- ZX manual). machine code: 120 PRINT TRE 12; R*
pressions cannot be over- 1 2. Do not use low line numbers 125 NEXT F
emphasised. Re-read chapter 10 in the mistaken belief that line 1 REM ECRND 7 ^ ? T A N 130 PRINT RT 1 1 , 2 , " 6 - "
of the ZX manual, and this time, number 1 takes up fewer bytes 10 LET C = USR 1 6 5 1 4 135 FOR F = R / R TO 8
don't skip the exercises! than line number 1000. All line 140 PRINT RT 1 3 , F ; " 0"
6. Avoid repetitive IF numbers occupy exactly 5 In op-code form, this is: 145 NEXT F
statements where the condition bytes. However, in the expres- 150 PRINT RT 1 1 , 1 2 ; H
is the same for several suc- sions GOTO and GOSUB, the 2A0C40 LD HL,(16396) 155 INPUT R*
cessive lines. This is both numbers which follow the 23 INC HL 160 CLS
uneconomical and poor style. keyword are (to the ZX81) 06 00 LD B,0 165 RUN
Branch to a separate routine in- merely numbers, and so GOTO 4E LD C,(HL)
stead, or see if the lines can be 1 is shorter than GOTO 1000. C9 RET (Note that all the numbers and
compressed into one (using Therefore, arrange for all the letters, H and G, which ap-
Boolean logic again). subroutines and lines which are You can enter the REM state- pear in strings represent their
7. Keep the display file to a to be frequently called by GOTO ment directly from the keyboard respective graphic characters.
minimum by using fewer PRINT statements to have low tin provided that you remember: The symbol represents in-
statements, and printing every- numbers. a) RND and TAN are function verse space. All the other
thing in the top left of the 13. Use keywords in PRINT words. characters should be entered as
screen. Avoid using commas. statements: "ENTER YOUR b) There is a space after the listed.)

92 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 SCREEN F O R M A T P L A N N E R
FOR Z X C O M P U T E R S

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Gambling on any horse in the field up to 5 players c a n lay bets with Quite simply T H E O R B brings the world of Dungeons and Dragons
Honest Ciive Spectrum the bookmaker as ihe horses circle in the to your Speclrum You must find the Orb and it's Base and Studs so
parade ring Will Clive keep that smile 9 Watch the race begin as the that the Kingdom c a n bloom again Choose your role, as a Wizard.
tape lifts and marvel at the amazingly realistic 3 D perspective Mercenary or Philosopher etc With a miriad of monsters, excellenl
animation as ihe riders jockey tor position See the horses and sound and graphics, real time battles and a complex and evil land
riders in fuli flight as ihey pass Spectators {no pun intended) and which will only give up the orb after hours or most likely days, ot
nto the home slraight past ihe stands Hold your breath at the slow enlhralling play Save facility provided for Survivors needing food
motion finish Sound and Colour is used to it's fullest in this 44 K ot or sleep
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How can we Summarize in a short ad. a n adventure game that
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patrols as they scour the 40+ locations you are travelling through If graphics to the fullest it contains a compicle introduction to the
you have Ihe right equipment you can cross into Secret territory in rules of it's HOLD. N U D G E . G A M B L E and FEATURE BOX with
search of the Castle and the imprisoned Princes. II you manage lo animated demo Memory mapped reels, simultaneous revolution,
'nd tt and gam entrance there are many trails and tests If you staggered stop animated bet and payout payout board and
manage to find the Princess you must still return to base with her. realistic sound effect recreate Ihe original A must and a wallet
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ZX COMPUTING F E B / M A R 1983
93
 MACHINE CODE

Mastering machine
code on your spectrum
part 3 world. One way is via the key
board. It can receive informal
tion from the keyboard using I
instructions as shown in th
table on the page opposite. Tfi
number you actually get frc
Continuing her series on such an IN instruction is be
viewed in binary. Each such INI
machine code, Toni instruction tests five specific!
keys on the keyboard, and for]
Baker, author of each key produces a 1 if th
key is not pressed and a 0 if th
'Mastering Machine Code key is pressed. Bits 7, 6 and 5|
will contain rubbish, bits 4, 31
on your ZX81', shows 2, 1 and O test the keys in thJ
order given above. For m-i
you how to use your stance, suppose keys Symb
Shift and B were held down]
programming skills simultaneously, then I N
r,(7FFE) would produce the
write a small, but (binary) number xxxOllOlJ
The zeroes indicate that a key is
efficient, program. pressed. The xs are rubbish anfi
their value is unimportant. You
can achieve this test in two
ways: either LD BC.7FFE.INI
r,(C) or LD A.7F/IN A.(FE). See
if you can deduce why both of
these are equivalent to "IV[
r,(7FFE)".
Another way of com-
municating with the outside I
world is via the television I
screen - this is an outpul\
device (the keyboard is an input |
device). The contents of the j
screen itself are controlled by
addresses in memory (4000 to
5AFF), but the colour of the
BORDER is actually changed by
an OUT instruction.Try typing
(in BASIC) OUT 254,6 and see
In this article I shall introduce tions: IN and OUT. Both of really just a shorthand notation what happens. Now press
you to a few simple machine these have equivalents in Spec- — what it really means is IN Enter on its own. What's hap-
code instructions and use them trum BASIC {although not in D,(BC). Also note that in the pening is that the ROM itself a
to write a short but very, very ZX81 BASIC) but most people above table, A is a register and re-setting the border colour
impressive program. have absolutely no idea how to n is a fixed constant. Now let's (with its own OUT instruction)
The first two of these in- use them. In BASIC, they are in get down to what these state- to whatever number is given by
structions are CALL and RET. a sense similar to PEEK and ments actually do. the system variable BORDCR.
RET you've seen before — it is POKE, and so in machine code Try typing POKE 23624,6 * fr
used to end a machine code there is a certain similarity bet- What's it all and see what happens. Now
program in order to RETurn to ween IN and OUT, and LD about? press Enter on its own.
BASIC, but it also has another r,(pq) and LD (pq),r (r means IN fetches a number from the The instruction, OUT
use. CALL and RET in machine any eight-bit register, and pq outside world and loads this (xxFE),r, in any form {wherethe
code are quite similar to means any address). Let's first number into a machine code xx can be any byte whatsoever
GOSUB and RETURN in BASIC. look at the formats of these register. OUT takes a number — its value is irrelevant), will in-
CALL is used to enter a statements as shown below. from a machine code register stantly change the border col-
subroutine, and RET will exit Notice that the standard op- and sends it to the outside our to the colour whose code is
the subroutine and move con- codes are incomplete. For in- world. There are a number of contained in the register given.
trol back to the instruction im- stance, there is an instruction ways in which the Z80 chip can For example, LD A,0210
mediately after the CALL in- called IN D,<C); however, this is communicate with the outside C,FE/OUT (C),A will change the
struction. Instead of a line border colour to red. Notice
number you have an address, that we do not need to worry
Machine Code Short For Basic Equivalent
so CALL pq means 'GOSUB ad- about the B register because in
dress pq' - not 'GOSUB line IN A,{n) IN A,{An) LET A = IN {256 * A + n) this particular case its value is
pq'. In machine code, remem- IN r,(C) IN r,(BC) LET r = IN {256 * B + C) unimportant. This is a side-
ber, there are no line numbers. OUT (n),A OUT (An),A OUT 256 * A + n,A effect of the Spectrum hard-
And now for some more ex- OUT (C),r OUT (BC),r OUT 256 * B + C,r ware, not of machine code
citing machine code instruc- itself.

94
 MACHINE CODE
meanings; for instance, FE can learned far more machine code
IN r.(FEFE) scans section 0: V, C, X. Z and Caps Shift mean either 2 5 4 or minus two. from ironing out the bugs in my
IN r,(FDFEl scans section 1: G, F, D, S and A Now, 2 5 4 divided by two is programs than they have from
1 27 (in Hex 7F) whereas minus the ones which worked, and
IN r,(FBFE) scans section 2: T, R, E, W and Q
two divided by two is minus actually wondered if the bugs
IN r,(F7FE> scans section 3: 5, 4. 3, 2 and 1
one (in Hex FF) — so there were put there deliberately! (I
IN r,(EFFE) scans section 4: 6, 7, 8, 9 and O
must be a simple way to over confess they weren't — this
IN r.lDFFE) scans section 5: Y, U, I. 0 and P
come this problem. There are brilliant teaching method oc-
IN r,(BFFE) scans section 6: H, J, K, L and Enter
two different Shift Right in curs purely as a consequence
In r,(7FFE) scans section 7: B, N, M, Symbol Shift and
structions, called SRA and SRL. of typing errors and the like!).
Space
SRA (Shift Right Arithmetic)
However, there is one last
treats numbers between 80
technique by which to learn
and FF as negative and divides
All change less to 8 0 or more, or if the them by two. Its precise effect
machine code, and that is to
write it yourself. You take a
number decreases from 80 or is to move each bit one position
To change tact completely I more to 7F or less — for non- scrap of paper and scribble
to the right, with the rightmost
would like to introduce you to a arithmetic instructions it is set down a few ideas, turn the
bit moving into the carry, and
new set of instructions to 1 if the result contains an ideas into some sort of
the leftmost bit remaining
altogether - the ROTATE and even number of ones, or zero if coherent pattern of how you
unchanged (bit 6 and bit 7 are
SHIFT instructions. In order to it contains an odd number of think it ought to work (either
always identical immediately
understand the effect of these ones. with or without a flow diagram
after a SRA instruction). SRL
instructions it is useful to think What is the point of the flag - it doesn't matter), elaborate
(Shift Right Logical) treats
of the numbers involved in P? Its non-arithmetic use (parity it into a program or part of a
numbers between 8 0 and FF as
binary rather than Hex 'useful, check) is absolutely useless as program, turn it into Hex, feed
positive and divides them by
although not necessary). Sup- far as I can see. Its arithmetic it in, watch it crash, turn around
two. Its precise effect is to
pose A contains the number use (overflow check) comes in- three times, jump up and down,
move each bit one position to
00101101, and the carry flag to play when you're doing and sing the National Anthem
the right, with the rightmost bit
iwhich I shall refer to as K) con sums. It assumes that numbers wondering why it went wrong!
moving into the carry, and the
tains the number 1. The in- 8 0 to FF are all negative (FF be- leftmost bit becoming zero.
struction RLA (which stands for ing minus one, FE being minus
There is one more instruc-
Rotate Left A| will rotate every
bit one position to the left. The
two, and so on), and so since
4 2 (positive) plus 4 2 (positive)
tion I need to give you before Crash landing
the program will make sense
leftmost bit of A moves into K, equals 84 (negative?) we
the instruction HALT. HALT in
which itself moves into the have an overflow!
machine code is quite similar to Programs go wrong all the
rightmost position of A. In the Back to the ROTATE instruc- time as you're writing them,
PAUSE 1 in BASIC. Its precise
example given, the result would tions. As well as RL and RR, especially in machine code. The
effect is to wait (for a maxi-
be that A contained the number there is another breed of rotate difference is that in machine
mum of 1 / 5 0 t h of a second)
0101101 1 and K would now instructions - RLC and RRC, code a crash is usually fairly
until the next TV frame has
be zero. On the other hand, if which stand for Rotate Left (or fatal, sometimes even meaning
been output to the screen, and
RRA were used instead of RLA Right) without Carry. If A that you have to actually
then to continue from the next
(guess what RRA stands for!) started off as 0 0 1 0 1 101, then switch the machine off before it
instruction. Its use. as I have
then A would contain irrespective of the original value will behave sensibly. (The
made use of it, is in synchro-
10010110 and K would con- of the carry, RLCA would Spectrum usually behaves quite
nisation — avoiding that horrid
tain 1. You can do the same for change it to 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 and sensibly when it's switched
jump you sometimes get when
any register except that the in- RRCA would change it to off.) All I'm really trying to say
you change border colours half-
structions are written.different 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 . K would, in fact, is that when this happens
way through the screen out-
ly - you write 'RL B' (with a be changed its new value (note: when, not if) that you
putting.
space) instead of 'RLB' would be the bit which came shouldn't be too disheartened
The program J promised you
(without a space). In fact, there off one end and emerged at the and that you should just go
is called Tricolours and is listed
is actually an instruction called other, but its original value does back and try again, and try to
separately. You now have suffi-
RLA' Iwith a space) which at not come into play. As before, find out what the error is.
cient knowledge to be able to
fwst glance appears to do ex- you should note that RLCA is Usually there is an error it is
understand the listing. I sug-
actly the same as 'RLA' subtly different to RLC A, and quite unusual for the break-
gest that you read the listing
Iwithout a space). The dif- that RLCB (etc) do not exist down to be caused by a glitch
and see if you can work out ex-
ference is that RL A will change wheras RLC B (etc) do. in the Spectrum itself, especi-
actly what it does, and then
the value of the Z flag, whereas ally if you happen to find a par-
type it in to see if you were
RLA will not. Best of three right, I think you will find it ticular glitch which only ever
Flags are funny things. Their There are three different types reasonably impressive, and, in occurs when you try to play
concept is quite simple — a flag of SHIFT instruction, and all of fact, a rather surprising display with machine code.
is a one-bit register, or a them are written with a space. coming as it does from a ZX The best possible advice I
register which can only store The first is called SLA the A Spectrum. can give as regards writing pro-
the numbers zero and one. stands for Arithmetic', so you grams is to make all of your pro-
There are four flags we can have to put the name of a grams as short as you possibly
make use of: the carry flag, K, register as well, eg SLA A or Programming can. This will train you to write
we've already seen; the zero SLA B. SLA is a little bit like RL techniques programs efficiently. Making
l flag, Z — if an instruction except that instead of the carry programs short involves putting
changes it (some don't), it will moving into the rightmost bit of There are several ways to learn all of the machine code instruc-
become 1 if the result of the in- the register, it just disappears machine code. One way is for tions to their best possible use,
struction is zero, and O if the altogether. The rightmost bit of me to give you a program and and sometimes using clever lit-
I result of the instruction is' not the register is instead always explain why it works. Another tle tricks to save space; for in-
zero; the sign flag, S, becomes reset to zero. In effect, the way is for me to write a pro- stance, using SBC HL,HL, in-
I 0 for a positive answer, and 1 value of the register has been gram and not explain how it stead of LD H L , 0 0 0 0 when
I for a negative answer (in other multiplied by two. There are works so that you have to work you know that the carry is zero.
I words it actually equals bit 7 of two similar instructions to shift it out for yourselves — unfor- One really useful instruction
I ihe answer); and the parity/ right which divide the ap- tunately, deciphering other which really does save space is
| overflow flag, P, is changed in propriate register by two. W e people's programs (especially the instruction LDIR (LD, Incre-
two ways: for arithmetic in- have to remember though that mine) turns out to be quite ment and Repeat) which is
structions it becomes 1 if the numbers between 8 0 and FF tricky. Several people' have equivalent to a whole set of in- i
number increases from 7F or can each have two different commented that they've structions: " LD(DE),(HL)"7INC I

ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 95

 MACHINE CODE

Tricolours
Use HEXLD3 to load this into the ZX Spectrum. The BASIC part of the listing is as follows:

700 BORDER 1: CLS

HL/INC DE/DEC B O repeat urrti
710 FOR i = 1 TO 6: PRINT PAPER 2,TAB O: NEXT i BC = 0, and can be used to 1
720 FOR i = 1 TO 12: PRINT PAPER 7.TAB 0: NEXT i copy several bytes at once fron
730 FOR i - 1 TO 4: PRINT PAPER 1 J A B O: NEXT i one address to another. Stud
740 RANDOMIZE USR 3 2 7 6 8 the program Newcols whk
750 STOP
uses this instruction — it in-|
And here is the machine code part of the listing (to address 8000). stantly changes the foreground!
and background colours on The I
01FE7F START LD BC,7FFE screen to those colours con-|
76 LOOP HALT tained in registers B and C.
Wait for next TV frame.
3E02 LD A,yellow Notice that in order to usel
219D03 LD HL,039D Newcols as it stands now, you |
CD1E80 CALL STRIPE have to do two POKE instruc-
3E07 LD A.white tions before RUNning it in order 1
213A03 to define what the foreground
LD HL.033A
CD1E80 and background colours will be I
CALL STRIPE
3E01 Although this is not difficult, ij
LD A,blue
ED79 personally consider it a
OUT |C),A
ED78 nuisance, and a far, far better I
IN A.IC) Remember, it's really IN A,(BC).
1F programming technique is as |
RRA K = test on Space key.
follows.
38E6 JR C.LOOP Loop if Space key not pressed.
C9 RET Insert the BASIC line DEF FN
Return to BASIC.
ED79 STRIPE OUT (C),A U(X,Y) = USR address of label
This is a subroutine.
2B DELAY PARAMS at any point in the
DEC HL HL is the timing for a delay loop.
7C program. Now you have com-
LD A,H
B5 plete control — you may
OR L Is HL = 0?
20FB change the PAPER and INK col-
JR NZ,DELAY Keep looping until HL = 0.
C9 ours at will using statements
RET End of subroutine.
like LET L - F N Ul2,6) or LET
L - FN UI7.INT (4 * RND». The
Use RUN 7 0 0 to RUN this program. Press the Space key to exit from it.
reason this works is because a
DEF FN statement line is actu-
ally POKEd for us by the ROM
When a reference to FN is
made, the values for it are cal-
Newcols culated by the ROM, POKEd in
to the DEF FN statement, and
then calculated. Once POKEd.
78 NEWCOLS LD A,B A = PAPER colour.
the BASIC DEF FN statement
76 HALT Synchronise with TV frame.
looks like this (those bytes
D3FE OUT (FE),A Change BORDER colour to
underlined are invisible from the
new PAPER colour.
78 BASIC listing):
LD A.B A - paper colour.
87 ADD A,A DEF FN U(X OE XX xx xxxxxx,
87 ADD A,A Y OE ^y yy yy yy ^yl = function
87 A D D A.A Multiply A by eight. expression.
81 ADD A,C Add INK colour.
210058 LD HL, 5 8 0 0 Point HL to first attribute byte. The bytes I have written as xx
110158 LD DE.5801 Point DE to second attribute byte. xx xx xx xx and yy yy yy yy yy
01FF02 LD BC.02FF BC = number of attribute bytes, are the five byte Sinclair form of
excluding the first one. the two numbers in the FN U
77 LD (HU.A Set first attribute byte. expression. If the two numbers
EDBO LDIR Set all remaining attribute bytes. are both integers between 00
C9 RET End of subroutine. and FF (which in this case they
will be) then the Sinclair forms
will actually be 0 0 0 0 xx 00
To run from BASIC, add these machine code instructions, POKE into the first statement,
0 0 and 0 0 0 0 yy 0 0 0 0 The
and CALL from the label START using USR: system variable DEFADD points
to the first variable name inside
010000 START LD BC,???? Set PAPER and INK colours.
the brackets (in this case to the
18E5 JR NEWCOLS Execute machine code above.
x) so that LD HL,(DEFADD) INC
HL/INC HL will point HL to the
For use with FN U:
first byte of the Sinclair form of
the first number.
2AOB5C PARAMS LD HL.(DEFADD)
You can use this technique
110400 LD DE,0004
not just for this program, but
19 ADD HL,DE Point HL to PAPER colour.
for any machine code program
4E LD C,(HL) C = PAPER colour.
which requires the passing of
19 ADD HL.DE parameters from BASIC.
19 ADD HL.DE Point HL to INK colour.
With that I shall leave you
46 LD B.IHL) B = INK colour.
for now. In my next article, I'll
18D8 JR NEWCOLS Execute machine code above.
be putting some concentration
into efficient use of the stack,
among other things.

96
 MACHINE CODE

Mastering machine code on your

Spectrum — part 2 continued...
In tho last issue of ZX Com- cle. The space we had allocated we decided to publish half last but we hope vou'll agree it was
puting, we were unable to for the tables proved insuffi- month and the rest below. W e worth waiting for!
reproduce two of the tables cient so, rather than squeeze apologise for any inconve-
Tom promised you in the arti- them in in incredibly small type. nience this may have caused,
he TABLE THREE
wi-
c NZ Z NC C PO PE P M

se CALL c,pq C4qqpp CCqqpp 04qqpp DCqqpp E4qqpp ECqqpp F4qqpp FCqqpp
XI JP c,pq C2qqpp CAqqpp D2qqpp DAqqpp E2qqpp ECqqpp F2qqpp FAqqpp
'C-
JRc.e 20ee 28ee 30ee 38ee — — — —

er RET c CO C8 DO D8 EO E8 FO F8
id
e. INSTRUCTIONS FLAGS
Hachlnc Cod« Instructions
Op code Hex code S Z H P N C
INSTRUCTIONS FLAGS LO r.r table 1
3r Op-cod* He i cod* S Z - H - P N C LD S mn table 2
LD A ipql 3Aqqpp
is ADC A.r table 1 @ ® - @ - @ 0 @ LD s.ipQi table 2
\ ADC HL.s table 2 © ® - ® - ® 0 ® LD Ipql A 32qqpp
ADD A.T table 1 @ @ - ffi - (3> 0 <§> LD ipql s table 2
ADD HL.s table 2 - - - ® - - 0 @ >
>1 ADO IX.s table 2 LDI EDAO 0 X 0
B ADD IV. s table 2 LOD EDA8 0 * 0
AND r table 1 @ @ - 1 - @ 0 0 IP V becomes 0 ' BC becomes Oi
LDIR EDBO 0 0 0 -
BIT b.c table 1 ? @ - 1 _ @ 0 0 LDDR EDB8 0 0 0 -
CALL DQ CDQQPP _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ NEG EDDD @ 1 ffi
CALL C.PQ table 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ NOP 00
CCf 3F - - - x - - 0 @ OR r table 1
H (lag becomes the previous value ot the C fiagi
- 0 - ffl 0 0
OUT in).A D3nn
CPr table 1 ffi @ — ® - @ 1 ffi OUT (Cl.r table 1
CPI EOAl §i x ® - x 1 - OUTI EDA3 x — _ ^ 1
CP0 EDA9 @ x @ - x 1 OUTD EDAB > K _ ? 1 -
CPIR EDS 1 ® x - O - « 1 - IZ becomes 1 B becoT' i
CPDR EOB9 @ x _ ® - , 1 - OTIR EDB3 7 1 _ _ ? 1 -
[Z becomes 1 it 8C becomes zero P V becomes 1 il A iHL 1)1 OTDR EOBB 5 1 - _ > 1 -
CPL 2F - - - 1 - _ 1 _
POP AF F1 X x • X x • X
DAA 27 Fia^s are determined bv the byte at the too o' tn« siac*
DEC r table 1 © @) - ® - ® 1 - POP s table 2
DEC s table 2 P U S H AF F5
Dl f3 - - - . PUSH I table 2
0<NZ e 1 Oee
RES b.r table
El FB - _ - - _ RET C9
EXAF, AF' 08 RET c table 3
EXDE.HL EB RETN ED45
EX (SPl.HL E3 RETl EDAO
£X (SPl.lX DOE3 RLA 17 0 - o @
EX ISPUY F0E3 RL r table 1 0 @ 0 @
EXX D9 RLCA 07
RES o.' tab'e 1
MALT 76 RET C9
RET c •ab<e 3
WO ED46 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ RETN EDA5
IM 1 E056 - - - - - - _ _ RETL ED4D
IM 2 ED5E RLCA 07 0
•NC r table 1 @ @ - @ ffi o RACA OF 0
INC j table 2 - - _ _ _ _ _ _ RLA 17 0
IN A.(nl OBnn RRA IF 0
iNf.ICi table 1 ® @ ffi ffi o 0
INi EDA2 > , " RLC r table 1
iND EOAA J * _ ? J , RRC t table 1 0
iZ twcomes 1 it 0 becomes zero RL r tabi* 1 0
RR r table 1 0
WIR EDB2 > 1 ? ' 1 0
WOR EOBA ? 1 _ ) _ t 1 RRD ED67
RLO ED6F 0
JPm C3qqoo RST 00 C7
JPC.&Q table 3 - - - - - - _ RST 06 CF
JPiHl) E9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ RST 10 D7
JPDXI DDE9 RST 18 DF
JPHYi F0E9 - - _ _ _ _ _ _ RST 20 E7
18ee _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ RST 28 EF
JRc.e labie 3 - _ - _ _ _ _ . RST 30 F7
RST 38 FF
LO BC A 02 _ _ _ _ _ _
IDA.lBCl OA • - - - - _ _ _ _
U) IDE). A 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SBC A r taoie 1
ID A.lDEi 1A - - _ _ _ _ _ _ SBC HL.s table 2
SCF 37
LO i.A EDA 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SET b.r table 1
J ID fl.A ED4F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SLA r table 1
LO A.I ED57 ffi ® - 0 - « 0 SRA i table 1
LDAR ED5F ® @ - 0 * 0 Si-R r table 1
P V is set to interrupt storage Hag) SUB r tab'* 1
| LDSP.HL F9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
| IDSP.IX DDF 9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

•E
LDSP.IY FDF9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ XOR r tabi* l @ 0 - 0 0

97 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3
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98
LimEDACA^^ ZX COMPUTING FEB/MAR 1983
 ZX COMPETITION

Competition
spaceship, Your mission is to All entries must be postmarked
overcome the hazards and before the 31st March, 1983.
dangers of the planet, and find
The prizes will be awarded to
your spaceship. This cassette is
the three entries with the
also one of the new range of

win some software for

highest number of correct
software released by Sinclair
words found, or in the case of a
Research.

your Spectrum in this

tie. three of the highest entries
will be chosen at random.
Rules
easy-to-enter competition This competition is open to all
UK and Northern Ireland
All words found must be within
The Concise Oxford Dictionary
of Current English, sixth edi-
readers of ZX Computing ex- tion.
Here's a chance (or you to win ing the highest number of cept employees of Argus
some software for your ZX words, these entries will be Specialist Publications Ltd. their No correspondence will be
Spectrum. placed in a hat and the winners printers and distributors, entered into with regard to the
And it's easy! All you have will be the first three chosen at employees of Sinclair Research results and it is a condition of
10 do is to make as many words random. Ltd and their distributors, entry that the Deputy Editor's
oS four letters and over out of employees of Artie Computing decision is accepted as final.
the Spectrum keyword The prizes and their distributors, or anyone The winners will be notified by
RANDOMIZE'. All the words else associated with the com- post and the results will be
must be in the English language The three winners will each petition. published in a future issue of ZX
and will be checked against receive one of the following Computing.
those listed in The Concise Ox As long as the correct coupon is
three cassettes by Artie Com-
ford Dictionary of Current used for each entry, there is no
puting. Address your answers to:
English, sixth edition. limit to the number of entries.
Fill in the words you have S p e c t r u m Chess ( 4 8 K ) There
All entries must have the Z X C o m p u t i n g Competition,
found in the space provided on are six levels of difficulty in this
number ot words found written 1 4 5 Charing Cross Road,
the coupon, along with your version of chess. Including the
on the outer flap of the envel London W C 2 H OEE.
name and address, and post off facility to 'castle' and en
ope. Entries without this
your entry to us. But before you passent', the program also
number wilt not be accepted
do, make sure you write the allows you to alter the level of
number of words you found, on
the back of the envelope. The
play or even swap colours dur
ing a game! SPECTRUm~BU
coupon provided has room for S p e c t r u m Bug I 1 6 K 4 8 K ) This
40 words should you find program is a machine code
more words than you can fit on monitor and debugger. Occupy-
the coupon, you may attach a ing 1 ViK of memory, the pro
separate sheet (but you must gram provides you with 16
still enclose the original new commands for your Spec-
coupon or a photocopy). trum.
There will be three winners
to this competition either the Planet of D e a t h ( 1 6 K 4 8 K ) In
three entries with the highest this adventure game, you find
number of words or in the case yourself stranded on an alien
of more than three entries shar planet separated from your

Name

Address

•E
r

99 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3
 "A" LEVEL A N D UNIVERSITY S T U D E N T S
RESEARCHERS, S C I E N T I S T S

{HniUcrsitp iS>ofttoare
P R E S E N T S S I N C L A I R Z X 8 1 (16K)* LIBRARY \
OF ADVANCED MATH/STAT/ECON SID HORROR ADVENTURE GAME!
M a d e e a s y t o l e a r n a n d u s e w i t h full i n s t r u c t i o n s .
T A P E 1 : MATRIX O P E R A T I O N S E5.95
Side A : Inversion, multiplication addition, subtraction and scalar multiplic-
ation of matrices and vectors within one single program which allows the Occupying over 13V4K of memory, a superb 3D graphics
user tocompleteall his operations without reloading Inverts a 20 * 20 main* adventure game for the ZX81 with 16K R A M , for only
m 6 mm, 40 sees
Side B Determinants of square matrices £3.95! Enter Dracula's tomb at 30 minutes to sunsent
TAPE 2 : POLYNOMIALS £5.95 . . . w a n d e r through the tomb's pre-mapped 300 vaults
Side A Includes quadratic equations (as degree 2 polynomials) and Newion- in search of the fabled Vampire's Treasure ... pick up
Raphson and halt-interval search methods for higher degree polynomials
Computes the roots with 8 digits ol precision valuable silver stakes and use them to defend yourself
Side B: You can plot polynomials in any interval and examine their roots against the lurking horrors . . . ghouls, zombies, pits of
extremum points. primaeval slime . . . See them all on the ZX81's plan of
TAPE 3 : INTEGRATION £5.95 the tomb ... when it will let you! T a k e a chance on a
S I « I ? A Integration of lunctions by Simpson s and trapezoidal rules Also
computes the area enclosed by two functions Mystery Vault ... if your dare! A n d all the time the
Side B Plot of integrals integration can be visualised on the screen minutes are ticking by to sunset ... when Dracula rises
TAPE 4 : REGRESSION £6.95 from his coffin and comes after y o u ! EaCH of the
Side A A highly developed multivariate regression program featuring up to
20 independent variables, log/in option on each variable (thus allowing infinite levels of the tomb has its own 300 vaults ... go
exponential, geometric and nth order regressions), standard errors t- as deep as you like, the Prince of Darnkess will seek you
statistics. F-stalistic, Durbm-Watson statistic, interpolation out in his blood-lust! W A R N I N G : people of an
Side B Plot of bivariate regressions. You can see how your computer draws
a best-litting line on a set ol data points exceptionally nervous disposition should play this game
TAPE 5 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING £6.95 only during the hours of daylight! Special facility
Side A Ageneral and elficient optimization program capable of handimgany enables a game in progress to be saved on tape so you
sort of linear programming problem with up to 20 variables and 20 constraints
Features the cannontcal equivalent of the original problem and its dual can continue it whenever your choose.
Side 8: Solutions of simultaneous equations with up to 30 unknowns
Price of only £3.95 includes ready-to-load cassette with
• Cheques P O.'S payable to • Five tapes for E30 library case and inlay, full instructions, postage and
UNIVERSITY SOFTWARE • All incl. prices for first class P&P packing. Order today! Money refunded if not delighted!
4SC Sioane Street Send cash, P.O. or cheque to:
London, swi X 9LU • Delivery within a week of receipt
* Available soon tor Spectrum M O V I E D R O M E VIDEO DEPT. ZC3
19 Leighton Avenue. Pinner. HAS 3BW

THE VERY BEST IN MACHINE CODE

FOR THE ZX SPECTRUM & ZX81
A retailer for Sinclair accessories in the
Yorkshire/Lancashire/Humberside area.
SPECTRUM 16K GULPMAN.. . game ot the' man' variety We are situated close to the M1 & M62
with 16 maze*. 4 chasers. laser defence. 9 grades, 9 speeds, demo mode, choice
of joystick control. "An extraordinarily good program" rave* Boris Allan for
motorways and offering easy parking.
Popular Computing Weekly. We think you will agree. £5.95
As well as a complete range of hard and
SPECTRUM 4 8 K MASTERFILE.. . business/domestic filing software, our service department can
and reporting system. So flexible that it is equally usable for your mailing lists,
catalogues, stock control, text extracts applications are endless. Fully user- repair, modify or fit a wide range of
defined data and report display formats, dynamic variable length file, records
and data items. Fully menu driven with powerful search facilities, sorting, total/
accessories.
average, update, multiple independent files, printing. Yes, we aim to support
microdrive when Uncle delivers. Nearly all the 8K we use is machine code, so
you get 32K per file. Comes with example file and 22 page manual. £15.00
For further details of these and many other
SPECTRUM 16KSPDE... .Disassembler and Editor, as used by services phone:
other ZX professionals, and we used it to develop the above. £5.95

ZX8116-48K THE FAST ONE....is the

MASTE RFILE and it in use all over the wortd now. Specification is very similar
to MASTERFILE. £12.00
PHILIP COPLEY
Z X 8 1 16K GULP 2..almost identical spec to GULPMAN. £4.75
on
All programs supplied double-recorded and mailed Ht class by return. Prices
include VAT and postage within Europe. SAE for full list.
0924 272 545
CAMPBELL SYSTEMS SPECTRUM SOFTWARE/HARDWARE
(Dept.ZC) AVAILABLE NOW
15ROUS ROAD
H o u r s of business:
M O N D A Y to S A T U R D A Y , 10am to 8pm

100
ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MAR 1983
 Have a day at the races
with Terry Mills of
Stockport.
In this program for the unex- Line 81 82 Introduce a slight
panded ZX81, there are four delay before the
horses (denoted by inverse next movement
numbers! running in a race. of the horses is
Here is a breakdown of the made.
listing to show you how the Lines 8 5 - 9 0 Print the horses
program works: in their new
position in the
Line 5 Displays the start race.
and finishing Line 9 5 Decides if a
posts of the horse has won
course. the race; if a
Lines 10-50 Set up the particular horse
variables. has won, the
Line 55 Prints a space winner is
over the old displayed and the
position of the game ends.
horses. Line 1 0 0 If none of the
Lines 6 0 8 0 Calculate the horses have
random reached the
movement of the finishing post,
horses. the program
returns to print
the new position
of the horses.

Should you wish to speed up 60 LET X = INTIRND * 5)

the race, lines 81 and 8 2 may 65 IF X = 1 THEN LET A - A
be omitted. Should you have +1
more than 1K available, you 70 IF X - 2 THEN LET C = C
may wish to include a short +1
routine to allow players to have 75 IF X - 3 THEN LET E E
small bets on the different + 1
horses. 80 IF X = 4 THEN LET G = G
+ 1
PRINT AT 0 , 0 ; " - S T A R T 81 FOR N = 1 TO 10
" ; A T 20,0;"-FINISH " 82 NEXT N
LET A = 1 85 PRINT AT A.B: "QJ";AT
LET B = 0 C,D: "0"
LET C = 1 90 PRINT AT E,F; "St" ;AT
LET D = 2
G,H; 13"
LET E = 1 95 IF A = Z OR C Z OR
LET F = 4 E = Z OR G = Z THEN
LET G = 1 PRINT AT 1 1 , 1 5 ;
LET H - 6 "WINNER IS " ; Z ; Q
LET Z = 19 100 GOTO 55
PRINT AT A.B;" " ;AT
C,D;" " ;AT E,F;" " ;AT

•E
G.H;" "

101 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3

 BOOK REVIEWS

With so many publications being written for the

Spectrum, which one should you look at first?
Our review panel take a brief look at ten of the new
titles to help you make your choice.
Spectrum Machine that are less frequently used' Machine Language Editor and grammers. There is a Spectrurtj
Language For The and covers register exchanges,
rotates and shifts, interrupts
HexLoad Machine Code Moni- version of a three-dimensioni
tor. As well as clearly repro-
Absolute Beginner and restarts, and many others. duced listings, the programs are
maze, and many arcade-ty
games such as Breakout,
— Edited by As in the first section of the accompanied by an explanation bies and Quack Attack. Th*
William Tang book, the text is liberally
sprinkled with examples for you
of each. are also the wide range of
The last section concen games and board games.
to try and most of the sections trates on the production of one Each program is accom-J
This book is designed as an in- end with either a summary of

1
program. Freeway Frog, which panted with a brief explanalu
troductory text to the field of the information in that section is listed over 36 pages of the of how the program works
machine and assembly lan- or a number of exercises for book. From first programming some cases, the programs ai
guage programming for the ZX readers to work their way principles, the structure of the illustrated with screen display
Spectrum. through. program is planned, developed dumps of the game beinffl
Inside the book, there are The next section, 'Program- and finally put together to form played.
five section headings, each of ming your Spectrum', deals a complete listing.
which has been split up into a first with the planning of a pro- There are seven appendices, Games ZX Computers Play, I
number of sub-sections. The gram; this is fairly compre- with useful data you'lt need edited by Tim Hartnell, a
first section is called 'Finding hensive, dealing mainly with when you begin experimenting published by Interface Pubfc1
your way around in machine the 'top down' approach to dis- with machine and assembly cations. The book has 169f
language' and starts from the ciplining your programming. language yourself. pages and is priced at €3.25.
very beginning, assuming abso- Then the authors take a look at ISBN 0 907563 13 9
lutely no prior knowledge of the Spectrum itself, paying par- Spectrum Machine Language
working with machine lan- ticular attention to the key- For The Absolute Beginner,
guage. From the basics, board, the video screen display edited by William Tang, is The Spectrum
though, you quickly move onto
how to manipulate the stack,
and the sound output. published by Melbourne House.
The book has ?43 pages and is
Pocket Book
The last two sections con-
loops and lumps, use of sub- centrate on actual programs priced at €6.95. — Trevor Toms
routines and block operations. listed within the text. Looking ISBN 0 86161 'W 1
The second section of the first at monitor programs, there Continuing the 'Pocket Book'
text deals with 'Instructions are two provided: EZ-Code series, this book goes further I
Games zx than its two predecessors
about the Z X 8 0 and ZX81, j
Computers Play providing the reader with pro-
— Edited by grams which are fun, serious,
Tim Hartnell educational, and a number ol
'useful' tools for your Spec- !
trum.
Recently crowned the 'Barbara The programs in the first
Cartland of the computer book part of the book, the BASIC
field', Tim Hartnell here pro- section, cover a variety of sub-
duces a book for the Spectrum jects. Ranging from the obvious- i
a n d Z X S I which would fall into games programs such as Robot
the 'fun' section of his range of Chase, 3 0 Maze and Reversi,
books. there are also a number of
Containing 13 programs for 'serious' listings such as
the ZX Spectrum and 1 5 for the Budget Account, Debugging
ZX81, all the listings are direct Programs, Useful Subroutines
from the ZX Printer, well repro- and User Graphics Tablet.
duced and guaranteed to run. The second part of the book,
The emphasis is on moving the Machine Code section,
graphics, intelligent play by the begins with an introduction to
computer, user-defined graph machine code followed by 3
ics where needed, and provid- comprehensive section relating
ing the reader with program- the use of machine code dir
ming ideas which can either be ectly to your ZX Spectrum.
adapted, converted or im- Also included in this section are
proved on. Z X A S M , a Symbolic Assemb-
The book contains a variety ler; ZXDISASM, a Symbolic j
of programs contributed by a Disassembler; and ZXMCMON,
number of experienced pro- a machine code monitor. An ap-

102 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1983

 BOOK REVIEWS
pendix at the back of the book handled. The second chapter The Working Spectrum, written readers gauge their success.
contains a screen toolkit. continues the theme of tying by David Lawrence, is publish- The fourth chapter tackles
All the program listings havethe Spectrum in with business, ed by Sunshine Books Ltd. The the subject of graphics, con-
Seen p r o d u c e d using anwith three programs which are book has 216 pages and is pric centrating on the screen and
RS232C interface which was fairly self explanatory. Budget, ed at £5.95. memory, patterns and the use
specially designed {and avail- Accountant and Banker. ISBN 0 946408 00 9 of colour, movement and ani-
able in design form from the Chapter three concerns mation, user definable graphics
authorl. The listings are fully itself with Spectrum graphics and sound. Examples are in-
annotated ro help you under-
stand the structure and thinking
with five programs
amongst other things help you
which Learning TO use cluded allowing the reader to il-
lustrate the techniques with
behind the program, and all the create new characters, draw
The zx spectrum some practical programming.
Spectrum keywords are printed
m a bold typeface.
pictures and define a design of Computer Chapter five includes some

An explanation of each pro

up to 6 5 5 3 6 by 6 5 5 3 6 pixels
across. The fourth chapter sets
— Robin Bradbeer of the special features of the ZX
Spectrum with particular refer-
gram is provided and the the Spectrum up as a home ence to the internal clock,
stings are clearly reproduced. tutor complete with three pro- This text is part of a general special locations and how to
All the programs are for the grams providing a multiple series of 'Learning To Use...' examine them, and the user
16K ZX Spectrum. choice test with up to 1,000 books which puts the emphasis port. Three appendices are pro-
different questions and on the beginner using the com vided covering further reading,
The Spectrum Pocket Book, answers, a multiple picture puter in work or leisure, rather the differences between ZX81
Mitten by Trevor Toms, is pub reading tutor, and a listing than becoming a computer and ZX Spectrum BASIC, and a
i'shed by Phipps Associates. which tests your knowledge of theorist. glossary.
The book has 160 pages and is geography. Beginning the book is a
oriced at £6.50. The author has provided a
ISBN 0 950 7302 8 9. collection of miscellaneous

UNDERSTANDING
Kob'n Bndbeer ~ yourswectrum
; L E A R N I N G . -
D * . IAN LOGAN

„ —\
T O • U S E T H E

v y
'2L4 iJ j
IPI 'TCRf

skcjW
The working routines in chapter five, in- chapter introducing the Spec- Learning To Use The ZX Spec-
Spectrum cluding Calculator, Calories,
Graph, Renumber and Typist.
trum, followed by a section on
using the ZX Spectrum. This
trum Computer, written by
Robin Bradbeer, is published by
- David Traditionally, all computer last chapter tells you in very Gower Publishing Company
Lawrence books should contain at least simple and easy-to follow in- Ltd. The book has 76 pages
one game, and this book is no structions, how to begin your and is priced at £4.95.
exception. Three games listings computing career on the ISBN 0 566 03481 6
This book is based on a collec are included Tracker, Missile machine. At the end of the
tion of programs written on and Word Sort. chapter some self-test ques-
such areas as data storage, Each listing is given as a tions are included for the reader
finance, calculation, graphics, series of modules. The modules to assimilate how much ex Understanding
household management and are accompanied by an explan- perience has been gained. Your Spectrum
education.
Split into six chapters, the
ation of its function, a commen-
tary on the individual lines, and
Chapter three introduces the
reader to some elementary pro-
— Dr. lan Logan
ffst chapter highlights the suggestions are given to per- gramming skills, with details on
Spectrum as a filing cabinet. form simple tests on the how to SAVE programs on Dr. Logan claims this book has
Providing a program called Uni- module to assure yourself that cassette and how to use the ZX three main aims: to explain, in
file, any file containing records the module is correct before Printer. Again, self-test ques- simple terms, how the Spec-i

•E
ivith a regular structure can be continuing to type any more in. tions are provided to help trum works; to teach Z 8 0 code|

103 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3

 BOOK REVIEWS
from first principles; and to give which can be used such
details of monitor entry points looping, arrays and data han
so that efficient programs may ing. There is also a chai
be written. describing the creation of a |
And the author does his best gram — Calendar — and tti
to explain all of it — no easy subsequent debugging of th
task! The first two chapters in- listing.
troduce commands and func- Then, once you have pre
tions which Sinclair BASIC has sumably got the hang
to offer. Programming ex- manipulating simple programs,
amples are provided throughout you are provided with over "
to aid readers in their full programs together wiq
understanding. detailed explanations. As ne«
The third chapter moves into techniques are used within th
the realms of machine code programs provided, some
providing an introduction to the planatory text is given to sho#|
Z 8 0 microprocessor. Illustra- the reader what is going
tions are used where possible Numerous short routines
to help with this explanation. also included within the text for|
This is followed by a section on illustrative purposes.
the mathematics of machine The listings are all clear an
code programming and one on easy to read, and the Spectruml
the Z 8 0 machine code instruc- keywords are printed in a boa
tion set. typeface. Screen displayl
It is at this stage that you are dumps are used throughout the]
provided with some sample book to illustrate the text.
programs to use and under- The last two chapters of th
stand. Twenty-two programs book 3re called 'Applications',
are provided in total. The final containing such programs as I
two chapters of the book con- Linear Programming, Simui-I
centrate on an outline of the
1 6K monitor program resident
Tim Langdell' taneous Equations, Pearsons
Correlation, and a General Pur-I
inside the Spectrum and how to pose Graph Plotter; and 'Utility 1
utilise the monitor program's programs, quirks, and useful!
subroutines.
Four appendices are in-
to the subject which is covered
in much more detail in the
Exploring routines', which contains pro-
grams to test the ROM and |
cluded at the back of the book following section entitled Spectrum BASIC RAM, Renumber routines, etc
complete with useful reference 'Colour, Graphics and Sound'. — Mike Lord Three appendices are in-1
tables for Z 8 0 machine code in- The third section of the book eluded entitled Places to PEEK
structions, and decimal to is entitled 'Gamesmanship', & POKE'; 'Speeds', which you I
hexadecimal conversion. There and introduces the reader to a The first six chapters of this can use to speed up the rate at
is also a list of the currently number of the 'tricks of the book introduce the reader to which the program runs; and
available machine code hand- trade' with some example the ZX Spectrum, the various 'Other BASICs', which explains
ling programs. The last appen- games programs to illustrate commands and functions avail- some of the difference between
dix is a list of 11 programming the points made. There follows able on the machine, and some Sinclair BASIC and the rest.
errors in the 16K monitor pro- a very short chapter on educa- of the programming features
gram in the Spectrum, at least tional and serious applications
two of which are very useful to
know.
which includes a small word-
processor program, a filing
system and a statistics listing.
ORINC
Understanding Your Spectrum, The final section of the book
written by Dr. Ian Logan, is is called 'Taking your Spectrum
published by Melbourne House. to the limits' and it attempts to
The book has 190 pages and is guide the reader to improving
priced at £7.95. your programming. There is
ISBN 0 86759 1 14 5 also a chapter on machine code
programming and two appen-
dices with the ASCII table and
the Spectrum's memory map.
The Spectrum The book is well-illustrated
with programs and screen
Handbook displays, and contains a wealth
— Tim Langdell of hints and tips for the begin-
ner and experienced alike.

The first section of this book is

called 'Getting started on your The Spectrum Handbook, writ-
ZX Spectrum' and that is what ten by Tim Langdell, is pub-
you are encouraged to do very lished by Century Publishing
soon into the text. Company Ltd. The book has
The first section is split into 2 7 6 pages and is priced at
five chapters, first introducing €4.95.
you to the various ins and outs ISBN 0 7126 0152 X
of the ZX Spectrum, and then
guiding you through colour and
sound, and the other intricacies
of BASIC programming. The
chapter on graphics in motion
provides a simple introduction

104 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1983

 BOOK REVIEWS
Exploring Spectrum BASIC,
written by Mike Lord, is pub
All the programs will RUN on
the standard 1 6K Spectrum,
routines. Chapter seven mtro
duces you to the use of
Publishers
lished by Timedata Ltd. The graphics and completes your in The books mentioned in this arti-
book has 191 pages and is pric troductory study of programm- cle are published by the follow-
edat €4.95. Games To Play On Your ZX ing techniques. ing:
IS8N 0 907892 03 5 Spectrum, written by Martin It is at the end of chapter
Wren-Hilton, is published by seven and the following Melbourne House (Publishers)
Shiva Publishing Ltd. The book chapter that the reader is intro- Ltd, Glebe Cottage, Glebe
has 43 pages and is priced at
Games TO Play On £1.95.
duced to the idea of using these House, Station Road, Ched-
dington, Leighton Buzzard, Bed-
Your z x Spectrum ISBN 0 906812 28 3
newly acquired skills to write a
simple games program. Chapter fordshire LU7 7NA.
- Martin Wren- eight deals with the use of Interface, 4 4 - 4 6 Earls Court
Hilton sound on the Spectrum and Road, London W 8 6EJ.
Phipps Associates, 9 9 East
ends with a simple program of
The Spectrum the alien invader type which il Street, Epsom, Surrey KT17
This book provides the reader Programmer lustrates what you should have 1EA.
Sunshine Books, Hobhouse
with 13 programs tor the ZX
Spectrum.
— SM Gee learnt so far.
Chapter nine deals with Court, 19 Whitcomb Street,
Each program comes com high-resolution graphics on the London W C 2 7HF.
plete with an explanation of the The first two chapters of this Spectrum showing use of the Gower Publishing Company Ltd,
structure of the listing and a book gently introduce you to graphics commands, with sec Gower House, Croft Road,
screen photograph of the game the idea of learning to use your tions on high-resolution colours Aldershot, Hampshire GU11
once it has been correctly typed Spectrum, with some good ad- and un-plotting. The final 3HR.
in and RUN. The listings are all vice for getting the best out of chapter of the book is called Century Publishing Ltd, 76 Old
very easy to read and in some your machine. 'Logic and other topics', com- Compton Street, London W 1 V
cases, illustrated with quite Once set up, consult chapter pletes the Spectrum tutorial. 5PA.
witty cartoons. three which takes you through Timedata Ltd, 16 Hemmels,
The programs included in the first steps of programming, The Spectrum Programmer, Laindon, Basildon, Essex.
this publication are Breakout, with a look at variables, and the written by SM Gee, is published Shiva Publishing Ltd, 4*Church
String art. Helicopter, Worm keywords PRINT, LET and IN- by Granada Publishing. The Lane, Nantwich, Cheshire C W 5
race, Flower, Mastermind, PUT. The following chapters book has 141 pages and is 5RQ.
Monitor, Bomber, Kaleido- concentrate on looping, hand priced at £5.95. Granada Publishing, PO Box 9,
scope. Customer, Spiral, Stunt ling text and numbers, and ISBN 0 246 12025 8 Frogmore, St. Albans, Hert-
bike and Draughts. using functions and sub fordshire AL2 2NF.

THE

.flmESTOPwyon
w
youfl ZX SPWTRUm
msrfen U W - H i i t c n
 ZX81 16K SPECTRUM RAM Cassettes

Great games
Games to Test your Skills £r Tactics
"VERY NASTY MOUNTAIN and NASTY INVADERS...are both vary well
written"; " I am thoroughly pleased with the goods" : Client. London
"Thanks for your very good VERY NASTY MOUNTAIN": M,F. Harold,

for your # *
Guildford, Sy.
"NASTY INVADERS...VERY NASTY MOUNTAIN with no loading pro-
blem* at all and the literature you included, will certeinly purchase fiom
you again": N.O.H., Hudderafield

Spectrum
"I am writing to congratulate you on the excellent VERY NASI Y MOUN-
TAIN. I am also pleased with the quick delivery": R Massingham, Bailey.
W. York*.
" I like NASTY INVADERS...the graphics are excellent; VERY NASTY
MOUNTAIN Is also an excellent game. Those art two of the best gam** 1
have for my Z X 8 1 . " : Michael B. McAllister, Lekenheath. Suffolk
NASTY INVADERS: Get them before youi Bosses get youl £4 95
A 2 0 minute plus Action-Packed Game. You are on duty in the Defence from
Radar Centre. An invasion starts. Your task i* to prevent the Enemy from
landing. But you have problems: not only do you have to stop the Invaders
> I I V r | r | [ j •-» * i the l e a d e r s
making repairs to their craft, but there could be personnel trouble tool
Good control i* rewarded, but errors are penalised.
u U A j JI T J in ZX g a m e s
Don't despair — Rank Has It* Privilegesll
NASTY MOUNTAIN: Solve the Clues if you want to Escapel £4 9 6
You are leading an expedition and come to an impassable mountain range.
It looks like a long detour until an old goat-herd announces that there is an
opening in the rocks into which the occaaional animal wandeis, but they
never re-appear See if you can solve the mysteries of Nasty Mountain
and continue on your travel*. Whether you succeed or fail, you can
always try again — but somehow its not quite the same as before!

VERY NASTY MOUNTAIN: But don't CHEAT or you will pay for itl £ 6 9 6
An edvanced version of the Nasty Mountain Game with 16 Levels of Play.
Practice Makes Perfect — but the more clues you solve, the more your
tactics are tested I
Justify Your ZX 8 1 As A Business Expense
PETTY CASH/VAT: Know where your Money wentl £10.00
Enter Data, Narrative and Gross Expenditure for each Ca*h Purchase
Analyses into 2 0 Sub Headings and 13 Mam Headings and gives Gross.

Sorcerer's Castle
VAT. Net and Exempt Subtotals and Total* Its so good, we use rt
ourselves.
VAT BOOK INPUTS: Wntten for the Small Busina*s ft Sole Trader £ 1 2 . 0 0
A* the Petty Cash/VAT Program, but with the facility to add in your Che-
que and Standing Order item* to give Input* Bottom Line Totals
CHEQUfcSiP.O a TO: — GIITROLE LTD . DEPT ZXC. T a k e s you into a world of magic a n d
P.O. BOX 50. RUGBY, WARKS C V 2 1 4DH mystery. Graphical position a n d a host
of options with this exciting a d v e n t u r e „ _ n
g a m e for the 4 8 K S p e c t r u m £5.5U
ZX SPECTRUM & ZX81
EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE
Scramble
H i g h - s p e e d a r c a d e g a m e - the fastest
available. T h r u s t altitude, fire a n d b o m b

Spectrum Junior Education 16.50

controls. For 16K or 4 8 K Spectrum. £5.5(1
Use your Spectrum to help your children with their school work.
This cassette contains eight attractive, easy to use programs for
the 7 to 11 aye group.
Masterchess
T e n levels of play + c h a n g e sides or
Topics include English comprehension, spellings, homophones,
level in mid g a m e + set board to a n y
junior science, maths and history
position + scrolling history + displays
* Entering your o w n questions and answers allows you to adapt
your moves a n d c o m p u t e r ' s + copy
two of these programs for exercises in any subject area
display & history to printer a n y time
* Moving colour graphics and sound are extensively used to
improve motivation. + save g a m e at any point + r e c o m m e n d
*
Use the "draw'' program to produce pictures maps and move option + plays all legal m o v e s
diagrams + indicates illegal moves + C h e s s Clock
Suitable tor the 16K or 48K Spectrum Program notes are on reverse A powerful, a d v e n t u r o u s a n d
supplied enjoyable 4 8 K program £6.95
O Level Chemistry |C11 16 SO
This cassette contains four clearly presented revision/tutorial
programs The subject matter has been carefully structured to cover
And for your ZX81:
the most important aspects of Scramble * Frogs * PaintMajce * ZX Chess * Breakout
* Space Invaders * Asteroids * Tempest * 1K Games-
* Elements, compounds and mixtures. pack * D e b u g
* Structure, bonding and propeitiei.
* Redo*, electrolysis and the activity series All supplied oft cassette with library case £3.95 (ZX Chess £6.50)
* Acids, bases and sails.
Write for full details of the Mikro-Gen r^nge of programs and add-ons.
L available from local stockists or direct from the manufacturers (please make
46K Spectrum and 16K ZX81 versions of t. .e cassette are available chequcs/PO's payable tc Mikro-Gen and ^Jd 40c pest & packing)
Please specify which you require.
Suture r j orf Soit*a'e to Smci**

Profession*! Computer Assisted Learning materials from:

CALPAC COMPUTER SOFTWARE
108 Hermitage Woods Crescent, St Johns.
Woking. Surrey GU21 1UF.
2 4 Agar C r e s c e n t Bracknell B e r k s R G 1 2 2 B K
Overseas orders: £6.50 ($11.60) per cassette' includes A I R M A I L . Tel Bracknell ( 0 3 4 4 J 2 7 3 1 7
postage.

106 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MAR 1983

 Get home as quickly as The object of this game is to
move the black square to the
your home square; this time
limit decreases, thus making

you can with this chequered square

shortest possible time.
in the your task harder, each time you
successfully get home. Your

program for the 1K ZX81 You move the black square

using the '5' key for left, the '6'
score for each turn is the
number of time units you have

from Andrew Tierney of key for down, the ' T key for up
and the '8' key for right. There
left when you reach the che-
quered square.

Reading. is a time limit for you to reach

10 LET C = 50
20 LET A 0
30 LET B 0
40 LET X INT ( R N D * 1 0 )
50 LET Y INT (RND * 101
60 PRINT AT X.Y;
"(Graphic shifted A)"
70 FOR N = 1 TO C
80 PRINT AT A,B;" •
90 PRINT AT A.B;" "
100 IF INKEY$ = " 5 " THEN
LET B = B 1
110 IF INKEY$ - " 6 " THEN
LET A - A - 1
120 IF INKEYSS = " 7 "
THEN LET A A +1
130 IF INKEYS$ = " 8 "
THEN LET B = B + 1
140 IF A = X AND B - Y
THEN GOTO 1 8 0
150 NEXT N
160 PRINT " H A R D LUCK"
170 STOP
180 PRINT "WELL DONE
SCORE = " C - N
190 PAUSE 50
200 LET C = C-1
210 CLS
220 GOTO 10

Note that the contents of the

bracket in line 6 0 should be
replaced by the graphics
symbol d e s c r i b e d .

I3 OMPUIING l-tb MARCH 1 9 8 3

conquering
LOAD/SAVE problems
place. If they both LOAD/ make it impossible to load
Tim Hartnell and lan SAVE, then try a longer pro-
gram. If the longer program
from.

Beardsmore summarise does not LOAD SAVE, then the

problem could well be over-
Hardware aids
advice from members of heating, something that can
cause problems within 15
The following suggestions are

the National zx users'

for you if you can solder confi-
minutes of turning the com- dently. These suggestions are
puter on.
Club.
more for ways of checking that
If you get LOAD/SAVE prob the signal is getting from the
lems only with the 16K RAM recorder to the computer, than
Pack attached, then try the specific aids in LOAD/SAVE.
following ideas. They
1. Wire an LED into the leads.
sometimes bring results, even
2. Use crocodile clips to tap
with mischievous RAM packs.
\ 1. Keep your ZX cool. This can
directly off the loudspeaker.
3. Connect a wire across the
be done by using a fan, or by spring-loaded loudspeaker
\\\\ placing something cold on earphone switch (in the

/ top. Tim's first book, Mak-

ing the most of your Z X 8 0 ,
recorder across the earpiece
jack), so you can hear what
was written with the aid of a is going on.
succession of frozen Long 4. Wire a small earpiece into
a; Life milk cartons. If you the leads.
follow this somewhat 5. Wire the loading lead directly
bizarre idea, make sure that from the output signal. Fit a
the water doesn't get into switch which can be used to
the computer. If you have an disconnect the internal
extreme heating problem, speaker while loading.
and you feel confident of
your ability to do it, you can
take the top off, and/or
which recorder?
solder in an extra heat sink. The Users' Club has often been
2. Don't jar the computer while asked Which cassette recorder
SAVEing or LOADing. works best?'. W e cannot en-
3. Try different volume levels dorse a particular brand of
when LOADing, and keep recorder, and do not suggest
the tone control on maxi- that while club members have
mum (ie full treble). You'll been successful with the
need a lot of volume in most following brands, you will nec-
cases, and maximum treble. essarily have the same suc-
4. Noise can be a source of cess, but for what it's worth,
LOADing problems. There here are some of the recorders
should be a b o u t five which club members have used
seconds of silence before a successfully: ITT Studio
program. Tape hiss is not recorder 6 6 ; Boots CTR500;
conducive to a successful Tandy Micro minisette II; Sony
load. TCP55; Interstate/Waltham
One of the real bugbears of the your cassette player are com- 5. Use good, proper computer {Woolworthsl; Hitachi TRQ291
ZX81 is the touchiness of the patible, that is you have 3 . 5 m m cassettes, rather than cheap and T R Q 2 4 7 ; Prinzsound
cassette interface. While few sockets, and check that the low-noise audio ones. Qual- TR2256; Ferguson 327;,
ZX81 owners have problems plugs fit firmly. Some appear to ity audio cassettes (such as Sanyo M 2 4 0 6 P ; Prinz SC9;
getting some sound onto a work better if they are moved a TDK) generally work well. and the machine which is
cassette from their computers, fraction of an inch out of the 6. Clean the tape head fre- widely advertised for use with
getting this sound back into the computer, rather than being quently, and — if you can the ZX81, the Monolith
ZX81 as a program is often a jammed hard into the ZX81. get one — use a demagnet- ECR81, data-assette E312.
major hurdle to full enjoyment The Z X 8 0 and the ZX81 need iser from time to time.
of the computer. four to six volts peak output. If
you have a DIN socket, it is
7. If your cassette recorder has
batteries, try it with them,
Adjusting azimuth
Some of the following ad-
vice will not be relevant to your almost certain not to work. rather than running the Mr S Atkinson of Harrogate
particular computer/cassette Most DIN outputs are about recorder from the mains. suggests the following. He
setup, so read through all the 1.5V. This is not enough for You should find this helps. points out that, for loading, the
advice we give until you find the ZX81, and will only work if 8. Make several copies of each output from the cassette needs
something that appears to a special buffer circuit is put program, so if one doesn't to contain as much treble as
apply to you, and they try out between the recorder and the load, you can always try the possible. You can increase the
the suggestions given. computer. next one on the tape. Fre- treble content of the recorder's
If you have a 1 6K program, quent use of a tape (or one output by changing the tape,
in a jam? trying SAVEing, then LOADing portion of it) will lead to a head azimuth, the alignment
a very short program without buildup of hiss over the pro- between the tape head and the
Make sure the outputs from the pack on, and then with it in gram, which may eventually tape.

108 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 PLAY
T O MIC O N T O MIC O N
COMPUTER f CASSETTE

MIC

fTW

o-

TO EAR ON
COMPUTER
« LSI

REC
•o
TO EAR ON
CASSETTE

X T OFF
S2

PLAY

The tape head on most maximum treble, minimum audio inject for identification. The
cassette machines is mounted bass, and insert a tape con- speaker is used for audio moni-
on two screws, one of which is taining a program. toring.
Fig. 1. SI and S2 are both 2-pole.
sprung. By adjusting this 2. With the earpiece out, start 3 way slide switches and S3 is a
screw, the tone can be altered. the recorder. 1 pole. 2-way biased push button Fig. 2. This circuit is for use with
The screw is accessed by a 3. Adjust the screw, trying it in slide switch. J is a 3.5mm jack low level output from the tape
small hole above the play head. both directions, until the socket tor a microphone andLSis a deck. Adjust R1 and R2 for differ
In many cases, this hole is sound is as 'tinny' as possi- miniature 7 5 Ohm loudspeaker. ent outputs from the tape deck.
covered by tape, or a small ble. You wHI also need four 3.5mm jack This circuit was designed to
metal plate. plugs with screened leads. This cir- operate with a Sanyo 5050G deck,
cuit can be contained in a box 580m V at 5.6K output.
Here's how you can adjust Note that this may make measuring 3" by 2'A" by 1'A".
your azimuth; some of your music cassettes The switching allows recording
sound a little too sharp for your and playback without removing
1. Turn the recorder controls to liking. plugs. The push button a/lows

AAAA- •O +5V
R4
10R
R1 R3 C3
68k < 470R 100p

14
CI
470n
FROM TAPE SCHMITT
REC OUTPUT 11" TRIGGER
74LS14

T3
Q1
BC109
TO TAPE INPUT
SHORT Z X 8 0 C 1 2

u IOU

- O OV

109 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3

•E
 Spectrum breakout
SPECTRUM CAME

I N O W A V A I L A B L E F R O M ASP S O F T W A R E
See page 114 for further details

Here's a program written

by David Spencer of Spalding for all you Spectrum
owners who fancy a spot of demolition.
Based on the 16K ZX Spectrum, when you hit the ball with your FP Play flag 11 for the A - Variable to indicate
this game takes just over 6K of bat and when you knock out a demonstration which layer has been
memory and makes full use of brick from the wall. game). hit.
the sound and colour available When the game is not being X co-ordinate of the
J Set to 0 for game, 8
on the machine. played, the program cycles bat.
for demonstration
The wall itself comprises through a sequence of two ex W Wall number. game.
three different coloured layers, planation pages followed by a s Score.
each with 30 bricks. When 6 0 demonstration game in which ES Temporary INPUT C Code of character at
bricks have been knocked out, a the computer guides the bat. string. ball position.
new wall appears and the scores The highest score and the rele- X,Y Co-ordinates of the H Number of bricks
for each layer increases. vant player's name is displayed ball. knocked out.
When you begin to play the on screen at this time. P1 - Required position of
game, you have five lives. DX,DY - Movement vector for
Here is a list of all the bat during
However, each time you miss the ball.
variables used in the program. demonstration game.
the ball with your bat, you will FL Flag for sound DP Direction of bat
lose a life. The game ends when HS - Highest score. effects. movement during
you have cleared all five walls or N$ Name of the highest FT Flag for hitting top demonstration game.
you have lost all five of your scorer, of screen. YT - Temporary variable
lives. All the appropriate sound F - General FOR. . . FA Flag for hitting bat. used in determining
effects have been included for NEXT counter. L Lives. PI.

1 R E H j ^ B R E f l K - O U T L t T P =P
3 BOROER i?; LET H*=© LET r>* = 14-© P R I N T R T 2 1 , P , INK 2; :
RETURN
5 GO S U B 2 0 8 f t j » i , P R I N T R T 21,2; 1 9 9 R E h * * E N D OF U * R i _ L * i
1© P R I N T R T 1 9 , S ; FLASH 1, BRI 2 © © PRLi&E 1 © © : CLS : I F f p = 1 TH
GMT 1 ; " P R E S S RNY' KEY T O F L R V " E N GO T O 5
1 2 F OR f = 1 T O I S © © ; X F I N K E Y 2* : 2©3 LET » = » + ! : P R I N T RT PR
>"*' T H E N GO T O IS PER 5 ; "Wat I n o , dcf-trove
1 3 N E X T f . GO T O 3 © © © d . "
I S SEEP , S , © : L E T fP =©: L E T J = 2 © 5 F O R r*=© T O 1 © ; BEEP ,2.- f : N
© EXT f
2 © GO SUE- 9 © © © : GO T O 2 1 © I F W = S T H E N GO T O 2 3 ©
9-9 R E H * * K E Y B O R R D SCRN** 2 2 © PHUSE S©: P R I N T RT 6 , 4 - ; PRP
1©© I F f p - 1 Tj-fEN GO T O 5 © © © ER 4-; INK 7 ; "Now g o o n t o w a l l ";
1135 I F INKEY«o"l" RND INKEY5-;.' V ; PAUSE I S © . GO S U B 9©©"7; GO TO
- e - THEN RETURN 1©0©
!«.© P R I N T R T 21,p;" 2 3 © P R I N T RT S , 3 ; P.RPER 4-; INK
12© I F I N K E Y $ = " 2 " RND P > 1 T H E N ©; FLRSH 1 ; " W E L L DONE, "J FLR5H
LET P = P - 1 ^ 0 ; " y o u have d e s t r o y e d alt the * B
1 3 © I F i « K E Y S = " » " R N D p < 2 9 THE)**

110 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 SPECTRUM GAME
l i s "
Z k e y , a n d r j ? h W i t h the n.
240 P R I W T RT 9/4-; "Voi«f 5 : o r t WE-
SO50 RETURN
2 9 9 9 REH i t 2 n d E X P , PAGE * *
24-9 REM - n H I G H , 5COSE POL ( T I N E * *
3 0 0 0 CLS : P R I N T AT £ , 1 0 , PAPER
250 I F s < h s T H E N P R I N T RT 11,4-;
6; " B R E R K - O U T " ; AT 2 , 9 , INK OUE
" T h e r e f o r e yc-y d i d n o t b e a t t h e
R 1; " "
h i g h e s t s c o r e o f " ; h s ; M by " ; n $
3 0 1 0 P R I N T RT 4- , 1 ; P A P E R 4; "
GO T O 6{\e You s t a r t w i t h 5 l i v e s
2SO I F s = h 5 THEN P R I N T H i 1 1 , 4 ; 3 0 3 0 P R I N T AT P A P E R S; "
"And yoi.i e q u a l e d t h e h i g h e s t SCO The h i g h e s t s c o r e i s ' ; h s . " b y "
r e " : INPUT " E N T E R YOUR NAME L n " . "; AT , 0; PAPER 7, " "
INE e s : I F e $ - " " ' THE,4"/ G O TO 3 0 3 0 P R I N T AT 9 , 1 ; PAPER S ; " On
2t?S I F s = h s T H E N L E T n * = n $ - * " £, the f i r s t w a i t t h e s c o r e s " ; A T 1
"+€$: GO TO S0O 0 , 1 ; PRPER p ; " a r e as f o l l o w s . - "
£70 I F S >hs THEN P R I N T AT 1 1 . 4-; 3O4-0 PRINT , PAPER P,
"ftnd y o u b e e t t h e h i g h e s t i t o for the C1 v \ v v.* \ a t , r? !
r e ' " ; I N P U T " E N T E R YOUR NAHE 20 f o r the m i d d l e l a y e r , ; A T 13,.
LINE I F n $ = " " T H E N GO TO 7.; " 3 0 f o r the t o p l a y e r .
230 LET h S = S : GO TO 6 0 0 3 0 5 0 P R I N T « T 1 5 , 1 ; P A P E R 3 ; " On
I ? ? * * R L L L.XvES L O ^ T i i the n e x t ips i I the s c o r e s "; AT
3O0 FOR f = 3 TO PAPER f C L S 1 6 , 1 ; " a r e t w i c e t h e a bove and s o
: PAUSE NEXT f on . "
.310 P R I N T RT 4 , 1 1 ; I N U E R 3 E 1 ; " G 3 0 5 0 P R I N T AT 1 9 , 5 . F L A S H 1I ;; BR r
•HME O U E R " : PR USE SO: GO TO 2 4 0 GHT 1 ; " P R E S S ANY KEV TO P L A Y "
600 r O R t =15 TO - 5 S T E P - 1 : S E E 3 0 7 0 P R I N T AT 2 1 , 2 ; INK 3. Uu I
P » 3 j i ; NE XT f y 1 9 5 2 , D a v i d h , S p e n c e r , "
SIO PAUSE 2 0 0 : GO TO S 3 0 8 0 FOR f = I TO 1 S 0 0 : I F I N K E Y *
999 REM * * H A I N BALL R O U T I N E * * > " " THEN GO TO 15
lOOO P R I N T RT y / .X "o " 3O90 NEXT f
1002 I F f p = l THEN GO SUB 5 0 5 0 3 9 9 9 REH O, GAHE a *
1003 I F f I =1 h N D fp =0 t h e n S E E P 4 0 0 0 LET J = S : L E T f P = 1 . L E T p i = 0
.05., 3 * 4 : L E T I =0 : L E T dp =0: GO SUB 9 0 0 0 . GO TO 1
1035
X=X+dX;
GO SUB i O O ;
.v = 1 OR
LET y=y+dy.-
X =30 THEN
L E T
L E T
000
•1100 I F x - t I S AND d.X - 1 THEN L E T p
dx = - d X ; P R I N T RT y - d y , X +dx ; " I =X 14-. GO TO 414-0
GO T O 1 0 0 9 4-105 I F X > 1 5 AND dX=s-I THEN L E T
1006 I F f t =1 T H E N L E T t* t = 0 • G O T P 1 =X —14-; GO TO 414-0
0 1O09 4 1 1 0 I F dX = 1 THEN L E T y t =7->• ! 3 2 - X
1007 P R I N T RT y - r f y , x - d x ; " " I F y : L ET P i = 3 0 - V 2 2 - y t a
f a =1 T H E N GO SUB 140.- L E T * a =0' 4 1 2 0 I F dX = - 1 THEN L E T yt=7+X.- L
10O3 I F f P = 1 THEN GO SUB 5 1 0 0 ET p 1 = 2 2 - y t
1010 I F y >S RND y THEN CO TO 4140 IF pi— 0 THEN LET p i = 1
10OO 4 1 4 5 I F p i ; i = 3 0 THEN L E T p 1 = 2 9
1023 I F y <7 THEN GO TO I 0 5 3 4 1 5 0 I F P I = P THEN L E T dp RETLi
1029 REH 4 4 H I T BRT R O U T I N E S ^ RN
1030 I F x —P OR x —p - f 1 T H t N L E T d y 4 1 5 0 I F p .^p I THEN L E T R E T
= -dy L E T x = x + 1 - i S * f'X =29> > : L E T URN
M =y - 1 : L E T f 8 = l ; B E E P f& =0 > 4 1 7 0 LET d p = l ; RETURN
GO T O 1 3 0 5 4 9 9 9 REH **AL»TO BAT HOVE**
1035 I F I N K E V $ < > " ** T H E N GO T O I C 5 0 0 0 I F I N K E V J O " " THEN GO TO I S
35 5 0 1 0 I F p = p i OR p + l = p l THEN R S T U
1040 B E E P - 7 5 * Jf p s®i , 30: L E T 1=1 RN
-1: PAU5E 5 0 : I F 1=0 THEN GO TO 5O20 P R I N T AT 2 1 , p ; " " ; LET o
+dp; GO TO 1 4 0
1045 P R I N T R) a i / p ; " ": GO 5L*3 5 0 5 0 I F d y = - 1 THEN L E T p l = 1 5 . GO
9050: GO TO 1 3 0 3 TO 4 1 5 0
1049 REH rf XT U R L L ROU? I N E * * - 5 0 6 0 RETURN
1050: CE.: a = A ; T R i y X y -4-3-J : LET 5 1 0 0 I F y = 7 AND dy =1 THEN GO TO
C =C O D E SCREEN'S iy , > : I F * =1 AN 4 1 0 0
D y >1 AND c < > 95 GO T O 1 0 0 0 5 1 1 0 RETURN
1055 I F 3 = 1 RND C < .-> 9 5 THEN L E T d 3 9 9 9 REH * * I N I T , ROLfTINE**
y =- d y: GO T O 1 3 3 3 9 0 0 0 LET S =0; L E T w=1 . LET t =S
1073 I F C = 9 5 THEN GO TO 1 1 0 0 9 0 0 7 LET h = 0
1075 LET f I =1 9 0 1 0 BORDER 0 : P A P E R S: INK 1: C
1030 LET s =S * i f ( a - £ . i *10.» : LET L 5
h—h+1: P R I N T RT 0 , 9 , s . I F b =60 9 0 1 5 I F f p = x THEN PAPER 7. CLS
THEN GO T O 2 3 3 9 0 2 0 FOR f = 0 TO 2 1 . P R I N T P A P E R
1090 LET d y = - d y . GO TO 10O0 O; RT f , 0 , " 5"; AT f , 3 1 ; "3 " ; NEXT 3?
1100 LET X ax + i 2 * i R N D -1J : L E T 9 0 3 0 FOR f = i TO 3: PRINT AT
dy = - d y: LET f t = l . GO T O 1 0 0 5 —*.
' t NEXT "
1999 REH i f l i t E X P - P A G E * * 904© FOR f = l TO 3 0 : P R I N T INK 5 ;
2000 PRPER 7: CLS : INK 0 RT 4 , f ; C H R $ 1 4 3 ; INK 4; AT S ; CH
2010 P R I N T AT £ , 1 0 ; PAPER 6 ; 'BRE R$ 143; INK 3; AT &. f ;CHR* 143; H
AK - O L H " " ; R T £ , 9 ; INK 2; OUE.R 1 ;• EXT f
9 0 5 0 P R I N T A 0 , 3; " S c o r e " ;• 5 ; A T
2020 P R I N T RT 4 , 0 ; PAPER 5 ; " 0 , 2 2 ; " L i v e s "; I
The o b j e c t o f t h e 3 a e i s t o ,h 9 0 5 5 I F fp =1 THEN GO TO 9 0 3 0
it b r i c k s o u t o f t h e w e l t b y b o u n 9 0 6 0 P R I N T AT 1 3 , 5 ; F L R S H 1; P A P
cing t h e be i i o f f t h e b a t , ER 0; INK 5 ; " P R E S S ANY KEY TO S T
2030 P R I N T RT 9 . 0 ; PAPER 4 ; " ART "
When y o u h a v e K n o c k e d o u t 0 0 b r i 9 0 7 0 PAUSE 0; P R I N T AT IS.S'.
ens 3 new w a i t a p p e a r s . T h e ? & » t ER 6 ; " ~
ends a f t e r 5 wa I I s o r when y o u 9 0 B 0 L E T P =15: L E T x =JNT !.R.ND*23
runout o f l i v e s , > +2; L E T y = £ 0 : L E T ^x = - 1 + fft«C
2040 PRINT RT 1 5 , 0 ; PAPER " > - S > > : LET d y = - 1 . L E T ?a=0.- L E T
You t o v e t h e bet l e f t th t h e -,^1=0: LET f t = 0.- GO T O 1 4 0

2X COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 111

 K^sss /
/ - -
/
1 r o n
/ / c / \ ' . o /
r O K
/
9 C O
v / r / N / r
C

MICROSPHERE COMPUTER SERVICES LTD

72 ROSE HE RY ROAD • I.OnDOtt MO 21. A
TELEPHONE 01-88.3 9411
OMNiCALC I 4 8 K Spectrum) • The very best spreadsheet analysis
program you can buy (or the Spectrum Uses include financial
planning, home budqets etc - in fact any work with figures.
Up to 9 9 columns or 2 5 0 rows • supports ALL the mathematical
functions * All input is prompted * Separate headings always
available so you know precisely where you a r e " Extensive repeat
vA facilities reduce the time spent in setting up models Allows
conditional expressions (for tax bands etc.) and R N D ((or
• tnw J r W w * -\o 0aqefoa . . ,»6 •"•""T,*. mew „ 1(.A0 w simulations) * Totalling and sub-totalling facilities" Complete with
comprehensive manual C9.95

ZX-SIDEPRI NT (Spectrum and ZX81 versions) - Don I be limited to

3 2 characters on a line with your Sinclair printer Using ZX-
SIOEPRINT you can print sideways to give any line-width It is easy
to add to existing programs, includes routines to take print lines
direct from the screen, and can even print in lower case from a
ZX81! iState version rqdl C4 95

isiggs^*"-
CREVASSE + HOTFOOT (Spectrum 16KI Two original games
using the Spectrum's abilities lo the full In CREVASSE you are on
the ice cap with chasms opening and closing all around you. Can
you make it across the perilous ice"* In HOTFOOT you must help a
at aw®*
rabbit get to the carrots m the fields around its burrow. But the fields
are dangerous, and the plumper the rabbit the greater the danger
The only salety (and the only way to score') is to get back to the
-.PO1 „.K..r>;W burrow Now where was i t ' £4 95
EVOLUTION i<i8K Spectrum) Starting trom ihe primaeval soup
can you retrace the course ol evolution and end up with man? Can
you keep the earth's eco systems in balance, respond to climatic
/ l b I changes and survive the odd cataclysm'' It should be easy after

. car otf PI all it has been done before'

CASSETTE LABELS If you write programs yourself, or want to
C6 95

P CT find a special gilt for someone who does, why not have your own
cassette labels printed complete with logo? Prices start at only
vxl 49tJP 0
CT C4 9 5 for 5 0 labels or C7.95 for five C 2 0 cassettes with labels fitted
Send s.a e for design and order form

FOR Z X 8 1 AND SPECTRUM

COMPUTERS
( A N D OTHER M O D E L S U S I N G 9 v DC A D A P T O R S )

w i t h ! - 1 — M
lPatent applied lor)
£13*95 • £i-4o p/p
P R O T E C T Y O U R P R O G R A M M E S W I T H T H I S R E C H A R G E A B L E B A T T E R Y PACK

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p-< r a n ' -rs and J >"S - POOR MAINS SUPPLIES CAUSING
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Now Adaptors and Eliminators who nave produced nearly 7QS of an ZX

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when in use — so its always ready tor emergencies. Even in the event of a full
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giving you time lo save your programme on a cassette or print a hard copy on
your ZX printer

BATTPACK comes complete with all connecting leads and is ready for use

O R D E R N O W — SAVE N O T O N L Y Y O U R
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M A I L O R D E R ONLY P L E A S E A L L O W 2 8 DAYS FOR D E L I V E R Y I I I I I I I I I I I i

112
 S O F T W A R E REVIEWS

In the air
bowls 8 to 13 at the top mountains using the detailed
'belong' to the ZX81, and bowl direction finding equipment,
1 4 on the left is its 'home'. and while battling against the

tonight
The idea of the game is that forever-changing tropospheric
you may choose one of the conditions, you must land using
bowls numbered from 1 to 6, manual control or autopilot.
which contain at least 1 bean, Never is life made easy for you,
remove them and place them with an astounding, and at
one at a time in the bowls to the times confusing, array ol dials,
right and anti-clockwise. The counters, and controls. Unlike
ZX81 then chooses from bowls most other flight simulation
8 to 1 3 and moves to the left programs for the ZX81, you
and anti-clockwise. When you don't just have the standard
After a brief time in get more proficient, you can in
vestigate the more complicated
altitude, distance and speed
commands, but an array in-
simulated flight, James moves. There are three levels of
play, which will accommodate
cluding: Artificial Horizon,
Automatic Direction Finder, In-
walsh comes down to an intelligent eight year old to
an adult.
strument
Wind
Landing System,
direction and speed,
earth to look at the Though the game is basically
quite simple, it is more addic-
heading, VHF Omni Directional
Range...and the list goes on.
African game, Awari. tive than most non-high speed
games are. The game is well set
The game is definitely not
easy and warrents good and ex
out and has a good amount of tensive instructions. The actual
intelligently used graphics. instructions are available in suf-
SECOND P L f l Y E R /QfiHE. In conclusion, though it is ficient quantity, but they are
11 13 9 not the most sophisticated not particularly exciting or easy
Z X 8 1 program on the market, to understand. This was not
Awari is ideal for all the family. written for the bloke who
By the way. it LOADed first wants the next step up from
time. 'Space Invaders' or 'Pacman',
but n is more of a thinking per
ju Awari is priced at £ 5 . 9 5 and is son's game. I was surprised by
available from Understanding the statement in the instruc-
5 v- r Ltd, The Production Village, tions which read: 'This program
Ua jn 1 0 0 Cricklewood Lane, London is not a game'. This is a strange
N W 2 2D5. thing to say as it fulfills all the
attributes which normally are
:: c 3U L assigned to the word 'game', in
«A «
j. - § Come fly with me that it is a contest in which skill
is required and is done as a
I I I I I i 8 Pilot is a new flight simulation pastime, rather than as work.
3 4 5 program from Hewson Consul The program is very well
tants, written for the Z X 8 1 . written and the graphics are
There is also a ZX Spectrum pretty good for the ZX81,
version available for the same though some people may get
!OL:E NO MRDE SY MOUE price of £ 5 . 9 5 , which is funda- bogged down with the instruc
mentally the same but with tions. If you are interested in
FLRYER 1 graphics more suited to the
CQNR^T 1 this type of game, then I can
capabilities of the Spectrum. recommend it as the best one
PLRYER E
ORBETT 11 O The idea behind a flight that I have seen on the market
PLRYEP. C;
- — simulation program is that you for the Z X 8 1 so far.
RRBBIT e are piloting your own aircraft
PLflYER "Z/
and are in total control over it. Pilot is priced at £ 5 . 9 5 and is
RRB&iT 9 . 13 First, you can take off using the available from Hewson Con-
PLRYER 1 navigation beacons, man- sultants, 60a St. Mary's Street,
RREEIT 1£ . 11 eouver your way through Wallingford, Oxon 0 X 1 0 OEL.
PLRYER
RRBEIT ie
P L A Y E R E P I L O T - M O D F
R A B B I T , (P
7 TC 23

I've got two programs to look Hewson Consultants for

at for the 16K 2 X 8 1 , both of €5.95.
which are a little different from I shall start with Awari,
the run of the mill stuff. First, which is an ancient African
we have Awari (no, this is not a game of logic. The game is «.•« rtpPC'F V.
mis-spelling of a certain well- played using 14 'bowls' each
known computer company) of which may hold any number
which is available from Under of 'beans'. Bowls numbered 1
standing Limited (they must to 6 belong to you, ie you can
have LOADing problems too!!) move the beans out of them,
for £5.95. There are various and your 'home' bowl is
prizes to be won depending on number 7 on the right. Your ob-
where you buy it. The second jective is to get as many beans
program is called Pilot, which is into bowl 7 as possible and so

•E
available from the people at to beat the computer. Similarly,

ZX COMI
113 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3

• • •
 ZX computing software
Typing T h e t a p e is n o w a v a i l a b l e a t £ 5 . 9 9 i n c l u s i v e o f
V A T and postage and packing. T o o b t a i n one
o f these tapes, s i m p l y fill in t h e f o r m a n d

Traumas?
r e t u r n it t o t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d r e s s :

ASP Software,
ASP Ltd,
1 4 5 C h a r i n g Cross R o a d ,
T i r e d of t y p i n g - w h y n o t let A S P S o f t w a r e
London W C 2 H OEE.
t a k e t h e strain?

Please s e n d m e tapes
W e have gathered together four great programs
f r o m t h i s issue o f Z X C o m p u t i n g a n d p u t t h e m I a m e n c l o s i n g my {delete a s n e c e s s a r y i
c h e q u e Postal O r d e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l M o n e y
a l l o n o n e t a p e . E a c h t a p e is t r i e d a n d t e s t e d ,
O r d e r lor £
a n d w o u l d be a w e l c o m e a d d i t i o n t o y o u r i m a d c p a y a b l e to ASP Ltd)
software library. or
Debit m y Access B a r c l a y c a r d '
('delete as necessary)
S p e c t r u m B r e a k o u t - Y o u have five chances
to demolish the multi-coloured wall.

P l e a s e use BLOCK CAPITALS a n d i n c l u d e p o s t c o d e s .

Defending your Spectrum - Defend the Earth
f r o m t h e invading aliens. NAME i Mr Mrs Miss)

ADDRESS
Drainpipes - A Spectrum adaptation of the
classic m e c h a n i c a l a r c a d e g a m e .

POSTCODE
S p e c t r u m M a z e - A l l y o u h a v e t o d o is t o get
o u t o f t h e m a z e as q u i c k l y as y o u c a n . S o u n d s Signature
easy... Date
Z X issue t a p e

N o w . . . the computer you up-to-date and our buyers'

magazine you can understand. guides will be concise.
We're booting out the Micro Update has invented
jargon to give you facts that make a new computer language. It's
sense. called English.
Micro Update will be your Just 75p will buy you our
one-stop guide to the micro scene translation. Micro Update.. .the
— whether you're a home user or micro magazine that makes sense.

Micro
if you run your own business.
Every month we'll tell you
what's best and what's best to
avoid among the flood of micro
products.
And our feature articles will
be packed with information you
can use. Our news pages will keep
UPDATE
Published t>v Argus Specialist Publicaiion\ I td.

114 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 Battle of Britain HOME SECURITY UNIT
A strategic Wargame for the 48K Spectrum
One day in summer 1 9 4 0 Reports a r e c o m i n g in of enemy bomber
squadrons crossing the English coast, target unknown
How are you to deploy the nine lighter squadrons under your Every 90 seconds a home is broken into
command to intercept the incoming ihreat 1
British and enemy squadron movements are plotted on a superb
high resolution s c r o o n map ol south east England with communi-
cations signals presented both visually and m morse code NOW USE YOUR ZX81
Features variable difficulty levels, full control of squadron
movements, randomly selected targets and bomber routes for
each game intelligence reports, refuelling etc AS A BURGLAR ALARM
A tense g a m e of strategy for one player

• Everything you need:— Includes

48K Strategic sensors, pressure pads, program,
Wargame
home security board, and full
instructions.
only £5.95
(inc. p&p) • Simple and easy to install. Fully
assembled.

• No television needed to run.

• Fully expandable.
73 The B r o a d w a y , G r a n t c h e s t e r , C a m b r i d g e C B 3 9 N Q

• Less than the cost of a conven-

ZX81/ZX tional non-computerised system.

SPECTRUM HARDWARE
TV stand removable tor access to add-ons. wiring, etc (Jan be used
separately from the base

Desktop console lor trie ZX81

it raises and tilts the TV to
HOME SECURITY UNIT
mmjnise eyestrain holds in
place ne ZX81 printer RAM
oacks land other add-ons I
power supply, tape recorder £49.95 plus VAT plus £2.00 p&p
and hides nost ol the wiring
Provides storage space tor
cassettes
Optional Two built-in illumin-
ated power switches Similar
unit tor lhe ZX Spectrum also
available wmch holds ZX Mic-
rodrive m place
FOR FURTHER DETAILS WRITE TO:
ITEM
OTV OlSCRIPTIOM mici IOTAL
Cwnol» t» jfxgi
Cat** for 2X Sfttctrum
C39 91
13095
LOVEDAY COMPUTERS
Switch V T if.f RxonMr
•jmi Swilcf <OT 2x61 ZX $p«trgff>
[3.00
£3 00
LTD
Sub Total
Cj £300
Tremadart Close, Duloe,
Date,
ToMI Du.
Liskeard, Cornwall,
YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS (in Capital Letiers Please) or Telephone: 05036 3170
or send cheque/money order for
Cheques P.O Made payable to: COMPUTERLOCK
2 Wychperry Road. Haywards Heath
£59.44
West Sussex RH16 1HJ. Telephone: (0444) 451986 for your Security Unit
All Prices inclusive of VAT Allow 28 days lor delrvery,

2X C O M P U T I N G F E BM A R C H1983 115
 SOUND with SINCLAIR
M A K E AMAZING SOUND EFFECTS
WITH YOUR ZX 81.
TIMEX Sinclair 1000
or S P E C T R U M

THE ZON X
£25.95
'ClD&P&VAT
• Tne ZON SOUND UNIT ts completely sefl-contamed and especially
•)",7iQfi-1for use »vir. :hc ZX 81 TIMf x Snr.ia' tOOO and Spec1rum
Cc-Vulfs It iust fiiugs in — no dismantling or soldering
• •. • i • •
• Manual Volume Conliol on panel — ample vtfome Irom bu'-Tin loud-
speaker
• . • ,' V1
Sound U't Aitnoui affecting normal ompjle* operation

T
• Huge raffle or possible sounds for Games Music Helicopters Sci-ft.
SipaceInvaders Explosion® Gur shots [>ums Plant's lasers Organs
fl>' s Tunes Chords etc O' whatever you devise1
•
pitch volume ct Tones and noise al with envelope control
• Eas>V added lo enrsimg games or programmes using a tew simple
BASIC lines (y machine code
"N • No memory addresses used — i O mapped
FULL instructions with many p i a m p l r * ol how lo obtain ellecls and
the programmes, supplied Fully guaranteed British Made

These stylish plinths, "Bicvpt win Spectrum you neett the Spectrum Ettension Bo
Order No Sfr PRICE £6.80 Inc VAT
in tough moulded ABS, will raise and tilt the TV for better
r ^ Payment "iay oe made by Cheque PO
viewing, and angle the computer for easier typing Giro No 366 7006 Postal Order Of C«d't
The power supply is fixed underneath. The printer can be Card
used with the Spectrum version, the RAM with the ' 81'. E>pofl orders Bank Cheque Interna
•• , • !i « • ' -•••• •
and the cassette player with both Full details from:

BhPAK
Peter Furlong Products. Unit 5c. South Coast Fid Ind. Estate.
Peacehaven. Sussex B N 9 8 N A Tel (07914 ) 81637 Oapt/x PO But ACC«UfrVT$A OCC4CM
63*. MgnS»«« 9ing0920 31MMr
vm.iws immtdto* oti^JM

THE BEST SOFTWARE (BY VARIOUS AUTHORS) AT LOW PRICES

QUOTES CASSETTE 2 CASSETTE 4
Michael Ot.vin's £5 Cassette' Two is very good Ten games In Basic for 16k ZX81 8 games for 16k
va:ge It Contains lOsto'idwe' designedgart>es which
work olfor pieniv of variety and choice and are fun Cassette Two contains Revern Awari Laser Bases
ZX-SCRAMBLE i-iacr
Word Mastermind Rectangles Crash Roulette
your Computer May 82
Pontoon Penny Shoot and Gun Command
Cassette Two costs £5
Michael Or win has built a reputation lor value-lor
money software and h s Cassette 4 offers quantity as
well as quality Sinclair user October 82
CASSETTE 3
i) each game was on a separate (ape and se t ng foi 8 programs for 16k ZX81 Bomp and shoot yoiii way through the lorlitied caves

£5 each I v/oui':: still lecommend them But a i on one GUNFIGHT INVAOERS

lor CS 1 This sort of value for money |ust has nol been
STARSHIP T R O J A N (machine code) (machine code)
Repair your Starship
seen before or' any personal computer bvlore disaster strikes
Without sounding pushy i would like to conclude Hazards include asphyxia-
this review by saying — >f you have a ZX8I and line tion tadialion escaped
garntis then you shouldta-.jyMichaelOrwin s cassette biological specimens and
J 2 extracts from ZX Computing Cv.t Mov 82 plunging into a Supernova
STARTREK 'ins version ol the well Known space
adventure game leatures variable Kungon mobility GALAXV INVADERS mac- ; ode
and graphic photon torpedo tracking Fleets ol swooping and diving alien era*!
PRINCESS OF KRAALA adventure game SNAKEBITE imachine c .
BATTLE Strategy game t c 1 10 4 playeis Eai the snake Deton- it eats you Variable speed (very
CASSETTE 1 KALABRIASZ World \ silliest card gamp tun ot last at lop speed)
(eleven 1k programs) pointless complicated rules LIFE imachme cooet
CUBE «ub'l> Ci.bi- Sim . ator with lots Of 'unrr.ons A ZXfii version ol the wen known game
machine code
React Invaders Phantom aliens Ma/eo) death Planet including Backstep 3D TIC T A C - T O E , BaSi< .
lander Bouncing :ette"s Bug spiat SECRET MESSAGES This me-, age c I • • a program Played on a ooard this is * game to' the brain It
Basic is very talp gem |t is very Hard lo beat the computer at it
I Ching Mastermind Robots Bas>c Hangman PLUS M A R T I A N C R I C K E T A -.impie h j ' .nldictiv garrn- 7 o l the 6 g a m e s are >n m a c h i n e c o d e because this is
Large screen versions ol Inudersana Mizeol Death ilotaily unlikp English cncket.i in machine code The much faster man Basic (Some ol liiese games were
ready 10' when you get t6k speed is variable and its top speed is very last previously available trom J Steadman)
Cassette One c o i n £3 80 Cassette 3 costs £5 Cassette 4 costs £5
F U N G A L O I O S iMachme codr<

Recorded on quality cassettes, sent by first class post, from:

Michael Orwin, 26 Brownlow Road, Willesden, London NW10 9QL (mail order only please)

116 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MAR 1983

Mastermind
ZX80GAME

lan Turtle
presents us
with a ZX80
version of
the popular
game.

The computer first selects four The number of black and white in the right order.
different random numbers from pegs you are awarded is then There is a display of all your
the limits you suggest — you worked out once you have previous guesses and the black
then have ten rounds in which guessed four numbers; a black and white pegs awarded, to help
to guess the hidden code. peg is awarded for each you make your next decision
Each round consists of you number correctly placed in the N o t e that the s y m b o l * is
inputting your guess by typing code, a white peg for each cor- used in the listing t o indicate a
each number and pressing rect number but wrongly space w h e r e it is not obvious
Newline. As the Z X 8 0 accepts placed. Your a i m in the game is (usually in PRINT r ' a t e m e n t s
each each number, your guess to achieve four black pegs thus before semi-colon i ) .
will be displayed on the screen. signifying four correct numbers

20 RANDOMIZE 280 LET X a 0 420 LET F - F + 1

30 PRINT " H O W M A N Y 290 IF NOT Y = C THEN 430 LET Y = 0
NOS." GOTO 3 2 0 440 IF NOT Z A AND NOT
40 INPUT N 300 LET E = E + 1 Z = B A N D NOT Z - C
50 IF N < 4 THEN G O T O 4 0 310 LET Y = 0 THEN G O T O 4 7 0
60 LET A •= RND(N| 320 IF NOT Z = D THEN 4 50 LET F = F + 1
70 LET B = RND(N| GOTO 350 4 6 0 LET Z = 0
80 IF A - B THEN GOTO 70 330 LET E = E + 1 4 7 0 PRINT E;" i *";F
90 LET C = RND(N) 340 LET Z = 0 4 8 0 IF E 4 THEN GOTO
100 IF C = B OR C - A THEN 350 IF NOT W B AND NOT 520
GOTO 9 0 W = C AND NOT W D 4 9 0 NEXT G
110 LET D = RNDlN) THEN GOTO 3 8 0 5 0 0 PRINT " C O D E
120 IF D - C OR D B OR 360 LET F = F + 1 ;A,B;C;D
D = A THEN GOTO 1 10 370 LET W - 0
130 CLS 380 IF NOT X - A AND NOT
135 PRINT " G U E S S " , X - C AND NOT X = D
" * * CODE", THEN GOTO 4 1 0
" * * B # - * W" 390 LET F = F + 1
140 FOR G = 1 TO 10 400 LET X = 0
150 LET E = 0 410 IF NOT Y = A AND NOT
160 LET F - 0 Y B A N D NOT Y - D
170 PRINT " * " ; G ; " . " . THEN GOTO 4 4 0
180 INPUT W
185 PRINT W ; "
190 INPUT X
195 PRINT X;" * ";
200 INPUT Y
205 PRINT Y ; " * " ;
210 INPUT Z
215 PRINT Z," * *";
230 IF NOT W - A THEN
GOTO 2 6 0
240 LET E - E + 1
250 LET W = 0
260 IF NOT X - B THEN
GOTO 2 9 0
270 LET E = E + 1

ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3

 SPECTRUM CAME

Spectrum maze
Bill Longley of Colchester has written a program
for you to lose yourself in your 16K Spectrum.
The game's object is to get out character to the right. The star-
of the maze in the shortest time. ting address is 2 3 7 9 8 .
This is not quite as simple as it Line 3: Smoothly moves the ac- 1 TOP LINE SHOULD A L W A Y S BE BLACK

sounds as you can only see a tual characters to the left by one 0
1
quarter of the maze at any one square (scrolls by one pixel each
0
time, and the whole thing is four time, for eight times). The star-
1
screens long rather than the ting address is 2 3 8 3 6 . 1 TOP T H I R D 10101111 W H I C H IS 1 75 I N D E C I M A L
usual one. The way this is done Line 4: Smoothly moves the 1
is by moving the maze to the left characters to the right by one 1
or right rather than moving you. square (scrolls by the same 0
Normally, this would be very methods as used in line 3). The 1
slow, so the movement is done starting address is 2 3 8 7 6 . 1
by machine code. So is the ac- 1
tual printing of the maze, and The fifth line is also machine 1 MIDDLE THIRD 01111001 W H I C H IS 121 I N D E C I M A L

this means there is approx- 0

code, but is of no use outside
imately an eighth of a kilobyte of 0
this program. If these routines
machine code. 1
are all that are wanted, just 0
Changing a part of the maze enter lines 1 to 4, 6 to 9, and 1
is very easy. Each DATA state 100 to 4 6 0 . RUN them, then
1 BOTTOM THIRD 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 W H I C H IS 100 I N D E C I M A L
ment from 2 0 0 0 to 21 1 7 con- delete ail the lines from 6 on-
0
trols one column on the screen. wards. (The machine code will 0
The screen is divided into three stay in place in the REM.) 1 ** BOTTOM LINE S H O U L D A L W A Y S BE BLACK
groups of eight lines. Then, each 0 L I N E S 23 A N D 24 C A N N O T BE USED. SO L E A V F THEM WHITE
square in the column is coded in- 0
to a binary digit - a black How to play
square is one, a white square is SO D A T A S T A T E M E N T W O U L D R E A D D A T A 175.121,100
zero. Finally, each group of eight The game uses the four cursor Fig 1. One column of the screen.
squares is converted into a keys in the usual way. Setting
decimal number between zero up the screen takes about thirty
and 2 5 5 , and the three numbers seconds, then you appear as the
derived like this are entered into letter 'A'. You can programme
the DATA statement. Have a this to be any shape you want.
look at Fig. 1 if you still don't Be careful of memory when you
understand. make any additions to the pro-
Four of the routines which gram - I used most of it for the
are in machine code can be used maze. You have about 1 K left;
in your own programs. These however, someone with the
are as follows: 48K Spectrum though, can
make the maze up to 32 screens
Line 1: Moves the colours one in length! But as this means that
character to the left. The star- over a thousand DATA
ting address is 2 3 7 6 0 . statements have to be typed in,
Line 2: Moves the colours one you'll need strong fingers.
J
X REM ZZZZZZZZZZZZZz z z z z z z z z : 14- P R I N T RT g ,h, : POKE 2 3 9 1 7 , 1
7 - x *e
2 REM z z z z I I Z r z z i z i z z z i 16 RRNDOMI2E USR
2 Jt 9 1 4 -
16 NEXT 9. NEXT h
3 REM Z Z I Z I Z I I I Z I Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 2© GO T O 5©©
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 1©© DRTR 1 3 , 1 , © , 3
4- R E M Z Z Z Z Z X Z Z Z Z Z ^ Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 3 , 3 3 , 1 , 3 3 , 1 , 2
55.. 2
ZZZZZZZZZ 11© DRTR 2 3 7 . 1 7 6 , 3 3 , 3 1 , 3 3 . , 1 4 - , 24-
3 REM Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z 12© DRTR S3., 14-1, 9 2 , 17., 3 2 , © , 1 1 9 ,
z z z z z z z z z 2 5
6 RESTORE <5. FOR a =© T O 23. ~ 13© DRTR 1 3 , 2 © © , 24- , 2 5 ©
>©©
ERD h: POKE £ 3 7 6 © + g , h : NEXT 9 DRTR 1 3 , 17., 2 5 5 , 9 © , 3 3 , 254- , 9 ©
7 FOR 9 =© TO KE»D h : POKE , 1 , 2 5 5 ,
2 3 7 9 8 + g , h . NEXT g 21© D R T R 2 3 7 , 134. , 33 , © , 3 3 , 14.,24-
9 FOR 9=© TO 33 RERD h : POKE >© D R T R 5 3 , 1 4 H , 92, 1 7 , 3 2 , © , 1 I 9 ,
2 3 3 3 6 + 9 , h : NEXT g 2 5
9 FOR 9=© TO £5 RERD h POKE 23© DRTR 1 3 . 2 © © ,24- , 2 5 ©
£ 3 3 7 6 + 9 , h : NEXT g 3G»© D R T R 6 , 3 , 3 3 , 3 1 , 64- , 2 2 , © , 3 ©
FOR G=© TO RERD R: POKE 31© DRTR 6 5 , 1 7 5 , 1 2 6 , 2 3
23914-+G, R . NEXT G 32© DRTR 1 1 9 , 4- 3 , 1 3 , 3 2 , 2 4 - 9 , 2 5 , 6 2
11 RESTORE 2©©©: FOR H=© TO 3 1 33© DRTR 3 3 , 133 4-© . 3, 4 - 3 , 2 4 - , 2 3 5
: FOR g =© T O 2 1 34-© D R T R 5 , 1 7 5 , 134- , 3 2 , 2 2 5 , 2 © !
12 IF 9=© OR 9 =3 OR 9 = 1 6 THEN 4-©© D R T R 6 . 3 , 3 3 , © 64-, 14-, 3 2 , 1 7 5
READ a: POKE a 4-1© DRTR 1 2 6 , 3 1 . , 1 19 , 3 5 , 1 3 , 3 2 , 2 4 -
13 LET X = g - .i = 3 . * fg > =16> * 3 9

118 ZX COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1983

 SPECTRUM GAME
2 0 5 6 DRTR 145 1 9 3 , 1 3 0
4 3 0 DRTR 1 8 4 , 3 2 , 2 3 3 , 2 ^ 1 2 3 5 7 DRTR 2 2 3 0 , 52
f f S R S I ^ 5 2 , 0 , 2 0 3 , 1 2 7 , 4 8 , 3 , 6 2 2 0 5 8 DRTR 136 1 2 7 , 1 6 ^
4 6 0 DATA 143., 2 1 5 . 2 0 1 2 0 5 9 DRTR 137 0 , 172
5 0 0 L E T V = 0 . ; L E T .'<=11 2 0 6 0 DRTR 2 5 5 , 1 7 2
5 1 0 POKE 2 3 6 7 2 , 0 . POKE 2 3 6 7 3 , 0 2 0 6 1 DRTR 172 1 9 2 , 4 4
POKE 2 3 6 7 4 . 0 ' 2 0 6 2 DRTR 166 9 4 , 2 36
5 2 3 D E FF N a f> = I N T {' t P E E K 2 3 6 7 2 2 0 6 3 DRTR 176 1 9 4 , 1 4 0
+PEEK 2 3 6 7 3 ^ 2 5 6 +PEcr. 2 3 5 7 4 # 6 S S 3 5 2 0 6 4 DRTR 163 1 5 4 , 1 8 3
580 I F y =107 THEM P R I N T R T 1 3 , 1 £ 3 5 5 D R T R 1 3 6 1 3 6 , 1 3 2
5,: " C O N G R R T U L R T I O N S ? ' RT 12 ,16; " Y 2 0 6 6 DRTR 162 1 3 , 2 4 4
uU C O H P L E T E D " ; R T 1 4 , 1 7 ; " T H E HftZP 2 0 6 7 DATA 1 70 2 5 3 , 4
I N " ; R T 1 6 , 1 3 £ 3 6 8 DATA A 70 3 7 , 2 4 4
5 9 0 I F y =107 THEN P R I N T I N T (( p £ 0 6 9 DATA 139 26 ,4
EEK 2 3 6 7 2 * PEEK 2 3 5 7 3 -5 2 S 6 + P E E K £3 2 0 7 0 DRTR 137 2 5 3 , 2 5 2
2 0 7 1 DRTR 162 2 , 4
b ~ 4 » 6 5 5 3 5 ) y S C ) ; " SECOWD'5 . " : 3 T O P
2 3 7 2 DRTR 174 137 - 130
600 P R I N T R T x . 1 0 ; " R " 23 73 DRTR 160 1 6 2 , 3 6
610 L E T a % = I N K E Y $ 2 0 7 4 DRTR 1 9 1 1 7 5 , 1 1 6
623 I F a5= " 5 " AND P O I NT » / 4
* * , 1 7 5 £ 0 7 5 DRTR 133 4 3 , CiS
< ?1 THEN G O SUB 3 5 0 0 2 3 7 6 DRTR 1 6 1 2 2 7 , 2 2 3
633 I F a s = " 8 " A N D P O I NT l 9 3 , 1 7 5 2 0 7 7 DRTR 175 3 , 63
- 3 *x > < 1 THEN GO S U B 8 3 3 3 2 0 7 3 DRTR 162 1 2 3 , 2 4 4
6 4 0 I F a $ = '*7" AND POINT < 82 ,1 8 3 2 0 7 9 DRTR 1 3 4 2 1 6 , 1 3 2
-34X.> < > 1 THEN PRINT 10, "
A T X , 2 0 8 0 DRTR 142 1 3 9 , 1 3 3
LET X=X — 1: G O T O 6 0 3 2 0 3 1 DRTR 162 1 6 9 , 1 3 2
650 I F a » = " 6 " AND P O I N T 132, 1 6 7 2 0 8 2 DRTR 2 5 0 43 , 5 2
-f > 1 T H E N P R I N T A T X , 10; " 2 3 8 3 DRTR 139 2 3 4 , 1 1 6
LET X =X * 1 . G O " ! 6 0 0
"O 2 0 8 4 DRTR 160 72 - 196
660 G O T O 5 3 0 £ 0 3 5 DRTR 1 9 1 , 92
1999 DATA 0 , 0 , 0 £ 3 8 6 DRTR 160 6 7 , 76
2333 DATA 2 5 5 2 5 5 , i'55 £ 0 3 7 DRTR 175 1 2 1 , 1 0 0
2331 DRTR 128 1 6 , 4 2 0 8 8 DRTR 1 6 1 1 0 9 , 5 2
2302 DRTR 191 1 1 9 , J 2 0 8 9 DRTR 139 7 3 , 1 4 3
2303 DRTR 132 2 , 4 2 0 9 0 DRTR 1 6 1 9 1 , 2 1 2
£304 DRTR 2 4 5 2 5 3 . , i2 5 , 2 0 9 1 DRTR 175 66 , 20
£305 DRTR 132 8 ,4 2 0 9 2 DRTR 1 6 5 91 , 1 1 6
£336 DRTR 181 2 3 9 . i 2 8 9 3 DRTR 177 7 3 , 6 3
2037 DRTR 1 8 1 128 , 2 0 9 4 DRTR 1 3 9 1 0 9 , 9 2
2335 DRTR 183 1 9 1 , i: 15 2 0 9 5 DRTR 169 9 , 63
2339 DRTR 176 1 2 8 , ; '0 2 0 9 6 DRTR 1 7 1 2 2 7 , 3 4
2313 DRTR 153 2 39 >44 2 0 9 7 DRTR 160 63 , 34
£311 DRTR 2 3 0 1 9 2 , ; >0 £ 0 9 8 DRTR 190 2 2 4 , 8 4
£312 DRTR 2 2 7 2 5 5 , i 2 8 9 9 DATA 168 1 7 5 , 2 4 4
2313 DRTR 174 0,20 2 1 3 0 DRTR 1 7 1 1 6 2 , 3 6
£314 DRTR 1 3 6 2 2 3 , 2 4 4 2 1 0 1 DRTR 168 5 3 , 1 7 2
2315 DRTR 2 3 5 1 3 0 , 2 3 2 1 0 2 DRTR 175 1 6 2 , 3 6
£316 DRTR 138 5 6 , 84 2 1 0 3 DRTR 160 1 7 4 , 1 3 0
£317 DRTR 186 2 3 9 , 2 1 2 2 1 0 4 DRTR 190 1 6 0 , 1 6 4
£318 DRTR 162 1 3 6 . 2 3 2 1 0 5 DRTR 130 1 9 1 , 1 3 0
2319 DRTR 186 198,24-4 2 1 0 6 DRTR 136 1 6 0 , 4
2320 DRTR 133 3 2 , 1 3 2 £ 1 0 7 DRTR 136 1 3 3 , 1 8 3
£021 DRTR 2 3 5 2 5 1 , 1 8 8 2 1 3 3 DRTR 162 1 6 3 , 4
2022 DRTR 175 0 , 132 2 1 0 9 DRTR 190 1 9 1 , 1 1 6
£323 DRTR 161 1 2 6 , 2 4 4 2 1 1 3 DRTR 123 1 3 2 , 6 8
£024 DRTR 1 8 9 9 8 , 2 0 2 1 1 1 DRTR 2 5 5 2 4 5 , 2 2 8
£025 DRTR 161 7 5 , 2 1 2 £ 1 1 2 DRTR 123 4 , 6 3
£026 D R T R 173 8 3 , 8 4 2 1 1 3 DRTR 1 9 1 2 2 3 . 2 1 2
£327 DRTR 173 1 9 , 1 1 6 2 1 1 4 DRTR 1 6 4 3 3 , 2 0
£028 D R T R 1 6 5 2 5 4 , 8 4 2 1 1 5 DRTR 173 1 2 3 , 2 4 4
£029 DRTR 164 3 2 , 68 £ 1 1 6 DRTR 163 0 , 4
£033 DRTR 167 2 4 7 , 2 2 3 2 1 1 7 DRTR 191 2 5 5 , 2 5 2
£031 DRTR 176 1 3 2 , 4 7 9 9 9 DRTR 0 , 0 0
£032 DRTR 1 9 0 1 9 1 , 2 4 4 3 0 0 0 P R I N T RT X , 1 0 ; " "
£033 DRTR 162 1 3 0 , 3 6 8 0 1 0 RRNDOHIZE USR 2 3 7 RANDOH
2034 DRTR 184 1 8 4 , 1 8 3 I Z E U S R 2 3 8 3 6
£035 DRTR 1 4 1 1 4 3 , 1 4 3 3 0 2 0 P R I N T R T X , 1 0 ; " A "
2036 DRTR 2 2 9 3 2 , 2 1 2 3 0 3 0 L E T Y-V-t-1: RESTORE 2 3 3 1 + V ;
2037 DRTR 133 62,20 FOR G =0 T O 2 1 : I F G=0 OR G=8 OR
2038 DRTR 189 2 2 7 , 2 1 2 G = 16 THEN RERD R : POKE 3 9 1 5 , R
2339 DRTR 160 1 3 6 , 2 0 333. LET U = G - <G j = 8 * - * 3 - i G > = 1 6 > * 3
2343 DRTR 190 1 7 5 , 2 4 4 3 0 3 4 POKE 2 3 9 1 —U * 3
2041 D R T R 128 1 3 8 , 4 3 0 3 5 P R I N T A T G , 3 1 ;
2042 DRTR 2 3 8 2 5 0 , 2 4 4 8 0 3 6 RRNDOHIZE U S R 2 3 9 1 4 . NEXT G
£0»43 D R T R 138 1 6 , 4 RETURN
2044 DRTR 187 2 1 5 , 2 5 2 8 5 0 0 P R I N T R T X , 1 3 ; " "
2045 DRTR 160 8 0 , 4 8 5 1 0 RRNDOHIZE U S R2 S 7 9 8 ; RANDOH
2046 DRTR 173 8 7 , 2 4 4 I Z E USR 2 33 76
2047 DRTR 165 1 6 , 1 3 2 8 5 2 0 P R I N T R T X , 1 0 ; " R "
2348 DRTR 1 3 1 1 1 3 , 1 8 8 3 S 3 0 L E TY= Y - 1 . RESTORE i ^ 0 0 0 + Y .-
2349 DRTR 161 5 4 , 1 8 8 FOR G = 0 T O 2 1 : I F G = 0 O R G =3 O R
2053 DRTR 140 2 2 , 1 8 8 G = 16 THEN RERD R : POKE ?3 9 1 5 , R
2351 DRTR 2 3 1 2 4 6 , 1 3 8 8 5 3 2 L E T U=G— ( G > =SJ <G > = 1 6 > * 3
2352 DRTR 178 3 8 . 1 3 2 8 5 3 4 POKE 2 3 9 1 7 , 1 2 7
2053 DRTR 178 1 6 0 , 186? 8 5 3 5 P R I N T R T G , 0 ;
2354 DRTR 134 1 9 0 , 1 3 0 8 5 3 6 RRNDOHIZE U S R 2 3 9 1 4 ; NEXT G

•E
£055 DRTR 180 1 3 0 , 1 8 0 : RETURN

119 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3

 NOW. A ZX81
PUSH-BUTTON
KEYBOARD
FOR UNDER £10.

At last there's a really cheap but efficient Allow up to 28 days for delivery.
way of ironing out the ZX81's only real bug: its Orders to Filesixty Ltd., 25 Chippenham Mews, London W9 2AINI.

keyboard. The Filesixty Buttonset offers

• A full-travel calculator-type moving
| Cheques/PO made payable to Filesixty Ltd. 1
keyboard for only £9.95. Please send me (qty.) Buttonset(s)
at £9.95 each (including VAT and P&P).
• Installed in seconds.The peel-off adhesive
backing means you just register into position Total £ _ . BLOCK CAPITALS

and press. Name

• No messy labels, dismantling or soldering.
Address
• 3 groups of colour keys to pick out shift,
numerals and newiine. ZXC1

• Precision moulded in ABS to match your

ZX81, with contrasting legends for maximum
§
legibility.
120
L J
ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E
To anyone who believes in com a general lack of suitable educa it must be easy to use and within a subject, to teach, test,
puters and who understands the tional software. There are many understand It is simply a waste illustrate and record, will com-
impact that computers are going programs on the market which of time to produce a program puters emerge from the safety
to have on the lives of nearly are supposed to be educational. that makes superb use of a com- of their own suites and become
everyone, it might come as A number of companies invite puter's graphic capabilities or commonplace in the ordinary
something of a surprise to find respectability by tagging some uses some very clever program classroom.
that the vast majority of pseudo-educational programs ming technique if the user can-
teachers are unaware of what
computers can do to assist and
on to the end of their ranges.
These programs are quite easy
not understand how to operate
it. Secondly, the program should
Look and learn
enrich the learning situation. It to spot as they are invariably of teach or test a topic at least as How can teachers and parents
would probably come as an the 'quiz' type with the com well as existing methods. Com- find what is available at present
even greater surprise to find that puter posing test questions and puters will remain underused, and how suitable the available
there is active resistance to the the child keying in answers gathering dust in stock cup software is? Now that there are
introduction of computers into usually from a multiple choice boards, if they cannot an increasing number of shops
the classroom. Even in some of list. These programs are not significantly improve on a who specialise in home com-
those schools where computers educational; they may be fun to teacher's skill at the blackboard. puters, with the emphasis on
have been purchased, they have use once or twice, but they Thirdly, the programs should be the 'ZX' range, such as
been put into a separate room usually prove to be of little use well error trapped. It is not good Microware of Leicester or the
with restricted access to them, for a teacher or parent to use on enough for a program to crash Buffer Shop in London, it ought
and are 'taught' as a separate a regular basis. out when an inexperienced user to be possible to see educational
subject, just like 'Geography' or Why is it then that there is is working with it. It is the same programs demonstrated.
Science'. precious little educational soft as when a film snaps in a projec- Another method of ascertaining
There are two questions ware available at present? There tor it totally disrupts the flow the suitability of software is to
which need answering here. are a number of reasons. One is of the lesson and valuable time study the impartial and thorough
One is Why is there such a that there is very little profit to is lost. Unreliable technology, reviews in computing publica-
reluctance on the part of schools be made from writing such soft whether hardware or software, tions.
to purchase computers on any ware. Whilst 'space invader' is soon consigned to the There are a few software
scale?", and the second is type programs sell in their scrapheap in schools! companies who specialise in the
Why are computers so badly thousands, even the most sue Fourthly, the programs production of educational soft-
used in schools that have pur cessful maths packages sell in should be well documented. ware. The ones who advertise
chased them?'. only hundreds! The main pro- This should include such simple regularly and who have received
With the coming of the ZX blem is, however, a lack of information as to how to load good reviews of their software
range of computers, cost can no suitable software authors. The the program, what the program are worth contacting for a
longer be cited as the prime best people to write such soft- is about and what age range it is catalogue. Also, E.Z.U.G., the
reason for not purchasing com- ware are. presumably, teachers. intended for. It should also in- Educational ZX Users Group, lay
puters. Now that a ZX81 plus a Teachers, however, tend to be dicate what options are open to down rigorous standards for the
16K RAM pack can be purchas rather a conservative set of peo the user and wherever possible, acceptance of programs into its
ed for as little as € 7 5, it is possi- pie and with teachers unsure of how the program could be library, and is therefore an ob-
ble for a school to obtain eight using them in the first place, we adapted to be used in different vious place to search for
for the cost of one of the more have a 'catch 22' type situation. situations. It should go without available programs.
usual school computers. saying that the program should For those who are
This is what they be stimulating and visually well-
presented. When, and only
dissatisfied with the range and
catch 22 want when, there are large banks of
quality of the currently available
educational software, there is
I am convinced that the answer What then makes a good educa- software dealing with all subject only one course of action open
to both questions is tied up with tional software package? Firstly areas, dealing with many areas — get writing!

2X COMPUTING FEB MARCH 1 9 8 3 121

 PROGRAMMING SKILLS

First steps in
programming your
ZX81

Tim Hartnell
introduces
newcomers
to the
ZX81keyboard
The first time you look at the you want, it is very easy to in- The Shift key (the one with In Fast mode, the computer's
ZX81 keyboard, you are likely struct it. the word SHIFT in red, in the thinking is considered more im-
to be in for a bit of a shock. As Plug in your computer as bottom left-hand corner of the portant than looking after the
well as numbers and letters shown in the manual which keyboard) allows you to get the picture, so it can become very
more or less where you would came with it. An inverse K la words and symbols written in jerky.
expect them to be on the white K on a little black square) red on the keys, as you'll see in However, it is much easier
typewriter keyboard, there will appear in the bottom left a moment. to enter a program into the
seems to be a bewildering col- hand corner. This is called the 2 X 8 1 when it is in Fast mode,
lection of odd symbols and
words within the key outline,
cursor and it is the key to work-
ing out which possibility you'll
Slow/Fast so we need to be able to switch
between modes at will Fast
with other words above and get when you press a key. If the When you first turn the com- to get a program into the com-
below the keys. Trying to work cursor is a K, you'll get puter on, it is in Slow mode. In puter and Slow for RUNning it.
out how to get what you want numbers or 'keywords' (the Slow mode, looking after the As I said, the computer is in
from a key — and some keys words in white above the keys}. smoothness of the television Slow mode automatically when
can produce as many as five We'll look at keywords and the picture is considered more im- you turn it on. To get it into
different results — can seem other possibilities in more detail portant than 'thinking', so the Fast mode, press on the Shift
very difficult. shortly. If the cursor is an in- computer does its thinking bet- key (remember, it's the bottom
But it is not. The computer is verse L, the keyboard works ween sending picture informa- left-hand corner of the key-
designed so that it knows, more or less like a typewriter. tion to the television. The great board) then press the F key
more often than not, which of That is, you press the S key, majority of 2 X 8 1 programs, like (which, as you'll see, has the
the five possibilities you will and the letter S appears on the nearly all those in this issue of word FAST written on it in red).
need. And when the computer screen. The other two possibili- ZX Computing, are designed to The word FAST should appear
cannot tell from the context of ties for the cursor are an F be run in Slow mode, so the on the screen. Now press the
what you're typing in which (function model or a G computer is in the correct mode Enter/Newline key (second
part of the key's possibilities (graphics mode). for running them automatically. from the bottom, on the right-

122 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

 PROGRAMMING SKILLS
hand side), and you'll see the number. Now press Enter (it To show this in action, clear Now hold down the Shift key,
screen jump, and the 'message' may be called Newline on your the computer, then type in the and press the P key again, and a
0 / 0 appear in the bottom left- Z X 8 1 , as this was used for this following: pair of quote marks will appear.
hand corner of the screen, This key on earlier models), and Still holding down Shift, press
message — 0 / 0 — means 'all you'll see the program line 10 PRINT 6 the 9 key, and the cursor will
OK'. move up to the top of the turn into a G, meaning the com-
Now press any key, and screen, which means it has Press Enter and this line will puter is in the graphics mode.
you'll see the display jumping been accepted by the com- move to the top of the screen. Now type in a word, and you'll
about. This is what Fast mode puter. Now hold down the Shift key, see it appeai in white letters uit
looks like; far less attractive to and press the 1 key, and the little black squares, rather than
watch, but far easier to use for Functions line will reappear at the bottom in black lettess on the ordinary
program entry. of the screen. Still holding white background. Holding
You may find when you Functions are the words in down the Shift, press the 8 key down the Shift again, press the
write your own programs that white under many of the keys. (where you'll see a little arrow 9 key again, and the inverse G
the speed of Slow is, in fact, The functions include such pointing to the right> and you'll will turn back into an L. Still
too slow for your liking. This esoteric words as LEN, INKEY$ see the cursor move across the holding down Shift, press the P
can happen when the computer and TAB, You get into the func- word PRINT to rest between it key for the closing quote
must do a great deal of work to tion mode (when the inverse K and the 6. Press the 8 key marks. Now press Enter, and
determine an answer, and in cursor turns into an inverse F) again (still holding down Shift) your line (complete with a word
this sort of program when by holding down the Shift key. and the cursor will jump over in inverse letters) should appear
the display is less important then pressing the Enter key. the word 6. The word DELETE at the top of the screen.
than getting a quick answer which you can see has the (or RUBOUTI is on the 0 key RUN this program (by press-
you should run your programs word FUNCTION on it in red, (and note that the zero has a ing the R key to get the word
in Fast. However, for many pro- above the word ENTER (or line through it to distinguish it RUN at the bottom of the
grams (such as the majority of NEWLINE). When you do this, from the letter O). Still holding screen, then pressing the Enter
those in this magazine), the you'll see the cursor has turned down Shift, press the 0 key key) and your word, in white
ZX81 is still fast enough in into an inverse F. Now press once, and the number 6 will be letters on a little black back-
Slow for our needs. the C key, and the word AT erased. Take your finger off the ground strip will appear at the
To get back into Slow mode should appear on the screen. Shift and press the 5 key, to top of the screen.
from Fast, hold down the Shift Try the B key (to get the word see the number 5 appear at the If you are in the graphics
key again, then press the D key INKEY$) and the P key (to get end of the line. What you have mode, and you hold down the
(where the word S L O W is writ- TAB). (or what you should have) at Shift key while pressing some
ten in red). The display will the bottom of the screen will of the keys, instead of an in-
'lock on', and the 'all OK' Operators look like this: verse letter you'll get the little
message will appear on the patterns and designs on the
screen. From now on, we'll The operators are the link and 10 PRINT 5 keys. These can be used to
assume that you have your comparison words and symbols build up pictures.
computer in Fast mode when like THEN, AND. TO and < > . Now press Enter and the line
you enter programs, and in You get these by holding down will appear at the top of the
Slow mode when you RUN the Shift key, then pressing the screen, taking the place of the All keyed up
them. key the operator you want is previous one.
on. Clear the computer as Now, I don't expect you'll
Keywords before, then hold down the
Shift key and press U. The
Graphics understand all of this discussion
instantly, and hope you'll refer
The words written in white dollar sign should appear. Press The final cursor mode we'll back to this article from time to
above many of the keys are 2 and you'll get the word AND, discuss is the graphics mode. time as you continue working
'keywords'. These are the fun- 3 for THEN and 4 for TO. Clear the computer's memory your way through this maga-
damental words from which The word in red on the 1 key with New (Shift, then press the zine. You should, however, find
programs are built the main — EDIT — has a special func- A key so the word NEW ap- you quickly master the funda-
building blocks of your pro- tion. It is used to bring a line pears, then press Enter). Now mentals of the keyboard, and
grams. When you write a pro down from the top of the type in the number 10, then the need to refer to this intro-
gram such as you see through- screen (where it has been ac- press the P key, so the keyword ductory article will diminish as
out this issue of ZX Computing, cepted into the computer's PRINT appears. You should time goes by. You may wish to
you start with a number (the memory as part of a program) now have this at the bottom of read through the whole of this
line number), and follow this to the bottom of the screen so the screen: article again now, before you
with a keyword, then generally you can change or EDIT it in tackle the programs on other
some additional material. some way. 10 PRINT pages.
Here's an example which
should help to make that last
sentence clear. Make sure your
computer is 'empty', which you
can do by turning off the
power, waiting a few seconds,
then turning it on again. This is
not the best way to clear the
contents of the computer's
memory (the word NEW above
the A key is designed to do it),
but this method is the simplest
at this stage.
Once the computer is
empty, type in the number 10.
It will sit down at the bottom of
the screen. The 10 is a line
number. Now press the P key,
and you'll see the word PRINT
appear on the screen, just after
the 10. The keywords appear
automatically after a line

ZX COMPUTING FEB.MARCH 1 9 8 3 123

W
 GEMINI
LOW PRICES N E W LOW PRICES N E W LOW PRICES N E W LO'
EW LOW PRICES N E W LOW PRICES N E W LOW PRICES NEW
N E W , LOW PRICES N E W LOW PRICES N E W LOW PRICES

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ZX81 (16K) SPECTRUM (48K)
STARTREK
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mnd cof*Qtmtutmtm you on $ueft mt md
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Messages from crew members. t ttMrlmd on thm hmgtrmmrx tk,N rmvmi
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NOTE Ouri ivt»» _ _
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Come and see our ever increasing range of BACKGAMMON (16k) Play against your computer
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Keyboards Ram Packs Graphic Roms I/O Ports £5.00
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STOCKISTS OF DEAN ELECTRONICS and We apologise for delay in sending out catalogues -
D K TRONIG' SUPERB KEYBOARDS I OR ZX81 we are currently re-printing due to much new
AND (SPECTRUM DK TRONICS) stock.

TRADE ENQUIRIES WELCOME OPEN 9,30 - 12 noon 12.30 - 5.30 pm SAE BRINGS CATALOGUE
Closed Monday

124 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MAR 1983

 Do your programs load from tape first time, every time?
If not, you need . . .

(1) THE MICROCOMPUTER USER S BOOK OF S P E C T R U M S O F T W A R E (48K)

TAPE RECORDING by Hilderbay Ltd.
PAYROLL £25
(50 employees an tax codes pay levels Ni contributions Hour'y weekly
CONTENTS moofhiy Faysi'ps summary ol t^ymems: w r y easy to us»\ Amenomc'itsto
PART .lot etrryPoOy the n o * 10 ps't. I^AflT /| (more f^r v»1i pa'tl employee details very easy right up to ihe last minute Can also compute
1 MQA ,Quf System shOi/'J *Of- 9 Homr a :ape recoide' works gross pay & deductions Irom net pay)
2 CvjOSirg a :ape recorder 10 Co • puter cassette interface mawlcr":-
3 Testing »fff adjusting you' tape re-rorccr11 S!(r'eo Meads aj>muin angle error
4 Keeong your nrot-r in goog condition 12 v . '.s •• i.s face P'- t-'rins STOCK C O N T R O L £25
5 *"r sciocTion and ca'fitf'ares • Typically 1500 stock :mes prints i>sl of an items or uneswilh given codes or
6 Making njlLdt: • 'ecoidmgs understocked lines locaie by-name add delete stock ime m under two
7 loading aitftcuit taoes seconds prmts values of stock Program :oads in one minute data n less
8 Usetul accessories than tnreei
Price £3 J 5 mcl postage E2 90 from bookshops Or ask tor it at your -braty
C P A. (Critical Path Analysis) Enter and solve a network of over 1.000
(2) TEST AND A L I G N M E N T CASSETTE: £4.90 activities edit durations and costs and repeals £15.00
A prec Sion accessory wnich enables yon to set up tie azimuth angle ol your MORTGAGE A very useful programme if you have or are seeking a
cassette recorde' nead accurately usng only a srr.ai screwdriver1 Azimutn mortgage 1 Together with LOAN £8.00
e'ror is one ol the commonest causes of tape iroudes With full instructions BEAMSCAN £25 OPTIMA* £40
(3) LOADING AID: £5.95 TIME LEDGER £15 PAYROLL £25
t your recorder ;s basically OK but you nave trouble gefing the payback STOCK CONTROL £25
level right ivnh tapes from d tferent sources, you need our Loading Aia' Also
suitablo tor checking the quatty ol tapes detecting and sometimosl CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS £15
compensating for dropouts etc Willful instructions and hints on tape use BUDGET £15 FINANCIAL PACK 1 £8
(4) TAPE RECORDER £22 + £2 postage GOLD £6
A' gned and tested 'or computer use A simple but satisfactory machine
GAMES
SPECIAL TAPE OFFER! GOLD i ' 6 K ZX81 £6 16K Sp« tun- £8
Book + alignment c a s s e t t e + loading aid for £ 1 1 . 9 0 ' Our best sen.ng adventure
A i prices >n< it.de VAT Everything uost iree unless stated otherwise COD EVOLTUION A real challenge, create life forms on the newly-formed
orders C2 extra Access orders accepted by telephone Eann, culminating m mankind— on less you ve let conditions get out of hand.
iead-ng to Ihe extinclion of all lite1 Z X 8 i only £4.95 • SOp p&p
HILDERBAY LTD TEEMING JUNGLE A two player game of skill based on Conways LIFE
Professional Software Since 1979 ZX81 only £3.95 SOp p&p
8/10 Parkway. Regents Park. London NW1 7AA Free MORTGAGE programme (specify computer) with orders ol £22
Tel: 01-485 1059 Telex: 22870 or over post marked before 31st March.

ADVERTISEMENT
NEW . . BIGGER ... BETTER
INDEX
Abbes Electronics 2 Hewson Consultants 62
Abersoft 6 Hilderbray 125
Addictive Games I 24 J.K. Grcye Software 84
Adaptors & Eliminators . . . 112 J.S.E 93
Afdec Flcctrnnics. . - 26 Kempston Electronics 12
Lowday Computers 115
We are M O V I N G up the road to Artie Computing
Bi-Pak
90
116 Mcmotech 68 & 69
310 STREATHAM HIGH ROAD Buffer Micro Shop 125 Michael Orwin 116
LONDON SW16 The Butronics Co 26 Microgen 106
Calpac Software 126 Microgame Simulations. . . . 115
Campbell Systems 100 Microsphere 112
Cheetham 126 Micro ware 124
The world's oldest Sinclair orientated software Cobra 33 New Generation Soft 126
Nimrod Software 126
shop packed with goodies for C.C.S 50
Peter Furlong 116
Computer Rentals 93

ZX81 & SPECTRUM

Computerlock 115 Philip Copley 100
Data-Assette 131 Picturesque 112
DM .Moody 6 Quicksilva 132
Dragon Byte 98 Richard Shepherd 19
Sinclair Research 72 & 73
OPEN 10.30 to 5.30 Tues to Sats. (Closed Mons) East London Robotics . . . . 126
Softek 3
East Mead Computers 6
File Six 120 Software Bank 98
A'G'losberry 3 Timedata 98
Please send large S.A.E. for catalogue and Fulcrum Products 26 University Comps 100
indicate for which computer Gemini Software 124 V & H Computer Service. . . . 50
JT.Gibbons 3 Warp Factor 8 50
T E L E P H O N E O R D E R S ( A C C E S S OR VISA C A R D ) O N :
Giltrole 106 William Stuart 12
01-769 2887 Haven Hardware 42 Z X SAS 93

Please makes cheques payable to BUFFER MICRO LTD

2X C O M P U T I N G FEB MARCH 1983 125

SPECTRUM
NEWS FROM THE CHEAPEST KNOWN
RAMPACKS
Just received your ZX SPECTRUM? No pant in looking any
further — we have the products you need at the prices you expect
IN T H E W O R L D
SP48 SP80
32K Memory extension 64K Memory extension 64K Rampack
(giving total of 48K Upgradeabie to SP80) Igrving massive 80K|
£44.75
£50
Sotn the SP48 and the SP80 fit msfde trie Spectrum case ate 'uiiy compatible with all
Sinclair add-ons |ZX Printer RS232 Microdrive etc |, are very lew in power consumption
require no soldering are easy so fit and remove and carry our full guarantee

Transfer your ZX81 BASIC

and machine code programs
and data onto your —

with the fabulous new SLOWLOADE

This superfj piece of software enables your Spectrum to LOAD fxograms from ZX8I tapes
and automatically converts them to Spectrumese' ready 'or no-rnai Spectrum SAVEmg

S^is.r '-oi tree ORDERS & ENQUIRIES

£.'S1 London eototct fuller, 1.1 House 14 OaiWrll C OSe.^jy Ham (.om*io Fi> iar T«H 0! 4?t tjoe
Prices "KiiKJfVAt Please t.-ck if you WOuire VAT rere^ii I Fu!y compatible with 2X8i antj ail accessories — simply plug straight into user
Piraseruihme port al real of compuier
tte»"deicriptKin Ouarcity
• Fully cased, tested and guaranteed • Gold plated
edge connector coated for extra long life • Secure no
wobble design • Same sleek case lor both versions
P&P 4S
l trietowc '-erjucPO ptyaixe io East London Rctot< % for TOT AL 4
PRICE INCLUDES VAT + P&P
D e l i v e r y n o r m a l l y 14 d a y s . S e n d c h e q u e / P O p a y a b l e to:
Namr Mr/Mnftfos _ _ A(We«
CHEETAH MARKETING LTD,
EAST L O N D O N ROBOTICS — THE O P T I M U M SOLUTION 4 Old Park Road, Enfield, Middlesex.

jJay S-Miarjtfuu

Professionally Written and Produced

Soflware for the Home Computer
P. F. L.
HIGH QUALITY PROGRAMS TO HELP
Ftom M E Evans the author of the highly acclaimed YOUR CHILD LEARN
3D M O N S T E R M A Z E and 3D D E F E N D E R for Ihe ZX81 comes
PFL is currently tesling a new series of educational soflware and
TWO GAMES FOR THE SPECTRUM the first programs are now available for sale to run on Commodore
and Sinclair micro computers The sottware is specifically
designed to provide controlled drill and practice in graded
3D TUNNEL if 6K & 48K versions on one tape) Available exercises tor children aged 7-11 in the following subjects;
vVha: lies down m the deptns ot the TUNNEL?
Flying bats leaping toads, spiders", and rats' mid-Jan.
rnayoe Perhaps rrore' You will have to avoid the English
wvails of the TUNNEL as n weaves up & down Arithmetic
and side lo side lo find out All m 30 of course Verbal Reasoning
(* not in 16K version; Reading and Spelling
(with special consideration tor remedial problems)
ESCAPE Runs i 16*1
Can you ESCAPE from the mare mhaoiled by 5 Each program has been especially designed by highly qualifiec.
hunting Dinosaurs, including a Pteranodon that experienced educationalists and written by professional pro-
soars over the maze lo swoop down on you grammers Trials have demonstraied that these programs really
One of the best and most original games wo Stimulate children's enthusiasm and do help them to realise their
have seen for the SPECTRUM so tar" academic potential They will be of great value to parents and
SINCLAIR USER teachers for norma" advanced and remedial training and also tor
those preparing children for Common Entrance/Independent
TRADE ENQUIRES WELCOME School Entry examinations
AT ADDRESS BELOW
For further details please write to PFL at the address below, staling
whether you are a parent or teacher, the type of computer available
Send to New Generation Software, FREEPOST BS3433) and in which subjects you are interested
OldiancJ Common, Bristol BSt5 6BR (no stamp required in U K )
or for I N S T A N D C R E D I T C A R D sales ring 01-930 9232 PROGRAMS FOR LEARNING,
S A E WITH ENQUIRIES PLEASE
Dept. ZX,
Please send me off 3 0 TUNNEL/ . ofl ESCAPE, al £4.95
each (inc. P&P and VAT). I enclose cheque/PO.
4 Stanley Road,
Mr/Mrs/Mrss
East Sheen,
Address London SW14 7DZ.
, post code. Tel: 01-878 6498
ZX

126 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MAR 1983

 SPECIFICATIONS

MACHINE
SPECIFICATIONS
ZX80
Immediate mode
The Z X 8 0 will function in the "calculator mode" by immed-
iately executing a statement if it is not preceded with a line
number.
Dimensions Cassette interface
Width 174mm (6.85 in) Works with most domestic cassette recorders. The transfer rate1
Depth 218mm (8.58 in) is 250 baud using a unique tape-recording format. Other
Height 38 mm (1. 5 in ) systems are not compatible with the ZX80's. The Z X 8 0 also
Weight 300g (10.5oz) S A V E s the variables as well as the program on cassette. There-
fore you can save the data for updating next time the program
Microprocessor/Memory is executed. The Z X 8 0 does not support separate data files. The
Z80A 3.25 MHz clock lead supplied with the Z X 8 0 is fitted with 3.5mm jack plugs.
ROM: 4K bytes containing BASIC
Expansion bus
At the rear has 8 data, 16 address, 13 control lines from the
RAM: I K bytes internal, externally expandable to 16K bytes. processor and Ov, 5v, 9 11v, 0 and internal memory control
line. These signals enable you to interface the Z X 8 0 to your
Display own electronics, PlO, CTC, SIO if you want t / O ports etc.
Power supply
Requires an ordinary domestic black and white colour T V . The
The Z X 8 0 requires approximately 4 0 0 m A from 7 — 11 v DC. It
lead supplied connects between the Z X 8 0 and your TV's aerial
has its own internal 5v regulator.
socket. The display organisation is 24 lines of 32 characters
T V standard
per line showing black characters on a white screen. The Z X 8 0
The Z X 8 0 is designed to work with U H F TVs (channel 36)and
does not connect to a printer.
is the version required for use in the United Kingdom. The
Programming
Z X 8 0 USA is designed to work with a V H F TVIAmerican
Programs can be entered on the keyboard or loaded from
channel 2. European channel 3) and is the version required for
cassette. The Z X 8 0 has automatic "wrap r o u n d " so lines of
the American T V system, also for countries without U H F .
program can be any length but not multi-statement lines.
Syntax check
The syntax of the entered line is checked character by char
acter. A syntax error cursor marks the first place the syntax
breaks down if there is an error. Once any errors have been
ZX81
edited out the syntax error cursor disappears. Only syntax Dimensions
error-free lines of code are accepted by the Z X 8 0 . Width 167mm (6.32 in)
Graphics Depth 175mm (6 80 in)
Total of 22 graphics symbols giving 48 x 64 pixels resolution Height 40 mm (1.57 in)
consisting of 10 symbols plus space and inverses. Includes Weight 350 gms (12.15 oz)
symbols for drawing bar charts. Under control of your BASIC
program any character can be printed in reverse field. Microprocessor/Memory
Editing Z 8 0 A 3.25 MHz clock
The line edit allows you to edit any line of program or input R O M : Containing 8K BASIC interpreter
including statement numbers. The edit and cursor control
RAM: I K bytes internal, externally expandable to 16K bytes.
keys are E D I T , R U B O U T , H O M E .
Arithmetic
Keyboard
Arithmetic operators + , - , x , exponentiate. Relational oper-
ators < , > , = , yielding 0 or - 1. Logical operators A N D OR 40 key touch-sensitive membrane. Using function mode and
NOT yielding boolean result. Relational operators also apply to single press key-word system, this gives the equivalent of 91
strings. ZX80 BASIC uses 16 bit two's complement keys and also graphics mode allows an additional 20 graphical
arithmetic ( 1 32767 ). and 54 inverse video characters to be entered directly.
Variables Display
Numeric variable names may be any length, must begin with a Requires an ordinary domestic black and white or colour TV.
letter and consist of alphanumerics. Every character in the name The aerial lead supplied connects the Z X 8 1 to the T V aerial
is compared thus an infinity of unique names is available. socket. The display is organised as 24 lines of 32 characters
String variables may be assigned to or from, shortened but not with black characters on a white background.
concatenated. String variable names are AS — ZS. Strings do not Two mode speeds
require a dimension statement and can be any length. The ZX81 can operate in two software selectable modes F A S T
Arrays have a maximum dimension of 255 (256 elements) each. and N O R M A L . F A S T is ideal for really high-speed computing.
Array names consist of a single letter A - Z . In N O R M A L mode however the Z X 8 1 allows continuously
Control variable names in F O R . . . N E X T loops consist of a moving, flicker-free animated displays
single letter A—Z. Printer
Expression evaluator The 8K R O M will permit instructions ( L P R I N T , L L I S T and
The full expression evaluator is called whenever a constant or C O P Y ) to drive the Sinclair ZX Printer.
variable is encountered during program execution. This allows Programming
you to use expressions in place of constants especially useful in Programs can be entered via the keyboard or loaded from cass-

•E
GOTOs, GOSUBs, F O R . . . N E X T etc. ette. Programs and data can be saved onto cassette so that they

127 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1 9 8 3

 SPECIFICATIONS

are not lost when the 2 X 8 1 is turned off. Arrays

Syntax check
The syntax of a line of program is checked on entry. A syntax Arrays may be multi-dimensional with subscripts starting at 1
error cursor marks the first place the syntax breaks down if
there is an error. The syntax error cursor disappears when errors Expression evaluator
have been corrected. Only lines free from syntax errors will be The full expression evaluator is called whenever an expression,
entered into the program. constant or variable is encountered during program execution
Graphics This powerful feature allows use ol expressions in place of
Apart from the 20 graphics characters, space and its inverse, the constants and is especially useful in G O T O , G O S U B etc.
display may also be divided into 64 x 44 pixels, each of which Command mode
may be 'blacked' in or 'whited' out under program control. The Z X 8 1 will execute statements immediately, enabling it to
Editing perform like a calculator.
A line editor allows you to edit any line of program or input, Cassette interface
including program line numbeis. Lines may be deleted, in Works using domestic cassette recorders. The transfer rate is
creased or decreased in size. 250 baud and uses a unique recording format not compatible
Arithmetic with other systems. The Z X 8 1 will save the data as well as
Arithmetic operators +, —, x, , exponentiate. Relational oper the program to avoid the need to re enter the data when the
ators =, < > , > , < , < =,> =, may compare string and arithmetic program is next loaded.,
variables to yeild 0 (False! or l(True). Logical operators A N D , ZX81 will search through a tape for the required program).
O R , N O T yield boolean results. The cassette leads supplied have 3.5 m m jack plugs.
Floating-point numbers Expansion port
Numbers are stored in 5 bytes in floating-point binary form At the rear, this has the lull data, address and control buses
giving a range of i 3 x 10 " " t o + 7 x 10 "accurate to 9Vi from the Z 8 0 A CPU as well as O V , +5V, + 9 V . 0 and the mem
decimal digits. ory select lines. These signals enable you to interface the ZX81
Scientific functions to the Sinclair 16K R A M pack and ZX printer.
Power supply
Natural logs/antilogs; SIN, COS, T A N and their inverses;SQR;
The Z X 8 1 requires approximately 4 2 0 m A at 7 11V DC. It has
e*.
its own internal 5V regulator. The ready assembled Z X 8 1 comes
Variables
complete with a power supply. The Z X 8 1 kit does not include
Numerical: any letter followed by alphanumerics
String: A i to Z i a power supply.
F O R - N E X T loops: A - Z (loops may be nested to any TV standard
depth. The Z X 8 1 is designed to work with U H F TVs (channel 36) 625
Numerical arrays: A-Z lines.
String arrays: A i to Zi

ZX SPECTRUM
Dimensions graphics characters. Also functions to yield character at a given
Width 2 3 3 mm position, attribute at a given position (colours, brightness and
Depth 1 4 4 mm flash) and whether a given pixel is set. Text may be written on the
Height 3 0 mm screen on 24 lines of 32 characters. Text and graphics may be
freely mixed.
CPU/Memory
Colours
Z 8 0 A microprocessor running at 3 . 5 MHz. 16K-byte ROM con-
taining BASIC interpreter and operating system. Foreground and background colours, brightness and flashing are
1 6 K b y t e R A M (plus optional 32K-byte R A M on internal expan- set by BASIC INK, PAPER, BRIGHT and FLASH commands. OVER
sion board) or 48K-byte RAM. may also be set, which performs an exclusive — or operation to
overwrite any printing or plotting that is already on the screen. IN-
Keyboard VERSE will give inverse video printing. These six commands may
be set globally to cover all further PRINT, PLOT, D R A W or CIRCLE
40-key keyboard with upper and lower case with capitals lock commands, or locally within these commands to cover only the
feature. All BASIC words obtained by single keys, plus 1 6 graphics results of that command. They may also be set locally to cover text
characters, 2 2 colour control codes and 21 user-definable printed by an INPUT statement. Colour-control codes, which may
graphics characters. All keys have auto repeat. be accessed from the keyboard, may be inserted into text or pro-
gram listing, and when displayed will override the globally set col-
Display ours until another control code is encountered. Brightness and
Memory-mapped display of 2 5 6 pixels x 1 9 2 pixels; plus one at- flashing codes may be inserted into program or text, similarly.
tributes byte per character square, defining one of eight Colour-control codes in a program listing have no effect on its ex-
foreground colours, one of eight background colours, normal or ex- ecution. Border colour is set by a BORDER command. The eight
tra brightness and flashing or steady. Screen border colour also colours available are black, blue, red, magneta, green, cyan,
settable to one of eight colours. Will drive a PAL UHF colour TV set, yellow and white. All eight colours may be present on the screen at
or black and white set (which will give a scale of grey), on channel once, with some areas flashing and others steady, and any area
36. may be highlighted extra bright.

Sound Screen
Internal loudspeaker can be operated over more than 10 octaves The screen is divided into two sections. The top section — normal-
(actually 1 3 0 semitones) via basic BEEP command. Jack sockets ly the first 2 2 lines — displays the program listing or the results of
at the rear of computer allow connections to external amplifier/
program or command execution. The bottom section — normally
speaker.
the last 2 lines — shows the command or program line currently be-
ing entered, or the program line currently being edited. It also
Graphics shows the report messages. Full editing facilities of cursor left,
Point, line, circle and arc drawing commands in high-resolution cursor right, insert and delete (with auto-repeat facility) are
graphics. available over this line. The bottom section will expand to accept a
16 pre-defined graphics characters plus 21 user-definable current line of up to 22 lines.

128 ZX COMPUTING FEB'MARCH 1983 •E

Mathematical Operations And Functions Expression Evaluator
Arithmetic operations of + , —, x , - , and raise to a power. A full expression evaluator is called during program execution
Mathematical functions of sine, cosine, tangent and their inverses; whenever an expression, constant or variable is encountered. This
natural logs and exponentials; sign function, absolute value func- allows the use of expressions as arguments to GOTO, GOSUB,
tion, and integer function, square root function, random number etc.
generation, and pi. It also operates on commands allowing the ZX Spectrum to
Numbers are stored as five bytes of floating point binary giving a operate as a calculator
range of + 3 x 10 39 to + 7 x 10 3 B accurate to 9 Vi decimal digits.
Binary numbers may be entered directly with the BIN function. = , Cassette Interface
> , < , > - , < = and < > may be used to compare string or A tone leader is recorded before the information to overcome the
arithmetic values or variables to yield 0 (false) or 1 (true). Logical automatic recording level fluctuations of some tape recorders, and
operators AND, OR and NOT yield boolean results but will accept 0 a Schmitt trigger is used to remove noise on playback.
(false) and any number (true). All saved information is started with a header containing informa-
User-definable functions are defined using DEF FN, and called us- tion as to its type, title, length and address information. Program,
ing FN. They may take up to 26 numeric and 26 string arguments, screens, blocks of memory, string and character arrays may all be
and may yield string or numeric results. saved separately.
There is a full DATA mechanism, using the commands READ, Programs, blocks of memory and arrays may be verified after sav-
DATA and RESTORE. ing.
A real-time clock is obtainable. Programs and arrays may be merged from tape to combine them
with the existing contents of memory. Where two line numbers or
String Operations And Functions variables names coincide, the old one is overwritten.
Programs may be saved with a line number, where execution will
Strings can be concatenated with + . String variables or values start immediately on loading.
may be compared with - , > , < , > = , < = . < > to give boolean The cassette interface runs at 1 5 0 0 baud, through two 3.5 mm
results. String functions are VAL, VAL$, STR$ and LEN. CHR$
jack plugs.
and CODE convert numbers to characters and vice versa, using the
ASCII code. A string slicing mechanism exists, using the form a $ (x Expansion Port
TO y).
This has the full data, address and control busses from the Z80A,
and is used to interface to the ZX Printer, the R S 2 3 2 and NET inter-
Variable Names faces and the ZX Microdrives. IN and OUT commands give the I/O
Numeric — any string starting with a letter (upper and lower case port equivalents of PEEK and POKE.
are not distinguished between, and spaces are ignored).
String — A$ to Z$. Z X 8 1 Compatibility
FOR-NEXT loops - A-Z. ZX81 BASIC is essentially a subset of ZX Spectrum BASIC. The
Numeric arrays — A-Z. differences are as follows.
String arrays - A S t o Z S . FAST and SLOW, the ZX Spectrum operates at the speed of the
Simple variables and arrays with the same name are allowed and ZX81 in FAST mode with the steady display of SLOW mode, and
distinguished between. does not include these commands.
SCROLL: the ZX Spectrum scrolls automatically, asking the
operator "scroll?" every time a screen is filled.
Arrays UNPLOT: the ZX Spectrum can unplot a pixel using PLOT OVER,
Arrays may be multi-dimensional, with subscripts starting at 1. and thus achieves unplot.
String arrays, technically character arrays, may have their last Character set: the ZX Spectrum uses the ASCII character set, as
subscript omitted, yielding a string. opposed to the ZX81 non-standard set.

ZX COMPUTING FEB, MARCH 1 9 8 3 ' 129

r

ADVERTISEMENT RATES
1. SEMI — DISPLAY or2. LINEAGE
30p per word (minimum 15
(min 2 cm) £7 25 per cm words)
4-11 insertions £6 75 per cm Box Numbers £2.50
12 • insertions £6 25 per cm

Closing date for the next issue is 21st 2nd 1983

All advertisements in this section must be prepaid
Advertisements are accepted subject to the terms and conditions printed
on the advertisement rate card (available on request)
Send your requirements to ADVERTISING DEPT . ZX C O M P U T I N G .
145 CHARING CROSS ROAD LONDON WC2H OEE

ZX81 16K SOFTWARE

Game of Cricket • [_• i. .! Vr-' • .ir • FOOTBALL POOLS PROGRAM
OOKJIirq rejrjre t iniiLlWi t»r»n 0*."3t atpfjls
roifi*-on's 14.00 • Lists out. m order of preference, the 16 most likely score draws, also the 16 mosl likely
Football Record* homes, draws and aways
any season Menu d"vcn rut up to dale tafiie* appear- • Picks out the results on the bookmakers FIXEDODDS coupons that have been given
ances wd goat scut", etc £4.9«
Crag or Doom • r. . over-generous odds Calculates your expected profit'
ventiy.? • • the' ''0 t>t,1l Sr-" 3 -ir Ogrp Guard ar>descape • Allows the user to update the tables week by week as the results come in
mt the miuw t<H
S A E FOR UP T O DATE LIST
This program Is available on the ZX81 (16K) and ZX SPECTRUM (48K only)
MICROMOR
I Elizabeth C l o w . Ynyitorgan. S w a n t e a S A 6 6RW For a copy ol the program on a quality cassetle. plus an inlotmation leaflel giving a brief
explanation of the theory send €5 95 to
ZX OWNERS. Make Money with your ZX81
or Spectrum. We are leading suppliers Ot
software to Sinclair, with a superb range ol
HARTLAND SOFTWARE
(DEPT. Z), 8 PENZANCE PLACE, L O N D O N W11 4PA.
games casseitGs lor the ZX81 and Spectrum
We require part-lime agents in an areas to find
and service retailoutietsfor our producis.Car RING BRIDGETTE O N
owners, over 18. with telephone write tor 01-437 1002
details to M Meek Mikro-Gen 24 Agar
FOR YOUR CLASSIFIED AD. SPECT-A-DRAW
Crescent Bracknell Berks Now available — A •:••» •• •«•• ' 'JS
Pecker! s we' kno*- Pool* PrediCtO" Program Com-
pule-A Ijrart Ahici was ivaiuteo >n Crimpi ng Today
** "ZX81 V I D S W I T C H * " September October 1981
INVERSE VIDEO MODULE ., • i • A £4.95
14 WeMwn A Database Tape 'Optional but now* daia on
The Original and still the Best .or sh- '• CI) SO
SPECTRUM AUTO-SONICS Sharp white characters on completely • • ;• .i- • . u: - : ' £17.50
Addsupeib souns ettectss-mtity andcaS'iy sriaighl into black screen (no border) Module is built o< SAt lor details
your programmes' 26 preset eWect* space sounds around an ullra-mmialure toggle switch
B. S MeALLEY,
la/^uns raindrops ahimar* engines 78 Hedgersley, Chinnor. Oiion OX9 4TJ.
Use them ei adly as i hey come or use the giaptvc con- allowing swilching between modes
••01 pane so bend and IA 41 and shac* liiirr. into
tNxisands oi your u«que sound-des^ns THEN pop Easybu.ld Kit £3.95 Built £4.95
!*'•'• I• , : ' your H"
programme to tie reproduced again and again on N E W MINI KEYBOARD N E W
command It* child!-play1 40 reaf moving keys which give audible FIGARO n power I ul num«nc database
C j HN In .truer £4.99 feedback when pressed Fits in recess left gives you seasonal forecasting. statistics,
UNISONIC AMPLIFIER FM RADIO atler peeling off ZX8t touch keyboard 6 graph options, data files lull manual &
Use cassette lead lo con much more . Very friendly, no statistics
noci to spectrum fAR •Plug n In • . Knowledge needed. (48k only) 14-95
socket tor io-jd cleai ampii •Faster programming •Two cotou' le^e^ds PHANTASMAGRAPHICS 20 & 30 plotting
•No e»rra case needed •PCS r.n»hed m man txack under your control. (16or 48k) 6 95
"i >\l\ , • i • .inn ' i 0 •Kit £22.50 •1.1 £2S»S
new pocket raoo *>th ZX 81 SOFTWARE
smart wrist strap Uses one PP3 battery mot supplied) R E P E A T KEY TWO TONE KEYBOARD
SZX-TS A forecasting.graphs 6-95
O ' - , C4 99 SOS! ••• -
FAST ARCAOE STVLE M C GAMES
SIMILAR T O S P E C T R U M BLEEPER
SZX-DBMS database system 4 95
£695 £8.95 SORCERY medieval adventure 3-95
WINGED AVENGERS Lasfs'.f'; moihersh-p Smart
bombs H,Qh Score One at :nc Best S-ricta' Gan-ei Cure W r outs and lopline slant and display |itler with
'.I, • • i and Heats • «,t CJ.TS & a x o n C o m p u t i n g s
yet VC I
SPtCTRUM SCRAWBlt — 8'd«ccti0fti missiles tuei
£4.50
All puces -RC.UMH' Oversea* TV* M i Any excess
rHundefl SAt wrtn enquiries pieaae 3.St.Catherines Drive.
dumps meteors etc Hi res colour • sos,r*a £4 50 Leconfield. Beverley.
14 W E S T E R N A V E N U E . R I D D L E S O E N <2> B A. READER. Oept C. 45 Alfred Street. Humberside.
KEIGHLEY TORUS Kings Heath. Birmingham B14 7HG. phone 0401-S0697

ZX COMPUTING - CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENT - ORDER FORM

Advertise nationally In these columns lo ovtr 100.000 reader! lor only 30p
1. 2. 3. per word (minimum charge IS wordi). Simply print your meoage in the
coupon and lend with your cheque or potlal order made payable lo Argut
4 5. 6. Specialist Publication! Lid to:
CLASSIFIED DEPT. ZX C O M P U T I N G
7. 8. 9. 145 Charing Cross Rd, London WC2H OEE.
10. 11. 12. Tel: 01-437 1002
Name
13. 14. 15.
Address

Tel No (Day)
Please place my advert In ZX Computing lor months Please indicate number of insertions required

130 ZX C O M P U T I N G FEB/MAR 1983

 MIY1 PACKS
British made, high quality,
add-on memory at affordable
prices. Fully guaranteed.

1 6 k Ram Pack £28 95

1 6 k Expandable internally by
plug-in module to full 32k £29'95
Expansion module £17-95

ZX99 Automatic Tape

Controller for Sinclair ZX81 Computer Cassettes H i g h quality. A G F A tape, s c r e w a s s e m b l e d cassettes
w i t h library b o x e s

c5-37p cl5 - 41p

clO 39p c20-43p
cl2 4 0 p c25-45p
c30 46p
Cassette Leads
£49-95 plus £ 2 - 9 5 P & P
BBC1
BBC2
DRAGON
7pin to 2 x 3 5 m m , 1 x 2 - 5 m m
7pinto5pin & 1x2 5 m m
5pinto 2 x 3 5 m m , 1 x 2 5 m m
£2
£2 50
£2
• DATA P R O C E S S I N G - s o f t w a r e c o n t r o l of u p t o four
t a p e recorders
O R S 2 3 2 C INTERFACE - allowing connection with
any such printer using t h e full A S C I I character c o d e Revolving Cassette Racks
• A U T O M A T I C TAPE C O P Y - c o p y a data file
SINGLE - £2.99 (holds 32 tapes or 2 0 in cases!
regardless of your m e m o r y c a p a c i t y DOUBLE - £5.99 (hoJds 64 tapes or 40 in cases)
• TAPE B L O C K S K I P - w i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n g the c o n t e n t s TREBLE- £8.99 I holds 96 tapes or 60 in cases)
of R A M QUAD - £11.99 (holds 128 tapes or 8 0 in cas«s)
• ZX99 S O F T W A R E AVAILABLE

Contact us for details of j ^ORRD

DER FORM Dept.CXI Data-Assette

all personal computing 4 4 S h r o t o n Street, London N W 1

ITEM NO PRICE TOTAL
accessories and a full range

I I
of software including Quantec

data-a/zette® I I
F&P 10% (min. charge £1.50)
Distributors of KAYDE products

C h a r g e m y A c c e s s Visa no.

Signed Name
44, Shroton Street Address
London NW1
Telephone (01)258 0409
 | w

QS Produce the most

ULTRA-MEGA- AMAZING Games in TIMEGATE
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' ^ T o . . J N .
" / TIMEQATE H H \ \
' I tgh s p e e d gr-opn«c« combirio'x
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t h e g a m e o f ail g a m e s
Foil t h e ruling aliens b y
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Features: 4 0 , High s p e e d
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egamet the cubbs game w t n personality,
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w .
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TME C H E S S P L A Y E R costs loss, i>
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Features: 6 sk'ii levels. analysis. cop«s
display and an moves t o printer o r
screen, colour o r B S W display, save
ty
game a t any po*"ic.
Personality S speech

SPEAKEASY
A d d speech o r mus>c to you programs!
In response t o mee&ve demand, we have SPACE INTRUDERS W H A T THEY SAY ABOUT
released SF>E AKEASY for yocr- own use i X F e s t u r e s 4 alien t y p e s , CKJR Z X 6 1 G A M E S :
and arnoyment. r a n d o m s a u c e r points, 2 n d QS SCRAMBLE —
Simply record your a o i n d onto a 1. attack wave mutant. " . . . a m a z i n g fantastic!..." [P.C.W.J
cassette and play -t into your- S p e c t r v m v exploding aliens, b o n u s b a s e
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"X^ METEOR STORM
M O E X T R A H A R D W A R E REQUIRED'
\ 3 m e t e o r types, S saucers, "...very g o o d . " "...addictive game..." [C&V.G]
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L-OAME bonus Ship e v e r y 1 0 . 0 0 0 " . . . B e t t e r t h a n any o t h e r a r c a d e g a m e
Simple rules and complex strategies \ pomts, amazing explosions, I've seen.,." [Syncj
m e k e t n a L - G A M E an essential for ^ l e f t - r i g h t - t h r u s t - f ire S
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hyperspece. sound effects " rue e s t g a m e s I've p l a y e d o n t h e Z X S 1 .
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F ^ Nv and speech All t h e t a p e s w e r e i m p r e s s i v e l y packaged..."
As featured onT.V.m Edward da Bono's [Which M i c r o £ S.R |
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r U - G A M E RE ACMES THE BITS O T H E R
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/V
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ZX-BIOAMEB SPECTRUM DAMES P l e a s e s e n d m e t h e g a m e s a s ticked.

Scramble m / c 16k £ 3 . 9 5 CD Speakeasy m/c 4 9 t £4.95 O Total cheque/P.O. enclosed
Invaders m / c 16k E 3 . 9 5 (HJ Time gate m / c 4 0 k £ 6 . 9 5 * r~i
Asteroids m / c 16k £39 5 • Name
The C h e s s Player m / c 46k £6,95 •
Defenders m / c 16k £ 3 , 9 5 tZJ
Space Intruders m / c 16k £ 4 9 5 • • Address
Meteor Storm m / c 16k £ 4 . 9 5 * •
L-Geme B a s e 16k £ 3 . 9 5 •
-THESE • A M E S INCLUDE SPECIAL SEASONAL DISCOUNTS, OPOER NOW
A N D GET FREE KEYBOARD OVERLAY!

Sand order toi QUICKSILVA, DEPT SPz , 8S NORTH AM ROAD, SOUTHAMPTON, BOS ORB