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Akm 204E - Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes # 3: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

The document outlines lecture notes for a fluid mechanics course. Week 3 covers the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, elevation, and fluid density along a streamline. Examples are given of applying Bernoulli's equation to free jets, confined flows, flow measurement devices, and open channel flow. The energy grade line and hydraulic grade line are also discussed.

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Melisa Meral
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89 views24 pages

Akm 204E - Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes # 3: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

The document outlines lecture notes for a fluid mechanics course. Week 3 covers the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, elevation, and fluid density along a streamline. Examples are given of applying Bernoulli's equation to free jets, confined flows, flow measurement devices, and open channel flow. The energy grade line and hydraulic grade line are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Melisa Meral
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AKM 204E -FLUID MECHANICS

LECTURE NOTES # 3

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

[email protected]

Office #: Hydraulics Lab 216

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 1


COURSE OUTLINE
Week 1: Introduction to fluid mechanics. Unit systems. Fluid properties.
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Week 3: Elementary fluid dynamics: Bernoulli equation.
Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds transport theorem.
Week 5: Finite control volume analysis: conservation of mass.
Week 6: Conservation of momentum.
Week 7: Potential flow.
Week 8: Superposition of potential flows.
Week 9: Navier-Stokes equations.
Week 10: Navier-Stokes equations. Coutte, Hagen-Poiseuille flows.
Week 11: Dimensional analysis and similitude.
Week 12: Flow over immersed bodies and boundary layers.
Week 13: Turbomachinery and pump selection.
Week 14: Viscous flow in pipes. Miscellaneous.

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 2


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.

Newton’s 2nd Law for a Fluid Particle:

V(s(t),t) generally, however if flow is steady then V(s). For steady flow:

where we have used:

where R is the radius of curvature.


Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 3
Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.

F=ma along a streamline:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 4


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
F=ma along a streamline:

Net pressure force in the streamline direction:

Note that
1) This is true along a streamline
2) This is true for a steady flow
3) This is true for an inviscid fluid

Thus the net force acting in the streamline direction becomes:

Combining last two equations: Now use: Along a


streamline n is
constant thus
dn=0.
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 5
Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
F=ma along a streamline:
Which eventually leads to:

4) Assuming flow is incompressible, ρ=constant


Bernoulli Equation
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782)
Swiss Mathematician
1738 Hydrodynamica

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 6


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
F=ma along a streamline:

Siphon
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 7
Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 8


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
F=ma normal to a streamline:

For incompressible flow:


Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 9
Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
F=ma normal to a streamline: An example:

1
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 0
Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Static, stagnation, dynamic and total pressure:

Static pressure Hydrostatic


Total pressure
pressure
Dynamic pressure
When the elevation effects are neglected, the largest pressure obtainable along a streamline
becomes the stagnation pressure:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 11


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Static, stagnation, dynamic and total pressure:
Stagnation point: where V=0

Pitot static tube was invented to measure the flow velocity


based on this principle: H. Pitot (1695-1771), French hydraulic
Engineer

Pitot tubes have two concentric tubes: The outer one has small holes so it measures the static
pressure. Neglecting the elevation difference between pts 1, 3 & 4:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 12


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Examples of the use of the Bernoulli equation: Free jets:

p1=p2=0 (atmospheric pressure)


z1=h, z2=0,
V1=0 (large tank assumption), V2=V
Obtained by Toricelli 1608-1647

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 13


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Examples of the use of the Bernoulli equation: Free jets:

Contraction Coefficient:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 14


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Examples of the use of the Bernoulli equation: Confined flows:

In confined flows pressure can not be determined a priori! Thus we need


additional equation to solve such problems. Mass continuity:

Mass flowrate:

Volume flowrate:

Conservation of mass:

Valid for steady flow!

Valid for steady and


If density is constant: incompressible flow!

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 15


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Examples of the use of the Bernoulli equation: Confined flows: An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 16


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Measuring flowrate: Pitot tube or orifice, nozzle, Venturi meters:

valid for z1=z2

By measuring pressures,
the flowrate Q can be
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 17
found!
Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Measuring flowrate in open channels: sluice gate and weir:

For

For Cc≈ 0.61


Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 18
Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Measuring flowrate in open channels: sluice gate and weir:

Area of the weir: A=Hb

Average velocity across weir is proportional


to

where C1 is an empirical constant

Simple use of the Bernoulli equation has provided a method to


analyze the relatively complex flow over a weir.

Even a more advanced analysis cannot predict its value accurately.

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 19


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Measuring flowrate in open channels: sluice gate and weir: An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 20


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line: Remember Bernoulli equation is an energy equation

Pressure Velocity Elevation


Head Head Head

Piezometric head:

Example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 21


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line: Remember Bernoulli equation is an energy equation

Assuming steady, inviscid, incompressible


flow and constant diameter V is uniform
along the bent pipe.

An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 22


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Unsteady Bernoulli Equation:
Remember generally V(s(t),t) so:

HW: Following the same procedure used for the unsteady BE, derive this unsteady BE !

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 23


Week 3: Elementary Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Equation.
Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 3 24

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