ACTIVITY 1

AIM
D, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items
To identify a diode, an

multimeter.
A collection of a diode, an LED, a resistor, a capacitor and a

THEORYIOBSERVATION
For identification of different items from a collection, we have to consider botn, tneir appearance and works

1. A diode: A diode is a semiconducting device which has two terminals. It conducts only when t
biased.
torward biased and it does not conduct when reverse
2. A light emitting diode (LED): It is a two terminals device, which gaves out Ight when electric cu

passes through it. A diode and a LED both allow the flow of current in one direction only.
Curreat
3. A resistor: It is also a two terminals device. It conducts direct current and alternating current th. A
resistor can conduet equally even when the terminals of battery connected across it are reversed.
4. A capacitor: It is also a two terminals device but it does not allow direct current (de) to flow through
1t but stores some charge when de voltage is applied. It conducts alternating current.

DIAGRAMS

Silveri n g

Junction Dlode
D Red Green Silver
Orange
Resislor

Cahode

ecuolytic

Capacitor Mica capacitor

RESULT

All the items in the mixed collection have been

identified and the result may be summed up as n
able
given below. ue

154 7agether with Physics Lab Manual-12

 ACTIVITY 2

AIM
Use of multimeter to (i) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of aa
se of diode and
diode and an
order.
LED
i) check whether electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working
a given

A multimeter, a junction diode and an LED.

1. For unidirectional fow of current

[A] In case of the junction diode:
() Turn the selector switeh and set the multimeter to
measure the dc current of 10 mA.
(i) Make electrical connections as given in circuit
diagram given below.

Multimeter 3attery Multimeter Battery

Fig. 2.6. p-n junction in forward blasing Fig. 2.7. p-n

junction in reverse
biasing
U)
The p-n junction diode conducts due to
forward biasing. The forward the
deflection in multimeter. current is indicatea u

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ogether wih Physics Lab
Manual-12
 reverse the terminals of the
battery or battery eliminator and
No electric curent record the value of current
mmultimeter.
in the
observed in the multimeter
is

condu ducts in one direction only, i.e., the which proves that the junction diode
flow of electric
current in junction diode is unidirectional.
fn Case of LED: Replace p-n junction diode with LED and repeat the
od that the flow of current is also steps (ii) to (iv). It will be
notea
unidirectional in the LED and emits the
mode. light in forward biased

Vhen the
AVH connection of LED s
reversed then multimeter shows
no deflection and
from LED. It means LED does not conduct when reversed
no light is emitted

diode
biased
2 Checking a (working mode)
mhop i junction diode allows the flow of current in forward biased but does not allow
the flow of current
in the reverse biased. It it allows the flow of current in
both biasing or does not allow the flow of current
in both biasing then junction diode is damaged.
 ACTIVITY (3
AIM source) o n an LDR.
distance of the
effect of intensity of light (by varying
To study

intense light source (a table lamp with 100 W holk

resistor (LDR), an
A multimeter, a light dependent which can slide into each other.

a pair of plastic or metallic pipes

metre scale,

can slhde in0

1. Take two plastic or metallic pipes of slightly different diameters so that one of the pipe
other.
2. Mount LDR and a bulb with one end of each pipe and the other end should remain open.

a pair of
Lamp metallic or plastic
Ppes
Plug in N
to mains
(ZZIA Multimeter

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
Switch Metre scale DR
LDR
Flg. 3.2. To study the variation in the
resistance of LDR with
respect to Intensity of light

158 agethor wth Physics Lab Manual-12

 ange all thecomponents the apparatus
Ot
. re and record the resistance of LDR whenaccording to electrical circuit diagram given above.
Me
Suitch on the bulb and direct its light towards thenoLDR. light falls on it.
ary the distance in bulb and the LDR
6. between by sliding the and note down the distance between
the hulb and the LDR and corresponding
reading of resistancepipes
of LDR by using multimeter.
7. Draw curve between the distance and the resistance of the LDR.
a

Resistance of LDR in full dark =

k2
 ACTIVITY
elm
AM
fo observe refraction and lateral deviation
1
of a
beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
Arectangular glass slab, a white sheetot paper, a drawing board, a half metre scale, alpins, drawing
protractor and pencil. pins,
 RESULT
AACh drawing sheets of the traced path of
a ray of light passing through agiven rectangular glass slab shows
that
4 =the angle of emergence Ze in each case.
wnnthe experimental error, the angle ofincidence
i)incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray
angle of refraction increases.
w n he increase in angle of incidence, the the angle of ineidence.
lateral deviation (displacement) of the incident
ray varies with
 SYSTE

1.

ACTIVITY 5

AIM

To observe polarization
of light using two polaroids.

calculator,
of a
two polaroids or digital panel
light (an electric bulb
or sunlight),
A source of
cON
Itis
pass
estal

11

Plane

Polarized LIgnt
L- G
Eye
Unpotarizod
Plane of Polarizatlon
-Polarized light with vibrations
perpendicular to tha plane ol papt
Light
Plane of Vibratio
Polartized lght with vibratlons in
the plane of paper

Eyo
Unpotz izec 1ane Polarized Plane Polarized
Light Llght Light
Polarizer Analyzer

No Light Eye
Unpolariz2ed Plane Polarized
Light
FOlatic nalyzer
Flg. 5.1. To observe polarization of light
166 agether with Physics Lab Manual-12
 laroid (P) and look at
polard a
glowing bulb through it. Rotate it about incident ray
1.Takeotation. intensity of light on the other side of the polaroid willconsidering
No change in the
be observed.
A s the incident light 18 an unpolarized light.

polaroid (A)
polaroid A) and keep it between
P and your eye, i.e., in between the
Take another reracted
first polaro1a
a n a your eyes.
Dgn
Look
e glowing bulb
(ught source) through this combination. On rotating polaroid (A). We find that:
axis of A 1s parauel to the axis of P, emitted
o n light has same intensity on either sides ot A.
When the axis of polarization of both polaroids P and A
) are
perpendicular to
intensity of light through this combination is minimum (i.e., no light from bulb is visible through each otnet
the combination).

acluded from this activity Unat polaroid pieces produce plane polarized light. This polarized light cannot
It also
rough the other polaroid (called anlayser) whose axis is perpendicular to the axis of polarizer.
transverse characteristic oflight,
tbe
establishes

cos 0

0180270
 ACTIVITY 6

AIM
due to thin slit.
To observe diffraction of light a

laser or 50d1um lamp, screen, a

of light, i.e., a pencil
ordinary razor blades with sharp edges, a source
Two
black paper,
M0 o

o squzb wral bb/A

ostnigpr

6.1. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

Fig.

1. Place two sharp edged, razor blades side by side on a strip of black paper keeping their sharp edges
and make
close and parallel to each other as shown
in figure, fix the blades with the help of cellotape
fine slit.
2 from tnE
2. Switch on the sodium lamp or pencil
laser and keep it at a distance of approximately m

blades.
20 cm.
3. light coming out of the slit tall on a sereen (or wall) situated at a distance of about
Let the
4. You will observe a difiraction pattern consists of dark and bright bands on the wall. If an ordinary 1am
is used in place of sodium lamp, coloured fringes will be observed.

the slit width.

6. Repeat experiment by increasing

RESULTS/
1. Diffraction pattern (fringes) due to a single slit is formed when light pa8ses through a narrow slit wn
consists of a central bright maxima and secondary minima and maxima on either side.
2. On increasing the slit width, the width of central maxima decreases and the sharpness of fringes decrease