APPLIED MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. A spark-ignition engine produces brake power of 224 KW while using 0.0169 kg/s of
fuel. The fuel has a higher heating value of 44,186 KJ/kg, and the engine has a
compression ratio of 8. The frictional power lost is found to be 22.4 KW. Determine the
indicated thermal efficiency.
A) 11 B) 22 C) 33 D) 44
ei = WKi / QA = WKi / mf x HV = [WKb + WKf]/ mf x HV
= (224 + 22.4) / (0.0169 x 44,186) = 33%

2. The volume in the clearance space of a 152.40 mm x 254.0 mm Otto gas engine is 1.70
liters. Find the ideal thermal efficiency of the engine on the standard air basis, if the
exponent of the expansion and compression lines is 1.35. Express in percent.
A) 38.55 B) 36.89 C) 26.98 D) 35.95
VD = [π / 4] (bore)2(stroke)
= [π / 4] (0.1524m)2(0.254m) = 0.00463m3 ;
C = V2 / VD = 0.0017m3/ 0.00463m3 = 0.3669
rk = (1+ C) / C = (1 + 0.3669) / 0.3669 = 3.726
e = 1 – (1 / rkk-1) = 1 – [1 / 3.726 0.35] = 36.89%

3. Calculate from the following data, the kg of air per kg of fuel used by an automobile
engine: air temperature is 21.50ºC, barometer reads 760 mm Hg, air entering 1.75
m3/min., measured gasoline 14.25 liters per hr, specific gravity of gasoline 0.735.
A)12.02 B) 15.45 C) 14.45 D) 21.45
ma =PV/RT = (101.325 x 1.75) / 0.287)(294.5) = 2.098 Kg/min
mf = ρ x v =0.735 (1,000) x (0.01425)/(60) = 0.1746 kg/min
ra/f = 2.098 / 0.1746 = 12.02 kga/kgf

4. A Carnot engine receives 130 BTU of heat form a hot reservoir at 700°F and rejects 49
BTU of heat. Calculate the temperature of the cold reservoir. (April ’97)
A. -21.9ºF B. -24.2 C. -20.8 D. -22.7
Solution:
TH = 700 + 460 = 1160°R

Q A − QR T − TL 130 − 49 1160 − TL
Carnot Engine efficiency = = H = =
QA TH 130 1160
TL = 437.23°R TL = -22.77°F

5. The maximum thermal efficiency possible for a power cycle operating between 1200°F
and 225°F is: (April ’97)
A. 58% B. 58.73 C. 57.54 D. 57.40
Solution:
TH = 1200 + 460 = 1660°R TL = 225 + 460 = 685°R

TH − TL 1660 − 685
Efficiency = = = 58.73%
TH 1660
6. A Carnot engine requires 35 KW from the hot source. The engine produces 15 KW of
power and the temperature of the sink is 26°C. What is the temperature of the hot
source? (April ’97)
A. 245.6ºC B. 210.1 C. 250.2 D. 260.7
Solution:
TC = 26 + 273 = 299°K
W T − TL 15 T − 299
Efficiency = = H = H
QA TH 35 TH

TH = 523.25°K TH = 523.25 – 273 TH = 250.25°C

7. An Otto engine has clearance volume of 7%. It produces 300 KW power. What is the
amount of heat rejected in KW? (October ’97)
A. 152 KW B. 95.32 C. 92.16 D. 90.72
Solution:
1+ c 1+ 0.07
r = compression ratio = = = 15.286
c 0.07

e 1
= 1 − k −1 = 1 −
r
1
(15.286 )1.4 −1
= 0.664

e = QW QA = W / e = 300 / 0.664 = 452 KW

A
W = QA – QR 300 = 452 – QR QR = 152 kW

8. A Carnot engine uses 0.05 kg of air as the working medium. The temperature limits of
the cycle are 300K and 940K, the maximum pressure is 8.4 MPa and the heat added per
cycle is 4.2 KJ. Determine the heat rejected.

1 2 1
2

4
4 3 3

Given: m = 0.05 kg P1 = 8,400 KPa T1 = 940K = T2

QA = 4.2 KJ/cycle T3 = 300K = T4

e = 1 – [T3 / T1] = 1 – [300/940] = 0.68

Wnet = e(QA) = 0.68(4.2) = 2.86KJ
QR = Wnet – QA = 2.86 – 4.2 = – 1.34 KJ
9. A Carnot engine operates with 0.136 kg of air as the working substance. The pressure and
volume at the beginning of isothermal expansion are 2.1 MPa and 9.6 liters. The sink
temperature is 50ºC, and the heat added is 32 KJ. Determine the thermal efficiency.
Given: m = 0.136 kg T3 = 50ºC = 323K = T4
P1 = 2,100 KPa QA = 32 KJ
V1 = 0.0096 m3 R = 0.287 KJ/kg-K (table)

Source tempt (T1 = T2)

T1 = P1V1 / m R = 2,100(0.0096) / 0.136(0.287) = 516.5K
a) Thermal Efficiency, e
e = 1 – (T3/T1) = 1 – (323/516.5) = 0.375

10. A Carnot engines uses nitrogen as the working medium. The heat supplied is 53 KJ and
the adiabatic expansion ratio is 16:1. The receiver temperature is 295K. Determine the
thermal efficiency.

Given: QA = 53 KJ res = 16 = V3 / V2
T3 = 295 = T4 K = 1.399 (table) N2

a) e = 1 – (T3/T2) = 1 – (V2/V3)K-1 = 1 – (1/ res)K-1 = 1 – (1/16)K-1 = 0.669

11. A Carnot engine operates between 400K and 1,200K, using 0.4 kg of air and running at
500 rpm. The heat added during the cycle is 95.48 KJ. Determine the net power
developed.
Given: T1 = 1,200K = T2 T3 = 400K = T4
m = 0.4 kg(air) n = 500 rpm
Solution:
e = 1 – (T3/T1) = 1 – (400/1200) = 0.666
a) Wnet = e(QA) = 0.666(95.48 KJ) = 63.59KJ
Net Power dev = 63.59 KJ/cycle [cycle/rev][500rev/min][1min/60 sec]
= 530 KW

12. A six – cylinder engine with 10 cm x 10 cm bore and stroke operates on Carnot cycle. It
receives 54 KJ/cycle of heat at 560ºC and rejects heat at 280ºC while running at 300 rpm.
Determine the Piston Displacement (m3/sec)

Given: nc = 6 cyl T1 = 560ºC = 833K = T2

QA = 54 KJ/cycle T1 = 280ºC = 553K = T4
10cm x 10cm n = 300 rpm

Solution: e = 1 – (T3/T1) = 1 – (553/833) = 0.3361

Wnet = eQA = 0.3361(54) = 18.15 KJ/cycle
Net Power = 18.15 KJ/cycle x 1 cycle/rev x 300 rev/min x min/60sec = 90.75 KW
 a) P D = π/4 (bore)2(stroke)(no. of cyl) = π/4 (0.1m)2(0.1m)(6) = 0.0047 m3/cycle
= 0.0047 m3/cycle[1cycle/rev][300rev/min][1min/60sec]
= 0.0235 m3/sec

13. An air standard Otto cycle engine with 16% clearance operates on 250 gm of air with an
initial condition of 100 KPa and 50ºC. The energy released during heat addition is 600
KJ. Using air-standard k = 1.4, compute for the thermal efficiency.
Given: c = 0.16 P1 = 100 KPa
m = 0.25 kg T1 = 323K
k = 1.4 QA = 600 KJ
Solution:
rK = (1+ c) / c = (1 + 0.16) / 0.16 = 7.25
a) e = 1 – 1/rkk-1 = 1 – 1/7.251.4-1 = 0.547

14. When working on Otto cycle with air as the working medium, an engine has an air-
standard thermal efficiency of 54.5% and rejects heat at the rate of 520 KJ/kg of air used.
The engine has a single cylinder with bore of 72 mm and a stroke of 85 mm. The pressure
and temperature at the beginning of compression are 0.98 bar and 66ºC, respectively.
Determine the engine clearance.
Given:
e = 54.5% P1 = 98 KPa
qR = 520 KJ/kg d = 0.072 m
T1 = 66º = 339K L = 0.085 m

e = 1 – (1 / rKK-1) rKK-1 = 1/ 1-e rK = 7.163

a) C = 1/ rK – 1 = 1 / 6.163 = 0.1623 == 16.23%

15. There are supplied 317 KJ of heat to a Diesel engine operating on 227 grams of air. The
pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression are 98 KPa and 49ºC,
respectively. The pressure at the end of compression is 3,945 KPa. Calculate the engine
clearance.
Solution:
a) rK = V1/V2 = (P2/P1)1/k = (3,945/98)1/1.4 = 14
b) C = 1/ rK – 1 = 1/ 13 = 0.0769 →7.69%

16. An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 15. The pressure and temperature
at the beginning of compression are 1 bar and 17ºC, respectively. If the maximum
temperature of the cycle is 2,250K, determine the cut-off ratio.
T2 = T1rKK-1 = 290(15)0.4 = 856.7K
a) rC = V3 / V2 = T3 / T2 = 2,250/856.7 = 2.63
17. An engine operating on air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 17:1. The
maximum and minimum cycle temperatures are 1620ºC and 48ºC, respectively. If the
maximum cycle pressure is 55 bar, calculate the cut-off ratio.

P1 = P2 / rKK = 5500 / 171.4 = 104.2KPa

T2 = T1rKK-1 = 321(17)0.4 = 997K
a) rC = V3 / V2 = T3 / T2 = 1893 / 997 = 1.899

18. A 6-cylinder, 20 cm x 27 cm, 4-stroke cycle Diesel engine on an actual test was found to
use 30 kg of fuel with heating value of 20,000 KJ/kg in a one (1) hour test. If the thermal
efficiency of this engine is 40% while operating at 600 rpm, determine the mean effective
pressure.
Solution:
PD = π/4(bore)2(stroke)(working strokes)(no. cyl)
= 0.7854(0.2)2(0.27)(600/2)(6)
= 15.27 m3/min
= 0.255 m3/sec
QA = mass of fuel x heating value of fuel
= m f x qL
= (30/3600)kg/s x 20,000 KJ/kg
= 166.67 KW
a) Mep = Wnet / PD
= eQA / PD
= 0.40(166.67) / 0.255
= 262 KPa

19. There are developed 1,063 KW at 267 rpm by an 8 – cylinder, 2 – stroke cycle diesel
engine with size of
40.64 cm x 50.80 cm. It uses 4.94 kg /min of fuel with heating value of 42,571 KJ/kg.
The average indicated mep is 562 KPa. Determine the indicated power in KW.
Solution:
Heat added, QA = mf x qL
= 4.94 kg/min (42,571 KJ/kg)
= 210,300.74KJ/min = 3,505KW
Piston displacement, PD = π/4(bore)2(stroke)(working strokes)(no. cyl)
= π/4(0.4064)2(0.508)(267/60)(8)
= 2.35 m3/sec
a) Indicated Power, IP = MepI x PD
= 562 (2.35)
= 1,321 KW
 20. An ideal diesel engine operates on 0.5 kg/s of air with a suction state of 100 KPa and
45°C. The pressure at the end of compression is 3.25 MPa and the cut-off volume is at
6% of the stroke from head-end dead center position. Calculate the percent clearance.

Solution :

Solving for Compression Ratio

1 1
V  P  K  3250  1.4
rKS=C = 1 =  2  =   = 12.02
V2  P1   100 

Solving for Percent Clearance

V1 V2 + VD cVD + VD C + 1
rks = = = =
V2 V2 cVD C
c +1
12.02 =
c
12.02 C = C + 1 12.02 C - C = 1 C = 0.0907 or 9.07 %