Scribd
Upload
388 views

Chapter 2-Indices and Logarithms

Uploaded by

Md Mohsin Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
388 views

Chapter 2-Indices and Logarithms

Uploaded by

Md Mohsin Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46
INDICES AND LOGARITHIM LEARNING OBJECTIVES This chapter will enable you to learn the concepts and application of: * Indices © Logarithms © Inter-relationship between indices and logarithm. © Application of indices and logarithms 2.1 INTRODUCTION We are informed of certain rules of addition and multiplication and now we take up certain higher order operations with powers and roots. These rules are essential for any serious mathematical problem. In this chapter we will discuss about various operation of indices and Logarithms. 2.2 INDEX AND BASE OF A NUMBER Ifa positive integer ais multiplied by itself n times, we get a”, ie. aaa. n times =a" Then the constant a is called the base and the positive integer n is called the index or exponent or power. For example: 9 = 3.3 = 3° , here 3 is base and 2 is index . 2.3 LAWS OF INDICES For all a,b Rand m,ne N,, we have the following operation on indices. mayer ye Y iff x=y (a#1) 10.a*=b* iff a=b (x#0) 2.4 MEANING OF-a” a" =a.a.a..( m times ); means that a is multiplied m_ times by itself. We say that m is the power of a; where a is called base of a” and m is called the index of a”. For example: Find (7°) and (4?) Solution: (7° = 7°? = 7° =7x7x7X7X7X7 =117649 (4) <4" =49 =4x4x4x4x4x4 = 4096 ‘ For example: Find a. (2.3)° b. 3) Solution: a. (2.3)' =24.3* =(2x2x2x2) (3x3x3x3) =16x81 =1296 2\'_2x2x2x2 16 6) ” 3x3x3x3.—t«idCS For example: Find :2°x3°x4? Solution: 2°x3°x4? =(2x3)'x4? =(2x3x4)' =24° =13824 2.5 POSITIVE INDICES If n is a positive integer and ‘a’ positive real number but a #1. Then, a’ is used to denote the continued product of n factors each equal to ‘a’ shown below a" =axaxaX cn ton factor where a is called base and n the positive index or exponent. For example: Wo =11x1bx 1x xilxil (Bx) =3xx3x Indices and Logarithms ||39 2.6 FRACTIONAL INDICES. {na positive fractional index the numerator represents the power and the denominator, called the Toot. For example: Va =a =a"; square root Va =a" cubic root fa =a"; n® root or n root radical. anda” =a" , where m is power and #{- is n root radical. 1 - 3 1 In Particular i) 16? = V/16 = =¥V27 =3 iti) (16)? = (16°) =416° =8 ii) (27) 2.7 OPERATION WITH POWER FUNCTIONS. The two. operations involved in power functions are multiplication and division. As indicated earlier power functions cannot be added or subtracted so as to derive a new resultant fynction. MULTIPLICATION WITH COMMON BASE In the case of multiplication of two or more power functions with a common base, the powers are added. The formulae is x" xx" xx" a This can be shown as follows: Also fa xa xa xaxa}{axaxa}= But remember a° +a’ #a° DIVISION WITH COMMON BASE i this case, the base will be raised by the difference of the indices. The formulae is Pe ee | x "" (where m>n) 40||Business Mathematics mgt ak and x" +x" =—— x a (where m 0,a¥#1), then the index x is called the logarithm of the number N to the base a, and we write x=log, N. If x=log, N is given, we can write N =a". Thus, N =a* and x=log, N(a>0,a #1) are equivalent relations. ie. N=a‘ @ x=log,N (a>0,a#1) Indices and Logarithms |41 Examples: 1. 34=81=4=log,8Lie. logarithm of 81 to the base 3 is equal to 4. We can write 4=log, 81 as: anti log, 4=81. 2. 23=8=>3=log,,8,ie. logarithm of 8 to the base 2 is equal to 3, We can write 3=log, 8 as: anti log, 3=8. 3. (25)! =5 = 5 =log,,5.ie logarithm of 5 to the base 25 is equal to > Again i - = log, 5 = anti log), 4. Since 2° =64, 4° =64, 8? =64; we can write log, 64=6, log,64=3 log, 64=2. Thus, we see that the logarithms of the same number with different bases will be different. Remarks: a. Two equations a‘ =n and x=log, n’ are only transformations of each other and should be remembered to change one form of the relation into the other. b. The logarithm of 1 to any base is zero. This is because any number raised to the power zero is one, Since a° =1=> log,1=0. c. The logarithm of any quantity to the same base is unity. This is because any quantity raised to the power | is that quantity only. Since a! =a=> log, a=1. 4. Base should not be taker as 0 or 1 because a zero raised to any power is meaningless and 1 raised to any power is one only. The base of logarithm cannot be a negative number because certain values will become imaginary. 2.9 ANTI-LOGARITHM If log, N = x, then the number N is called the anti-logarithm of x to base a and we can write N =antilog, x. For example: If logx = 2, then x = antilog2 = 100. 2.10 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS Law-1: The logarithm of the product of two quantities is equal to the sum of their logarithms taken separately, i.e. log,(mn)=log, m+log, n -8 42||Business Mathematics Proof: Let log, m= x,log, n= y and log, (mn)= Then, by definition, a* = m,a” =n and a* = mn. ay, Therefore, a° =mn=a" xa? = “z=xty,ie. log,(mxn)=log, m+log, n. (Proved) Corollary: log, (mxnx pXx.......Xy)=log, m+log, nt+log, p+.....t+log, y. Remark: log ,(m+n)# log, m+log, n. Itis possible if m+n=mn. For example: Show that log(l+2+3)=logi +log2+log3. We have, log(1+2+3)=log6 = log(1x2x3)=log1+log2+log3. Law-2: The logarithm of the quotients of two numbers is equal to the difference of their o logarithms, i.e. log,,| (2) =leg, m—log, n, Proof: Let oe x log, n= y-and log,, { oi Then by definition, a’ =m,a =n and a‘ sls Thus, a° = n a ie.,log, 2) =log, m—log, n. (Proved) n Law-3: The logarithm of a power of a number is the product of the power and the logarithm of the number, ie. log, (m")=nlog, m. Proof: Let log, m=.x and log, (m")= y. Then, by definition a* =m and a’ =m". Thus, a” =m" =(a')' =a™ .y=nx, ie.log, (m")= nlog,m. (Proved) Law-4: (Change of Base): If the logarithm of a number to any base is given, then the logarithm of the same number to any other base can be determined from the following relation: log, log, b= log, bxlog, c, where Boe Be : loz.c Indices and Logarithms 43 Proof: Let log, b=, log, b= y. ‘Then, by definition, a* =b, a’ =e! on, c="? _,:, From definition, ~=log, ¢ F >x=ylog,c ie. log, b=log, bxlog,c. (Proved) Corollary: If we substitute b =a in the above result, we get : log,a_ 1 log,c log,c log. a= Therefore, log, axlog, =I. 2.11 COMMON LOGARITHM ‘The logarithm of a mumber with ‘10° as base is called the common logarithm or, Briggsian logarithm of that number, When no base is mentioned, it is understood to be base 10. je, by the ‘word logarithm, we generally mean common logarithm. Common logarithm 1080 x written as: logx. (For example: We have 10° =1 -logi1=0 or, log! =0 10% =100 ~.log,)100=2 or, log100=2. .1og0.1=—1. 10? =p 70.0! --log0.01= 44|| Business Mathematics 2.12 NATURAL LOGARITHM The logarithm of a number to the base ‘e’ [e = 2.718281... 2.72] is called natural logarithm or, Napierian logarithm of that number. In theoretical calculations, the base ‘e” is used where as for numerical calculations; the base ‘10° is used most conveniently. Natural logarithm log, xis generally written as: Inx For example: log, ¢ = Ine =1 nt eee doe Teed id. We can write ¢ in series form: e=1+—+—+—+ + = 2.718281:--.-- =2.72 1 2b ar al fee Here ¢ is called Napier’s constant. ANTILOGARITHM If logM = x, the base being 10, then M is called the antilogarithm or antilog of x, If x is given, to find M means to find the antilog of x from log-table and we write. M=antilog of x. 2.13 CHARACTERISTICS AND MANTISSA. We may ask log, 68=.x ic. if 10° =68, then x=? the answer is: log,, 68 = 1.8325. thus log 68 consists of two parts, an integral part (which is 1) and a decimal part (0.8325). The integral Part is called the characteristic and the decimal part (always positive is called the mantissa of the logarithm. The mantissa of the logarithm of a number is always found from the log-table, but the characteristic can be found by inspection. We know, log1=0, log10=1 and all numbers consisting of one digit in the integral portion lie between I and 10. +, log2,log3,log3.5,log7, log8, log 9.8 etc. all lie between 0 and 1. ~. we can write log3 = log3.5=0. log 9.8 =0, ie. point something; .»» 0 point something. Indices and Logarithms ||45 Here 0 is the characteristics. Again, log10=1, log100 =2 and all numbers consisting of two digits in the integral portion lie between 10 and 100. <.log10.1,log11, log 12.56.......log 99.9 etc. all lie between 1 and 2. ¢.log10.1=1 log 12.56 =1 slogl1= 10g 99.9 .sie. 1 point something. +» et, Here 1 is the characteristic. Proceeding as above we can show that logarithm of all numbers consisting of 3 digits in the integral portion can be expressed as 2:.....(i,e.,2 point something) in which 2 is the characteristic and so on fer other numbers consisting of 4 and more than 4 digits. Thus we arrive at the following rule: “The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than 1 is positive and is one less than the number of digits.” Let us now consider the logarithm of the numbers less than 1 but greater than 0. We have, log = 0,log a =log1—log10=~—1 and a number having no zero immediately after the decimal point lies between zs =0.1 and 1;0.246, 0.9087 lie between 0.1 and 1. <. log0.246 and log 0.9087 lie between log0.1 and log1, ic. between —1 and 0. Hence log0.246=-a decimal=—1+adecimal and log0.9087=-a decimal =— l+a decimal. To express a negative decimal, say-0.903 as—1+ @ decimal, we write 0.903 = -1+1-0.903 = -1+ (1- 0.903) ==1+0.097 which is written as 1.097 and = —0.457 =-1+1-0.457 =—1+0.543 which is written as 1.543 Hence the characteristic of log 0.246 or, log 0.9087 is —1,i.e. the characteristic of the logarithm of all numbers lying between 1 and 1 is -1 or 1. Ail numbers having only one zero immediately after the decimal point lie between 0.01 and 0.1. Also 10g 0.01= log t= 2 and log0.1=—1. 46||Business Mathematics .. Logarithms of all those numbers lying between 0.01 and 0.1 lie between —2 and -1. For instance, 0.0546 lies between 0.01 and 0.1 +. 10g 0.0546 lies between -2 and -1; i. 10g.0.0546 Hencé log 0.0546 can be expressed as: -2+a decimal. Here ~2 or 2 is the characteristic. Thus the characteristic of the logarithms of all numbers having one zero immediately after the decimal point is -2 or 2. Similarly, the characteristic of the logarithm of all numbers having two zeros immediately after the decimal point (these numbers lie between 0.001 and 0.01) is —3 or 3 and so on. Remark: |. Students must note that 2.785 is not the same as ~ 2.785. 2.785 = -2 + 0.785 and — 2.785 = -2-.785. 2. The characteristic of the logarithm of a number may be positive or negative but its mantissa (which is found from log-table) is always positive. FINDING MANTISSA FROM LOG TABLE Generally four-figure log tables are used, a copy of which is given at the end of the book. From this table we can find the mantissa of the common logarithm of all numbers of 4 digits or less. In the log-table, figures from 10 to 99 (bold type figure) are arranged vertically in the first column. In the next ten ‘columns, under each of the digits 0, 1, 2, ...9, four figures are written, then after a vertical line, in the next nine columns, each under each of the digits 1, 2, 3, ..... 9, one or two figures are written and this part is called the mean difference table. Suppose we are to find the value of log5687. As the number consists of 4 digits, its characteristics must be 3. For the mantissa, we take the first two digits 56 and in the 1“ column finding out 56, we place a scale horizontally under it and then note the number on this scale headed vertically above by the 3” digit 8, which is found to be 7543, For the 4 digit, 7 the increment in the mantissa is found under the heading 7 in the mean difference table in the row beginning with 56. This increment is found to be 5. Adding 5 to 7543 we get 7548. Thus the mantissa of log5687 is 0.7548. Hence log5648=3.7548. Indices and Logarithms ||47 Instead of log5648, if we take log56.87, we see that the number of digits in the integral portion is two (ie. 56) and hence the characteristic is 1. To find mantissa, we shall consider the number 5687 (omitting the decimal point). :. Mantissa of log56.87 is 0.7548, which is found above. 1log56.87=1.7548 Similarly, log5.687 = 0.7548, log0.5687 =1.7548, Log0.05648=2.7548 and so on. Thus we see that the mantissa of the logarithm of all numbers having the same digits in the same order is the same, ic. it is unaffected by the position of the decimal point. To find the logarithm of numbers consisting of more than 4 digits, characteristic is first-determined by counting the number of digits in the integral portion. Then to find mantissa, we retain the first four digits; for the fifths digit, if it is 5 or greater than 5, we add 1 to the 4” digits; if however itis less than 5, we strike it off without adding 1. Other digits from the 6" place are to be ignored. Take 10g76.509. Here we strike off the digit 9 and add 1 to the 4" digit 0. +.10g76.509=10g76.51=1.8838. FINDING ANTILOGARITHM FROM ANTILOG TABLE When log76.51=1.8838, antilog of 1,8838=76.51, by definition of antilogarithm. In the antilog table figures from 0,00 to 0.99 (bold types figures) are arranged vertically in the first column and the arrangements in the other columns are the same as in the log table (logarithm of numbers) The method of finding antilog from the antilog table is similar to that of finding logarithms from log table: First we find the number corresponding to.a given mantissa and then place the decimal point with reference to the characteristic. Suppose we are to find antilog of 2.5687. We find the number corresponding to the mantissa 0.5687 from the antilog table; it is 3698+6=3704. Now since the given characteristic is 2, the required antilog is 370.4 Thus antilog of 2.5687=370.4 [check: log 370.4=2.5687 (neatly)] Similarly, antilog of 1.5687=37.04, antilog of 0.5687=3. 704, antilog of 1.5687=0.3704, antilog of 2.5687 =0.03704, etc. 48||Business Mathematics LUSTRATIONS (INDICES) . 5 Illustration - 01: Find the values of a. 3°x3° b. 3° +3" oF d\3° -3? Solution: a, 3°x3°=3 =3§ =3x3x3x.......8 times = 6561 b. 3° +3? =(3x3x3x3x3)+(3x3x3) =243+27 =270 5 adKa 9 5 “ee pel 6x) _3(eP (2) S9x' 125x° Solution: bay Gey Ale) “FleP ae 16x? oa os 29 ,125(, 4) 184125 "714s =—+—(. = 8 16 8 16 16 16 Iustration 03: Simplity: C2), Gx? 2x")? (4x*)? 32x 52x Solution : are oe 2 Sa sOxe! 125s" = ee 1 es 9 2D Res Bx" 16x 28 16 8 16 16 16 Mlustration - 04: Find the value (i) 16% (ii) 25% - as Solution : (i) 16% = (/16) =2°=8 (ii) 25° = Illustration - 05: Find 9/16 and 27 1 Solution: 3/16 = 16” = (4°) =4"? =4' =4 oo and ¥27 = (27) =(3°) =3°3 23! =3 Indices and Logarithms ||49 Ilustration - 06: Find the value 116% ii, 25% Solution: i. 16% =(2*)* a2" 22) 28 pee 25% (52 AMustration - 07: 1f a" =b, b’ =c, c* =a then show that xyz=1 Solution: Given, af =b =>(c')=b ac*=b >(b’)'=b =b™ =b=b' = azal : Ilustration - 08: If a=3 +3 ° Prove that 3° -9a=10. 1 1 Solution: Here a = 3? +3 > Cubing both sides, we get ey ty (eee [#4 3] >a -(2"] f | +3.353 a =a) =34343.3 a > a? =343' 43a a 3a a345430 aa Stitt = 3a’ =9a+10 => 3a°—9a=10 (Showed) Mlustrati hoy Se pity age Z 1 i 3 4 a ae eee Ue re) a Soutien 22 2 2922 2 2 23 pay gray 2a=2 PQ) wl 2 ae Solution . L.! ao 50|[Business Mathematics Teal x Solution : ( - i ab? : a ‘ Ce = (ey (em yore xe Bete let abed?) elhweleP tere?) x (orale-eava!) ee ee 4201.12.15? 16859" 22vigte git gry 269) gery? 59? ‘ a ee fe Illustration - 11: Simplify : ( = ] {=} (5) x * e Mlustration implify : Solution : te g2ty 32a) piveteninety geristy?d geteiry2 gfe gtr? steed = Tega git = agi ees ison Spi h-p-a-2yi]4 sev sel | 2 casa? x = terre) Oise. ey Bo A 125, § 500 Indices and Logarithms ||51 ILLUSTRATIONS (LOGARITHMS Mlustration - 14: If log, V2 = - find the value of a. Solution: Given log, V2 -4 t From definition, we get a* = 2 => a=(V2) =2* =16. Ilustration - 15: If log, , find the value of x. 3 Solution: Given log, == <. By definition, x1? = ; == (3) oe Mlustration - 16: Find the value of (i) log, 128, (ii) log, ,-(125), (ii) log, log, (27) Solution: (i) Let log, 128 = x. Then by definition of logarithm, we have 8 =128= (2) =2’ > 2" = i ee Re ee ae ees of, a9 (ii) Let log, /,(125)= x; then by definition, (5J/5)' =125 = (v3) =5*x5=5'(v5) = (V5) =-x=2 ie. log, g(125)=2. ii) log, log, (27) = log, log, (3°)= log, 3log,3=log,3.1=log,3=1 [- log, a=1] Ilustration-17; Find the value of x in the following cases: @ log, x=3, Gi log, x= -3, ii) we,(3) =4, (iy) log, 125=3. es logx ee Solution: (i) Given log, x =3=> joss =3= logx =3log5 => logx = log5 0 “x=5° => x=125 [Ans] 52|| Business Mathematics 2 25 Bee =— 5 log s=—Flogv8 = log =logh/8)* 3 logvé (i) Given log ,, x u ox=(#) *ox=()iox=2)3ox=2" =x=5 [Ans.] 1 logs 1 1 (ii) Given toe,(3}=4 =4=> log—=4logx = log—=logx* 9 logx 9 9 ater oft Waratoit= [lor [Ans log 125 (iv) Given log, 125= 3 => TE == 3 = log25=3logx = logi25=logx” log X 125K > Sx Ka 5. [Ane Illustration ve that: SG T0g 2 + 10870 -log*t + 210g5=2 23 $9). Tog Fe + Slog 22 +3loget + log =0 32 log —2log> + log 2~ = log? 4 bos 2logg Ba43 41 41 Solution: (a) LHS= log + log 70—log + 2log5 = log $7 +10g70- ci aseal xT0x3 25] a ae 2=RHS [Proved] 16 (b) LHS= Togs + Slog2=+3loget + log + ae), y Bt = 9 anil = log] ——| +1og) ——| +1log] —— = inf 25) S of 55 s of 7) > Pe 5 38 tl = wo 2] +10 5] + wo =] = joss Indices and Logarithms ||53 pec Se et wo Pos 3x2" oe =log1=0=RHS [Proved] ( LUs= log 22 —210g 3 +1og = 7 32. 25 32 =log——k +log—— = I +logi —— m6 ea(3) °8 43 oa Fe) oa § 7 2 a =lo (Bx x2) =log2=RHS [Proved] nent ‘y = logo (108i) x): find (a) y when x=10 and (b) x when y=1 Solution: We have, y =1og,,(log9 x). (LD) a, When x=10, y = logy (log,)10)= Jogig1=0 flogio1=0) b. When y=1, front(1), we get 1= oe (a, x) logy, x= 10! =10; x= (10) Ilustration-20: If a, b, c are any three consecutive positive integers, prove’ that log(1+ac)=2logb. Solution: Since a, b, ¢ are any three consecutive positive integers, 2 b-a=l>a=b-land c-b=l=>c=bt1 s a=b-Land c=b+1 LHS=log(1+ac)=log{+(b-1) (6+1)} =log{l+4? -1°}=logb = 2logb =RHS [Proved]. Ilustration-21: Given that 3logig(x?y)=4+ 2log,, x—logy y where x and y are both positive. Express y in terms of x. If x— y= 24/6, find the value of x and y. Solution: We have, 310g,(x?y)=4+2log,. x—logi Or, logy, x” +10g,, y)= 4+ logy. x—log,, y Or, —_3(2log,) x +log,. y)=4+2log,. x—log,, y Or, 6 log, x + 3log), y= 4 +2log,, x—logy, y Or, —-3log,, y+ logy, y= 4+ 2log,, x—6log,, x 54||Business Mathematics Or, 4 log, y=4—4log,. x Or, — logy yY=1—logy) x Or, logy y=log,,10-log,,x [log 10=1) Or, loge ¥=1o8e("2} > »=%., which is the requitea expiession: x ae —10 Again, x- y= Wo 21-0 =w6= =26 =-10= fee i 10=0 -(2v6)+\C V6) -4.1(-10) ——: —_ 21 = WHS «44 6 aking positive sign [x >0] oxe44V6 . oy=x-2¥6 =4+16-2v6 =4-6. Mlustration-22: If x, y,z are in G. P., then prove that log, x+log, z= log, a ey zy Taking logarithm of both sides of (1) with the base a, we get i (i, b= a] By a log, a log, a Illustration-23: (a) If log, x =m, log, y =n, what are the values of @ wx(2 @w bo (= “| (ii) tos 5} (iv) we} (b) Given that log,, y = 2—log,, x, express y in the form ax’, Solution: Since x, y, z are in G.P., (1) log, x+log, z= 2log, ers Hence log, x+log, z= (©) If 3+log,, x = 2log,, y, express x in terms of y. indices and Logarithms |[55 Solution: (a) (i) Given log, | (2) =log, x-log, y=m-=n [Ans.] y ae (ii) Given ie }- log, x* log, y = 2log, x—log, y= 2m—n [Ans] y ‘iii Given we) =log, x—log, y’=log, x—2log, y=m~2n [Ans.] . a Gv) Given log, | |= log, x’ - log, y =3log, x-log, y=3m—n [Ans.] y {) Given log,, y= 2—log,, x > log,, x +1og,, y = 2 = log,,(xy)=2 = tests) =2= log(xy)=21og10=> log(xy) = log(10)" =.(xy)= (10) > xy=100> y 2 => y=100x" [Ans] a : log fe) Given 3+ log,, x = 2log,, y => 3=log,, y’ —log,, x > 3= 108.2 a= os0. 2 > 2 = 3log10 = log» = log(10)' =log4 = 1000=2-= 1000x = y? x x ¥ “x= [A =o. Bhustration-24: Prove that log, 5xlog,, 27 = 3. log, 5. log, 27 log, m tion: LHS= log, 5X log, 27 =—22—x—=2=— _ | log, m=—=* ion: LHS=log, 5xlog,, 27 jog. 3 “log, 25 og, m= — 108.5, 2 log, 5, 3log, 3 3 pHs [Proved] log, 3 log,3 2log,5 2 56||Business Mathematics ~ log 27 +log8 + log ¥1000 Ilustration-25: Prove that: log 120 Learns 1 2 sotaon: ti. 108027)” +og23)+Yog(t000)" _zioels )+3log2+—log(10°) log(3x 2? x10 log3 +2log2+log10 Floes+ 3.210g2+Ztogi0 $(log3+2I0g2+ ogi) 3 ae 2 RHS [Proved] log3+2log2+logl0 —-log3+ 2log2-+logiO. Mlustration-26: Show that (a) SEE aaeT =3 1+=log| — |+—log) — 3 2) stoi) 1 [ 3logi728 1 Ce = ~10g36+=log8 ore Solution: ‘| logm=loga”*“ [Taking ‘log’ on both sides] = logm= 1 loga = lo; ne a PE Mogae BME Toga logx = logm =108% Joga = logm=logx => m=x loga “x =a" [Proved] (b) LHS= i ES i log, xy log, xy =log, x+log, y ee L =log, y) log, x =log,, xy=1=RHS [Proved] 58||Business Mathematics 1 1 1 + + log, 24 log, 24 log, 24 = log,, 6 + log,, 8+ log,, 12 = log,,(6x8x 12) = log(576) = log,,(24)’ =2log,,24=2= RHS [Proved] (©) LHS= ae Mlustration-29: (a) If x=" —*— show that y= Sloe *). e I-x () if (3.7) =(37)’ = 1000, show that == —=—- (©) If a**.b* =a"*.b®, prove that 3loga = xlog;- =e 1 _ette? y Solution: (a) Given x = — e eich a Tee a 1x _{ [By componendo-dividendo} dex le te ea epee =e 1 eee 1 ee Se >= See l=x -e’+e%—e" +e? ee = tog +). loge” = 10g) =2y1og,¢ x > 2ylog,e=tog (122) -> 1x = > fi (3.7)' = (37) =1000 “Now (3.7)' = 1000 = log(3.7)' = log 1000 => xlog3.7=3>x= 3 log3.7 Also (0.37)' = 1000 = log(3.7)' = log 1000 go -5es-- log 0.37 “LHS =x7=y7 = a ay Indices and Logarithms 52 3 Sod 3 log3.7_ 1og0.37 3.7 10g3.7 — 0g 0.37 _ tel opis =a" b" S tog(a =log(a®*.b") {Taking ‘log’ on both sides} = loga** +logb™ =loga™* +logb” = (2x-3)loga + 2x logb = (6- x)loga+5xlogb = 2xloga—3loga + 2x logb = 6loga — xloga + 5xlogb = 3xloga—3xlogh =9loga => 3x(loga—logb)=9loga =RHS_ [Proved] = x(loga—logb) =3loga > slog =3loga = loga=xlog> [proved] Illustration-30: a) If tog2=2 = (log +1083), show that 42 =7 We (by If x2 +y? = 7xy. prove that ve (5 (x+ of = Flos x+logy) (it x’ +y' =0 and x+y=0, prove that log(s-+y)=5 (lox +1ozy +1083) x+y =f 3 2 x+y 3 2 G,): =@2) ={ou} 2 3 = xt +2xyty” Solution: (a) Given log: (log x + log y) Slog ee Ftog(xy) = Jog" = loglay): =xy=> x? +2xyty> =9xy ae a zy Ege ee xy xy xy 60||Business Mathematics (b) Given x* + y* = 7xy => (x+y) —2xy =7xy = (x+y) =9xy= (x+y) = foxy SG) aie = G19) (ay) = tof 2) top) 5 oe (0 a} =4los(y) = toe - y} =1(logx-+logy) — Prove (© Given x* + y* =0 = (x+y)! —3xy(x + y)=0> (x+y) =3xy(x+y) = Gey =3xy=> (x+y) =3xy= y(x+y) = Vany => (x+y)=(Gxy)> = log(x + y)= Floe(xy) = log(x+y)=1(logx +logy+log3) [Proved] ¥)= 5 (log see a Ilustration-31: (a) If —=—, prove that abc" =1. a a (by if 28% bs a 0Ey zo Show that x*y’z? =1. (©) If ei be, q= log, ca, r= log, ab, show that pqr=p+q+r+2 loga = §at or Ped Solution: (a) Let —=— _ loga fe Se =k(q?-r? Similarly. lob"? And loge”? = k(p? — q’). Adding (1), (2) and (3), We get loga* +logb'” + loc" = k(q? -r?)+k(r? — p?)+k(p? -q°) = log(a®™.b"".0") = k(q? -1? +1? =p? +p*—q?) = logla”b".c)=k(0) = log(a™.b".c""*)=0 = log(a".b"".c"")= log] => a™.b".c%™=1 [Proved] 7 k= loga= k(q-r) = (q+r)loga=k(q-r)(q+r) Indices and Logarithms ||61 ie _ logy _ logz b) Let (b) Let ——— : = =e Mo => 4log x = 4k = log x* = 4k. ARB —2logz=-2x5k = logz? = 10k. Adding (1), (2) and (3), We get log x’ + log y' + logz* = 4k + 6k —10k = log(x‘y’z?)=0= log(x'*y’z*)= log] oxtyz? =I. [Proved] (©) Given p= log, be =>1+p=1+log, be omnia ye abe 1 1 a >—=—— > sl 1+p log, abe = ai 1 Similarly, —— = | Be imilarly, ca 0g... b. 1 And n log, C.-.. Adding (1), (2) and (3), we get 1 1 i ee Ba +log,,, b+I 1p Teq: (ar Bux 4+ log, b+ log... ¢ = ta)+r)+(+p\+r) )+ (1+ p+) _ (+ pil+aXi+r) eae 5 DEeae grat pepe ela ed (1+q+p+pq\l+r) ae 34+2r+2q+2p+pqt+qr+pr l+r+q+qr+p+pr+pq+pqr =>342r+2q+2p+pq+qr+pr=l+r+q+qr+p+prtpq+ par =>pt+q+r+2=pqr =>pqr=p+qtr+2 [Proved] = 62||Business Mathematics Ilustration-32: (If x= log,, a, y=log,, 2a, z=log,, 3a, prove that 1+xyz=2yz. (ii) If a =log,,12, b=log,, 24, c= log,, 36, prove that 1+ abc = 2bc. Solution: () L.H.S = xyz +1 =log,, a.log,, 2a.log,, 3a +1 _loga log2a log3a,, _ loga ,, _logatlog4a log2a log3a ‘log 4a log4a log4a _log(ax4a) _log4a® _log(2a) _ 2log2a log4a log4a log4a_—log4a 7 1og2a _ lo g(2a)' _ 2log2a => l0g2a log3a ec log4a —logda log3a log4a Gi) LH.S=1+ abe logl2 10g24 1og36 *Yog24 log36 log 48 4 logi2 _log48-+logi2 log(48x12) fulopet logs log 0848 log 48 log48 _ log576 _ log(24) _ 2log24 ~ 1og48 log 48s 48 log24 log36 _ ~"Jog36 log48 =2yz= RAS =RHS Illustration-33: Solve: 6°*"4**° = 8. Given log 2=0.3010;log3 = 0.4771. Solution: We have 6° "4" = 8. Taking logarithm of both sides, we get (3—-4x)log6 +(x +5)log4=log8, = 3log6—4xlog6+ xlog4 +5log4 =log8 => 3log 6 + Slog 4 — log 8 = 4x log 6 — x log 4 = x(4log 6 — log 4) = 3log6 + Slog 4 —log8 _ 3log6+Slog4—log8 _ 3log(2x3)+ Slog 2’ —log 2’ 4log6—log4 4log(2x3)—log 2? _ {log 2+ log3)+10log2-3log2 _ 10log2+3log3 A(log 2+ log 3)— 2log2 2log2+4log3 _ 10x0.3010+3%x0.4771 _ 3.0100+1.4313 = 4.4413 =1.7692 ~ 2x0.3010+4x.04771 — 0.6020+1.9084 2.5104 Indices and Logarithms ||63 [llustration-34: If a =log,, m, and b= logy, m, prove that a 2b =log, 2. Oy 3 Solution: a—2b = log,, m—2logy, m Sl 2 Slog 18 dlog 2 Jog, 12 log, 18 log, 12.log,, 18 al 2 ___ log, 12—2log,, 18 “Jog,18 log, 12 log, 18.log,, 12 _a-2b _log,,18—2log,,12 _ log,,(2x3?)-2og,(3x2* ““p—2a log, 12—2log,, 18 log,,(3x27)—2log,, (23° _ log, 2+2log,, 3~ 2log,, 3—4og,, 2 ~ Jog, 3+ 2log,, 2—2log,, 2-4 log, 3 =3log,2 _log,2 log, b =a Sl0Bn? _ 108m? 2” =’... 2 From (2), 2’=2N or N=—-=2"" = Substituting this value of N in (4), we get 20 = (ae!) 72? 3p =2q-2> 2q-3p= Multiplying (3) by 3, we get 3q—-3p =12... Subtracting (5) from (6), q=10 Hence N=24!=2'1=2° =512 [Proved] (6) 64 | Business Mathematics Ilustration-36: Solve for x: log ,(8x-3)—log, 4=2. 8x-2 Solution: We have log, (8x-3)—log, 4=2 = log, 4 By definition, x? = = 4x? =8x-3 Or, 4x? =8x+3=0 or, 4x?~6x-2x+3=0 Or, 2x(2x—3)-1(2x-3)=0 = (2x=3)2x-1)=0 eee -. Either 2x-3=0 or, 2x-1=0 +. x=+ or, —. 2 2 Ilustration-37: Solve the following equations: (a) log, x+log, x +log,, xed. () log,, x +log,,(x—3)=1. (© log(x +3) -2= log = Solution: (a) Given log, x + log, x +log,, x = 2 => 108 , logx | logx _ 21 => lex , logx _ logx 22 log2 log4 logl6 4 log2 2log2 4log2 4 s : = Hlogx+2logxtlogx 21 _, Tlogx _ 21 _“logx _3 4log2 4 log2 1 ‘log? ‘1 => logx =3log2 => logx =log2’=>x=2° -.x=8 [Ans.] (b) Given log,, x + log,,(x—3)=1 Tog, fx(x—3)]=1 => 08 =3x)_, _, log(x* -3x)=log10 => (x? -3x)=10 log10 => x° -3x-10=0 = x? —5x+2x-10=0= (x-5\x+2)=0 “.x=5, [Ans.] [x #2, because log(—2) is undefined] : 2 1 (©) Given log,,(x +3) - 2 =log,, — x => 2log,,(x +3)—2=log,, x7 => Ylog,, (x +3)-1] =—2log,, x => log, (x +3)-1=—log,, x. = log,,(x +3)+log,, x =1=> log, [[x+3k]=1 Indices and Logarithms ||65 =1= log(x? +3x)=log10 = (x? +3x)=10> x +3x-10=0 = x? +5x-2x-10=0 (x +5\(x-2)= 2 [Ans.] Ilustration-38: Solve the equations: (@ log, [log (log, 32)}=2. (ii) log, flog. (log, x)]=1 Solution: (i) Given log, .[log, (log, 32)]= 2 = lesllog. (log, 32)]_, = loglog, log, 32)]= 2toe 5 log viele = logllog, (log, 32))= wo{ 5] = log, (log, 32)= (3) > ‘esis, 22) = ; = log(log, 32) = Slog x= log(log, 32) = log x! = log[log. (log, x)] = log3 = log. (log, x) =3 = log(log, x)=log2° = log, x =2° 66|| Business Mathematics Mlustration-39: Solve log, 2.log ,,,, 2 = log... 2. Solution: We have, log, 2.log,,, 2 = log .j<, 2 fe ae log, b= log, ~ log, "16 * 64 Or, log, x log, a_ Or, log, xlog, - = log, = Or, log, x(log, x 4log, 2) = log, x~log, (2°) Or, log, x(log, x-4.1)= log, x—6log, 2 Or, y(y—4)= y-6, where y=log, x Or, y?-5y+6=0= y’ -2y-3y+6=0= y(y—2)-3(y-2)=0 Or (y-2y-3)=0 -.y=2 or3 If y=2, then log, x=2 24 If y=3. then log,x=3 +.x=2°=8 Hence the required solutions are: x = 4,8 Mlustration-40: (a) Given log 2= 0.3010 and log3= 0.4771, find the value of log 45 . (b) Given log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3= 0.4771, find the value of 1og0.0075. Solution: (a) log 45 = log 3.5 = log 3° + log 5 = 2log3 + log 5 =2x0.47714 log = 9542 + log 10—log 2 = 0.9542 + 10.3010 = 1.9542 -0.3010 =1.6532. 15 10000 =log3x5* —log(10)' = log3 + 2log5—41og10 (6) 10g0,0075 = log = log75—1og10000 =1og3+2x( tog 2) -4=1og3+2I0p10~ 2092-4 =0.4771+2-2x0,3010-4 = 2.4771- 4.6020 = -2.1249. Indices and Logarithms ||67 Illustration-41: Using log table, find the value of (a) 0.8176%13.46, (b) 0.0034 Solution: (a) Let A = 0.8176x13.64 =. log A = log 0.8176 + log 13.64 = -0.0875 + 1.1348 = 1.0473 «A= antilog (1.0473)= 11.15 _175143.27 4, 0.0034 log A = log17.51+ log 43.27 ~ log 0.0034 =1,2433 + 1.6362 —(— 2.4685) = 5.3480 -. A= antilog (5.3480) = 222844 Ilustration-42: Find the value of (a) (3.814)'", (b) ¥598.92, (©) 4 1 correct to three decimal places. Solution: (a) Let x = (3.814)*". Then, we have (b) Let log x = log 3.814 = 5058137 = 0.116274 Hence x =antilog (0.116274) = x =1.307 i. (3.814) =1.307. (b) Let A = 4598.92 = (598.92)"". slog A = 7l08598.92 = qed 0.2525 A= antilog (0.2525) = 1.788. Hence 598.92 = 1.778 (approx) 7 Gis 1.235 (1.235 . (loz 1og1.235) =10- 0.0917)=-5%0.0917 = 0.0131 = -1+1-0.0131= 1.9869; 7 A= ance = 0.9703. 68||Business Mathematics Illustration-43: Find with the help of log tables, the value of 6 1 (py 2:389%0.004679 5.7002 x 6.0818 + 69.732 (0.00556 52.14 1 7002 x 6.0818 + 69.732 => logx= 18 [Taking ‘log’ on both sides] => log x = log | —log(5.7002 x 6.0818 + 69.732) = log x = 0~ (log 5.7002 + log 6.0818 — log 69.732) = log x =—log 5.7002 — log 6.0818 + log 69.732 = log x =-0.7559—0.7840+1.8434 [Using ‘log’ tables] => logx =0.3035 = => x = Antilog0.3035 => x = Antilog0.3035 [using ‘antilog’ tables] > x= 2.01 [Ans.] Solution: (a) Let x = _ 2.389 x 0.004679 ~ 0,00556x52.14 2.389 0.004679 0.00556 x 52.14 => log x = log 2.389 + log 0.004679 — log 0.00556 — log 52.14 (b) Let x = logx = tel | [Taking ‘log on both sides} = logx = 0.3782 + 3.6702 —3.7451-1.7172 [Using “log” tables} => log x = 0.3782 —3 +.6702 -(-3+.7451)-1.7172 = log x = 0.3782 —3 +.6702 +3 -.7451-1.7172 = log x =-1.4139 = log x = 2.5861 = x = Antilog 2.5861 = x =0.03856 [Using ‘antilog’ tables). x = 0.03856 [Ans.] Illustration-44: Simplify by using log tables: 85.82 - 9172 (0437): x (1.407) == (a 125.7 (0015)5 x(1.235)* es Ee ox = V85.82 = log x = Flows 82 [Taking ‘log’ on both sides] Indices and Logarithms’ ||69 => logx= 31.9336 [Using ‘log’ tables] = log x = 0.9668 = x = Antilog0.9668 = x =9,2640 [Using ‘antilog” tables} <.y=49172 = log y= Glogs172 [Taking ‘log’ on both sides] = logy = ; X3.9625 [Using ‘log’ tables} = log y = 0.9906 = y = Antilog0.9906 = y =9.7864 [Using ‘antilog’ tables} 9125.7 = logz = 1 10g125.7 [Taking ‘log’ on both sides} RS = logz= 3 2.0993 [Using “log’ tables} = logz=0.4199 > z= antilog 0.4199 = 7=2,6297 [Using ‘antilog’ tables} __ NR5RD ADIT _ x=y _9.2640-9.7864 9.1986 [ans z 2.6297 (0437): x(1.407)" (0015) x(1.235)" (b) Let x = (0437)! (1.407) = log x = log) 7 | [Taking ‘log’ on both sides} (0015): x (1.235)? Siege = Ftog (0437 + 2log1.407 ~ Log 0.0015 tog 235 = logx =2(2.6405) + 2x.1483~3(3.1761)-7(0917) [Using log tables) = logs =2(-2+.6405)+2966-5(-3+.1761)-00131 = logx =.3185 => x = Antilog 0.3185 => x = 2.082 [Using ‘antilog’ tables} “x= 2.082 [Ans] 70| Business Mathematics Ilustration-45: Evaluation with the help of logarithmic tables: (125) ees to the nearest integer. 0.001834 Solution: Let x = (125)'"" x 0.043160 Vx =39.99 [Using ‘antilog’ tables}. Vx = 39.99 10 Mlustration-48: Pareto law of income for a certain place is N= , Where x is income level, and N is the number of persons earning incomes Tk. X and over. Find the number of persons earning Tk. 327500 and over. You can use logarithm tables. Solution: For x = 327500, - N= ee =N= ase [Putting the value of x] x (327500)! a = log N= log5 +10log10~1.21og327500 = log N =.6990 +101 -(12x5.5152) = logN = 4.0807 => N = antilog 4.0807 => N=12043 (approx) [Ans.] Illustration-49: Find the value of N. when x = 3362 in the following: NQs)= 0.00603 (4.6378) ~ 2 72|| Business Mathematics Solution: For x = 3362, 2 NQ25) = 0.00603 Ae) a 2 => N(25)'= Utes oas) [Putting the value of x] (3362) 0.00603(4.6378) (3362)? = log N +log(2.5)° = 1og0.00603 + log(4.6378)° —log(3362)'* = log N +31og(2.5) = log 0.00603 — 2 log(4.6378) — 1.2 log 3362 = log N +3x.3989 = 3.7803 — 2x.6663—1.2x3.5266 => log N + 1.1937 = -3 +.7803 1.3326 - 4.2319 = log N=-8.9779 = log N(2.5) =log => logN=9.0221 => N-=antilog9.0221 = N=.000000001052 [Ans.] Ilustration-50: Use log tables to find the values of x (correct to three places of decimal) if x satisfies the equation: 20 _[0.0613]” 14.7 x 132 Solution: Given ae — 14.7 x ees) 10820 ~log14.7 = 1.32(i0g0.0613—log x) > ing = log) ——— 14.7 x => 1.3010-1.1673 = 139{2.7875- log x) => 0.1337 =1.32(-2 +.7875—log x) => 0.1337 =1,32(-1.2125—log x) => 0.1337 =-1.6005 -1.32log x ~1.7342 => 1.32 log x =1.7342 = logx = . isi a9 => logx =~1.3138 =—2 + 2-1.3138 = -2+ 0.6862 = log x = 2.6862 » = x =antilog2.6862 => x=0.0486 [Ans.] Indices and Logarithms ||73 IBRIEF REVIEW] © Index/Exponent: If a positive integer a is multiplied by itself n times, we get a”, ie. aad times = a" Then the constant a is called the base and the positive integer n is called the index or exponent or power. For example: 9 = 3.3 = 3*, here 3 is base and 2 is index . + Fractional Indices: In a positive fractional index the numerator represents the power and the denominator, called the root. For example: (i) Va = Va = a’; square root Gi Va = a% cubic root Git) Va = a”; n® root of n" root radical. © Logarithm: For any number N, if N =a*(a>0,a #1), then the index x is called the logarithm of the number N to the base a, and we write x=log, N. For examples: If 3‘ =81=> 4 = log, 81,i.¢. logarithm of 81 to the base 3 is equal to 4. * Common Logarithm: The logarithm of a number with “10° as base is called the commor logarithm Common logarithm logy, x is generally written as: log x. For example: We know 10? =100. ~.Jog,.100=2 or, log100=2. + Natural Logarithm: The logarithm of a number to the base ‘e’ [¢ = 2.718281...... = 2.72] is called natural logarithm of that number. Natural logarithm log, xis generally written as: Inx Forexample: (i)log,e=Ine=1 (ii) y=e" = x=log, y=Inx + Anti Logarithm: If log, N = x, then the number N is called the anti-logarithm of x to base and we can write N =antilog, x.For example: If logx = 2,, then x = antilog2=100. * Characteristics and Mantissa: The logarithm of a number consists of two parts: (i) integral part (ii) decimal or fractional part. The whole part or the integral part is called the characteristic and the positive decimal part is called the mantissa. The characteristic of the logarithm of a number may be positive or negative but its mantissa (which is found from log- table) is always positive. For examples: (i) We have 500 = 5x10* > log500= 2 + logs, here 2 is called characteristic and log5 is called mantissa of log500.(i) We have logy, 68 = 1.8325, here -1 is called characteristic and 0.8325 is called mantissa of log, 68.. 74||Business Mathematics Multiple Choice Questions (Indices) 1, What is the value of 2°? @> (b)O0 (1 (@)2 2. If ae R,a#0 and m,neé N then a a (a) mtn (b) a” (©) m=—n (d) a™ 3. What is the value of 9/27? (a) 3 (b)9 (c) -3 (d) 81 4, What is the index of 2° x2?? (a) 2’ () 14 © 7 @ 2 me? 5, When x>0; m, pe z; n,qgeN, n>1, q>1, which is the correct form of x”.x!? m ae ma mae. a) e bats ox” @ x" 6. Find out the value of x in expression 5*=1? @ : (1 (0 @5 7. Which is the correct answer of the expression Vax Va ? (a) a® (b) a” (© 3 @aé 8. If x° =4, then what is the value of x*? (a) 64 (b) 128 (©) 256 (d) 16 9. What is the value of (2°)? (a) -6 (b) 2° () 4 @ 64 3 10. What is simplified form of Va" +a? (a) a” (b) ai ot @ a4, Indices and Logarithms [|75 Multiple Choice Questions (logarithms) 1. What is the correct value of log, 1? @1 ® a @t @0 2. Which is right of log, a? - ©. 1 @0 @+ 3.If log, ; = ; then which is the correct value of x? 1 @ ye 27 (0 @1 4. Chouse the correct value of log,, 100? (a)0 (1 (2 (a3 5. Find out thé right value of log, log, (4)? @1 (b)2 ©4 @s 6. What is the value of xof log, x=4? (a)12 (6) 81 (27 (a) 64 7. Choose the value of x of log, 64 = 3; (2 )3 (4 (ds 8. If log, x= p and log, y=q then what is the value of ies) a @s (b) pq ©ptq @p-a 9, What is the correct value of lag,a log, b log, c? (a1 (b) abe “Oabe (do 10. Choose the correct value of ‘log, 64. (@4 (2 ©3 (8 76|| Business Mathematics Which one of the following statement is true/false? m. If a’ =a" then p=q (a#1) If a” =" then a=b (m#0) gee) 3° =@') log, (mn) = log, mxlog, n. to (2)-2ez AG log, n Jf log, N =x then x“ =N. . loga+logb = log(a+b) loga—logb = log(a—b) The logarithm of the product of two quantities is equal to the sum of their logarithms. ; The logarithm of the quotients of two numbers is equal to the difference of their logarithm. The logarithm of a power of a number is the product of the power and the logarithm of the number. ¢ is called Napier’s constant, 2.785 = —2 +0.785 (in case of logarithm) Indices and Logarithms [77 Brief Questions Write down the basic laws of indices. What do you mean by indices? Find the value of (001) fs Define logarithm and antilogarithm of a number. Write down the any five laws of logarithm. ‘Whaat is the value a? ? What is the value of log,, 0? Whaat is the value of x, iflog, x=4? What is correct value of log, a.log, b.log, ¢? Write down the value of x in expressionS* =1? What is the value of log, a? What is the correct value of log, 647 What is the correct value of log, 1? ‘What is meant by common logarithm? ‘What is meant by Natural logarithm? 78||Business Mathematics 1. What is meant by index? Discuss the basic laws of indices. 2. Define logarithm and antilogarithm of a number. 3. Mention the laws or properties of logarithm. 4. _ Distinguish between common logarithm and natural logarithm, 5. Define Characteristics and Mantissa of logarithm of a number with examples. 3°.27°.94 3(81)* 3 )s 3 1. Simplify: i) 49? ii) (243): 2 5 ne spy? (5273\2 : 51) | are eX oe Vey (*) a7 et 4. Express in fractional indices and then simplify: 9/p* x4[p* x4[p7 q\th (eR eee 5. Show that i) 23+ 75 = jy (5) (=) (=) =1 1 x x x 3) 3 ion 6. Show that x*-6x=6 when x=23 +23 1 ae 1 7. If x=a}+a ° then show that x°=3x=a+—. : a +bNx +c =0, then prove that a°x? +b°x +c = 3abex 8. If 9. If m=a",n=a' and (m'.n”}' =a" than show that xyz = 1. 3k 10. if a= 2+23 +2? than show that a®— 6a” + 6a—2=0 ; f ay ees 1.) 343 Gi) 27 Gi) a 11. Simplify: (iv) 243 3.@)y (i) 175 4, » Pit eS E 27 Indices and Logarithms ||79 Find the value of (a) log, 8; (b) log, 243; (c) toa 33): Find the value of x in each of the following: (@) log, x =3; (b) log, 81= x; (©) log, 9= 2; (A) log, x= 4; (¢) logVx8=6. (a) Find the value of (i) log, 256 . (ii) log, 64. (b) Find the logarithm of (i) 784 to the base WT , (ii) 19683 to the base 33 : (©) Find x in the following cases: (i) log ,; x = -3. «toe, 3) = 4. (iii) log, 125=3 Prove that (a) log, log, 81 =2: (b) log, V6 + log, E Jog, 11, log,11_ 1 Prove that (i) -S*— Jog,13 log,13 2 =, fii) (log a)’ - (logb)’ = log(ab)log(a/b). log,8 16 25 Prove that (a) ——°&3" _ = 3log,, 2, (b) log2+16log—© + 12log—> +71 See is es @) —2iogs+Sl082 9 (gy log V27 +log V8 —logV125 _ 2 4log2+log27-log9 log6—log5S a log,8 a Show that (a) ——°&" = 310g,,2, (b) log, x°.log, y’.log, z*=24 EO ae (a) If log(x+y)=logx+logy show that — fetal y () If tog2£2 — 5 (oga+iogb), show that a=b. (© If loge (log x +logy), show that ee as Yak (@ If x?+y? =1 xy, then show that 2log(x - y)=2log3+logx +logy. (e) If x?-+y? =7xy,, show that 2log(x+ y)=logx+log y+2log3. (a) Find log, 25 given that log,, 2 = 0.3010. 80|| Business Mathematics (6)"(5F (b) If log2 = 0.3010 and log3=0.4771, then find the value of log 108) 10. Find the simplest value of log, 729.9" x27*”. AL. Prove that (i) (yz) (2x)""" (xy) =1. Glog flop lop <0; Gity lop + lop log y’ z x yz aX xy (v) logs? 2log> +3log 2+ log =0 oi) log 5* + logs +3l0g>—log9 = 2 1 1 1 oof log, (xyz) "log, (xyz) log,, (xyz, 1 i 1 b) + 4s © Gog, be)#1 (log. ca)F1 (og, abet 13. (a) If log, [log, (log, x)]=1, find the value of x. (©) Find the value of log, log, flog, (log, 27:)}. 12. Prove that (a) 14, If a**.b* =a**.b™*, then show that xlog( 2 )- loga. 15. (a) Prove that + a = s _— 2 les (©) 1 084 | prove that abe=1. = @ If 128% - Bey NOE ay tat 5 yee 5 16. (a) Given that log, (xy)=3 and log, (x"y’)=4 . Calculate the value of log, x and log, y- Hence calculate the values of x and y when q=2. (b) Given that 2log(x*y)=3+log x —logy where x and y are both positive, express y in terms of x. IF x — y =3, find the values of x and y. Indices and Logarithms |j61 (©) Given that log,(x*y?)=6 and to (2]=2. Calculate the values of log. x and : y log, y. (@) Given that 3log(x"y)=5+logx—2logy, where x and y are positive; express y in terms of x. If x=log,, a. y=log,, 2a,2=log,, 3a, prove that 1+ xyz=2yz. Evaluate using log tables: o 24.395x(3.16). a oonstt 25 as 8.79 : 0.0637 0. Tha ae OX x0. 0781): (46) aS (17.5): + (15.2) 2): 0.0032x (24. 8): (56. 3): (12.4) (435). ~ (0.56) 937,6x 11.059)’ x (0.02097) . Find the val f (a) — ——————————ooo ing he yl Oey b) F604 x10" 8.06 . Simplify by using log tables (a) § [9268x4.573%0.0864 4) (6 43} (0.00034), x (081.4) 87.65x0.5432 (0.37) x(8.93} x (0.0167) Using log tables, find the numerical value of x from — the relation: 2x =log,, 26.54 + log,, 0.004321—log,,0.00001357 and find the value of \ 0.00001357 * = . 400 ‘ ‘ of(1+.0.035)" —1}. ey AS loosy'-1 ind the value of (a) 30{1-+0.035)° —1}.(b) ah i igs © el | Solve the following equations:(i) log, 4+ log, 16+ log, 64=12 | Solve for x the equation: (0. 2°.3°"" = 7", Gi) 4°.20°° = 40.2" . . Solve the following equation: (a)log, 3+log, 9+ log, 729 = 9, (b) 1og,,(x =9)+ 1080 x =1. a3 82|| Business Mathematics L. @3,)5,3.. 2. (a) 8, (b) 4, (c) 3, (d) 25, (e) 2. 3 MOIS: HHA MEOD >.) aa Gis. 9. (a) 1.55, (b) 4.4611. 10.1, 13. @ 512, ) 0. 16, (a) 5,-2,32, 2, @) y= 1252, 2.5.05, y=2. 4 x x 18. (a) 87.60, (b) 0.04334, (c) 0.6103, (d) 7166, (e) 0.489. 19. (a) 0.0009342, (b) 0.0426 20. (a) 2.063, (b)1963 21. 1.9635, 92 22. (a) 20.292, (b) 1386, (c) 707.6 3. (i) 2, Gi) 2. . (i) 0.9672, (i) 2.301. 5. (a) 3, (ii) 10. REB

You might also like