JE MONDEJAR COMPUTER COLLEGE

BRGY. 71 NAGA-NAGA
TACLOBAN CITY
S.Y. 2021-2022

MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE,
AND TECHNOLOGY
DISTANCE LEARNING FOR AN INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING INSTRUCTIONS

MODULE NO: DATE:

NAME OF THE STUDENT: CONTACT NO:
COURSE/YEAR&SECTION:
NAME OF INSTRUCTOR: FREDERICK N. LIPON
CONTACT NO: 09354160255

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 I. Objectives
a. Define computer
b. Identify the components of computer
c. Identify the benefits of computer
d. Identify the computer viruses and characteristics of computer
e. Describe how computer works
f. Value the importance of how computer use in everyday life.
 
 II. Discussion
Definition of Computer
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in Its own memory
that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store
the information for future use.
 FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
- Takes data as input.
- Stores the data/instructions in its memory and used them when required.
- Processes the data and converts it into useful information
- Generates the output
- Controls all the above four steps
 

Computer Components
Any kind of computers consists of HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.
Hardware:
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor, mouse,
keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.
 

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Input Devices
Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance. Input device Translate data
from form that humans understand to one that the computer can work with. Most common are keyboard and
mouse.

Example of Input Devices:

1. Keyboard 2. Mouse (pointing 3. Microphone
device)
4. Touch screen 5. Scanner 6. Webcam
7. Touchpads 8. MIDI keyboard 9 Light pen
10. Graphics Tablets 11. Cameras 12. Pen Input
13. Video Capture 14. Microphone 15. Trackballs
Hardware
16. Barcode reader 17. Digital camera 18. Joystick
19. Gamepad 20. Electronic
Whiteboard

Note: The most common use keyboard is the QWERTY keyboard. Generally standard Keyboard has 104 keys.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and processes. Regarding computing power, the
CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
The CPU is comprised of three main parts:

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 1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
Executes all arithmetic and logical operations. Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters
2. Control Unit (CU)

Controls and co-ordinates computer components.

a. Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
b. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
c. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.
d. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
e. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware
to perform the requested operation.
Primary Memory:
1. RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory scheme within the computer system responsible for
storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the processor as and when
needed. It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to the storage device
is turned off. RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses these data randomly from the
RAM storage. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if
you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.
2. ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active regardless of
whether power supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be
modified.
Secondary Memory:
Stores data and programs permanently: it’s retained after the power is turned off.

1. Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive,"
that store and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically
charged surface or set of surfaces.
2. Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light as part of the process of
reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but recent drives
are commonly both readers and recorders, also called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and
Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.
Optical drive is the generic name; drives are usually described as "CD" "DVD", or "Blu-ray", followed by
"drive", "writer", etc. There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc. CDs can
store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of data and DVDs can store up to 8.4 GB of data. Blu-ray discs, which
are the newest type of optical media, can store up to 50 GB of data. This storage capacity is a clear
advantage over the floppy disk storage media (a magnetic media), which only has a capacity of 1.44
MB.
3. Flash Disk: A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disks have no mechanical platters
or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are accessed as if they were on a hard
drive. The disk storage structure is emulated.

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Output devices
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data
processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the
electronically generated information into human readable form.

Example on Output Devices:

1. Monitor 2. LCD Projection Panels

3. Printers (all types) 4. Computer Output Microfilm
(COM)
5. Plotters 6. Speaker(s)
7. Projector

SOFTWARE

Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions, often broken into two
major categories: system software that provides the basic non-task-specific functions of the computer, and
application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks.

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 functional unit without having to be concerned with the low-level details such as transferring data from
memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display. Generally, system software consists of an operating
system and some fundamental utilities such as disk formatters, file managers, display managers, text
editors, user

authentication (login) and management tools, and networking and device control software.

b. Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as an image viewer; a small collection of
programs (often called a software package) that work closely together to accomplish a task, such as a
spreadsheet or text processing system; a larger collection (often called a software suite) of related but
independent programs and packages that have a common user interface or shared data format, such
as Microsoft Office, which consists of closely integrated word processor, spreadsheet, database, etc.;
or a software system, such as a database management system, which is a collection of fundamental
programs that may provide some service to a variety of other independent applications.

System Software Application Software

Computer software, or
just software is a
general term primarily
used for digitally stored
Application software, also known
data such as computer
as an application or an "app", is
programs and other
computer software designed to
kinds of information
help the user to perform specific
read and written by
tasks.
computers. App comes
under computer
software though it has a
wide scope now.
Example: 1) Opera (Web Browser)
2) Microsoft Word (Word
Processing)
1) Microsoft Windows
3) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet
2) Linux
software)
3) Unix
4) MySQL (Database Software)
4) Mac OSX
5) Microsoft PowerPoint
5) DOS
(Presentation Software)
SOFTWARE TYPES 6) Adobe Photoshop (Graphics
Software)
a. System software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware Interaction: Generally, users do not Users always interact with
components of a computer system so that other software and the users of the system see it as a
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 interact with system application software while doing
software as it works in different activities.
the background.

Dependency: System software can run Application software cannot run

independently of the without the presence of the system
application software. software.

Unit of Measurements

Storage measurements: The basic unit used in computer data storage is called a bit (binary digit). Computers
use these little bits, which are composed of ones and zeros, to do things and talk to other computers. All your
files, for instance, are kept in the computer as binary files and translated into words and pictures by the software
(which is also ones and zeros). This two number system, is called a “binary number system” since it has only two
numbers in it. The decimal number system in contrast has ten unique digits, zero through nine.

Computer Storage units

Bit BI 0 or 1
T

Kilobyte K 1024 bytes

B

Megaby M 1024 o
te B bytes

 120 KB: the text of a typical pocket book.

 3 MB - a three-minute song (128k bitrate)
 650-900 MB - an CD-ROM
 GB -114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s • 8-16 GB - size of a normal flash
drive

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 Size example
 bit - answer to a yes/no question
 byte - a number from 0 to 255.
 90 bytes: enough to store a typical line of text from a book.
 4 KB: about one page of text.

Speed measurement: The speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is measured by Hertz (Hz), Which represent a
CPU cycle. The speed of CPU is known as Computer Speed.
CPU SPEED MEASURES
1 hertz or Hz 1 cycle per second
1 MHz 1 million cycles per second or 1000 Hz
1 GHz 1 billion cycles per second or 1000 MHz

Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is Considerable overlap:

 Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the

microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying
information, and a storage device for saving data.

 Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a
more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

 Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users

simultaneously.

 Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of

users simultaneously.

 Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per
second.

LAPTOP AND SMARTPHONE COMPUTERS

LAPTOP: A laptop is a battery or AC-powered personal computer that can be easily carried and used in a variety
of locations. Many laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a desktop computer,
which means they can generally run the same software and open the same types of files.
Gigabyte GB 1024 megabytes
However, some laptops, such as netbooks, sacrifice some functionality in order to be even
Terabyte TB 1024 gigabytes more portable.

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Netbook: A netbook is a type of laptop that is designed to be even more portable. Netbooks are often cheaper
than laptops or desktops. They are generally less powerful than other types of computers, but
they provide enough power for email and internet access, which is where the name "netbook"
comes from.
Mobile Device: A mobile device is basically any handheld computer. It is designed to be extremely portable, often
fitting in the palm of your hand or in your pocket. Some mobile devices are more powerful, and they allow you to
do many of the same things you can do with a desktop or laptop computer. These include tablet computers, e-
readers, and smartphones.
Tablet Computers: Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However, they provide a very
different computing experience. The most obvious difference is that tablet computers don't have
keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive, allowing you to type on a
virtual keyboard and use your finger as a mouse pointer. Tablet computers are mostly designed for
consuming media, and they are optimized for tasks like web browsing, watching videos, reading e-
books, and playing games. For many people, a "regular" computer like a desktop or laptop is still
needed in order to use some programs. However, the convenience of a tablet computer means that
it may be ideal as a second computer.
Smartphones: A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is designed to run a variety of applications in
addition to phone service. They are basically small tablet computers, and they can be used for web
browsing, watching videos, reading e-books, playing games and more.

DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE

Data: Facts and figures which relay something specific, but which are not organized in any way and which
provide no further information regarding patterns, context, etc. So, data means "unstructured facts and figures
that have the least impact on the typical manager."

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and versatility are some of the key characteristics of a computer. A
brief overview of these characteristics are:

Knowledge: Knowledge is closely linked to doing and implies know-how and understanding. The knowledge
possessed by each individual is a product of his experience, and encompasses the norms by which he evaluates
new inputs from his surroundings.

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 Speed: The computer can process data very fast, at the rate of millions of instructions per second. Some
calculations that would have taken hours and days to complete otherwise, can be completed in a few seconds
using the computer. For example, calculation and generation of salary slips of thousands of employees of an
organization, weather forecasting that requires analysis of a large amount of data related to temperature, pressure
and humidity of various places, etc.

 Accuracy: Computer provides a high degree of accuracy. For example, the computer can accurately
give the result of division of any two numbers up to 10 decimal places.

 Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the computer does not get tired or fatigued. It can
perform long and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy from the start till the end.

 Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the computer and also
retrieved whenever required. A limited amount of data can be stored, temporarily, in the primary
memory. Secondary storage devices like floppy disk and compact disk can store a large amount of data
permanently.

 Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can perform different types of tasks with the same ease. At
one moment you can use the computer to prepare a letter document and in the next moment you may
play music or print a document. Computers have several limitations too. Computer can only perform
tasks that it has been programmed to do.

Computer cannot do any work without instructions from the user. It executes instructions as specified by the user
and does not take its own decisions.

COMPUTER VIRUSES

 Viruses: A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real programs. For example, a
virus might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the
spreadsheet program runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the chance to reproduce (by
attaching to other programs) or wreak havoc.
 E-mail viruses: An e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail messages, and usually
replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of people in the victim's e-mail
address book. Some e-mail viruses don't even require a double-click -- they launch when you
view the infected message in the preview pane of your e-mail software [source: Johnson].
 Trojan horses: A Trojan horse is simply a computer program. The program claims to do one
thing (it may claim to be a game) but instead does damage when you run it (it may erase your
Information: For data to become information, it must be contextualized, categorized, calculated and condensed. hard disk). Trojan horses have no way to replicate automatically.
Information thus paints a bigger picture; it is data with relevance and purpose. It may convey a trend in the  Worms: A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security holes
environment, or perhaps indicate a pattern of sales for a given period of time. Essentially information is found "in to replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the network for another machine that has a
answers to questions that begin with such words as who, what, where, when, and how many". specific security hole. It copies itself to the new machine using the security hole, and then
starts replicating from there, as well.
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 What are some tips to avoid viruses and lessen their impact?

 Install anti-virus software from a reputable vendor. Update it and use it regularly.
 In addition to scanning for viruses on a regular basis, install an "on access" scanner (included in most
anti-virus software packages) and configure it to start each time you start up your computer. This will
protect your system by checking for viruses each time you run an executable file.
 Use a virus scan before you open any new programs or files that may contain executable code. This
includes packaged software that you buy from the store as well as any program you might download
from the Internet.
 If you are a member of an online community or chat room, be very careful about accepting files or
clicking links that you find or that people send you within the community .
 Make sure you back up your data (documents, bookmark files, important email messages, etc.) on disc
so that in the event of a virus infection, you do not lose valuable work.

III. EVALUATION

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER WORKSHEET

TEST I. Answer the following questions.

1. Define computer? (5pts)

2. What are the functions of computer? (5pts)
3. Using the Venn diagram differentiate the two types of software. Give at least 5 examples of each
type of software. (10pts)
4. What are the characteristics of computer? (5pts)
5. What do you think are some tips to avoid computer viruses? (5pts)

TEST II. Read each multiple-choice item and possible answers carefully. Write the correct answer on
your answer sheet. NO ERASURES.
1. An electronic tool that allows information to be input, processed, and output?
a. Operating system c. Motherboard
b. Computer d. Central processing unit
2. A worldwide network of computers?
a. CPU c. RAM
b. Internet d. Network

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 a. Output device c. Input device
b. Operating system d. Software
5. A name for the short-term memory of the computer that is lost when the computer is turned
off?
a. RAM c. ROM
b. Processor d. Hardware
6. A part of the computer that all other parts are connected to. It allows all of the parts to
communicate so they work together?
a. Operating system c. Hard Drive
b. Motherboard d. Output device
7. The physical part of the computer.
a. Hardware c. Hard drive
b. Software d. Disk drive
8. Parts of a computer that allow the user to see or hear information that comes out from the
computer?
a. Software c. Input device
b. Output device d. Operating system
9. Which is an example of a storage device?
a. Hard drive c. Mouse
b. Keyboard d. Speaker
10. Which is an example of an output device?
a. Mouse c. Printer
b. Keyboard d. Scanner

3. The brain of the computer. This part does the calculation, moving and processing of
information?
a. CPU c. RAM
b. Motherboard d. Hard Drive
4. Part of a computer that allows a user to put information into the computer?
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