BAKHTIYAROV

Synthesis Lectures on Series ISSN: 2573-3168

Mechanical Engineering

Solving Practical Engineering Mechanics Problems

FLUID MECHANICS Solving Practical
Engineering
Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

This book is a supplement to the Fluid Mechanics course in learning and applying the
principles required to solve practical engineering problems in the following branches of

Mechanics Problems
Fluid Mechanics: Hydrostatics, Fluid Kinematics, Fluid Dynamics, Turbulent Flow and

SOLVING PRACTICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICS PROBLEMS: FLUID MECHANICS

Gas Dynamics (Compressible Fluid Flow). This book contains practical problems in Fluid
Mechanics, which are a complement to Fluid Mechanics textbooks. The book is the product
of material covered in many classes over a period of four decades at several universities. It

FLUID MECHANICS
consists of 18 sets of problems where students are introduced to various topics of the Fluid
Mechanics. Each set involves 30 problems, which can be assigned as individual homework
as well as test/exam problems. The solution of a similar problem for each set is provided. The
sequence of the topics and some of the problems were adopted from Fluid Mechanics by R.
C. Hibbeler, 2nd edition, 2018, Pearson.
Fluid Mechanics is the study of liquid or gas behavior in motion or at rest. It is one of the
fundamental branches of Engineering Mechanics, which is important to educate professional
engineers of any major. Many of the engineering disciplines apply Fluid Mechanics principles
and concepts. In order to absorb the materials of Fluid Mechanics, it is not enough just to
consume theoretical laws and theorems. A student also must develop an ability to solve
practical problems. Therefore, it is necessary to solve many problems independently.

Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov

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Mechanics Problems: Fluid Mechanics
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Solving Practial Engineering Mechanics Problems: Fluid Mechanics

Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov
August 2021

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Shung H. Sung, Dean R. Culver, Donald J. Nefske, and Earl H. Dowell
November 2020

Machine Design for Technology Students: A Systems Engineering Approach

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The Engineering Dynamics Course Companion, Part 2: Rigid Bodies: Kinematics and Kinetics
Edward Diehl
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The Engineering Dynamics Course Companion, Part 1: Particles: Kinematics and Kinetics
Edward Diehl
September 2020

Fluid Mechanics Experiments

Robabeh Jazaei
September 2020

Sequential Bifurcation Trees to Chaos in Nonlinear Time-Delay Systems

Siyuan Xing and Albert C.J. Luo
September 2020

Introduction to Deep Learning for Engineers: Using Python and Google Cloud Platform
Tariq M. Arif
July 2020

Towards Analytical Chaotic Evolutions in Brusselators

Albert C.J. Luo and Siyu Guo
May 2020

Modeling and Simulation of Nanofluid Flow Problems

Snehashish Chakravert and Uddhaba Biswal
March 2020
iv

Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems using Simscape

Shuvra Das
March 2020

Automatic Flight Control Systems

Mohammad Sadraey
February 2020

Bifurcation Dynamics of a Damped Parametric Pendulum

Yu Guo and Albert C.J. Luo
December 2019

Reliability-Based Mechanical Design, Volume 2: Component under Cyclic Load and Dimension Design with Re-
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Xiaobin Le
October 2019

Reliability-Based Mechanical Design, Volume 1: Component under Static Load

Xiaobin Le
October 2019

Solving Practical Engineering Mechanics Problems: Advanced Kinetics

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June 2019

Natural Corrosion Inhibitors

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Rabiee, and Mojtaba Bagherzadeh
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Fractional Calculus with its Applications in Engineering and Technology

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Essential Engineering Thermodynamics: A Student’s Guide

Yumin Zhang
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Engineering Dynamics
Cho W.S. To
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Solving Practical Engineering Mechanics Problems: Dynamics

Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov
May 2018

Solving Practical Engineering Mechanics Problems: Kinematics

Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov
April 2018

C Programming and Numerical Analysis: An Introduction

Seiichi Nomura
March 2018
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Nikolas Xiros
January 2018

Design Engineering Journey

Ramana M. Pidaparti
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Introduction to Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery

Cho W. S. To
December 2017

Microcontroller Education: do it Yourself, Reinvent the Wheel, Code to Learn

Dimosthenis E. Bolanakis
November 2017

Solving Practical Engineering Mechanics Problems: Statics

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Resistance Spot Welding: Fundamentals and Applications for the Automotive Industry
Menachem Kimchi and David H. Phillips
October 2017

Unmanned Aircraft Design: Review of Fundamentals

Mohammad Sadraey
September 2017

Introduction to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems: Theory and Applications

Allan Kirkpatrick
September 2017

MEMS Barometers Toward Vertical Position Detection: Background Theory, System Prototyping, and Measure-
ment Analysis
Dimosthenis E. Bolanakis
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May 2017
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without the prior permission of the publisher.

Solving Practical Engineering Mechanics Problems: Fluid Mechanics

Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov
www.morganclaypool.com

ISBN: 9781636391953 Paperback

ISBN: 9781636391960 ebook
ISBN: 9781636391977 Hardcover

DOI 10.2200/S01112ED1V01Y202107MEC037

A Publication in the Morgan & Claypool Publishers series

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 37

Series ISSN: 2573-3168 Print 2573-3176 Electronic

Solving Practical Engineering
Mechanics Problems: Fluid Mechanics
Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING #37

M
&C MORGAN & CLAYPOOL PUBLISHERS
viii

ABSTRACT
Fluid Mechanics is the study of liquid or gas behavior in motion or at rest. It is one of the fundamental branches of
Engineering Mechanics, which is important to educate professional engineers of any major. Many of the engineering
disciplines apply Fluid Mechanics principles and concepts. In order to absorb the materials of Fluid Mechanics, it is
not enough just to consume theoretical laws and theorems. A student also must develop an ability to solve practical
problems. Therefore, it is necessary to solve many problems independently. This book is a supplement to the Fluid
Mechanics course in learning and applying the principles required to solve practical engineering problems in the
following branches of Fluid Mechanics: Hydrostatics, Fluid Kinematics, Fluid Dynamics, Turbulent Flow and Gas
Dynamics (Compressible Fluid Flow). This book contains practical problems in Fluid Mechanics, which are a com-
plement to Fluid Mechanics textbooks. The book is the product of material covered in many classes over a period of
four decades at several universities. It consists of 18 sets of problems where students are introduced to various topics
of the Fluid Mechanics. Each set involves 30 problems, which can be assigned as individual homework as well as
test/exam problems. The solution of a similar problem for each set is provided. The sequence of the topics and some
of the problems were adopted from Fluid Mechanics by R. C. Hibbeler, 2nd edition, 2018, Pearson.

KEYWORDS
fluid, gas, flow, viscous, laminar, turbulent, compressible flow
 ix

Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ������������������������� xiii

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��������������������������� xv

1 Topic FM-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �����������������������������1

1.1 Application of the Linear Momentum Principle to Determine the Velocity of Particles    1
1.2 Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
1.3 Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2

2 Topic FM-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �����������������������������3

2.1 Determination of Shear Stresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
2.2 Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
2.3 Solution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4

3 Topic FM-3: Measurement of Static Pressure—Manometer Rule. . . . . . . . . . . . �����������������������������5

3.1 Problems 3.1–3.5  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
3.2 Problems 3.6–3.10  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
3.3 Problems 3.11–3.15  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
3.4 Problems 3.16–3.20  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
3.5 Problems 3.21–3.25  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
3.6 Problems 3.26–3.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
3.7 Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
3.8 Solution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

4 Topic FM-4: Determination of Hydrostatic Force on a Surface and Buoyancy. ���������������������������13

4.1 Problems 4.1–4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
4.2 Problems 4.6–4.10  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
4.3 Problems 4.11–4.15  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
4.4 Problems 4.16–4.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
4.5 Problems 4.21–4.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
4.6 Problems 4.26–4.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

5 Topic FM-5: Fluid Kinematics—Streamline Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������19

5.1 Problems 5.1–5.30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
5.2 Example Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
5.3 Solution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20

6 Topic FM-6: Kinematics of Fluid Motion and Streamline Coordinates (Unsteady

Non-Uniform Flow). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������21
6.1 Problems 6.1–6.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
6.2 Example Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
6.3 Solution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
x

7 Topic FM-7: Conservation of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������23

7.1 Problems 7.1–7.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
7.2 Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
7.3 Solution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

8 Topic FM-8: Application of Bernoulli Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������27

8.1  Problems 8.1–8.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
8.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
8.3  Solution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29

9 Topic FM-9: Application of Linear Momentum Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������31

9.1  Problems 9.1–9.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
9.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
9.3  Solution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32

10 Topic FM-10: Application of Navier–Stokes Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������35

10.1  Problems 10.1–10.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
10.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
10.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36

11 Topic FM-11: Dimensional Analysis and Buckingham Pi Theorem. . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������39

11.1  Problems 11.1–11.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
11.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
11.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40

12 Topic FM-12: Laminar Flow of Viscous Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������43

12.1  Problems 12.1–12.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
12.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
12.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44

13 Topic FM-13: Turbulent Pipe Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������47

13.1  Problems 13.1–13.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
13.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
13.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48

14 Topic FM-14: Pipe Flow Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������51

14.1  Problems 14.1–14.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
14.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
14.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52

15 Topic FM-15: Boundary Layer: Drag Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������55

15.1  Problems 15.1–15.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
15.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
15.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60

16 Topic FM-16: Open-Channel Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������61

16.1  Problems 16.1–16.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
16.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
16.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
 xi

17 Topic FM-17: Compressible Fluid Flow—Isentropic Flow Through Converging and Diverging
Nozzles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������67
17.1  Problems 17.1–17.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
17.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
17.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70

18 Topic FM-18: Turbomachines: Radial-Flow Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������73

18.1  Problems 18.1–18.30  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
18.2  Sample Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75
18.3 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  75

Author Biography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���������������������������77

 xiii

Preface
This book contains practical problems in Fluid Mechanics, which are a complement to the Fluid Mechanics text-
books. These books are the product of material covered in many classes over a period of four decades at several
universities. The first book consists of the 18 sets of problems where students are introduced to various topics of
the Fluid Mechanics. Each set involves 30 problems, which can be assigned as individual homework as well as test/
exam problems. The solution of a similar problem for each set is provided. The sequence of the topics and some of
the problems were adopted from Fluid Mechanics by R. C. Hibbeler, 2nd edition, 2018, Pearson.
 xv

Acknowledgments
The author acknowledges that the sequence of the topics and some of the problems were adopted from Fluid Me-
chanics by R. C. Hibbeler, 2nd edition, 2018, Pearson.
 1

CHAPTER 1

Topic FM-1

1.1 APPLICATION OF THE LINEAR MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE TO

DETERMINE THE VELOCITY OF PARTICLES
The container contains air in the amount of m1 at an absolute pressure of p1 and a temperature of T1. If ∆m amount
of air is added (+∆m) to or removed (-∆m) from the tank and the temperature rises or drops to T2, define the resulting
pressure in the reservoir.

Problem # m1 (kg) p1 (kPa) T1 (°C) ∆m (kg) T2 (°C)

1 5 320 19 1 40
2 4 330 18 0.9 41
3 4.5 325 20 0.8 39
4 6 350 28 -1.2 19
5 5 360 21 0.7 36
6 6.5 310 32 -1.1 20
7 5.5 290 20 1.2 38
8 3.5 310 21 1.5 42
9 7 320 34 -1 22
10 8 335 22 0.85 35
11 6.6 390 25 1.3 41
12 7.2 345 38 -0.9 21.5
13 8.2 325 43 -0.75 18.5
14 9.5 425 23.5 2.1 37.5
15 9.2 375 22 3 40.5
16 9 340 20.5 2.5 34
17 8.5 330 35.5 -0.85 27
18 4 390 38 -0.75 21
19 5 415 20 1.5 39
20 6 370 23.5 2.2 39.3
21 4.5 410 26 0.75 36.8
22 5.8 378 22 1.05 37.9
23 4.8 412 20.5 1.6 40
24 6.4 365 38 -1.8 22.6
25 7.5 325 40.5 -1 23.8
26 5.5 435 24 1.7 33.6
27 4.6 344 31 0.55 40.3
28 5.2 326 29.5 1.4 37.7
29 6.35 425 46 -2.3 40
30 4.55 378 38 -1.4 22.5
2 1. TOPIC FM-1

1.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM

m1 = 4 kg; p1 = 350 kg; T1 = 18°C; ∆m = 0.8 kg; T2 = 38°C. Find p2.

1.3 SOLUTION:
Absolute initial temperature of air:
T1 = (18°C + 273)K = 291K.
The gas constant for air: R = 286.9 J ⁄ (kg ∙ K).
The ideal gas law:
p1 = ρ1 RT1.

p 350 × 103 (N/m2) kg

Then: ρ1 = 1 = = 4.1922 3 .
RT1 286.8 [J/(kg∙K)) × 291K m

Since the volume of the container is constant:

m1 m2
∀= = .
ρ1 ρ2
m2ρ1
Then: ρ2 = .
m1

m2 = m1 + ∆m = (4 + 0.8)kg = 4.8 kg.

4.8 (kg) × 4.1922(kg⁄m3) kg

Then: ρ2 = = 5.0307 3 .
4 (kg) m

Absolute final temperature of air:
T2 = (38°C + 273)K = 311K.

Applying the ideal gas law again:

p2 = ρ2 RT2.

Then:
kg J N
p2 = 5.0307 � 3 � × 286.9 � � × 311(K) = 448.86 × 103 3 = 448.86 × 103 Pa = 448.86 kPa.
 m kg∙K m

Answer: p2 = 448.86 kPa.

 3

CHAPTER 2

Topic FM-2

2.1 DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRESSES

The Newtonian fluid is confined between a moving plate and fixed surface (Figure 2.1). The velocity profile between
the plate and a fixed surface is expressed by u = f (y). The force P is applied to the moving plate. The surface area of
the plate in contact with the fluid is A. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is μ. The distance between the moving plate
and a fixed surface is δ. Determine the shear stresses on the moving plate and the fixed surface.
u = f (y) δ μ
Problem #
cm/s cm N ∙ s/m2
1 4.5∛y 1.0 0.48
2 6y – 0.4y2 0.6 0.62
3 50y – 400y2 0.1 0.91
4 3.95√y 0.5 0.70
5 2y + y2 0.75 0.85
6 8y – 0.2y2 0.86 0.96
7 3y – 0.1y2 2.0 0.74
8 5.5∛y 1.5 0.89
9 3y + 2√y 1.2 0.77
10 6√y 1.1 0.58
11 4y – 0.5y2 0.88 0.72
12 30y – 200y2 1.4 0.80
13 12y + 2√y 2.4 0.92
14 5y – ∛y 3.0 0.68
15 2.5y + 4√y 4.2 0.38
16 20y + 35y2 2.5 0.66
17 2.5y – 0.6y2 3.2 1.00
18 28y – 50y2 2.9 0.54
19 19y + 22y2 4.1 0.67
20 8∛y 1.7 0.88
21 6y – 0.8y2 2.8 0.55
22 10y + 4√y 2.0 0.90
23 15y – ∛2y 3.3 0.54
24 1.5y + 6√y 1.2 0.78
25 24y + 12y2 2.9 0.96
26 3.5y – 1.2y2 4.3 0.77
27 18y + 5y2 1.9 0.94
28 12y + 42y2 1.1 0.57
29 20∛y 2.7 0.48
30 16y – 0.9y2 4.8 0.95
4 2. TOPIC FM-2

2.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM

u = (20y – 400y2 ) m ;
s μ = 0.897 × 10-3 N∙s ; δ = 10 mm.
m2

2.3 SOLUTION

Newton’s law of viscosity:

τ = μ du.
dy

The velocity gradient:

du = d (20y – 400y2 ) m = (20 – 800y) s-1.

dy dy s

At the fixed surface, y = 0:

τ = μ du |y=0 = �0.897 × 10-3 N∙s2

� (20 – 0) s-1 = 17.94 × 10-3 N2 = 17.94 mPa.
dy m m

At the bottom of the moving plate, y = 10 mm = 0.01 m:

τ = μ du |y=0.01 = �0.897 × 10-3 N∙s � (20 – 800) s-1 = 10.764 × 10-3 N2 = 10.764 mPa.
dy m2 m

Figure 2.1
 5

CHAPTER 3

Topic FM-3: Measurement of Static

Pressure—Manometer Rule

3.1 PROBLEMS 3.1–3.5

Define the difference in pressure between the centerline points A and D in the two pipelines (Figure 3.1). The density
of the liquid in AB and CD is ρ1, and in BC, ρ2 (see Table 3.1).
Table 3.1

Problem # a, mm b, mm c, mm d, mm e, mm ρ1, kg3 ρ2, kg3

m m
3.1 40 50 60 35 260 850 1,200
3.2 35 40 70 30 275 790 1,150
3.3 30 60 75 25 290 890 1,350
3.4 25 70 80 32 280 690 1,250
3.5 45 45 65 40 300 950 1,300

e
C

b c

a B
A

Figure 3.1
6 3. TOPIC FM-3

3.2 PROBLEMS 3.6–3.10

The inclined-tube manometer is used to measure small pressure differences (Figure 3.2). Determine the difference
in pressure between points A and E if the specific weight of the manometer liquid (BD) is γ3. The specific weights of
the liquid in the pipe A and the gas in the pipe E are γ1 and γ2, respectively. The magnitudes of necessary parameters
are given in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2

Problem # a, in. b, in. c, in. α, degrees γ1, lb3 γ2, lb3 γ3, lb3
ft ft ft
3.6 10 3 18 30 62.4 0.0765 846
3.7 15 2 20 20 55.2 0.0781 846
3.8 12 5 25 45 58.6 0.1144 846
3.9 14 6 22 35 60.7 0.0892 846
3.10 16 4 24 25 72.3 0.1072 846

c B
b
α C

Figure 3.2
 3.3 PROBLEMS 3.11–3.15 7

3.3 PROBLEMS 3.11–3.15

Define the pressure difference between the centers A and D of the pipes, which are filled with liquids of specific grav-
ities S1 and S2, respectively. The specific gravity of the liquid in the inclined-tube manometer is S3. The magnitudes
of all necessary parameters are given in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3
Problem # a, mm b, mm α, degrees S1 S2 S3
3.11 80 300 45 1.00 13.55 0.92
3.12 90 250 30 0.85 13.55 0.76
3.13 100 280 25 0.75 13.55 0.90
3.14 75 260 35 0.92 13.55 0.67
3.15 85 255 40 0.88 13.55 0.88

D
A
a

b
B

Figure 3.3
8 3. TOPIC FM-3

3.4 PROBLEMS 3.16–3.20

The U-tube manometer liquid with the specific gravity S3 has the height c which measures the difference of pressures
in pipes A(p1) and B(p2). The specific gravities of liquids in pipes A and D are S1 and S2, respectively. The required
information is given in the table below. Define the parameter shown as “?” in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4
Problem
a, ft b, ft d, ft S1 S2 S3 p1, psi p2, psi c, ft
#
3.16 4 3 1 0.92 0.99 13.55 20 26 ?
3.17 6 2 0.8 0.85 0.95 13.55 ? 22 1
3.18 8 4 1.5 0.76 0.89 13.55 18 24 ?
3.19 5 2.5 0.7 0.82 1.05 13.55 14 ? 1.5
3.20 7 3.5 1.2 0.68 0.96 13.55 15 23 ?

B
D

a
c
C
d

Figure 3.4
 3.5 PROBLEMS 3.21–3.25 9

3.5 PROBLEMS 3.21–3.25

The difference in pressure between the liquids flowing in the pipes at A and D is measured by the inverted U-tube
manometer (Figure 3.5). If the top segment of the manometer is filled with the fluid of density ρ3, determine the
pressure difference between the points A and D. The densities of the liquids in the pipes A and are ρ1 and ρ2, respec-
tively. The necessary information is given in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5

Problem # a, mm b, mm c, mm d, mm ρ1, kg3 ρ2, kg3 ρ3, kg3

m m m
3.21 160 250 70 310 1,000 980 1.225
3.22 140 220 60 300 890 1,000 810
3.23 150 200 65 290 970 860 1.081
3.24 155 215 75 320 790 990 705
3.25 166 230 50 330 880 785 600

c
B

b C

Figure 3.5
10 3. TOPIC FM-3

3.6 PROBLEMS 3.26–3.30

Define the difference in pressure between the centers A (pA) and D (pD ) of two pipes, which are filled with the liq-
uids with the densities ρ1 and ρ2, respectively. The monometer liquid in the inclined-tube manometer has the density
ρ3. The necessary information is given in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6
Problem
a, in. b, in. c, in. d, in. e, in.
α, ρ1, slug ρ2, slug ρ3, slug
# degrees ft3 ft3 ft3
3.26 5 12 14 8 6 45 1.5 1.8 26.3
3.27 7 15 16 7 5 60 1.6 2.4 26.3
3.28 6 11 12 9 4 30 1.2 1.7 26.3
3.29 8 16 18 10 3 75 1.4 2.0 26.3
3.30 4 13 20 12 7 20 1.8 2.5 26.3

A
α
c
a

D
B

d
b
C

Figure 3.6
 3.8 SOLUTION 11

3.7 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Determine the difference in pressure pA – pD between the centers A and D of the circular cross section pipes, which
are filled with the liquids of specific gravities S1 and S2 (Figure 3.7). The specific gravity of the manometer liquid
in the inclined-tube manometer is S3. Given: a = 400 mm, b = 100 mm, ∝ = 60°, S1 = 0.82, S2 = 0.71, S3 = 13.55.

A D
b
C

a
c

Figure 3.7

3.8 SOLUTION
According to the manometer rule:

pA + ρ1 ga – ρ3 gc – ρ2 gb = pD. (1)

Substituting the numerical values in Equation (1):

pA + 0.82 × 103 � mkg3 � × 9.81� sm2 kg � × 9.81� m � × (0.4 – 0.1)(m) –

� × 0.4(m) – 13.55 × 103 � m 3 s2

kg m
0.7 × 103 � m3 � × 9.81� s2 � × 0.1(m) = pD. (2)

Then:
pA – pD = 37.456 × 103 Pa = 37.356 kPa.
 13

CHAPTER 4

Topic FM-4: Determination of Hydrostatic

Force on a Surface and Buoyancy

4.1 PROBLEMS 4.1–4.5

Determine the critical height h of the water level that causes the concrete gravity dam to be on the verge of tipping
over A due to water pressure. The density of concrete is ρ, the width of the dam is w (Figures 4.1–4.5). The necessary
information is given in Table 4.1.

c
Dam
c
H2O H2O c
h h H2O
h Dam b
Dam
A A A

Figure 4.1 a a
b Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3
b

c
c
h H2O h H2O
Dam
Dam
α Aα A
A A

a a
Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5

Table 4.1
kg
ρ, m
Problem # a, m b, m c, m w, m 3

4.1 1,5 - 10 8 2,400

4.2 1 - 20 5 1,800
4.3 1.2 10 5 6 2,000
4.4 2 0.5 12 10 2,200
4.5 2.5 1.5 15 12 2,100
14 4. TOPIC FM-4

4.2 PROBLEMS 4.6–4.10

The reservoir contains three liquids of different densities. Determine the resultant force that these liquids exert on
the reservoir wall with the width w. Also, define the location of this resultant force measured from the bottom of the
reservoir (Figures 4.6–4.10). The necessary information is given in Table 4.2.

c ρ3

b
ρ2

a ρ1

Figures 4.6–4.10
Table 4.2
kg
ρ1, m kg
ρ2, m kg
ρ3, m
Problem 3 a, m b, m c, m 3 3 3

4.6 1 0.5 0.3 1,000 900 750

4.7 0.5 1 0.7 1,050 860 670
4.8 2 0.7 1 990 780 560
4.9 1.5 0.3 0.9 1,100 890 760
4.10 0.8 1.2 1.1 960 755 580
 4.3 PROBLEMS 4.11–4.15 15

4.3 PROBLEMS 4.11–4.15

The uniform rectangular relief gate AB has a mass m and a width of w (Figure 4.11–4.15). Determine (1) the resul-
tant force R on the pin A for equilibrium of the gate, and (2) the maximum depth of the liquid in the reservoir h that
will cause the gate to be on the verge of opening. The liquid’s density is ρ. The given parameter and the parameters
to be defined are shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3
kg
ρ, m
Problem # a, m b, m 3 α, degrees w, m m, kg

4.11 4 2 1,000 60 5 8,000

4.12 3 3 900 45 8 6,000
4.13 5 1.5 950 30 6 7,500
4.14 6 4 990 35 7 6,500
4.15 3.5 3.5 850 50 4 8,500

h
α
B

Figure 4.11–4.15
16 4. TOPIC FM-4

4.4 PROBLEMS 4.16–4.20

Determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant force on the curved surface of the wall with the width
w (Figures 4.16–4.20). The density of the water is ρ = 1,000 kg3 . The necessary information is given in Table 4.4.
m

Table 4.4
Problem No. a, m h, m R, m w, m
4.16 4 4 - 3
4.17 5 10 - 4
4.18 - - 4 5
4.19 6 6 - 8
4.20 - - 5 6

a y
y
a

R
h h
x

Figure 4.16 x
Figure 4.18
y Figure 4.17
a

h
R

x
Figure 4.19

Figure 4.20
 4.3 PROBLEMS 4.21–4.25 17

4.5 PROBLEMS 4.21–4.25

An object A with density ρA is placed in the liquid with density ρ in the container (Figures 4.21–4.26). An original
height of the liquid is h0. Determine the new level h of the liquid. The width of the non-spherical objects is w. Nec-
essary information is given in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5

Problem # a, m b, m h0, m R, m w, m ρA,mkg

3
kg
ρ, m3

4.21 2 2 6 - 2 900 1,000

4.22 - - 5 1 - 600 850
4.23 3 3 8 - 3 750 900
4.24 - - 7 1.5 - 550 800
4.25 4 4 9 - 4 800 1.200

a a
R
b b A
A
A
h h h

Figure 4.21 Figure 4.22 Figure 4.23

a

b A
R A

h h
a/2

Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25

18 4. TOPIC FM-4

4.6 PROBLEMS 4.26–4.30

The cylinder of semicircle cross section with the density ρ0, the height h, and the radius R is submerged into the
liquid with the density ρ. A vertical force F is applied at the center of the right side of the cylinder and pushes the
edge of the object to the water surface so that it is held at an angle α. Determine the buoyant force on the cylinder
and show that the cylinder will be in stable equilibrium when the force F is removed. Necessary information is given
in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6
kg
ρ0, m kg
ρ, m
Problem # h, m R, m α0, m 3 3

4.26 6 1 30 900 1,000

4.27 5 0.8 45 600 850
4.28 8 1.5 60 750 900
4.29 7 1.2 20 550 800
4.30 9 2 35 800 1.200

R h/2
h

Figure 4.26–4.30
 19

CHAPTER 5

Topic FM-5: Fluid Kinematics—

Streamline Equation
5.1 PROBLEMS 5.1–5.30
A fluid flow is defined by u = f1 (x,y) and v = f2 (x,y) (Table 5.1). Determine the equation of the streamline passing
through point M(xM,yM). Also, find the acceleration components of the particle at point M(xM,yM) and sketch the
acceleration on the streamline.

Table 5.1
m m
Problem # u = f1 (x,y), s v = f2 (x,y), s xm,m ym,m
5.1 3y2 5x – 1 1 2
5.2 2x – 3 6y + 4x 1 1
5.3 3x2 – 2y2 8xy 2 2
5.4 4x + 6y 8y 1 1
5.5 9xy –3x 3 2
5.6 3y3 – 1 2x2 + 6 2 2
5.7 2x – 3y 5x2 – 1 3 3
5.8 3x – 2y2 6y + x 1 3
5.9 4x + 6y2 8xy + 2 2 3
5.10 6xy + 1 3 – 8y 3 1
5.11 3y2 – 4 –9x2 2 1
5.12 2x – 3y 2x2 1 2
5.13 3x2 – 2y 5x – y 2 2
5.14 x + 2y y+x 1 1
5.15 9xy – 6 8 – x2 1 4
5.16 3y2 + 2 8x2 1 2
5.17 8x – y2 –9x 1 1
5.18 x2 – 2y 2x2 + 2 2 2
5.19 2x + 12y 5x – y 1 1
5.20 9xy – 8 y + 4x 3 2
5.21 3y2 + 5 8x 2 2
5.22 2x – 3y3 y2 3 3
5.23 7x2 – y2 –x 1 3
5.24 4x2 + 6y 2x2 + 3 2 3
5.25 2 – xy 5x + 1 3 1
5.26 3y2 – x 6y + x 2 1
5.27 2x – 5 12xy 1 2
5.28 6x2 – 2y 8+y 2 2
5.29 3x2 + y 9–x 1 1
5.30 6 – 9xy 2x + 6 1 4
20 5. TOPIC FM-5

5.2 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

A fluid flow is described by u = 5y (m/s) and v = 2x + 1 (m/s), where x and y are in meters. Determine the equation
of the streamline passing through point (1 m, 1 m). Find the components of the acceleration of a particle located at
this point, and sketch the acceleration on the streamline.

5.3 SOLUTION
The flow can be considered as steady non-uniform flow since the velocity components u and v are independent of
time but are a function of position. The slope of the streamline is defined as:

dy = v = 2x + 1.
dx u 5y

Then:
y x
∫1 5ydy =∫1 (2x + 1)dx,

y2 = 2 (x2 + x – 2).
5

Eulerian equation of the acceleration for the steady two-dimensional flow:

→ →
a=u ∂V +v . ∂V
∂x ∂y

The x and y components of the acceleration:

ax = u ∂u + v ∂u = 5y × 0 + (2x + 1) × 5 = 10x + 5;
∂x ∂y

ay = u ∂v + v ∂v = 5y × 2 + (2x + 1) × 2 = 10y + 2.
∂x ∂y

At point x = 1m and y = 1m:

ax = 15 m2 ; ay = 16 m2 .
s s
 
Then, the magnitude of the total acceleration:

√152 + 162 = 21.93 m2 .

a = √a2x+a2y =
s

The direction of the acceleration:

a
β = tan-1�axy� = tan-1 �16
15� =46.85°

The values of x and the corresponding values of y are tabulated below:

x, m 1 2 3 4 5
y, m 0 1.265 2 2.683 3.347
 21

CHAPTER 6

Topic FM-6: Kinematics of Fluid Motion

and Streamline Coordinates (Unsteady Non-
Uniform Flow)

6.1 PROBLEMS 6.1–6.30

A fluid flow is defined by u = f1(t) and v = f2(x,y) (Table 6.1). Determine the velocity and acceleration of a particle
passing through point M(xM,yM) at time t1.
Table 6.1

Problem # u = f1 (x,y),m
s v = f2 (x,y),m
s xm, m ym, m t1, s
6.1 3y2 + 2 6t2 1 2 2
6.2 8x – 3y2 3t + 2 1 1 1
6.3 x2 – 2y 2t2 – 1 2 2 3
6.4 2x + 12y 6t – 3 1 1 5
6.5 9xy – 8 5 + 3t2 3 2 4
6.6 3y2 + 5 t2 + 1 2 2 1
6.7 2x – 3y3 4t + 2 3 3 2
6.8 7x2 – y2 t2 – 1 1 3 1.5
6.9 4x2 + 6y 6t – 4 2 3 2.5
6.10 2 – xy 2 + 5t2 3 1 3.5
6.11 3y2 – x 2 + 6t2 2 1 1
6.12 2x – 5 8t + 2 1 2 3
6.13 6x2 – 2y 2t2 + 5 2 2 5
6.14 3x2 + y 3t – 1 1 1 4
6.15 6 – 9xy 10 + t2 1 4 1
6.16 3y2 3 – 6t2 1 2 2
6.17 2x – 3 3t + 7 1 1 1.5
6.18 3x2 – 2y2 7t2 – 5 2 2 2.5
6.19 4x + 6y 4t – 2 1 1 3.5
6.20 9xy 9 + t2 3 2 1
6.21 33 – 1 8t2 2 2 3
6.22 2x – 3y 12t + 1 3 3 5
6.23 3x – 2y2 2t2 – 8 1 3 4
6.24 4x + 6y2 5t – 5 2 3 1
6.25 6xy + 1 15 + 2t2 3 1 2
6.26 3y2 – 4 1 + 6t2 2 1 1.5
6.27 2x – 3y 9t + 3 1 2 2.5
6.28 3x2 – 2y t2 + 4 2 2 3.5
6.29 x + 2y 14t – 8 1 1 1
6.30 9xy – 6 2 + 13t2 1 4 3
22 6. TOPIC FM-6

6.2 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

u = 2t2 �ms �; v = (2x + 3y)�m
s �; xM = 1m; yM = 1m; t1 = 1s.

6.3 SOLUTION
The flow can be considered as unsteady non-uniform flow since the velocity components are functions of position
and time.

At xM = 1m; yM = 1m; t1 = 1s the velocity components will be:

u=2m
s and v=5m
s.

Then the velocity will be:

2 2
V = √u2 + v2 = ��2 m m m
s � + �5 s � = 5.385 s .

The direction of the velocity:

βv = tan-1 �uv� = tan-1 �25� = 68.2°.

 

Eulerian description of the velocity in two-dimensional flow:

→ → →
→ ∂V ∂V ∂V
a = ∂t + u ∂x + v ∂y . (1)

The scalar components of Equation (1) along the axes x and y will be:

∂u ∂u ∂u
= 4t + (2t2)(0) + (2x + 3y)(0) = 4t � sm2�;
ax = ∂t + u ∂x + v ∂v

∂v ∂v ∂v
= 0 + (2t2)(2) + (2x + 3y)(3) = 4t2 + 3(2x + 3y) � sm2�.
ax = ∂t + u ∂x + v ∂v

At xM = 1m; yM = 1m; t1 = 1s the velocity components will be:

ax = 4  sm2 and ay = 19  sm2  .

Then the magnitude and the direction of the acceleration will be:

2 2
a = √ax2 + ay2 = ��4 m2 � + �19 m2� = 19.416 m2 .
s s s
      
a
βa = tan-1 � ay� = tan-1 �19
4 � = 78°. x
 23

CHAPTER 7

Topic FM-7: Conservation of Mass

7.1 PROBLEMS 7.1–7.30

Water flows through pipes A, B, and C. It comes out from the pipe D (Figure 7.1–7.30). Determine the flow pa-
rameters indicated as “?” in Table 7.1. Here, V is the average velocity, D is the pipe diameter, m� is the mass flowrate,
and Q is the volume flowrate.

B D

Figure 7.1–7.30
Table 7.1
DA DB DC DD VA VB VC VD m�A m�B m�C m�D QA QB QC QD
Prob.
m m m m kg kg kg kg m3 m3 m3 m3
# mm mm mm mm s s s s s s s s s s s s

1 50 60 40 150 4 ? 20 0.3 ?
2 55 45 65 180 ? 6 ? 15 0.4
3 25 40 60 160 8 ? 25 ? 0.3
4 35 25 45 95 5 45 ? 0.2 ?
5 70 85 90 250 12 ? 10 ? 0.5
6 75 65 55 200 ? 7 25 0.3 ?
7 58 66 47 210 ? 14 40 ? 0.5
8 62 77 81 230 8.5 ? 35 ? 0.6
9 57 62 38 170 6.5 ? 17 ? 0.3
10 61 74 59 205 5.6 ? 36 0.4 ?
11 73 29 44 155 4.5 ? 23 0.3 ?
12 88 33 48 175 ? 6.8 ? 17 0.4
13 90 95 84 275 10 ? 29 ? 0.3
14 53 62 79 208 6.8 43 ? 0.2 ?
15 52 72 60 194 13 ? 11 ? 0.5
24 7. TOPIC FM-7

16 50 60 40 150 ? 7.7 26 0.3 ?

17 55 45 65 180 ? 14 40 ? 0.5
18 25 40 60 160 8.6 ? 37 ? 0.6
19 35 25 45 95 7.5 ? 19 ? 0.3
20 70 85 90 250 5.9 ? 32 0.4 ?
21 75 65 55 200 4.8 ? 25 0.4 ?
22 58 66 47 210 ? 6.5 ? 19 0.4
23 62 77 81 230 8.8 ? 26 ? 0.3
24 57 62 38 170 5.7 47 ? 0.2 ?
25 61 74 59 205 11 ? 13 ? 0.5
26 73 29 44 155 ? 7.4 26 0.3 ?
27 88 33 48 175 ? 17 41 ? 0.6
28 90 95 84 275 8.9 ? 31 ? 0.5
29 53 62 79 208 6 ? 18 ? 0.3
30 52 72 60 194 5.3 ? 0.3 0.4 ?

7.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM

kg m
DA = 40 mm; DB = 60 mm; DC = 80 mm; DD = 180 mm; m�A = 50 s ; VB = 5 s ;

m3
QC = 0.3 s ; VD = ?; QD = ?

7.3 SOLUTION
The continuity equation for the steady incompressible fluid flow:
⬚
→ →
� ρV ∙d A = 0.

CS

Then:

VD AD – VA AA – VB AB – VC AC = 0.

Here, AA, AB, AC , and AD are cross-section areas of pipes A, B, C, and D, respectively:

πDA2 3.14 × (0.04)2

AA = = = 0.001256 m2
4 4

πDB2 3.14 × (0.06)2
AB = = = 0.002826 m2
4 4

πDC2 3.14 × (0.08)2
AC = = = 0.005024 m2
4 4

πDD2 3.14 × (0.18)2
AD = = = 0.025434 m2
4 4

 7.3 SOLUTION 25

Velocity VA:
kg
m�A m 50
VA = ρA =
= 39.8 s
kg A
�1000 m3� × (0.001256 m2)

Velocity VC:
0.3 m3
QC s m
VC = = = 59.71 s
AC (0.005024 m )
2

Then:

m m m
× 0.001256 m2 + 5 s
V A + VB AB + VC AC 39.8 s × 0.002826 m2 + 59.71 s × 0.005024 m2 × 0.025434 m2
VD = A A =
AD 0.02543 m2
m
= 14.316 s

m m3
× 0.025434 m2 = 0.364 s
QD = VD AD = 14.316 s

 27

CHAPTER 8

Topic FM-8: Application of Bernoulli

Equation

8.1  PROBLEMS 8.1–8.30

A vertical pipe of diameter D ejects water through two nozzles A and B, which have inner diameters of DA and DB,
respectively (Figure 8.1–8.30). The velocities of the water through each nozzle are VA and VB, respectively. The flow
velocity, the volume flowrate, and the pressure at the point C of the vertical pipe are VC, QC, and pC, respectively.
Consider the water as an ideal (incompressible and inviscid) fluid. The numerical values of the given parameters are
provided in Table 8.1. The parameters to be found are shown as “?” in this table.

Figure 8.1–8.30
28 8. TOPIC FM-8

Table 8.1
Problem DA DB D VA VB VC QC pC a b α
# mm mm mm m/s m/s m/s m3/s kPa m m degrees
1 5 10 50 25 ? 2 ? ? 1.5 2.0 30
2 10 5 60 ? 25 ? 0.005 ? 2.0 1.5 45
3 8 7 50 20 ? ? ? 300 3.0 2.0 60
4 6 9 65 32 ? 3 ? ? 3.5 2.5 75
5 4 6 40 ? 32 ? 0.008 ? 2.5 3.0 90
6 9 7 55 35 ? ? ? 500 1.8 2.4 30
7 7 10 45 ? 20 3.5 ? ? 3.2 2.6 45
8 10 8 70 30 ? 4 ? ? 1.6 2.2 60
9 12 11 56 ? 30 ? 0.006 ? 3.4 4.0 75
10 8.5 12 68 28 ? ? ? 400 2.8 3.3 90
11 9.5 10 64 26 ? 2.5 ? ? 1.9 2.1 30
12 11 13 74 ? 23 ? 0.007 ? 2.2 1.9 45
13 14 12 66 25 ? ? ? 350 3.2 2.2 60
14 7.5 9 48 36 ? 3.5 ? ? 4.0 4.0 75
15 13 14 75 ? 36 ? 0.0065 ? 2.8 3.2 90
16 6 10 52 32 ? ? ? 550 1.9 2.5 30
17 12 5 63 ? 24 3.1 ? ? 3.0 2.8 45
18 8 9 60 34 ? 5 ? ? 2.0 2.5 60
19 7 10 65 ? 39 ? 0.009 ? 3.1 4.1 75
20 4 6 40 24 ? ? ? 450 2.3 3.5 90
21 9 7.5 65 25 ? 2 ? ? 1.5 2.0 30
22 11 10 55 ? 27 ? 0.010 ? 2.7 1.7 45
23 12 9 60 26 ? ? ? 380 3.2 2.2 60
24 13 12 58 30 ? 3.4 ? ? 3.6 2.6 75
25 8 12.5 78 ? 38 ? 0.0085 ? 2.6 3.1 90
26 9 12 68 37 ? ? ? 560 1.2 2.5 30
27 10 14 75 ? 22 3.8 ? ? 3.4 2.0 45
28 11 12 60 35 ? 4.5 ? ? 2.0 2.8 60
29 7 9 58 ? 39 ? 0.0065 ? 3.2 4.2 75
30 10 14 70 24 ? ? ? 480 2.2 3.7 90

8.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

m
DA = 10 mm; DB = 12 mm; D = 54 mm; α = 90°; a = 1.5 m; b = 2 m; VC = 2.5 s ; VA = ?; VB = ?; pC = ? (Figure 8.31)

 8.3 SOLUTION 29

x
C

Figure 8.31

8.3  SOLUTION
We select point C as a reference point (zC = 0) and apply Bernoulli’s equation between the points A and C:

pC VC2 p V2
+ + gzC = A + A + gzA
ρ 2 ρ 2

As the water is ejected into the atmosphere at A: pA = 0.

Also: zA = 1.5 m. Then:

pC (2.5 m/s)2 V2
+ + 0 = 0 + A + (9.81 m/s2 ) (1.5 m)
1000 kg/m3 2 2

pC = (500VA2 + 11590)Pa (1)

Now we apply Bernoulli’s equation between the points B and C:

pC VC2 p V2
+ + gzC = B + B + gzB
ρ 2 ρ 2

30 8. TOPIC FM-8

As the water is ejected into the atmosphere at B: pB = 0.

Also: zB = 3.5 m. Then:

pC (2.5 m/s)2 V2
+ + 0 = 0 + B + (9.81 m/s2 ) (3.5 m)
1000 kg/m3 2 2

pC = (500VB2 + 31210)Pa (2)

We apply the continuity equation:

⬚ ⬚
∂ → →
� ρd∀ + � ρV ∙ d A = 0.
∂t
CV CS

0 – VCAC + VAAA + VBAA = 0

– (2.5 m 2 2 2
s ) [π(0.027 m) ] + VA [π(0.005 m) ] + VB [π(0.006 m) ] = 0

VA + 1.44VB = 72.9 (3)

Solving Equations (1)–(3):

m; V = 29 m;
VA = 115 s B s pC = 459 kPa
 31

CHAPTER 9

Topic FM-9: Application of Linear

Momentum Equation

9.1  PROBLEMS 9.1–9.30

The steady jet of water flows from the pipe of diameter DC at velocity VC. It strikes the fixed vane and is deflected
in the vertical plane, as shown in Figure 9.1–9.30. The volumetric flow towards A and B are QA and QB, respectively.
The tangential and normal components of the force that the water exerts on the vane are Ft and Fn, respectively.
Neglecting the elevation change in the water jet determine the parameters shown as “?” in Table 9.1.

A α

DC

Figure 9.1–9.30

Table 9.1
DC VC QA QB Ft Fn α
Problem #
mm m⁄s m3⁄s m3⁄s N N degrees
1 80 3.0 ? ? 0 ? 30
2 90 4.0 ? ? 10 ? 45
3 100 4.5 ? ? 20 ? 60
4 110 3.5 ? ? 30 ? 90
5 120 5.0 ? ? 15 ? 25
6 75 3.0 ? ? 25 ? 75
7 85 4.0 ? ? 35 ? 15
8 95 4.5 ? ? 5 ? 70
9 105 3.5 ? ? 8 ? 65
10 115 5.0 ? ? 12 ? 40
11 80 3.0 ? ? 14 ? 30
12 90 4.0 ? ? 16 ? 45
13 100 4.5 ? ? 6 ? 60
32 9. TOPIC FM-9

14 110 3.5 ? ? 18 ? 90
15 120 5.0 ? ? 22 ? 25
16 75 3.0 ? ? 0 ? 75
17 85 4.0 ? ? 10 ? 15
18 95 4.5 ? ? 20 ? 70
19 105 3.5 ? ? 30 ? 65
20 115 5.0 ? ? 15 ? 40
21 80 3.0 ? ? 25 ? 30
22 90 4.0 ? ? 35 ? 45
23 100 4.5 ? ? 5 ? 60
24 110 3.5 ? ? 8 ? 90
25 120 5.0 ? ? 12 ? 25
26 75 3.0 ? ? 14 ? 75
27 85 4.0 ? ? 16 ? 15
28 95 4.5 ? ? 6 ? 70
29 105 3.5 ? ? 18 ? 65
30 115 5.0 ? ? 22 ? 40

9.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

100 mm; VC = 4 sm; Ft = 0; QA = ?; QB = ?; Fn = ? α = 45°

DC =

9.3  SOLUTION

Since the water jet flows to atmosphere, the gage pressures will be:

pA = pB = pC = 0

Neglect the elevation change in the water jet the Bernoulli equation:
pA VA2 pB VB2 pC VC2
+ = + = +
γ 2g γ 2g γ 2g

VA2 VB2 VC2
= =
2g 2g 2g

VA = VB = VC = 4 sm

Next, we apply the continuity equation:

⬚ ⬚
∂ → →
� ρd∀ + � ρV ∙ d A = 0.
∂t
CV CS
 9.3 SOLUTION 33

0 – QC + QA + QB = 0

The flowrate at C:

D 2 2
QC = VC AC = �4 m��π� C� � = �4 m��π�0.1m� � = 0.03142 m
3
s 2 s 2 s

Then:

QA + QB = 0.03142 m (1)
3
s

The linear momentum equation:

⬚ ⬚
∂ → →→ →
�F = � V ρd∀ + � V ρV ∙dA (2)
∂t
CV CS

The free-body diagram is shown in Figure 9.31.

Ft

Fn B

n
Figure 9.31

Applying the linear momentum Equation (2) in the t direction yields:

�Ft = ρ�QA (VA)t + QB(VB)t – QC (VC)t �

kg m m m3 m
0 = �1000 m3 ��QA (4 s ) – QB (4 s ) – �0.03142 s � – (4 s ) cos45°�


m3
QA – QB = –0.02221 s (3)

34 9. TOPIC FM-9

Solving Equations (1) and (3) will yield:

m3
QA = 0.0046 s

m3
QB = 0.0268 s

Applying the linear momentum Equation (2) in the n direction yields:

�Fn = ρ(–QC) (–VC)n

kg m3 m
Fn = (1000 )(–0.03142 )(–4 ) sin 45° = 88.9 N
m3 m s

 35

CHAPTER 10

Topic FM-10: Application of Navier–Stokes

Equations

10.1  PROBLEMS 10.1–10.30

Incompressible fluid is confined between two plates (Figure 10.1–10.30). The velocities of the top and the bottom
plates are Ut and Ub, respectively. The distance between the plates is h. The flow is steady and laminar. Applying
the Navier–Stokes and continuity equations finds the velocity distribution between the plates. A (+) sign of the
velocities indicates that they are in x direction. A (–) sign of the velocities indicates that they are in opposite direc-
tion of the x axis. The necessary parameters are given in Table 10.1.

y
Ut
(-) (+)

0
x
(-) (+)
Ub
Figure 10.1–10.30

Table 10.1
Ut Ub h
Problem #
m⁄s m⁄s mm
1 -5 5 10
2 7 0 40
3 6 -8 30
4 10 6 20
5 -8 8 50
6 12 0 75
7 4 7 100
8 11 -6 25
9 3 5 45
36 10. TOPIC FM-10

10 2 4 55
11 0 10 60
12 -9 6 80
13 15 10 90
14 14 -7 35
15 0 3 65
16 5 10 10
17 7 3 40
18 -6 10 30
19 10 0 20
20 8 4 50
21 12 -6 75
22 0 7 100
23 11 8 25
24 -3 4 45
25 8 -4 55
26 0 6 35
27 -4 6 40
28 10 -10 85
29 -12 7 100
30 0 8 20

10.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

m
Ut = 5s ; Ub = 0; h = 100 mm

10.3  SOLUTION

The continuity equation for the steady laminar one-dimensional (along axis x) flow:

∂u
ρ =0
∂x

Integrating this equation with respect to x:

u = u(y)

The Navier–Stokes equation along axis x with constant pressure:

∂2u
μ = 0
∂x2

Since u is a function only of y:

∂2u d2u
=
∂x2 dx2
 10.3 SOLUTION 37

Then:
d2u
= 0
dx2

Integrating this equation twice with respect to y:

du
= C1 (1)
dy

u = C1y + C2 (2)

The integral constants C1 and C2 can be found using the following boundary conditions:

at y = 0 u = Ub = 0
m
at y = h = 100 mm = 0.1 m u = Ut = 5 s

Then:
Ut
; C2 = 0 C1 =
h

Ut 5 ms m
u= y= y = 50y � �
h 0.1 m s

Ut = 5 m/s

u= 50y
100 mm

0
x
Figure 10.31
 39

CHAPTER 11

Topic FM-11: Dimensional Analysis and

Buckingham Pi Theorem

11.1  PROBLEMS 11.1–11.30

A fluid of density ρ and dynamic viscosity μ (or kinematic viscosity ν) flows with average velocity V (or volume flow
rate Q) and boundary layer thickness δ due to the pressure drop ∆p through a pipe of diameter D, length L, and
surface roughness ε. Determine how the pressure drop ∆p is related to the variables that are marked as “X” in Table
11.1 influence it.
Table 11.1
ρ μ ν V δ D L ε Q
Problem
kg N·s m2 m m3
# mm m m mm
m3 m2 s s s
1 X X X X X
2 X X X X
3 X X X X X
4 X X X X
5 X X X X X
6 X X X X
7 X X X X X X
8 X X X X X
9 X X X X X
10 X X X X X
11 X X X X X
12 X X X X X
13 X X X X X
14 X X X X
15 X X X X X X
16 X X X X X
17 X X X X X
18 X X X X X X
19 X X X X X
20 X X X X
21 X X X X X
22 X X X X
23 X X X X X
24 X X X X
25 X X X X X
26 X X X X
40 11. TOPIC FM-11

27 X X X X X
28 X X X X X
29 X X X X X
30 X X X X X

11.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

The pressure drop ∆p, is influenced by four physical variables: ρ, μ, V, D, and L. Determine how the pressure drop
∆p is related to these variables.

11.3  SOLUTION
Here are n = 6 total variables and the unknown function is f(ρ,μ,V,D,L) = 0. We will use M – L – T system:

ρ ML-3
μ ML-1 T-1
V LT-1
D L
L L

Since we use all three primary dimensions, the number of the repeating variables: m = 3.
Then there will be (n – m) = (6 – 3) = 3Π terms.

We select m = 3 repeating parameters: D, V, ρ. For Π1 we select q = Δp, for Π2 we select q = L, and for Π3 we select
q = μ.

For Π1 term:
Π1 = DaVbρc Δp = (La)(LbTb)(McL-3c)(ML-1T-2) = Mc+1La+b-3c-1T-b-2

For M: 0=c+1
For L: 0 = a + b – 3c – 1
For T: 0 = –b –2

Solving the last three equations we obtain:

a = 0, b = –2, c = –1
Then:

Δp
Π1 = D0V-2 ρ-1 Δp =
ρV2

So, Π1 is the Euler number:
Δp
Π1 = Eu =
ρV2

For Π2 term:
Π2 = DdVeρhL = (Ld)(LeT–e)(MhL-3h)(L) = MhLd+e-3h+1T-e
 11.3 SOLUTION 41

For M: 0=h
For L: 0 = d + e – 3h + 1
For T: 0 = –e

Solving these equations we have:

d = –1, e = 0, h = 0
Then Π2 term:

L
Π2 = D-1V0ρ0L =
D

For Π3:

Π3 = DiVjρkμ = (Li)(LiT-i)(MkL-3k)(ML-1T-1) = Mk+1Li+j-3k-1T-j-1

For M: 0=k+1
For L: 0 = i + j – 3k – 1
For T: 0 = –j –1

Solving these equations yields:

i= –1, j = –1, k = –1

Then Π3 term:
μ 1
Π3 = D-1V-1ρ-1μ = =
DVρ Re

So:
DVρ
Π3-1 = = Re
μ

Here Re is the Reynolds number.

The obtain results show that:

L
φ(Eu,Re, ) = 0
D

If we solve this equation for Δp:

L
Δp = ρV2 ϕ(Re, )
D
 43

CHAPTER 12

Topic FM-12: Laminar Flow of Viscous Fluid

12.1  PROBLEMS 12.1–12.30

The liquid with density ρ and viscosity μ flows through the tube of diameter d (Figure 12.1–12.30). If the pressure at O
is p0, determine the volume flowrate and the average flow velocity at the exit from the tube. Check if the flow is laminar.
ρ μ d l P0 α
Problem # kg N· s
mm m kPa degrees
m3 m2
1 1,000 0.001 80 5 25 60
2 900 0.040 90 6 30 45
3 860 0.035 100 7 45 30
4 750 0.030 85 4 40 35
5 950 0.025 75 7.5 50 25
6 920 0.045 95 6.5 35 50
7 840 0.020 110 8 55 90
8 720 0.036 70 5.5 42 65
9 880 0.042 82 6.4 38 55
10 910 0.015 65 7.2 28 20
11 760 0.010 88 4.5 32 70
12 850 0.018 86 5.2 46 75
13 940 0.005 78 6.8 34 37
14 740 0.032 92 7.6 52 62
15 870 0.044 105 4.8 26 58
16 1,000 0.001 60 7 35 25
17 900 0.050 80 5 30 40
18 760 0.035 90 7 55 60
19 800 0.025 82 6 45 30
20 910 0.028 77 7.5 60 25
21 820 0.040 90 6.0 55 40
22 860 0.025 100 8.7 45 90
23 730 0.030 75 5.0 32 60
24 800 0.045 80 6.2 40 50
25 900 0.028 60 7.0 30 25
26 780 0.035 90 4.0 52 90
27 860 0.042 82 5.4 56 70
28 960 0.015 70 6.0 44 30
29 840 0.035 96 7.2 50 60
30 970 0.064 110 5.8 36 45
44 12. TOPIC FM-12

Figure 12.1–12.30

12.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

kg N·s
The liquid with density ρ = 800 3 and viscosity μ = 0.05 2 flows through the tube of diameter d = 80 mm
m m

and length l = 5 m (Figure 12.1 –12.30). If the pressure at O is p0 = 20 kPa and α = 30°, determine the volume
flowrate and the average flow velocity at the exit A from the tube. Check if the flow is laminar.

12.3  SOLUTION
Assume it is steady and laminar flow and the liquid is incompressible.
The origin of xy coordinates we select at O and the positive x axis is in the flow direction (Figure 12.31). The volume
flowrate is defined as:
πR4 d
Q = – 8μ dx (p0 + ρgh) (1)

The pressure gradient:

d pA–p0 ρgh
0 + ρgh) = 1 + 1
dx (p (2)

Because the liquid is discharged to the atmosphere, pA = 0.

 12.3 SOLUTION 45

Then substituting Equation (2) into Equation (1):

πR4 pA – p0 ρgh
Q=– � + �
8μ 1 1 1
3 N kg m
π(0.04m)4 0 – 20 ×10 m2 800 m3 × 9.81 s2 ×(5m) sin 30°
=– N∙s � + �
8�0.05 2 � 5m 5m
m
m3
= 0.00153 s .
 
The positive sign indicates that flow is directed from O to A.

The average flow velocity:

Q
V = . (3)
A

Here A is a cross section area of the tube:

A = πR2.

Then:

m3
Q 0.00153 s m
V = 2 = = 0.097 s . (4)
πR π(0.04m) 2

To define a flow regime we calculate the Reynolds number criterion:

kg m
ρVd 800 m3 × 0.097 s × 0.08m
Re = = = 124.16. (5)
μ 0.05N∙s
m2

As Re < 2,300, it is a laminar flow.

46 12. TOPIC FM-12

y d

A
l

•
O

Figure 12.31
 47

CHAPTER 13

Topic FM-13: Turbulent Pipe Flow

13.1  PROBLEMS 13.1–13.30

The liquid with density ρ and viscosity μ flows through the pipe of diameter d with an average velocity V (Figure 13.1).
Pressure at cross sections A and B are pA and pB, respectively. The distance between the cross sections A and B is L.
Define the total shear stress and the viscous and turbulent shear-stress components within the liquid at the distance
δ from the centerline of the pipe. Assume an empirical power law model for the velocity distribution within the pipe:
u̅ r 1⁄n
umax = �1 – � (13.1)
R
 
The values of n for different values of Reynolds number are given in Table 13.1.
Table 13.1
ρ μ d V PA PB δ
Problem # kg N· s m
mm kPa kPa mm
m3 m2 s
1 1,000 0.001 80 50 25 23 10
2 900 0.040 90 60 30 29 20
3 860 0.035 100 70 45 44 30
4 750 0.030 85 40 40 38 15
5 950 0.025 75 75 50 48 25
6 920 0.045 95 65 35 34 35
7 840 0.020 110 80 55 54 40
8 720 0.036 70 55 42 41.2 20
9 880 0.042 82 64 38 37 25
10 910 0.015 65 72 28 27.1 15
11 760 0.010 88 45 32 30.4 10
12 850 0.018 86 52 46 45.3 20
13 940 0.005 78 68 34 33 10
14 740 0.032 92 76 52 51 30
15 870 0.044 105 48 26 25 40
16 1,000 0.001 60 70 35 33.6 20
17 900 0.050 80 50 30 28 15
18 760 0.035 90 70 55 54 30
19 800 0.025 82 60 45 43.2 10
20 910 0.028 77 75 60 58.8 20
21 820 0.040 90 60 55 54.2 25
22 860 0.025 100 87 45 44 35
23 730 0.030 75 50 32 30.3 15
24 800 0.045 80 62 40 39.2 20
25 900 0.028 60 70 30 29 10
48 13. TOPIC FM-13

26 780 0.035 90 40 52 51 20
27 860 0.042 82 54 56 54.7 30
28 960 0.015 70 60 44 43.2 15
29 840 0.035 96 72 50 49.3 25
30 970 0.064 110 58 36 34.5 35

A B

V
d

L
Figure 13.1

Table 13.2
n Re
6 4,300
7 100,000
9 1,000,000
10 3,000,000
11 5,000,000
12 7,000,000

13.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

kg N∙s
The liquid with density ρ = 1000 3 and viscosity μ = 0.001 2 flows through the pipe of diameter d = 100 mm
m m

with an average velocity V = 50 m/s (Figure 13.2). Pressure at cross sections A and B are pA = 31 kPa and pB =
30 kPa, respectively. The distance between the cross sections A and B is L = 1 m. Define the total shear stress, the
viscous and turbulent shear-stress components within the liquid at the distance δ = 10 mm from the centerline of
the pipe. Apply an empirical power law model for the velocity distribution within the pipe. Assume mean steady
turbulent flow of incompressible fluid.

13.3  SOLUTION
The shear stress is linearly distributed and its maximum value is caused by viscous forces at the wall (Figure 13.2).
 13.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 49

A B

V τ
δ d

τ0
L
Figure 13.2

The shear stress at the wall is defined as:

d ∆p 0.1 m –1000 N⁄m2
τ0 = � � = �� �� � = 25 Pa.
4 L 4 1m
   
For the shear stress at δ = 10 mm we use the following proportion:
τ = τ0
δ d⁄2

Then: N
2δτ0 2∙(0.01 m)�25 m2 �
τ= = = 5 Pa.
d 0.1 m

The Reynolds number: m kg

Vdρ (50 s )(0.1 m)�1,000 m2�
Re = = =5,000,000
μ 0.001 N∙s⁄m2

From Table 13.1, n = 11 for Re = 5∙106
Applying the equation: 2n2
V = umax
(n + 1)(2n + 1)

We can obtain the maximum velocity in flow direction:

(n + 1)(2n + 1) (11 + 1)(22 + 1)
umax = V = (50 m⁄s) = 57 m⁄s
2n2 2∙112

Substituting umax into the Newton law of viscosity:
du̅
τvis = –μ � �
dr

we will have:

1⁄n 1–n
d δ μumax δ n
τvis = –μ �umax �1 – � �= �1 – �
dr d/2 n�d/2� d/2

�0.001 N∙s⁄m2�(57 m⁄s) 0.01 m

1–11
11
= �1 – � = 0.0845 Pa
11(0.05 m) 0.05 m

Finally, the turbulent shear-stress will be defined as:

τturb = τ – τvis = 5 Pa – 0.0845 Pa = 4.915 Pa
 51

CHAPTER 14

Topic FM-14: Pipe Flow Design

14.1  PROBLEMS 14.1–14.30
Water at 25°C is pumped into the pipes branches ABD and ACD with lengths LABD and LACD, and diameters d3 and
d4, respectively. The roughness of pipes is ε, the pressure drop between A and D is ΔpAD, and the discharge through
the pipe system is Q. The values of given parameters are given in Table 14.1. The parameters to be found are marked
as “?”. The pipe system is in the horizontal plane. To determine the friction factors use the Moody diagram.
Table 14.1
Problem d1 d2 d3 d4 LABD LACD ∆pAD Q ε
# mm mm mm mm m m kPa m3⁄s mm
1 70 70 45 45 10 8 80 ? 0.15
2 65 70 50 55 12 9 ? 0.02 0.10
3 60 65 55 50 11 10 90 ? 0.12
4 75 65 40 45 15 12 ? 0.015 0.11
5 55 60 35 40 13 11 85 ? 0.13
6 80 70 45 60 14 12 ? 0.018 0.14
7 50 55 60 35 16 15 95 ? 0.16
8 85 75 65 45 9 13 ? 0.022 0.12
9 64 58 46 52 15 10 75 ? 0.10
10 76 62 38 46 12.5 9.5 82 0.016 0.17
11 70 72 46 42 11 9 70 ? 0.11
12 60 70 60 55 12 10 ? 0.021 0.12
13 66 75 50 60 13 10 80 ? 0.12
14 70 65 45 45 15 12 ? 0.018 0.10
15 65 63 38 40 12 14 85 ? 0.16
16 85 75 45 60 14 13 ? 0.020 0.15
17 54 56 60 35 16 15 75 ? 0.14
18 82 72 60 45 9 13 ? 0.017 0.12
19 68 54 46 52 15 12 75 ? 0.11
20 70 62 38 48 12.5 9.5 82 0.016 0.13
21 70 76 45 41 10 9 80 ? 0.10
22 68 72 50 58 12 11 ? 0.02 0.14
23 58 60 55 50 14 10 90 ? 0.16
24 70 65 46 45 15 12 ? 0.018 0.11
25 50 60 35 45 13 11 80 ? 0.13
26 85 70 45 65 14 12 ? 0.020 0.14
27 55 55 60 40 16 15 90 ? 0.16
28 80 75 65 40 10 13 ? 0.022 0.14
29 60 58 46 50 15 10 70 ? 0.12
30 80 60 38 46 12.5 11 82 0.018 0.15
52 14. TOPIC FM-14

d3
B

d1 D
A

d2

C
d4
Figure 14.1

14.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

Water at 25°C is pumped into the pipe branch consisting of two 50-mm-diameter pipes ABD and ACD, which are 8
m and 12 m long, respectively (Figure 14.1). The roughness of the pipes 0.15 mm. Determine the pressure drop from
A to D if the discharge through A is 0.0215 m3/s. The pipe branch is in the horizontal plane. Neglect minor losses.
Consider the fully developed steady flow, and that water is incompressible.

14.3  SOLUTION
Density and kinematic viscosity for water at T = 25°C are ρw = 997 kg/m3 and vw = 0.9(10-6) m2/s, respectively.

The Reynolds number of the flow in the pipes is:

VD V (0.05 m) -4
Re = v = 2 = 5.57(10 )V
w 0.9(10-6) ms

Continuity equation: ⬚ ⬚
∂
� ρd∀ + � ρV ∙ dA = 0
∂t
CV CS
For steady flow: ⬚
∂
� ρd∀ = 0
∂t
CV
Then the continuity equation for the pipe branch will be:
m3 π(0.05)2 π(0.05)2
-0.02 s + VB 4 + VC 4 = 0.

VB + VC = 10.2 ms . (1)

The major head losses in pipes ABD and ACD will be determined as:
LB VB2 8m VB2
hLB = fB × × = fB × × = 8.155 × fB × VB2.
D 2g 0.05m 2 × 9.81 m2
s
LC VC2 12 m VC
2
hLC = fC × × = fB × × m = 12.23 × fC × VC2 .
D 2g 0.05 m 2 × 9.81 2
s
 14.3 SOLUTION 53

Since the pipes B and C are parallel:

hLB = hLC.
Then:
8.155 × fB × VB2 = 12.23 × fC × VC2.

f
VB = 1.2 × � C × VC. (2)
fB

The energy equation between A and D:

2 2
pA VA pD VD
γw + 2g + zA + hpump = γw + 2g + zD + hturbine + hL.

As the pipe branch is in the horizontal plane:

zA = zD.
As the diameters of the pipes at A and D are equal:
QA = QD and VA = VD.
Also for our problem:
hpump = 0 and hturbine = 0.
Then:
pA – pD
γw = hL.

To find hL we solve Equations (1) and (2) by using the trial and error iterative procedure.
Let’s assume:
fC = 0.026 and fB = 0.025.
Then:
m m
VC = 4.86 s and VB =6.08 s .

From the Moody diagram:

fC = 0.0262 and fB = 0.0262.
Then:
m m
VC = 4.9 s and VB =6.0 s .

Now we can calculate the head loss:

hL = 12.23 × fC × VC2 = 12.23 × 0.0262 × 4.92 = 7.69 m.
Then the pressure drop from A to D:
kg m
pA – pD = hLγw = hLρwg = 7.69 m × 997 3 × 9.81 2 = 75,246 Pa =75.2 kPa.
m s
 55

CHAPTER 15

Topic FM-15: Boundary Layer: Drag

Coefficient

15.1  PROBLEMS 15.1–15.30

The object is subjected to a direct uniform wind speed of V. Determine the Reynolds number and the drag on the
kg N∙s
object. ρair = 1.2 m3 , μair = 18.1 × 10-6 m2 . Ap is the projected front area of the object. U is the vehicle speed.
 
CD is the drag coefficient at Re > 104.
Table 15.1
Problem V U θ D a h Ap
CD L/D b/h Geometric Shapes
# m/s m/s Degrees m m m m2

1 2.0 2.3 1.2 D

Hollow semicylinder

D
2 1.8 1.4 1.0

Hollow hemisphere

D
3 3.0 0.39 0.8

Hollow hemisphere

D
4 2.5 0.43 1.4

Solid hemisphere

5 2.8 1.1 2.0

Disk
56 15. TOPIC FM-15

6 3.2 1.1 0.5 1.6 D

Cylinder

θ D
7 1.6 0.55 30 0.6

Cone
a

8 2.2 1.1 1.0 a

Cube

9 3.6 1.9 0.08 1.4

h

Rectangular plate

10 2.9 1.4 2.0 a

Triangular cross section

D
11 2.4 0.04 2.4

Streamlined body

12 1.5 1.2 1.4 D

Hollow semicylinder
 15.1 PROBLEMS 15.1–15.30 57

13 1.4 15 1.5 0.56

Bicycle
Wikimedia

14 50 70 0.29 2.0

Sports car
Wikimedia

15 35 50 0.25 1.9
Automobile
Wikimedia

16 30 45 0.4 2.3

Sports utility vehicle (SUV)

Wikimedia

17 25 30 0.8 3.0

Utility truck
Wikimedia

18 20 35 1.35 8.9

Freight truck
Wikimedia

19 32 40 2.3 14.0

Train
Wikimedia
58 15. TOPIC FM-15

20 5.0 1.6 6.0

Parachute
Wikimedia

21 1.4 0.95 1 1.8 D

Cylinder
L

22 1.2 0.86 2 2.6 D

Cylinder

θ D
23 2.1 0.80 60 1.8

Cone

24 3.2 2.5 0.5 3.0

h

Rectangular plate

25 1.9 1.18 1.0 2.8

h

Rectangular plate
 15.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 59

26 2.0 1.2 5.0 1.9

h

Rectangular plate

27 2.6 1.3 10 3.2

h

Rectangular plate

28 2.5 8 1.0 0.42

Bicycle
Wikimedia

29 4.0 1.2 5.6

Parachute
Wikimedia

30 32 35 0.95 10

Freight truck
Wikimedia

15.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

The rectangular plate is subjected to a direct uniform wind speed of V = 2 m/s (Figure 15.1). Determine the Reynolds
kg
number and the drag on the object. Given: ρair = 1.2 m3 , μair = 18.1 × 10-6 Nm∙2 s , b = h = 2 m.

60 15. TOPIC FM-15

Figure 15.1

15.3  SOLUTION
Assume air incompressible and the flow is steady. The Reynolds number is determined as:
kg m
ρairVh 1.2 m3 × 2 s × 2m
Re = = = 0.265 × 106.
μair 18.1 × 10-6 N∙s2
m
b
As Re > 104, for the rectangular plate with = 1 the drag coefficient will be CD = 1.18.
h

Then the drag on the rectangular plate will be:
ρair V 2
FD = CD Ap × .
2

The projected area Ap of the plate into the fluid stream is determined as:
Ap = b × h = 2m × 2m = 4m2.
Then the drag will be:
2
kg � m�
1.2 m3 × 2 s
FD = 1.18 × 4 m2 × = 11.328 N.
2

 61

CHAPTER 16

Topic FM-16: Open-Channel Flow

16.1  PROBLEMS 16.1–16.30

Using the Manning equation, determine the steady average velocity and the volumetric flow rate of water in the
channel with the surface roughness coefficient n and slope S0.
Table 16.1
Problem b h a R α
n S0 Prismatic Cross Sections of Open Channels
# m m m m degrees

1 1.8 1.2 0.010 0.0020 h

R
2 1.2 260 0.012 0.0030

3 2.0 60 0.017 0.0024 h

α α

h
4 1.2 2.6 30 0.025 0.0015 α α

h
5 2.2 1.7 120 0.0134 0.0022 α α

b
62 16. TOPIC FM-16

a
h
6 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.012 0.0025

b b b

7 2.4 1.6 0.014 0.0030 h

R
8 2.2 240 0.013 0.0024

9 2.5 45 0.025 0.0028 h

α α

h
10 1.5 2.4 60 0.020 0.0022 α α

h
11 2.4 1.2 110 0.013 0.0040 α α

a
h
12 1.4 1.6 0.4 0.022 0.0030

b b b

13 2.8 2.0 0.016 0.0028 h

b
 16.1 PROBLEMS 16.1–16.30 63

R
14 1.8 200 0.014 0.0036

15 2.8 30 0.07 0.0032 h

α α

h
16 2.1 2.9 35 0.035 0.0024 α α

h
17 2.8 1.8 140 0.0145 0.0037 α α

a
h
18 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.012 0.0046

b b b

19 0.8 0.6 0.015 0.0030 h

R
20 2.8 150 0.013 0.0025

21 2.7 65 0.022 0.0018 h

α α
64 16. TOPIC FM-16

h
22 2.0 1.6 25 0.035 0.0026 α α

h
23 2.6 1.2 140 0.0124 0.0016 α α

a
h
24 3.2 3.0 1.6 0.0125 0.0022

b b b

25 2.9 2.2 0.015 0.0033 h

R
26 1.9 155 0.0125 0.0035

27 2.7 65 0.018 0.0028 h

α α

h
28 1.7 2.7 25 0.028 0.0024 α α

h
29 2.6 1.9 145 0.014 0.0040 α α

b
 16.3 SOLUTION 65

a
h
30 2.4 3.2 2.0 0.0125 0.0045

b b b

16.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

Using the Manning equation, determine the steady average velocity and the volumetric flow rate of water in the
rectangular cross section channel made of precast concrete with the surface roughness coefficient n = 0.011 and slope
S0 = 0.0025 (Figure 16.1).

h=1.5 m

b=2 m
Figure 16.1

16.3  SOLUTION
The Manning equation for the average velocity is:
kRh2⁄3S01⁄2
V= n , (1)

where k is the conversion factor and in SI units system k = 1.
Rh is the hydraulic radius which is determined as a ratio of the flow cross section to the wetted perimeter:
A
Rh = .
P

In our case:

A = b × h = 2 m × 1.5 m = 3 m2; P = b + 2h = 2 m + 2 × 1.5 m = 5 m.

Then:

A 3 m2
Rh = = = 0.6 m.
P 5m

66 16. TOPIC FM-16

Substituting the values of RRh, k, n, and S0 in the Manning Equation (1):

kRh2⁄3 S01⁄2 1 × (0.6)2⁄3 × (0.0025)1⁄2 m
V= n = = 3.23 s .
0.011

The volumetric flow rate is:

m m3
Q = VA = 3.23 s × 3m2 = 9.69 s .

 67

CHAPTER 17

Topic FM-17: Compressible Fluid Flow—

Isentropic Flow Through Converging and
Diverging Nozzles

17.1  PROBLEMS 17.1–17.30

Air flows isentropically through the pipe of constant cross section (Figure 17.1) or Laval nozzle (Figures 17.2–17.5).
Table 17.1 provides the values of the absolute pressures (p), temperatures (T), air densities (ρ), average velocities (V),
Mach numbers (M), diameter of the throat of the nozzle (dt), pressure at the throat (pt), and pipe diameters (D) at
cross sections 1 and 2. Determine the parameters shown as “?”.
Table 17.1
V1 V2 p1 p2 pt T1 T2 ρ1 ρ2 D1 D2 dt
Problem

Figure #
kg kg Mt M1 M1
#

m/s m/s kPa kPa kPa K K mm mm mm

m3 m3
1 70 ? 130 ? 290 ? 1.017 - 100 - - ? ? 17.1
2 - ? 150 ? 280 ? 1.020 - 120 - - 1.85 ? 17.1
3 ? - 160 ? 275 ? 1.017 - 110 - - ? 1.15 17.1
4 ? 80 140 ? 300 ? 1.025 - 90 - - ? ? 17.1
5 - ? 135 ? 285 ? 1.030 - 115 - - 1.95 ? 17.1
6 ? - - 150 ? 280 1.035 - 80 - - ? 1.20 17.1
7 75 ? 155 ? ? 270 - 1.010 100 - - ? ? 17.1
8 ? ? 130 ? 290 ? 1.015 - 130 - - 1.75 ? 17.1
9 ? ? ? 140 290 ? - 1.035 140 - - ? 1.10 17.1
10 ? 85 130 ? ? 275 1.017 - 135 - - ? ? 17.1
11 400 ? 120 200 ? 1.00 ? 17.2
12 2.00 650 ? 350 ? 1.23 50 80 20 ? ? 17.2
13 300 ? 1.23 30 ? ? 0.20 2.0 17.2
14 300 ? 1.23 30 0.20 2.0 17.2
15 400 ? 0.665 1.0 0.1 ? 17.2
16 350 ? 1.23 100 50 17.4
17 150 400 ? 350 ? 1.23 50 75 ? ? ? 17.4
18 450 303 1.23 50 ? 17.4
19 180 ? 293 1.23 80 20 17.4
20 ? 630 ? 253 60 25 17.4
21 15 ? 150 100 50 3.0 17.3
22 5.00 650 ? 350 ? 1.23 100 60 20 ? ? 17.3
23 350 ? 1.23 120 ? ? 2.0 ? 17.3
24 300 ? 1.23 90 ? 2.0 17.3
25 320 ? 0.700 1.0 0.1 ? 17.3
26 ? - - 150 ? 280 1.23 - 80 50 - ? 1.20 17.5
68 17. TOPIC FM-17

27 75 ? 155 ? ? 270 - 1.010 100 - - ? ? 17.5

28 ? ? 130 ? 300 ? 1.23 - 130 - 20 1.75 ? 17.5
29 ? ? ? 140 290 ? - 1.035 140 60 - ? 1.10 17.5
30 ? 85 130 ? ? 275 1.23 - 120 - - ? ? 17.5

D1

V1 V2

1 2
Figure 17.1

D2
D1 dt
V1 V2

Figure 17.2

D1
dt D2
V1 V2

2
1
Figure 17.3
 17.2 SAMPLE PROBLEM 69

D2
D1

dt
V1 V2

1
2

Figure 17.4

D1

D2
dt
V1 V2

2
1

Figure 17.5

17.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

Methane flows through the pipe of diameter D1 with a speed of V1, absolute pressure p1, and temperature T1 (Figure
17.6). If flow in the exhaust pipe of diameter D2 is supersonic, determine the average velocity, pressure, and tempera-
ture in this pipe section. Also, define the throat At area of the nozzle to create sonic flow at the throat.
m
Given: D1 = 60 mm, D2 =100 mm,V1 =160 s , p1 = 350 kPa, T1 =400 K.

70 17. TOPIC FM-17

D2
D1
dt
V1 V2

2
Figure 17.6

17.3  SOLUTION
Assume the flow in the nozzle is steady and isentropic. The Mach number at cross section 1 will be:

V1
M1 = .
�kRT1
For methane:

J
k = 1.31 and R = 518.3 .
kg ∙ K

Then the Mach number:

V1 160 m/s
M1 = = = 0.3.
�kRT1 �1.31 × 518.3 J × 400 K
kg ∙ K

The throat area can be found from the equation:

A1 M1
At = k+1 .
1
1+ 2 (k – 1)M 2 2(k-1)
� �
1(k + 1)
2

Here: πD12 π(0.06 m)2

A1 = = = 0.002826 m2.
4 4

Then:
A1 M1 0.002826 m2(0.3)
At = k+1 = = 0.001376 m2.
1 1 1.31+1
1+ 2 (k – 1)M2 2(k-1) 1+ 2 (1.31 – 1)(0.3)2 2(1.31-1)
� � � �
1(k + 1) 1(1.31 + 1)
2 2
 17.3 SOLUTION 71

Mach number at the cross section 2 can be defined as:

k+1
1 2
A 1 + 2 (k – 1)M2 2(k-1)
M2 = 2t � 1 � .
A 2 (k + 1)

Here:

πD22 π(0.1 m)2

A2 = = = 0.00785 m2.
4 4

Then:
1.31+1
1 2 2 3.726
0.001376 m2 1 + 2 (1.31 – 1)M2 2(1.31-1) 1 + 0.155 M2
M2 = � 1 (1.31 + 1) � = 0.1753 × � �
0.00785 m2 2 1.155

A solution of this equation by iterative method gives two roots:

M2' = 0.11 (subsonic flow) and M2″ = 3.12 (supersonic flow).

Because at the end of the divergent section 2 the flow must be supersonic:
M2 = 3.12.
Now we can determine the stagnation temperature and pressure using the following equations:

k–1 2 1.31 – 1
T0 = T1 �1 + M1 � = 400 K�1 + (0.3)2 � = 405.58 K.
2 2
k 1.31
k – 1 2 k-1 1.31 – 1
p0 = p1 �1 + M1 � = 350 kPa�1 + (0.3)2 � 1.31-1 = 412.25 kPa.
2 2

Then the temperature and pressure at the exit can be defined as:

T0 405.58 K
T2 = = = 161.66 K.
k–1 2 1.31 – 1
� 1 + M � �1 + (3.12) �
2
2 2 2

p0 412.25 kPa
p2 = = 1.31 = 8.454 kPa.
k–1 2 k 1.31 – 1
� 1 + M � �1 + (3.12) �
2 1.31-1

2 2 2

The average velocity of methane at section 2 will be:

J m
V2 = M2 √kRT2 = 3.12�1.31 × 518.3 kg∙K × 161.66 K = 1,033.67 s .

 73

CHAPTER 18

Topic FM-18: Turbomachines: Radial-Flow

Pumps

18.1  PROBLEMS 18.1–18.30

The turbine blades of w width at angle α are rotating at angular velocity ω and they discharge water at flow rate
(discharge) Q in the radial direction toward the center of the turbine (Figures 18.1 and 18.2). The power produced
by the turbine, the ideal turbine head, and turbine efficiency are Wturbine, hturbine, and ηturbine, respectively. Using
the parameters given in Table 18.1, determine the parameters shown as “?”.

d1

d2

••

Figure 18.1
74 18. TOPIC FM-18

Vr1
Vt1
Vr2 α

Figure 18.2

Table 18.1: Radial-flow pump parameters

Problem α w ω W �turbine hturbine ηturbine Q d1 d2
# deg mm rad/s W m % m3⁄s m m
1 30 200 6 ? 3.5 ? 4.0 2.0 1.5
2 15 100 5 ? 4.0 ? ? 1.8 1.0
3 45 150 7 ? ? ? 6.0 2.5 1.6
4 60 180 8 ? 2.5 ? ? 2.2 1.8
5 75 120 4 ? ? ? 8.0 1.5 1.0
6 25 190 10 ? 5.0 ? ? 3.0 2.5
7 20 220 6 ? ? ? 10.0 3.2 2.8
8 35 160 9 ? 8.0 ? ? 2.8 2.2
9 40 140 12 ? ? ? 3.0 2.4 2.0
10 50 110 3 ? 6.0 ? ? 2.6 1.9
11 30 190 10 ? 5.0 ? ? 3.0 2.5
12 15 220 6 ? ? ? 10.0 3.2 2.8
13 45 160 9 ? 8.0 ? ? 2.8 2.2
14 60 140 12 ? ? ? 3.0 2.0 1.5
15 75 110 3 ? 6.0 ? ? 1.8 1.0
16 25 200 6 ? 3.5 ? 4.0 2.5 1.6
17 20 100 5 ? 4.0 ? ? 2.2 1.8
18 35 150 7 ? ? ? 6.0 1.5 1.0
19 40 180 8 ? 2.5 ? ? 3.0 2.5
20 50 120 4 ? ? ? 8.0 3.2 2.8
21 30 200 7 ? 6.0 ? ? 2.8 2.2
22 15 100 8 ? 5.0 ? ? 2.4 2.0
 18.3 SOLUTION 75

23 45 150 4 ? ? ? 10.0 2.6 1.9

24 60 180 12 ? 8.0 ? ? 2.0 1.5
25 75 120 3 ? 6.0 ? ? 1.8 1.0
26 25 190 6 ? 3.5 ? 4.0 2.5 1.6
27 20 220 5 ? 4.0 ? ? 2.2 1.8
28 35 160 12 ? ? ? 6.0 1.5 1.0
29 40 140 8 ? 3.5 ? 4.0 3.0 2.5
30 50 110 4 ? 4.0 ? ? 3.2 2.8

18.2  SAMPLE PROBLEM

The Francis turbine blades of w width at angle α are rotating at angular velocity ω and they discharge water at
flow rate (discharge) Q in the radial direction toward the center of the turbine (Figures 18.1 and 18.2). The power
produced by the turbine, the ideal turbine head, and turbine efficiency are Wturbine, hturbine, and ηturbine, respec-
rad kg
, d1 = 2 m d2 = 1.6 m, Q = 5.0 m , ρw = 103 3 . Define the tur-
3
tively. Given: w = 180 mm, α = 45°, ω = 6
s s m
bine power and the ideal head loss.

18.3  SOLUTION
As at the tail of the blades the tangential component of the velocity Vt2 = 0 (Figure 18.2), then the volume flow
rate is determined as:

Q=
Vr1 A1, (18.1)
d1
where Vr is the radial component of the velocity A1 = 2π w.
2

Then from Equation (18.1):

m3
Q 5 s m
Vr1 = = 2m = 4.42 s .
A1 2π 0.18m
2

The tangential component of the velocity V1:

m m
Vt1 = Vr1 cot α = Vr1 cot 30° = 4.42 s × 1.732 = 7.656 s .

The torque applied to the rotor of the Francis turbine:

d d
T = – ρwQ� 22 Vt2 – 21 Vt1�.

Then the power produced by the turbine:

d2 d1 m3
W� 3 kg m rad
turbine = Tω = – ρwQ� 2 Vt2 – 2 Vt1�ω = – 10 m3 × 5 s × �0 – 1m × 7.656 s � × 6 s

= 230 × 103W = 230 kW.

76 18. TOPIC FM-18

The ideal turbine head loss:

Wturbine 230 × 103W

hturbine = = = 4.68 m.
Qγ m3 kg m
5 × 103 3 × 9.81 2
s m s

 77

Author Biography
Dr. Sayavur I. Bakhtiyarov is a Professor at New Mexico Institute of Mining
and Technology (Socorro, NM, U.S.). Dr. Bakhtiyarov obtained a Ph.D. from
the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1978, and in 1992 a D.Sc. from the Azer-
baijan National Academy of Sciences. His areas of expertise include: multi-
phase flows, powder technology, nonlinear fluid mechanics, tribology, rheology,
self-healing composites, and space radiation. Dr. Bakhtiyarov has authored
400+ scientific publications in refereed scholarly journals, books, international
conferences, and symposia proceedings, and holds 14 patents. Dr. Bakhtiyarov
was elected as a foreign member of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and
International Ecoenergy Academy. He served as a Program director of U.S.
DOE and NASA research projects, as well as INSRP U.S. DOD coordinator
for NASA’s Mars Science Lab mission. Dr. Bakhtiyarov is a lead organizer of
ASME annual symposia and forums, Editor in Chief of two international
journals, Mechanics and Solids (IJM&S) and Manufacturing Science and Technol-
ogy (IJMS&T), Editorial Board Member of i-manager's Journal on Engineering and Technology (IJET), Mathematics
Applied in Science and Technology (MAST), International Journal of Applied Engineering Research (IJAER), International
Journal of Dynamics of Fluids (IJDF), and Far-East Journal of Mathematics (FEJM). Dr. Bakhtiyarov received a Ful-
bright scholarship grant in 2017.