CONSUMER

CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
Science – Consumer Chemistry
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – SLeM 6 Functional Groups
First Edition, 2020

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Consumer Chemistry
Quarter 1 – Module 6:

Functional Groups
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before you start answering the Supplementary Learning Material (SLeM),
set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read
carefully the instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have
fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every part of
this SLeM.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Keep in mind that
Writing develops and enhances learning,
3. Perform all the provided activities in the SLeM.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THIS MODULE

Expectations This will provide what you will be able to know upon
completing the lessons in the SLeM.

Pre-test This will assess your prior knowledge and the concepts to
be mastered throughout the lesson.

Looking Back to This section will measure the skills that you learned and
your Lesson understand from the previous lesson.

Brief This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

Introduction

Activities These are activities designed to develop your critical

thinking and other competencies that you need to master.
This can be done solely or with your partner depending on
the nature of the activity.

Remember This section summarizes the concepts and applications of

the lessons

Check your This will verify how you learned from the lesson.
Understanding

Post-test This will measure how much you have learned from the
entire SLeM

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 Expectations
In this module, you will understand the concept on functional groups which gives
a distinct characteristic to each hydrocarbon chain. Each functional group plays a
specific task and can be found in a lot of commonly known substances.
Specifically, this module will help you to:
1. identify the group of atoms that makes up a functional group
2. recognize the presence of functional groups
3. relate the functional groups to essential substances
Let us start your journey in learning more about functional groups. I am sure you are ready and
excited to answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer up!

Pre-Test
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following best describes functional groups?

A. compound that consists of hydrogen and carbon only
B. compound that consists of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen only
C. compound that consists of hydrogen and carbon only
which gives a distinct characteristic to organic molecule.
D. group of atoms which defines the characteristic of
hydrocarbons

2. Which of the following chemical formulas belong to an alcohol group?

A. CH3OH C. CH3-O-CH3
B. CH3CH2OCH3CH3 D. CH3(CH2)2CO2H
C.
3. Which of the following contains an alkyl group attached to a terminal end of a parent
hydrocarbon?
A. ether C. alcohol
B. aldehyde D. ester

4. Which of the following differentiates ether from other functional groups?

A. two hydrocarbons are attached to same oxygen atom
B. one hydrocarbon is attached to oxygen
C. one hydrogen is replaced by a hydroxyl group
D. one hydrogen is replaced by a carbonyl group

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 5. Benzoic acids are formed when a carboxylic acid is attached to a benzene ring. How
significant is it in the food industry?
A. It is used for production of baking powder.
B. Its salt adjusts the internal pH in microorganisms to inhibit
their growth and survival in food.
C. It aids in food preservation as it is produced when food goes
through fermentation.
D. It is used as preservative and antimicrobial ingredient
in livestock feed.
.

Looking Back
In the previous module, you have learned about hydrocarbons which
contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms. You have also learned that carbons are able to attach
with another carbon allowing it to form all kinds of straight chain or ring-shaped molecules.
Carbons also form bonds with most of the elements in the periodic table except with noble gases.
To recall it, let us work on this short activity.

Name the following hydrocarbons.

1. CH3CH3
2. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
3. CH3CH2CH2CH3
4. CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH2CH3
5. CH3C CCH2CH2CH2CH3
Good job! It is nice to know that you can still remember how to name hydrocarbons.

Brief Introduction
Functional groups are attached to hydrocarbons giving them their
distinct characteristics. They play an important role in formation of biological
compounds such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Functional groups
include carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino and halides. Organic compounds with
carbonyl groups (C=O) include aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters and
ketones. Organic compounds having oxygen but does not belong to carbonyl
group are the alcohol and ether. Those which have nitrogen in the compound are
called amines and amides and those with halogens are halides.
In the formulas we are going to consider in the functional group,
we represent an alkyl group or aryl group with R. Alkyl group is an alkane with one
missing hydrogen and an aryl group is a simple aromatic ring compound with one
hydrogen missing.
Alkane Alkyl Aryl

CH4 methane CH3 methyl

CH3CH3 ethane CH3CH2 ethyl

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Alcohol (General Formula ROH)
Alcohols are organic compounds derived from water when an alkyl group
replaces one of its hydrogen or if the hydroxyl group (OH) replaces one hydrogen
atom in a hydrocarbon parent chain. It is named by changing the last letter of the
parent hydrocarbon with -ol. In naming, consider the number of carbon where the
hydroxyl group is attached to. The hydroxyl group bond is polar, making it soluble
to polar solvents.

Methanol, the simplest alcohol is also called methyl or wood alcohol. It is

used in industries as a source for solvent, pesticide, antifreeze and alternative fuel
production. A small amount of methanol occurs naturally in living organisms such
as fruits and vegetables but toxic when present in larger amount to humans. As
solvent, it is used in making dyestuffs, resins and products like vitamins,
cholesterol and hormones. As fuel, it is widely used in biodiesel which is basically
made from plants and animal fats.
Do you know that ethanol is the main compound present in alcoholic drinks
made from the fermentation of sugars in rye and corn to form whiskey, grapes to
form wine and barley to form beer? Ethanol is also used as solvent for perfumes
and sanitizers. It can kill microorganisms and bacteria which is the basis for using
sanitizers or alcohol-based rub for fighting against the coronavirus strain which
causes the Covid-19 disease.
Isopropyl alcohol is known also as 2-propanol where the hydroxyl group is
attached to the second carbon. Once it reacts with oxygen, acetone is produced
which belongs to organic compounds ketone. Being relatively non-toxic, it is used
as cleaning fluid and as a solvent. It is used as sanitizer as it can also kill bacteria.

Ethers (General Formula ROR’)

Ethers are organic compounds with the functional group that contain an
oxygen atom (O) where two alkyl or aryl groups are attached. Having similar
structure as water, both hydrogen in water is replaced by either alkyl group or aryl
group. In naming, the word ether is added to the two alkyl or aryl groups attached
to the same oxygen atom. Ethers are important in medical aspect as it was first

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used as anesthetic in 1800s. Diethyl ether, a refrigerant gas, is used as solvent
for fats, oils, wax, perfume, and dyes. Methyl t-butyl ether is used to boost the
octane number of gasoline as additive and also reduces the emission of nitrogen
oxide pollutants. Ethylene glycol ethers are used as solvents and plasticizers.

Source:https://www.britannica.com/science/ether-chemical-compound

Aldehyde (General Formula RCOH)

Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group (C=O) attached at a terminal end of
a hydrocarbon. They are derived from dehydrogenation of alcohols meaning a
hydrogen was removed from alcohol. Aldehyde is used as a suffix for common
names. They play an important role in various chemical reactions such as
polymerization where Bakelite and Formica are among the products. Bakelite is
a chemically resistant plastic based on the combination of phenol and
formaldehyde resin. Formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, is a gas whose
aqueous solution, formalin, is used in embalming and preservation of specimens,
germicide and fungicide. Benzaldehyde provides odor and flavor of fresh almonds
and vanillin which is responsible for the main flavor of vanilla beans and
cinnamaldehyde for the oil of cinnamon.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/aldehyde

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Ketone (General Formula RCOR’)
Ketones contain a carbonyl group (C=O) inside the alkyl or aromatic groups.
It may be a combination of two alkyl or aryl groups attached to carbon atom or one
aryl and one alkyl group attached to carbon atom.

Alcohols are oxidized to yield ketones. Acetone is the most common ketone
that is used as solvent in drug production, plastics, varnish and color removers. In
medicine, it is used for chemical peeling and for treatment of acne. Methyl ethyl
ketone (MEK) is one important solvent for production of textiles, paraffin wax and
others. Cyclohexanone is important in production of nylon.

Carboxylic Acids (General Formula RCOOH)

Carboxylic acids contain a combination of both the carbonyl and hydroxyl
group which is the carboxyl group (COOH). They are weak acids naturally present
in fruits and vegetables. Acids such as lactic acid, butyric acid, citric acid, tartaric
acid and oxalic acid are some of the common acids that belong to this functional
group. Lactic acids are naturally found in milk and produced in laboratories
through fermentation of carbohydrates. Formic acids are present in sting of red
ants, wasps, and bees. Benzoic acids and its salt regulate pH in food preventing
the growth of microbes in fruit juices and food.

Ester (General Formula RCOOR’)

Esters are distinct from other functional groups such that its carbon is
attached to three other atoms namely: a single bond to carbon, a double bond to
one oxygen and a single bond to another oxygen. Esters are produced when

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carboxylic acid and alcohol reacts together with hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid
in a process called esterification.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/ester-chemical-compound

Ethyl benzoate is used as perfume in cosmetics and personal care

products and preservatives. It also serves as artificial fruit flavor. Methyl butyrate
is an ester that occurs naturally in apples and used as flavoring agent to
beverages, ice cream and other baked products. Most esters are responsible for
the pleasing smell exhibited in fruits.

Always use your

notebook when
answering all the
Activities tests
and activities.

Activity 1.1. Organic Compounds

Direction: Match the appropriate description of common functional group

substances. Write the capital letter of your answer in your notebook.

A B
_____ 1. Can kill microorganisms such as the A. -OH group
strain of coronavirus that causes Covid-19 B. Methyl butyrate
_____2. Ketone used in treatment of acne C. Ethanol
and medical peeling procedure D. acetone
_____3. Produced when alcohol reacts with E. -COOH group
carboxylic acids F. Ethers
_____4. Hydroxyl group G. diethyl ether
_____5. Alkyls are attached to the same oxygen H. Formalin
atom I. Aldehydes

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_____6. Used as flavoring agent J. Esters
_____7. Used in embalming and preservation
of specimen
_____8. Carboxyl group
_____9. Refrigerant gas
_____10. Carbonyl group found at end of
hydrocarbon

Activity 1.2. Rate of Ripening Bananas

Materials needed: 6 pieces of unripe bananas; paper bag

Procedure:
1. Make two groups of the unripe bananas.
2. Put one group inside a paper bag and seal it. Leave the other group as is.
3. Observe the two groups for 2 days checking on the rate of physical indications of
ripening such as its color and softness.

Answer the following questions:

1. How do the group of bananas differ in the rate of ripening?

2. What do you think makes the banana ripen faster?

3. Explain the role of ethylene in the ripening of fruits.

Activity 1.3 Virtual Laboratory on Test for Functional Groups

Materials needed: Internet Connection; Gadget

Procedure:

1. Watch the Youtube video on Tests for functional Groups Present in

Organic Compounds – MeitY OLabs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4esSHxz_J8

2. Answer the questions that follow while watching the video:

A. Bromine Water Test
What result indicates unsaturation and saturation in an unknown
substance as the bromine water was added?

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 B. Sodium-Metal Test
When alcohol reacts with active sodium metal, what is produced
and why?
C. Acetyl Chloride Test
How will esters be formed in this test? What indicates the white
fumes released in the experiment?
D. Schiff’s Test
What confirms the presence of aldehyde group after adding
Schiff’s reagent to the unknown compound?
E. M-Dinitrobenzene Test
How will the presence of ketones be confirmed after adding
m-dinitrobenzene and sodium hydroxide to the unknown?

Remember

● Organic compounds are carbon containing compounds in which

hydrocarbons act as its framework.

● Functional groups attached to hydrocarbons give distinct properties to

organic compounds.

● A wide range of functional group plays a vital role since they are essential
materials in producing natural and synthetic products for man’s needs.

Checking Your Understanding

Cholesterol exists biochemically in human bodies and belongs to

alcohol group. Explain its importance in body regulations.

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 Post-Test

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following describes the formation of ethers?

A. when two alkyl groups are attached to the same oxygen atom
B. when two alkyl groups are attached to different oxygen atoms
C. when alkyl groups replace one hydrogen
D. when alkyl groups replace one hydrogen atom with oxygen atom

2. In which group does acetaldehyde belong?

A. ketone
B. aldehydes
C. carboxylic acids
D. ethers

3. Why is ethanol used as alcohol-based rub for fighting against Covid-19

disease?
A. It has the ability to ferment substances.
B. It can inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
C. It can kill microorganisms and bacteria.
D. It can kill fungi and germs.

4. How will ethylene contribute to ripening of bananas?

A. It can contribute to softening of fruit.
B. It causes change in the color of fruit peeling.
C. It increases the respiration and accelerates ripening
D. All of the above

5. Why do we need to perform the different kinds of tests for functional group?
A. To determine the saturation and unsaturation of substances.
B. It can inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
C. It can kill microorganism and bacteria.
D. It can kill fungi and germs.

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References
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-ether-definition-uses-effects-formula.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/ether-chemical-
compound#:~:text=They%20are%20relatively%20unreactive%2C%20and,miticides%2C%20and%20fumig
ants%20for%20soil.

https://www.britannica.com/science/ether-chemical-compound

Aldehyde
https://www.britannica.com/science/aldehyde

Ester
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/esters/background.html

https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB1853999.htm

methanol/ethanol
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-disease/Chemical-injury-poisoning#ref524899

Banana ripening
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-5546-5_19

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