Senior High School

Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 - Module 4
Rock Metamorphism
Earth and Life Science- Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 4: Rock Metamorphism
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High School

EARTH AND
LIFE SCIENCE
Quarter 1 - Module 4
Rock Metamorphism

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ......................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ..................................................................................................................... i
How to Learn from this Module ................................................................................................... i
Icons of this Module ...................................................................................................................... ii

What I Know ................................................................................................................................. iii

Lesson 1:
Introduction to Rock Metamorphism .............................................1
What I Need to Know .......................................................................................... 1
What’s New: Activity 1 Find the Word ............................................................ 2
What Is It: ............................................................................................................ 3
What’s More: Activity 2: ...................................................................................... 4
What I Have Learned: Activity 4: Summarized Me ......................................... 5
What I Can Do……………………………………………………………………5

Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Assessment: (Post-Test) ………………………………………………………………………….7
Key to Answers ................................................................................................................................9
References ..................................................................................................................................... 12
What This Module is About
Welcome learners!

It is so timely to provide you with this module while you embrace the distance
learning modality in the new normal. As you face the pandemic, may you accept the
challenges and embrace the reality with optimism and allowing yourself to enjoy the
opportunity to read more, learn more and develop more of your skills in this new
learning setting.

This module introduces you to the concepts of rock metamorphism. There are
different activities that you need to explore and go over about this topic. In this module,
you are expected to describe the changes in rocks due to changes in pressure and
temperature. Let us read and scan the next few pages of this module to fully
understand and explore the activities that are prepared for you.

The lesson contained in this module:

1. Rock metamorphism

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. describe the physical and chemical changes in rocks due to changes in
pressure and temperature (metamorphism).

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

i
Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge of the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects the previous lesson with
that of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are

intended for you to practice further to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to

showcase your skills and knowledge gained
and applied it to real-life situations.

ii
 General Instructions

To achieve the competencies of this module, complete the following:

1. Understand and follow the instructions carefully.
2. Accomplish the pre-test to identify your preparedness for the lessons inthis
module.
3. Refer your answers to the given answer key.
4. Read each lesson and do activities provided for you.
5. Demonstrate the activities to guide you in comprehending the lessons.
6. Take the self-test after each lesson to assess your understanding of the
topics.
7. Answer the post-test to measure how much you have gained from the
topics.

What I Know

Pretest
Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and understand each of the statements below and choose the letter of
the correctanswerfrom the given choices. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. Which of the following processes will cause metamorphism?

A. a change in the chemical environment
B. an increase in temperature
C. an increase in pressure
D. all of these

2. In regional metamorphism, the source of increased temperature and pressure is

_________.
a. a local intrusive heat source
b. impact metamorphism
c. the increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial
d. due to the increased rate of radioactive decay

3. In contact metamorphism, there is a ______________.

a. local heat source
b. frictional heat source
c. regional heat source
d. None of the above

iii
4. The pressure and heat that drive metamorphism result from which three forces?
A. The internal heat of the Earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and horizontal
pressures developed as rocks become deformed
B. The weight of the overlying rocks, solar heating, and nuclear fusion
C. Horizontal pressures developed as rocks deform, bonding, and the heat released
during crystallization
D. Internal heat of the Earth, nuclear fission, and the heat released during chemical
Weathering

5. During metamorphism, changes in the bulk composition of rocks occur primarily as a

result of __________?
A. increases in pressure
B. increases in temperature
C. reaction with hydrothermal fluids
D. all of these

6. What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed
over a large volume of crust?
A. burial B. contact C. regional D. cataclastic

7. A rock that has undergone cataclastic metamorphism would most likely display which of
the following?
A. preserved sedimentary layering
B. pulverized rock fragments
C. new minerals
D. large olivine crystals

8. What is the most prominent textural feature of regional metamorphic rocks?

A. Foliation B. bedding C. cataclasis D. ripples

9. Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of shale is false?

A. with increasing metamorphism, the clay minerals breakdown to form micas
B. with increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the minerals gets smaller
C. with increasing metamorphism, foliation develops
D. with increasing metamorphism, the amount of water decreases

10. Hydrothermal metamorphism is very common in which of the following settings?

A. at continental collision zones
B. along shallow faults
C. at mid-ocean ridges
D. in mid-continental regions

iv
 Introduction to Metamorphism of
Rocks

What I Need to Know

This module deepens your understanding of how rocks are transformed due to
changes in pressure and temperature. The word "Metamorphism" comes from the
Greek: meta = after, morph = form, so metamorphism means the after form.
Metamorphism is the change that takes place within a body of rock as a result of it
being subjected to conditions that are different from those in which it formed. It is also
defined as the mineralogical and structural adjustment of solid rocks to physical and
chemical conditions that have been imposed at depths below the near-surface zones of
weathering. In geology, this refers to the changes in mineral assemblage and texture
that result from subjecting a rock to conditions such as pressure, temperature, and
chemical environment different from those under which the rock originally formed.
Metamorphism therefore occurs at temperatures and pressures higher than
200°C. Rocks can be subjected to these higher temperatures and pressures as they
are buried deeper in the Earth. Such burial usually takes place as a result of tectonic
processes such as continental collisions or subduction.

Before the lesson proper, we will first review and get oriented to the words
and terminologies commonly used related to rock metamorphism. How do we do
this? Let us Perform Activity 1: Find the WORD.

1
 What’s New

Activity 1 Find the WORD

O S J M N N G R A N I T E K S
D E G O E U O U A I I M Q U T
C D F T H L A I K E E G O G R
V I A T S S T Y T T M E EEE
A M E F U U B I A I N M C R S
V E D C D Q R M N G S A G U S
A N S F X G O C I G W O L S I
L T G N I R E H T A E W P S Z
D A Q X P R A M G A M S Q E H
Z R X H O E P E T X R X K R D
H Y I C O M D A B U K R L P T
G C K B S U E Z Y I N G S H Y
C S B X J H L Q O Q I A U A Z
V Z S O K Q C T F M A U Z P I
V Z T X C O A L I E B J Z H W

COAL
CRUST
DEPOSITION
GRANITE
HEAT
IGNEOUS
LAVA
MAGMA
MELTING
METAMORPHIC
PRESSURE
ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY
STRESS
WEATHERING

Activity 2: Metamorphism of Rocks

Instruction:
Browse the internet through YouTube to view the concepts of Rock Metamorphism
through the following links provided below:

A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7SiZSa5csA
B. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jt_bvROCJCc

2
 What Is It

As the temperature and/or pressure increases on a body of rock, we say the rock
undergoes prograde metamorphism or that the grade of metamorphism increases. A
metamorphic grade is a general term for describing the relative temperature and pressure
conditions under which metamorphic rocks form.

Low-grade metamorphism takes place at temperatures between about 200 to

320°C, and relatively low pressure. Low-grade metamorphic rocks are generally
characterized by an abundance of hydrous minerals. With the increasing grade of
metamorphism, the hydrous minerals begin to react with other minerals and/or break down
to less hydrous minerals.

High-grade metamorphism takes place at temperatures greater than 320°C and

relatively high pressure. As the grade of metamorphism increases, hydrous minerals
become less hydrous, by losing H2O, and non-hydrous minerals become more common.

Types of Metamorphism

1. Contact Metamorphism
Contact metamorphism occurs adjacent to igneous intrusions and results from high
temperatures associated with the igneous intrusion. Because the temperature contrast
between the surrounding rock and the intruded magma is larger at shallow levels in the crust
where pressure is low, contact metamorphism is often referred to as high temperature, low-
pressure metamorphism. The rock produced is often a fine-grained rock that shows no
foliation, called a hornfels.

2. Regional Metamorphism
Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and generally does not show any
relationship to igneous bodies. It usually results in forming metamorphic rocks that are
strongly foliated, such as slates, schists, and gneisses. The differential stress usually results
from tectonic forces that produce compressional stresses in the rocks, such as when two
continental masses collide. Thus, regionally metamorphosed rocks occur in the cores of
fold/thrust mountain belts or eroded mountain ranges. Compressive stresses result in the
folding of rock and the thickening of the crust, which tends to push rocks to deeper levels
where they are subjected to higher temperatures and pressures.

3. Cataclastic Metamorphism
Cataclastic metamorphism occurs as a result of mechanical deformation, like when two
bodies of rock slide past one another along a fault zone. Heat is generated by the friction of
sliding along such a shear zone, and the rocks tend to be mechanically deformed, being
crushed and pulverized, due to the shearing. Cataclastic metamorphism is not very common
and is restricted to a narrow zone along which the shearing occurred.

3
4. Hydrothermal Metamorphism
Rocks that are altered at high temperatures and moderate pressures by hydrothermal
fluids are hydrothermally metamorphosed. This is common in basaltic rocks that generally
lack hydrous minerals.
The hydrothermal metamorphism results in the alteration to such Mg-Fe rich hydrous
minerals as talc, chlorite, serpentine, actinolite, tremolite, zeolites, and clay minerals. Rich
ore deposits are often formed as a result of hydrothermal metamorphism.

5. Burial Metamorphism
When sedimentary rocks are buried to depths of several kilometers, temperatures greater
than 300oC may develop in the absence of differential stress. New minerals grow, but the
rock does not appear to be metamorphosed. The main minerals produced are often the
Zeolites. Burial metamorphism overlaps, to some extent, with diagenesis, and grades into
regional metamorphism as temperature and pressure increase.

6. Shock Metamorphism (Impact Metamorphism)

When an extraterrestrial body, such as a meteorite or comet impacts the Earth or if there
is a very large volcanic explosion, ultrahigh pressures can be generated in the impacted rock.
These ultrahigh pressures can produce minerals that are only stable at very high pressure,
such as the SiO2 polymorphs coesite and stishovite.

What’s More

Complete the concept map below using the concepts learned in

metamorphism of rocks.

Regional
Metamorphism

Heat

Contact with
magma orlava, rock

4
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Summarize Me

Answer the following questions based on what you learned from the topic in rock
metamorphism. Answer it briefly and concisely

1. How does a metamorphic rock change into another type of rock?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

2. An igneous rock can become a metamorphic rock. How can this happen?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Fill in the blanks with the correct concepts about the metamorphism of rocks. (2 points
each)

1. In __________ metamorphism there is a local heat source.

2. Cataclastic metamorphism would be expected along a ________ plate boundary.

3. In regional metamorphism the heat source is the ___________ temperature expected

with increasing depth of burial.

4. The change from diagenesis to metamorphism marks the boundary between

__________ and metamorphic rocks.

5. Contact metamorphism is commonly associated with which plate boundary? _________

5
6. High pressure and low-temperature regional metamorphism are characteristic of what
plate boundary?

7. Alignment of planar minerals (such as micas) produces __________.

8. A foliated metamorphic rock in which the oriented micas are not visible but are large
enough to reflect light is a _________.

9. With increasing temperature and pressure the realm of metamorphism grades into
_____________ processes.

10. Silicate liquids are not present during metamorphism - True or False __________

Summary

1. Any kind of rock can change into a new rock. The original rock can either be
sedimentary, igneous, or even a metamorphic rock. This is what we call
metamorphism.

2. The word metamorphic is a Greek word that means “to change form”.

3. The types of metamorphism are contact, regional, cataclastic, hydrothermal,

burial, and shock metamorphism.

4. Contact metamorphism involves intense heat while regional metamorphism

involves high pressure.

5. As temperature and/or pressure increases "old minerals" may change (typically

they increase in size) or new minerals may form.

6
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and understand each of the statements below and choose the
letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Use a separate sheet of paper
for your answers.

1. Which of the following processes will cause metamorphism?

A. a change in the chemical environment
B. an increase in temperature
C. an increase in pressure
D. all of these

2. In regional metamorphism, the source of increased temperature and pressure is

_________.
A. a local intrusive heat source
B. Impact metamorphism
C. the increase in temperature with increasing depth of burial
D. due to the increased rate of radioactive decay

3. In contact metamorphism, there is a ______________.

A. local heat source
B. frictional heat source
C. regional heat source
D. None of the above

4. The pressure and heat that drive metamorphism result from which three forces?
A. The internal heat of the Earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and horizontal
pressures developed as rocks become deformed
B. The weight of the overlying rocks, solar heating, and nuclear fusion
C. Horizontal pressures developed as rocks deform, bonding, and the heat released
during crystallization
D. Internal heat of the Earth, nuclear fission, and the heat released during chemical
Weathering

5. During metamorphism, changes in the bulk composition of rocks occur primarily as a

result of __________?
A. increases in pressure
B. increases in temperature
C. reaction with hydrothermal fluids
D. all of these

6. What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed
over a large volume of crust?
A. burial B. contact C. regional D. cataclastic

7
7. A rock that has undergone cataclastic metamorphism would most likely display which of
the following?
E. preserved sedimentary layering
F. pulverized rock fragments
G. new minerals
H. large olivine crystals

8. What is the most prominent textural feature of regional metamorphic rocks?

B. Foliation B. bedding C. cataclasis D. ripples

9. Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of shale is false?

E. with increasing metamorphism, the clay minerals breakdown to form micas
F. with increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the minerals gets smaller
G. with increasing metamorphism, foliation develops
H. with increasing metamorphism, the amount of water decreases

10. Hydrothermal metamorphism is very common in which of the following settings?

A. at continental collision zones
B. along shallow faults
C. at mid-ocean ridges
D. in mid-continental regions

8
Key to Answers

Pre /Post test

1. D
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. C

9
Activity 3: Chart Me Out

Metamorphic Rocks

Are rocks form from change of

time

Regional
Contact
Metamorphism Metamorphism

Contact with magma or Can cause rock in the

lava, rock contact will middle to
burned / metamorphosed metamorphosed
by heat by pressure

Shale

limestone marble
Slate

Basalt granite

Phyllite
Shale Hornfels

Schist

Gneiss

10
Activity 3: Summarize Me

1. A metamorphic rock becomes another metamorphic rock through extreme heat,

and by burying it deeper on the earth’s surface (to increase pressure).

2. Contact metamorphism involves extreme heat. When temperature increases,

the existing rock will be burned or metamorphosed by the heat of magma while
regional metamorphism involves pressure in a largerarea. Increased pressure
can cause the rock in the middle to metamorphosed.

11
References

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https://scotdir.com/other/igneous-rocks-granite.

"Earth Floor: Cycles." COTF.Accessed June 12, 2020.

https://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html.

"Extrusive Igneous Rocks." Mineralogy4Kids. Accessed

June 21, 2020.https://www.mineralogy4kids.org/?q=rock-cycle/extrusive-
igneous-rocks.

"Gabbro Metamorphic Rock - Google Search."Google.Accessed June 21, 2020.

https://www.google.com/search?q=gabbro+metamorphic+rock&rlz=1C1GCEA_e
nPH890PH890&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=_Bj1K_Lp-
foDIM%253A%252CLKFlE-FAgH8pjM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRx5qMSswiIXigKREvjgnjbBJX0Wg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixpprnlpLqAhUIE
qYKHSLQAj8Q_h0wAHoECAoQBA&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=ywboH-
SDHn3Y5M.

"Marble: Metamorphic Rock: Pictures, Definition, Properties." Geology and Earth

Science News, Articles, Photos, Maps, and More. Accessed June 21, 2020.
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Multiple Choice Questions Metamorphic Rocks - Chapter 7

https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap8mult.html

PBS Western Reserve.Accessed June 12, 2020.

https://westernreservepublicmedia.org/weathering/images/weathering-quiz.pdf.

12
Shale Rock - Google Search."Google.Accessed June 21, 2020.
https://www.google.com/search?q=shale+rock&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiAl5W
rkpLqAhUowIsBHQ-WA2MQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=SH&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMg
QIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQI
ABBDMgUIABCxAzoCCAA6BggAEAUQHjoECAAQGFD96gFY35ICYLGzA
mgAcAB4A4ABoAKIAaQekgEGOC4yNy4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pb
WewAQA&sclient=img&ei=yuvuXoCKKaiAr7wPj6yOmAY&bih=657&biw=13
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https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens212/typesmetamorph.htm
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7SiZSa5csA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jt_bvROCJCc

YouTube.n.d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oQ1J0w3x0o.

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13
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Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEdDivision of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper BalulangCagayan de Oro

Telefax: ((08822)855-0048

E-mail Address: [email protected]