2.

CONTRIBUTIONOF INDIAN MATHEMATICIAN

Contribution of India in mathematics is most important and world famous. The workd

known as the maximum mathematician may be found in the India.

Secret of India's Greatness In Mathematies:
Specifle mathematician
Period Important Fact

3000-1500 B.C. Sindhu Pamana, measurement of length and

weight
1500-500 B.C. | Sulbasutras, digit number, astronomy, Baudhayan, Apstambh
Katyayan.
concept ofArithmetic Vedic Jyamitee
500-200 B.C. Traditional ofJain ganita, Number, Siddhanta,
Permutation and Bionomial theorem, Pingal's
suta, Meruprastar.

200B.C. Bhakshali, Pandulipi, Laws ofmathematical

400 A.D. function, use of zero,Simple Agebra,
of
representation ofration numbers, concept
negative sign.
Golden period ofIndian mathematician, work Aryabhata, Varaha
400-1200A.D.
Grantha, Aryabhatiya, Pancha mihira, Bhaskara ()
ofimportant
Siddhantika, Bhashya, Maha Bhashya, Brahma Gupta,
Siddhanta, Shiro mani Sridhara, Mahavira

Bhaskaracharya.
Golden period ofIndian mathematician started from Aryabhata and its continued. Biog-

are given in the following table-

raphy ofgreat mathematician according period
to

S.No. Name of Vear/Perlod NameefSeripts

Mathematiclan

1. Aryabhata-
476 A.D Aryabhatiya
499 A.D. Pancha Siddhantika
2. Varahamihira
 Mathemati
atics-10th
388

Jinbhadra Gani
575 A.D. Visheshwasyaka Bhasya
598 A.D Brahma fut Siddhanta
Brahma Gupta
4.
Bhaskara-I
629 A.D Aryabhatiya Bhasya,
Mahabhaskariya,
Laghu bhaskariya.
700 (century) Bhakshali manuscripts
Bhakshali Bhoorja
6.
patra Pati ganita, Trishatika
. 750 A.D.
7. Sridharacharya
816 A.D. Dhavala Commentoryta
8. Virasena
9. Virhanka
850 A.D. Ganita Sara Sangraha
10. Manaviracharya
850 A.D. Commentroy on Maha
11. Govind Swami
Bhaskariya.
864 A.D. Brahma Siddhanta
12. Prthudak Swami
Vasanabharya.
904 A.D. Vatesvara Siddhanta
13. Vates varacharya
950 A.D. Maha Siddhanta
14. Aryabhata-II
1000 A.D.
15. Jayadera
1039 A.D. Ganita Tilaka
16. Sripati
Hema Chamdra Suri 1107A.D. Anuyoga DvaraVritti
17.
18 Bhaskaracharya II 1150A.D Lilavati, Bijaganitam
19 Madhraharya 1340-1425 A.D.
20. Narayana Pandita 1356 A.D Ganita Kaumudi
21 Parmesvar Acharya 1430 A.D. Lilavati Sutra

22 Nilakantha Soma 1444-1545 A.D. Tantra Sangraha

Sut Van
23. Jyestha dera 1475 A.D Yuktibhasa
24. Shankar Variyar 1500-1560 A.D. Kriya Kramakari
25. Gancsa Daivagya 1545 A.D. Buddhi Vilasini
26. Krishna Daivagya
21. Putumana Somyaji 1660-1740 A.D. Karanapaddhati
28. Shankar Varman 1823 A.D. Sadratnamala
29. Swami Bharati 1884-1960 A.D. Vedic Mathematics
Krishan Tirtha
30. Sri Niwas Ramanujan 1887-1920 A.D. Ramanujan Diary
 Appendix
389
1. ARYABIIATTA
Aryabhatta was born in Kerala. Aryabhatta is also known as Aryabhatta. I to distinguish
have
him from the
later mathematician ofthe same name who lived about 400 years later. We
to be close to pataliputra (which was refounded as Patna in Bihar in
given Kusumapura, thought
is even the location of
1541), as the place ofAryabhatta's birth but this is far from certain,
as

Kusumapura itself.

astronomers from the classical

Aryabhatta is the first in the line of great mathematician
works are the Arybhatiya
mathematics and Indian astronomy. His most famous
age of Indian
(499) and Arya- Siddhanta.
he was twenty three years
We know the year of Aryabhatta's birth since he tells us that
They have four main parts:
Aryabhatiya which he finished in
499.
of age when he wrote

Ganita pada (3) Kalakriya pada (4) Golapada.

(1) Gitiak pada (2)
covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trignometry
The mathematical part ofthe Aryabhatiya
also contains continued fractions, quadratic
equations,sum of power
and spherical trigonomety. It
series and a table of sines.

of several treatises o n
mathematics and astronomy, s o m e of
Aryabhatta is the author
Mensuration
work, place value system and zero, Pi (T) as Iritional,
which are lost. His major
Indeteminate equations, Motions
of the solar system, Eclipses, Sidereal periods,
and Trignometry,
refered to in the Indian mathematical Literature,
and has
and Heliocentrism, was extensively
survived to modern times.

have realized that t is

approximation for Pie (t) and may
Arybhata worked on the
imitional.
earth rotates about its axis. he states that
have believed that the
Aryabhatta appears to
calculated the sidereal rotation as 23 hours
shine by reflected sun Iight. He
the Moon and Planets
Similarly, his value for the length ofthe sidereal year at 365 days 6
$6 minutes and 4.1 seconds.
He claims that the
Earth turns on its own axis and some
seconds.
hours 12 minutes and 30
models rotate at the
same speed as the motion of the planet
elements ofhis planetary epicyclic
around the sun.
 Mathematics-1
Aryabhatta's work was of great influcnce in the Indian astronomical tradition and
cultures through translations. The arabic
influcnccd several ncighbouring translation durino
the
lslamic Golden Age was particulary intiuenta1. Some ot his results arc cited by izmi

and he is rcferred to the 10th century Arabicscholar Al-Biruni, who stacs that A . .

Earth to rotate on its axis.

followers bclicved thc

Indias first Saellite Aryabhatta, was named after him. The Lunar Crater Arvabhatta is

named in his honour. The inter

school Aryablhatta maths competition is named after him
2. VARAHAMIHIRA

Varahamihira was born in 499 CE in Kayatha (Kapitthaka) 20 km. away from Ujain

Pradesh of India. He was also called Varaha or Mihira. He was an

city in the state of Madhya
mathematician and astrologer. Varahmihira is
said to have been a Magha
Indian astronomer,

Brahmin. Varahmihira's picture may be found

in the India Parliament alongside Aryabhatta's of

whom he was a follower. He is consideredto

be one of he nine jewels (Navartnas) of the court
oflegendary king Vikramaditya.

mother of Varahamihira his father and mother

Aditya Das was father and Satyawati was
was follower of Surya.

Varahamihira founded a Gurukul in Kapitthaka. Varahamihira's most important

contribution are following:-(1) Pancha-Siddhantika (2)
Brihat-Jataka (3) Brihat Yatra (4) Yoga
(6) Brihat Samhita.
yatra (5) Vivaha patal
-

the above.
Pancha-Siddhantika and Brihat-Samhita is the most famous book of
about
Varahamihira's main work is the book "Pancha-Siddhantika" gives us information

older Indian texts which are now lost.

The work is a treatiseon mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier

astronomical treatises, namely the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta,
as well as
Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paritamaha Siddhanta. It is compendium of native Indian

Helledistic astronomy.
also an
Varahamihira also made important contributions to mathematics. He was

Siddhanta
astrologer. He wrote on all the three main branches of Jotisha astrology. The Romaka
 A p p e n d i x

4 the Paulisa
and
ithePaulis Siddhanta are two works ofwesten origin which influenced Varahamihira's
thought

He gives the rule of variable hypotenuse for theorising relativity principal and uses
modem Euler's concept in his
Fibonnacci series, Gregory/Neel Kantha/Madhava series and
calculations and these can be traced upto the time ofvedicmathematics

Some important trigbnometric results sin?x+cos x=1, sinx= cos-x and 2

sinx are attibuted to Varahamihira.

Varahamihira was death in 587 C.E.

3. BRAHMA GUPTTA

in he State of Rajasthan ofnorth-

Brahama Gupta was born in 598CE in Bhinmal city

lived most ofhis life in

Bhillamala in the empire of Harsha during the region
west Indian. He likely
is of ten referred to as Bhillamala
chary,
Brahma Gupta
of King Vyaghramukha. As a result, at
astronomical observatory
the head ofthe
Bhillamala Bhinmal. He
was
that is, the teacher from mathematics and astronomy the
his tenure there wrote four texts on
Uijain, and during and the Durkea my narda.
Siddhanta, the Khanda khadyaka
Cadamekela, the Brahmas phuta
famous work. The historian
al-Biruni in his
Siddhanta is his most
The Brahmas phuta India and from
Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun had an embassy in
book Tariq al- Hind states that the
was translated
intoArabic as Sindhind.
to Baghdad which
India a book was brought
Brahmas phuta Siddhanta. It is composed in
famous work in his
Brahma Gupta's most has a poetic
in Indian mathematics, and consequently
common practice
as was
elliptic verse, Brahma Gupta's mathematics
was derived,
are given,
it is not known how
ing to it. As no proofs
solution ofthe general linear equation.
He gave the Brahma
mathematician to consider zero as a number.
is the first
Brhama Gupta
number zero,
concept in mathematics, the
Gupta made
use of an important
result n geometry 1s
his formula for cyclic quadrilterals.
most famous
Rrahma Gupta's
cychc quadrlaeral,
Brahama Gupta gave an approximate
Given the lengths ofthe sides ofany
area.
fommula for
the figure's
and an exact
 392

des ofa triangle and a quadrilateral. The accurate area is the square root from th.
athematic-10th
n the productof
diminished by each side of the quadrilatera l
the halves ofthe sums ofthe sides
So given the lengths a, b, c and d of cyclic quadrilaeral, the annrov

a+btctd the eaxct area is

2
(s-a)(s-b)(s-cfs-d.
Although Brahama Gupta does not explicity stae unae tnese quadrilaterals are cvclie
tis
apparent from his rules that this is the case. Heron's formula is a special cse ofthisform
mula and
it can be derived by setting oneofthe sides equal to zero.

Brahama Gupta was regarded as the "Ganak Chakra Chunamani" award

by great math
ematician Bhaskaracharya.

4. SHRIDHARACHÁRYA
Sridhara was born in about 870 in
possibly Bengal, India. Some historians give
as the
place ofhis birth while other historians Bengal
believe that Sridhara was born in
Southern Indian.
Sridhara is known as the author of
two mathematical
the patiganita.
However at least three other
treatiser, namelhy the risatika and
works have been
Bijaganita, Navasati and Brhatipati. Tehre is attributed to him, namely the
which some another mathematical
historians believe was written by treatise Ganita-Pancavimsi
Sridhara.
The
Patiganita is writen in verse form. The
metrological units. Following are the book begins by
giving tables of
monetary and
(2) Dash (3) Shata
(4) Sahastra (5) Dashgunottar number according to Sridhara:(1) Ek
(11) Kharva (12) Ayut (6) Laksh (7)
Nikharva (13) Prayut (8) Koti (9) Arbad
(18) Parardh. Mahasaroj (14) Shanku (15) (10) Abja
Saritapati (16) Antya (17) Madhya
Sridhara was one
Unfortunately, the originalofis lost
the first
mathematicians to give arule
o a rule to solve a
II:-"Multiply both sides of he and we have to
rely on quadratic eq
equation.
equauo
equation by aknown quotation of Sridhara's rule for Bhaskara
quotation
a
ofthe square of
the Bhas
coefficient of the unknown, add to both quantity equal four times
ual to
unknown, then take the sides a known times the coefficient
quatity
tity cOe
square root" equal to the square
squareoof the
 Appenal

Contributin of Sridhara in geometry:-(1) Formula for Area ofsector (2) Volume or

boid (3) Voi

Cuboid Volume of Cylinder (4) Volume ofCone.

After giving the rules for computing with natural numbers, Sridhara gives rules for oper

involving
ating with rational fractions. He gives a wide variety ofapplications including problems
and filling of
ratios,barter, simple interest, mixtures, purchase and sale, rates oftravel, wages
Cisterns.

Brahma Gupta
Sridhara (870) was one of the greatest mathematical geniuses between
(628) to Bhaskaracharya (1150).
the South, the Arabian
Therefore the Himalaya on the North, the Malaya Mountain
on

sea on the other mathematician comparision of Sridhara.

References: (The history ofmathematics and

mathematicians of India: by Er. Venugopal

D. Heror)
5. MAHAVIRACHARYA

Jain Branch.. Mahavira

was
mathematician of Digamber
w a s a n mdian
Mahaviracharya
Southern India.
born in 9th century in Gulbarga city
in.the state of Karnataka of
mathematician from Gulbarga
who asserted that the
Indian
Mahavira was a 9th century
s u m of a series whose
terms a r e
number did not exist. he gave the
square root of negative
a
He
and empirial rules for area and perimeter of an ellipse.
arithmetical progression
squares ofan Mahavira was the author of "Ganit
Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha.
was patronised by
the great
o n the s a m e sub-
Astrology from mathematics. He expounded
Saar Sangraha". He separaed
Bramha Gupta contended,
but he expressed them m o r e clearly.
and
jects on which Aryabhata
Indian mathematicians, because his establishment of terminol-
of
He is highly respected among circle and semi-circle.
equilateral and isosceles triangle; rhombus;
such as
ogy for concepts inspirational to other math-
in all south India and his books proved
Mahavira's eminence spread
India.
ematicians in southern
of n degree of the forms: ax =
g and
Mahavira solved higher order equations

characteristics ofa cyclic quadrilateral, like

Brahma Gupta
a -1
=p. Mahavira experessed
 394

did previously. He also established

cquations for the sides and
diagonal of
Mathematics
Ifsides of cyclic quadrilateral are a, cyclic
yclic drilateral.
b, c, d and its
ad+be+(ac+bd) diagonals are x and y while-
Xab cd and y=
hac+bd), thenxy= ac +bd
Mahavira was the first mathematician who
formula for combination.
gave method for L.C.M. He
also foundthe
In Geometery,
triangle, quadrilateral, arc etc. is also
of right angled traingle whose explained by Mahavira.
sides, area and diameter of circum Construction
also gave the formula for Volume circle are whole
of frustrun numbers. He
In many ways, Mahavira
represents the peak of mathematical
an
understanding of geometry, L.C.M., Comination and knowledge. He reached
not to be achieved
construction of triangles, which
anywhere in the world for several
else
centuries.
were

6. BHASKARACHARYA
Bhaskaracharya was born in 1114 near Bijjada Bida (in
Karmataka state, South India) into the present day Bizapur district,
Deshastha Brahmin family and become
nomical observatory at head of the astro-
Ujain, continuing the mathematical tradition
Gupta. But some of the scholars are still in doubt of Varahamihira and Brahma
his place of birth. Bhaskara
Bhaskara-II an Bhaskara also known as
Acharya ("Bhaskara the teacher"), was an Indian
astronomer. mathematician and

In
many ways, Bhaskara
represents the peak of mathematical and astronomical knowl-
edge in eh 12th century. His main
works were the Lilavati
(Algebra) and Siddhanta Shriomani (dealing with arithmatic), Biaganit3
(written in 1150) which consists of two
(sphere) and Grahaganita
(mathematics of the planets). parts:-Goladhyaya
The famous book "Siddhant
Shiromani" was written by his at the
fourvolumes:-(1) Patiganita age of 36 yeas. It is
or Leelavati
(2) Algebra (3) Grahganita (4)
Lilavati, his book on Goladhya
WTitten forhis arithmetic, is the source of interesting
daughter, Lilavati. Bhaskarals legends that assert ua was
arithmetic textLilavati covers
arithmeticalterms, interest the topics oru ions,
computatin, arithmetical and
geometrial eometry,
progressions, plaine
 395

enlid geometry, tne shadow of the gnomon, method to solve

solio
indeterminate equations and
combinations,

His Bijaganita ("Algebra")was a work in twelve

chapters. It was the first text to recogniz2
that a positive umber has two square roots (a positive and negative square root). His work the
Siddhanta Shriomani demonstrates Bhaskara's knowledge of trignometry, including the sine table
and relationships between different trigonometric functions. He also discovered spherical
trignometry, along with other interesting trigonometrical results.

The Siddhanta Shiromani, is an astronomical treatise and contains many theories not

found in earlier works. Preliminary concepts ofinfinitesimal calculus and mathematical analysis,
along witha numberofresults in trigonometry, differential calculus and integral calculus that are
found in the work are particular interest.
of
The study of astronomy in Bhaskara's works is based on the heliocentric solar system
follow an elliptical orbit
gravitation earlier propanded by Aryabhattain 499, where the planets
around the sun.

from the earth, or at its closest, the

Healso showed that when a planetis at its furthest
concluded that for some intermediate position the
equation ofthe centre vanishes. He therefore
differential ofthe equation ofthe centre is equal to zero.

influenced later deveopments in he

Some scholars have suggested that Bhaskara's work
to argue
middle east and Europe. There have also been several allegely unscrupulous attempts
influence in Bhaskara's work.
that there are traces of Diophantine

Hewill be remembered ever for

his discovery like principle of Gravitation.Our country
Indian satelite by his name as."Bhaskar-Il". It is real tribute to
honoured himby naming the first
him
7.SWAMI BHARATI KRISHNA TIRTH
Tirth was an Indian mathematician and one of the greaest
Swami Bharati Krishna

mathematical geniuses. He
was born on 14th march 1884at 1innivelli in Tamil Nadustate into
He also known as Vyankat Raman. Vyankat Ramn was a extrabriliant
the educaed family.
classes. As always hepassedmatriculation
student. Heusedto first rank in all subjectin every
get
 396

1899 from Madras university with first rank.

nation in January
exami
Being a master ofsanskrit language and being influence with his capacity of elivering

awarded with the

honour
ofsarswati by Madras Sanskrit tute i
speeches he
was
duent

1889.
in B.A. and M.A. examinations. Only at the aooe

He agaain score excellentmarks

in seven Subject at one time with excellent marks from American
se nassed M.A. examination
Rocheser Newyork of Bombay centre in 1904.
college ofscience
Swami Shankaracharya Trivikram Tirth Maharaja of Sharda pith imparted him the

knowledge ofSanyas giving him

the name of Swami Bharati Krishna Tirth on 4th July 1919.
Only two years hence he took Sanyas he was made Shankaracharya of Sharda Pithin

1921.His programeoftravelling entire India and creating human awareness programme continued
During this period i.e. 1921 hetook part in Khilafat conference. He ignited the spark offreedom
strugle entire India and because of his speech in 1992 in Munger he had to spend pne year in in

Jail of Hajaribag.

He was made Shankaracharya of Goverdhan Pith (Jagannathapuri) in 1925. He was

143rd Shankaracharya ofGoverdhan Pith. He founded Vishwapunamimman Sanghin Nagpur in
1953.

On invitation of
"SelfRealization Fellowship"institute he made a tour of United State of
America in 1958. In returning
journey he delivered some speech in Britain also.
The "Vedicmathematics" written by Swami Bharti Krishna Tirth is
magical and
revolutionary stream of mathematics. It give anew dimention to
Ticks ofvedic
solving of mathematical problems.
mathematics has made very easy,
simple and interesting of teaching of
t has
inspired new reasearch. Swami
Bharati Krishna Tirth's contribution to
mathematics.
unparalleled. He took mathematics is
Mahasamadhi on 2nd February 1960 in
Bombay.
8. SHRINIVAS RAMANUJAN
The great
mathematician Shrinivas
ata
very small Ramanujan Iyanger was borm
ger was born 22nd
22nd ember, 1887
Madras (Now
village Irod, near
Kumbhalonam in he district of Tanjore of December, 100

Chennai). His father name was Tamilnadu stae

Shriniwas Iyanger and mother name
name was Koma
 397
A p p e n d i x

a l Ramanujan's mother was relegious and geniuses.

He was aways
From very childhood, Ramanujan was much interested in mathematics.
in mathematics have made him an
n busy in solving he sums of mathematics. His works
arallel mathematician.

oftrigonometry book writen by "Loney

At the age of 12, he had solved all he sums
him a book
fifteen old, one of his friends gave
without anybody's help. When he was years
a mathematician of Cam-
mathemaics", written by George Shoebridgekar
5ynopsis ofpure LOndon, in
was published in which
uncommon book ofhigher mathematics
bridge. This was an Ramanujan
six thousand sums in those volumes.
volumes in 1880 and 1886. Thee were book
he had no other
twO
As
the analysis ofall the formulae in detail.
solved aill the sums and wTote

than this, all the solutions

were oniginal research.
of "Indian math-
published in the journal
The first research paper of Ramanujan was

in 1911.
ematicalSociety" problems in he
to proved
and also continued
wrote another paper
Ramanujan later office, with a 20
accountant genera>'s
in he Madras
he got a temporaryjob
journal in early 1912, few weeks. Towards the end ofhis
job at the
'month salary. He kept
the job for only a
trust.
Rupee the Madras port
general's office, he applied
for ajob underthe Chief Account of
account
fa-
formulae to professor Hardy,
a
theorems and
sent about 120
In 1913, Ramanujan series were also in-
In these the Raman
Cambridge.
mous
mathematician oftheuniversity of mathematician George F. Raman had
prepared
didn't know that the German
cluded. But he Ramanujan
achievement In Hyper Geometrical senries,
before. This was a rare
these series long
famous in his name, afterwards.
which became
gave a formulae, result of these
the value of r (pie). As a
various formulae for
Ramanujan has given in 1918. He was also

he was selected
as a member of the Royal Society Indian who
research works, 1918. He was the first
of cambridge in
selected as a member
of the university them in
formulae he solved, Ramanujan used to write
Whatever sums and
received this honour. his note books. At
theorems are available in
The description
ofabout 3,000
his notebook.
Books."
areknown as "Ramanujan's Note
such notebooks
present, all
four notebooks of
Ramanujan recorded the bulk of his results in
While still in India,
 398

loose leaf paper. These results were

mostly written up without
any derivations.
Mathernatics-10t
Ramanujan worked on the theory of numbers
and he derived
which any number can be
devided.
a
formula in 1917 byhu
Ramanujan has been described as a person with a
some what
a
dignified man with pleasant manners. He lived a shy and quiet
rather spartan life while at disposition.
On 26th
Cambridee.
April 1920, this great
33 years, but the
mathematician passed away from this world at the
knowledge of mathematics given to this world by him shall always age of
immortal. keep him