ALLYAH PAULA A.

POSTOR
BS ENTREP 3-2

Activity I

Why do you think the

Civilization Invention/Discovery Description of the item invention/discovery was
/ Period in and/or how it works important for
history civilization/society?
Sumerians/ Cuneiform (p. 29) ‘a written script of wedge- The cuneiform was essential
Ancient shaped marks.” “Styluses made for communication and
of reed to write on clay tablets record keeping. The
that were dried and could be Sumerians needed it to
stored," used for keeping manage the affairs of the
“written records describing city (financial transactions,
financial transactions, court court proceedings,
proceedings, administrative administrative decisions,
decisions, and architectural and architectural plans), and
plans;” also used to write for trade with other cities.
legends, epic poems, chants, They also used it to record
and prayers. stories, poems, and prayers,
ensuring that they can be
passed on to the next
generation.

Mesopotami Irrigation, drainage “Created irrigation canals and The irrigation and canals
an/Ancient ditches, water reserves (p. drainage ditches to control the played an important role in
37) flow of water” “the courses of Mesopotamia because with
the rivers and their tributaries the use of passageways for
changed frequently, so people water, it became accessible
either had to move to fallow to everyone especially ta
the water's new path or divert a remote areas and far places
river to continue supplying which experience drought,
water for their settlement” and they cannot search for
water that easily.

Egypt/ Hieroglyphics and papyrus “Emerged as written text, These methods of writing
Ancient (p.44) combining pictograms (a text made information have
pictorial symbol for a word or a hard copy making it last
phrase) and phonograms (a for a certain period and in
 symbol representing a sound), order also for such
during the period of information to come into
unification.” quantities, be beneficial to
“The Egyptian administration other people, used in
tended to use ink and papyrus transactions, and can be
to maintain its official records. portable and transferable.
On the other hand, literate
people used ostraca, pieces of
broken pottery and chips of
limestone, for less formal notes
and communications.”

Song Moveable-type printing (p. “Chinese characters were Publishing documents and
Dynasty/Per 161) carved on wood blocks, which books became more
iod of were then arranged in boxes efficient not only in the time
Division that could be dipped in ink and it must be processed but
printed on paper.” also talking about its cast.
“Books on a multitude of Precisions and accuracy in
topics especially classics and encoding and printing the
histories became cheaply and text became better and faster
widely available, fueling a due to the moving feature of
cultural efflorescence at a time the printing mechanism.
when education had become
paramount to climbing the
social ladder. Other inventions
that made China one of the
most technologically
innovative during this time
include gunpowder weapons
and the mariners compass.”

Song Gunpowder (p. 162) ‘Explosives derived from Gunpowder is a good

Dynasty/Per gunpowder were engineered to material for war or for
iod of open mines.” defense and, such
Division “Similar development of textile explosives can be used as
and ceramic industries export items which can
occurred.” boost the economy of the
certain place that
manufactures it.

Athenian Catapult (p. 200) Catapult, mechanism for Catapult is good weapon
Empire/Clas forcefully propelling stones, since it doesn’t require
sical Period spears, or other projectiles, in melee damage but rather a
use mainly as a military range since it throws
weapon since ancient times. arrows, darts, as well as
The ancient Greeks and stones in projectile motion
 Romans used a heavy giving advantage to the ones
crossbow-like weapon known who are going to use it.
as a ballista to shoot arrows
and darts as well as stones at
enemy soldiers. The term
catapult too can refer to these
weapons, but more often it
designates a larger engine that
is used to hurl stones from a
single long arm swinging
through the vertical plane.
Nearly all catapults employed
in ancient and medieval
artillery operated by a sudden
release of tension on bent
wooden beams or of torsion in
twisted cords of horsehair, gut,
sinew, or other fibers. An
exception was the medieval
trebuchet, powered by gravity.
In this formidable weapon, the
long end of an arm on a pivot
was hauled or winched down
and then released, allowing a
heavy counterweight at the
short opposite end of the arm
to drop and swing the long end
upward through a vertical arc.
Modern mechanisms using
hydraulic pressure, tension, or
other force to launch gliders,
aircraft, or missiles are also
called catapults.

Ancient Hoplon (p. 187) “Armed in the same way with a Being armed with a shield
Greece/Bro helmet, spear, and the round which is created with sturdy
nze Age and shield, the hoplon, which gave material is a good advantage
Dark Ages the hoplites their name the towards war specifically in
soldiers were arranged in rows, fights or combat since the
possibly as much as seven hoplon is made up of wood.
deep.”

Ancient Pharos (p. 212) ‘The structure of the Pharos Like what the modern
 Greece/ shows an interest in straight lighthouses do give lines or
Hellenistic lines and orderly shapes, while lines as guides to seafarers,
Period its function symbolized the the structure of pharos also
ability of man to subdue the does the same. It gives the
sea, even by night. Similarly, people the ability to know
both the scientific and medical where they are and not be
texts from the Hellenistic last thanks to its function
Period reveal a fascination with which is giving them guides
an ordered universe and an offshore and when going to
interest in discovering how it islands.
worked.”

Ancient Heat Ray (p. 212) “Going a step further than With Archimedes
Greece/ Euclid in his research, the knowledge, he basically
Hellenistic third-century BCE scientist and used sun’s rays which is
Period inventor Archimedes of called heat ray or death ray
Syracuse specialized in respectively, wherein they
applying mathematical used the reflection of
concepts to create such devices sunlight and pointed it
as a screw pump and a variety towards the sea so that when
of war machines, including the there are approaching ships
heat ray.” which causes them to burn
and catch fire.

Western Heavy plow (p. 434) “Eleventh-century Europe’s Tilling and cultivating the
Europe/11th economy was primarily land in early Europe
Century agricultural.” ‘The eleventh especially in large areas or
and twelfth centuries saw a hectares requires a durable
massive expansion of and a heavy one for it to
agricultural output in the withstand long term and
northern regions of Europe, continuous usage too. With
which led to a corresponding that being said, the people
growth in the economy and came up with making and
population.” ‘The same using heavy plows as means
improvement in iron of their cultivation in their
technology that allowed the lands digging upon the deep
equipping of armored knights soils of Western Europe.
led to more iron tools: axes
allowed farmers to clear forests
and cultivate more land, and
the iron share of a heavy plow
allowed farmers to plow deeper
into the thick soil of Western
Europe.”

Western Three field system of “Fields would have one third Making portions with lands
Europe/11th agriculture (p.435) given over to cereal crops, one makes it organized in way
 Century third to crops such as legumes that the variations of plants
(which increase fertility in or crops being sown and
soil), and a third left fallow, reap afterwards are stratified
i.e., uncultivated either to serve and is classified according
as grazing land for livestock or to what portion of the land it
simply rebuild its nutrients by was planted correspondingly
lying unused. More iron tools y. One more advantage is
and new agricultural that there is a reserved
techniques caused yields to rise portion of land wherein it
from 3:1 to nearly 8:1 and in remains untouched and
some fertile regions even uncultivated for other
higher.” reasons which is somehow a
respect to the respect to the
mother nature since the part
of the land remains
untouched, otherwise
animals benefit to that part
like livestock, lastly, its
nutrients are intact and
remained unused and can be
used for future purposes.

WESTERN Eyeglasses (p. 461) Glass blowers would make As people struggled with
EUROPE lenses of different thickness their eyesight’ glass blowers
AND based on rudimentary vision during that time thought that
BYZANTI testing. As these glasses they could come up
UM CIRCA became more popular, the something that would help
1000 – 1500 Italian creations spread people with regards to their
CE throughout during that Europe, vision especially to the elder
mostly available to the people and the ones having
wealthy. Because scholarship problems with eyesight such
was a prized attribute during as astigmatism, being near
the Renaissance, glasses were or farsighted and many
status symbols of intelligence more.
and prosperity.

Activity II
Reflect on the characteristics of the societies in the ancient civilizations.  What were the concerns
during those times?  Write a 150-word essay about how you think the needs of societies in the
past differ with what we need today.  How can the differences in past and present needs partly
affect the kind of inventions produced? Write your essay below.

There are some similarities that seen when comparing the characteristics of historical
civilizations from Sumerians to 13th century Europe. Each time continues to explore and invent
solutions to its issues, whether through art, writing, tools, or gigantic structures. During the
Sumerian and Mesopotamian civilizations, people focused on inventions that may better their
way of life and writing. More weapons of combat were invented during the ancient Greek and
Hellenistic periods. In the late European period, tools were developed to improve their way of
life. Because most problems were handled in the past, people in the present world do not need to
tinker with the solutions to enhance them. Some may conclude that without previous inventions,
today's technological age would not be as sophisticated as it is. The disparity between the past
and the present has an impact on the advancement of technologies. Nowadays, science and
technology have improved as it is a major part of providing our needs and contributing solutions
to the problems that are arising.

Ancient civilization had a complex

society because people were
already being sophisticated in
organizing human life. They
created a big development in a
large scale of agriculture, which
allows the
members of their society to have a
great production and stable food
supply. It was one of their
concerns
by that time to provide solutions to
the problems brought by the
environment to agriculture as it is a
big
factor for the people to become
settled, so they developed their
creativity and made inventions.
People
from their society were really
productive, and they were also the
ones who introduced the concept
of
writing, so their systems of record-
keeping and symbolic expression
grew more complex.
Some needs of societies in the past
were similar to today, and I think
they differ because of the
different problems that exist.
Before, aside from survival needs,
people from the past had their
needs
relating to their communication
and for record-keeping. They also
need to improve their agriculture
because it is their main livelihood,
unlike today where there is
industrialization and it is believed
that we
have to focus more on here and
improve innovations to provide
solutions to different problems that
arising today. Populations are
rapidly increasing, unlike in the
past, we are now facing problems
with
increasing demand for
resources such as fresh water
and food. Also, today we are
facing some
challenges or issues brought by the
technologies, it is different from
the past where there were no
problems about it as they
only had simple technologies
that are enough for their
survivability.
Technologies in the past were
meant just to provide help to them
for making solutions to their
problems
or simple needs, while in today’s
world, people become heavily
reliant on technologies.
The difference in past and present
affect the progress of innovations.
Nowadays, science and
technology have improved as it a
major part of providing our needs
and contributing solutions to the
problems that are arising
Ancient civilization had a complex
society because people were
already being sophisticated in
organizing human life. They
created a big development in a
large scale of agriculture, which
allows the
members of their society to have a
great production and stable food
supply. It was one of their
concerns
by that time to provide solutions to
the problems brought by the
environment to agriculture as it is a
big
factor for the people to become
settled, so they developed their
creativity and made inventions.
People
from their society were really
productive, and they were also the
ones who introduced the concept
of
writing, so their systems of record-
keeping and symbolic expression
grew more complex.
Some needs of societies in the past
were similar to today, and I think
they differ because of the
different problems that exist.
Before, aside from survival needs,
people from the past had their
needs
relating to their communication
and for record-keeping. They also
need to improve their agriculture
because it is their main livelihood,
unlike today where there is
industrialization and it is believed
that we
have to focus more on here and
improve innovations to provide
solutions to different problems that
arising today. Populations are
rapidly increasing, unlike in the
past, we are now facing problems
with
increasing demand for
resources such as fresh water
and food. Also, today we are
facing some
challenges or issues brought by the
technologies, it is different from
the past where there were no
problems about it as they
only had simple technologies
that are enough for their
survivability.
Technologies in the past were
meant just to provide help to them
for making solutions to their
problems
or simple needs, while in today’s
world, people become heavily
reliant on technologies.
The difference in past and present
affect the progress of innovations.
Nowadays, science and
technology have improved as it a
major part of providing our needs
and contributing solutions to the
problems that are arising
Ancient civilization had a complex
society because people were
already being sophisticated in
organizing human life. They
created a big development in a
large scale of agriculture, which
allows the
members of their society to have a
great production and stable food
supply. It was one of their
concerns
by that time to provide solutions to
the problems brought by the
environment to agriculture as it is a
big
factor for the people to become
settled, so they developed their
creativity and made inventions.
People
from their society were really
productive, and they were also the
ones who introduced the concept
of
writing, so their systems of record-
keeping and symbolic expression
grew more complex.
Some needs of societies in the past
were similar to today, and I think
they differ because of the
different problems that exist.
Before, aside from survival needs,
people from the past had their
needs
relating to their communication
and for record-keeping. They also
need to improve their agriculture
because it is their main livelihood,
unlike today where there is
industrialization and it is believed
that we
have to focus more on here and
improve innovations to provide
solutions to different problems that
arising today. Populations are
rapidly increasing, unlike in the
past, we are now facing problems
with
increasing demand for
resources such as fresh water
and food. Also, today we are
facing some
challenges or issues brought by the
technologies, it is different from
the past where there were no
problems about it as they
only had simple technologies
that are enough for their
survivability.
Technologies in the past were
meant just to provide help to them
for making solutions to their
problems
or simple needs, while in today’s
world, people become heavily
reliant on technologies.
The difference in past and present
affect the progress of innovations.
Nowadays, science and
technology have improved as it a
major part of providing our needs
and contributing solutions to the
problems that are arising
v Ancient civilization had a

complex society because people

were already being sophisticated in
organizing human life. They
created a big development in a
large scale of agriculture, which
allows the
members of their society to have a
great production and stable food
supply. It was one of their
concerns
by that time to provide solutions to
the problems brought by the
environment to agriculture as it is a
big
factor for the people to become
settled, so they developed their
creativity and made inventions.
People
from their society were really
productive, and they were also the
ones who introduced the concept
of
writing, so their systems of record-
keeping and symbolic expression
grew more complex.
Some needs of societies in the past
were similar to today, and I think
they differ because of the
different problems that exist.
Before, aside from survival needs,
people from the past had their
needs
relating to their communication
and for record-keeping. They also
need to improve their agriculture
because it is their main livelihood,
unlike today where there is
industrialization and it is believed
that we
have to focus more on here and
improve innovations to provide
solutions to different problems that
arising today. Populations are
rapidly increasing, unlike in the
past, we are now facing problems
with
increasing demand for
resources such as fresh water
and food. Also, today we are
facing some
challenges or issues brought by the
technologies, it is different from
the past where there were no
problems about it as they
only had simple technologies
that are enough for their
survivability.
Technologies in the past were
meant just to provide help to them
for making solutions to their
problems
or simple needs, while in today’s
world, people become heavily
reliant on technologies.
The difference in past and present
affect the progress of innovations.
Nowadays, science and
technology have improved as it a
major part of providing our needs
and contributing solutions to the
problems that are arising
Ancient civilization had a complex
society because people were
already being sophisticated in
organizing human life. They
created a big development in a
large scale of agriculture, which
allows the
members of their society to have a
great production and stable food
supply. It was one of their
concerns
by that time to provide solutions to
the problems brought by the
environment to agriculture as it is a
big
factor for the people to become
settled, so they developed their
creativity and made inventions.
People
from their society were really
productive, and they were also the
ones who introduced the concept
of
writing, so their systems of record-
keeping and symbolic expression
grew more complex.
Some needs of societies in the past
were similar to today, and I think
they differ because of the
different problems that exist.
Before, aside from survival needs,
people from the past had their
needs
relating to their communication
and for record-keeping. They also
need to improve their agriculture
because it is their main livelihood,
unlike today where there is
industrialization and it is believed
that we
have to focus more on here and
improve innovations to provide
solutions to different problems that
arising today. Populations are
rapidly increasing, unlike in the
past, we are now facing problems
with
increasing demand for
resources such as fresh water
and food. Also, today we are
facing some
challenges or issues brought by the
technologies, it is different from
the past where there were no
problems about it as they
only had simple technologies
that are enough for their
survivability.
Technologies in the past were
meant just to provide help to them
for making solutions to their
problems
or simple needs, while in today’s
world, people become heavily
reliant on technologies.
The difference in past and present
affect the progress of innovations.
Nowadays, science and
technology have improved as it a
major part of providing our needs
and contributing solutions to the
problems that are arisin