UNIT VI - COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION
 Communication is the transfer of information from one place to another place.
 Distribution of data, message or information from one location to another location
with high reliability and security is the roll of communication system.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication System consists of the following components which acts together to
accomplish information transfer or exchange. Fig. shows the block diagram of the communication
system.
1. Input Transducer
2. Transmitter
3. Channel
4. Receiver and
5. Output Transducer

Input Transducer
 The input message produced by a source must be converted by a transducer to form
suitable for the particular type of communication system.
 In electrical communication, speech waves are converted to voltage variation by a
microphone.
Transmitter
 The transmitter processes the input signal to produce a transmitted signal suited to the
characteristics of the transmission channel.
 Signal processing for transmission always involves modulation. In addition to
modulation, other functions performed by the transmitter are amplification, filtering
and coupling the modulated signal to the channel.
Channel
 The channel can have different forms: the atmosphere or free space, coaxial cable,
fiber optic, waveguide, etc.
 The signal undergoes some amount of degradation in the channel due to noise
interference and distortion resulting from band limitation and nonlinearities) .
Receiver
 The receiver function is to extract the desired signal from the received signal at the
channel output and to convert it to a form suitable for the output transducer.
 Other functions of the receiver are amplification (the received signal may be
extremely weak), demodulation and filtering.

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Output Transducer
 The function of the output transducer is to convert the electric signal at its input into
the form desired by the system user.
 Loudspeaker, act as a output transducer to convert received electrical signal to voice
signal.

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

There are many kinds of information sources, which can be divided into two distinct message
categories, analog and digital.
 An analog message is a physical quantity that varies with time, usually in a smooth and
continuous fashion.
 Since the information resides in a time-varying waveform, an analog communication system
should deliver this waveform with a specified degree of reliability or fidelity.

 A digital message is an ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set of discrete
elements.
 Since the information resides in discrete symbols, a digital communication system should
deliver these symbols with a specified degree of accuracy in a specified amount of time.

Comparisons of digital and analog communication systems

Digital Communication System Analog Communication System

Advantages : Disadvantages:
1. Inexpensive digital circuits 1. Expensive analog components: L&C

2. Privacy preserved (data encryption) 2. No privacy

3. Can merge different data (voice, video 3. Cannot merge data from different
and data) and transmit over a common Sources
digital transmission system

4. Error correction is possible by Coding 4. No error correction capability

Disadvantages:
1. Larger bandwidth Advantages :
1. Smaller bandwidth
2.Synchronization problem is relatively
difficult 2.Synchronization problem is relatively easier

MODULATION
 Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of message signal.
 Figure shows the block diagram of modulation process.

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  The characteristics of high frequency carrier, which has been modified to carry the lower
frequency information, this process is called modulation.
 Once this information is received, the lower frequency information must be recovered from
the high frequency carrier this process is called demodulation.

Need for modulation

1. Easy of radiation as the signals are translated to high frequencies, it becomes relatively
easier to design amplifier circuit as well as antenna system at these increased frequencies.
2. To overcome hardware limitations.
3. Transmitting such lower frequencies require antennas with miles in wavelength.
4. Modulation to reduce noise which result in the optimization of Signal to Noise ratio (S/N)
5. To minimize the effects of interference
6. For multiplexing and frequency assignment
7. For efficient radio transmission

Classification of modulation by the nature of modulating signal

1. Analog modulation - the modulating signal is an analog signal
Examples: AM, FM, Phase Modulation (PM), Pulse Amplitude Modulation
2. Digital modulation - the modulating signal is a digital signal.
Examples: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), FSK, Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Classification of modulation by the nature of carrier

1. Continuous wave (CW) modulation - Carrier is a sinusoidal wave
Examples: AM, FM, ASK, FSK, PSK
2. Pulse modulation - Carrier is a train of pulses
Examples : Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), Pulse width modulation (PWM), Pulse
position modulation (PPM)

Advantage of continuous wave (cw) modulation

1. It produces frequency translation converted from one frequency to another frequency
range. Thus, the CW modulation process will have all the benefits of frequency translation.
2. The effect of noise and interference can be reduced by using large transmission bandwidth.

Basic types of analog modulation

 Modulation is the process by which the characteristics of carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the instantaneous values of message signal

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  Let a sinusoidal carrier wave in analog modulation is given by the carrier signal below

S c ( t )= Ac ( t ) cos ( 2 πf c t +φ )
where
A c ( t ) =carrier amplitude
f c =carrier frequency
φ =carrier phase angle
 The above parameters may be varied for the purpose of transmitting information giving
respectively the modulation methods ; namely

1. Amplitude Modulation (AM),

It is the process of by which the amplitude of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of message signal is known as amplitude modulation.
2. Frequency Modulation (FM),
It is the process of by which the frequency of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of message signal is known as frequency modulation.
3. Phase Modulation (PM)
It is the process of by which the phase of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of message signal is known as phase modulation.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Based on the nature of communication channel, the process of communication may be
broadly classified into two types.

1. Wire-line Communication system

2. Wireless communication system

WIRED COMMUNICATION
 Radio waves are the forms of electromagnetic radiation, the energy is conveyed by ‘waves’ of
magnetic and electrical fields.
 In a wire, these waves are induced and guided by an electrical current passing along with
electrical conductor, but that is not the only way of propagating electromagnetic (EM) waves.
 By using a very strong electrical signal as a transmitting source and electromagnetic wave can
be made to spread far and wide through the air.
 That is the principle of radio.
 The radio waves are produced by transmitters, which consist of a radio wave source
connected to some form of antenna. Figure shows the wired communication system.

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 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 The transmission channel is the main issue of communication system.
 Conventionally, it is the set of hard wired cables that connect all the lines of the wire line
phone.
 In Wireless systems, the cables are replaced by free space, but only at the cost of requiring
the erection of antennas that allow the line of sight communication.
 Long distance communication is possible with wireless communication. Eg., Radio
communication, TV reception.
 Figure 6.4 shows the wireless communication system.

 An antenna is a transducer which converts the electrical energy to electromagnetic energy to

ease transmission message through free space.
 At the receiver we make use of a receiving antenna and convert the electromagnetic signal
back to electrical signal.
 Without antenna wireless communication it is not possible.
 The radiation properties of antenna are proportional directly to the wavelength of the signal.
 The wavelength of very low frequency signals are in order of kms and so to the size of the
antenna to transmit them.

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Block Diagram of a Wireless Communication system

Message/ Transducer AF Modulator

Data amplifier

RF
Amplifier

Transmitting Power
Antenna Amplifier

Receiving RF
Antenna Amplifier

Output IF De-
Device Amplifier modulator

Advantage of wireless communication

 The majority of radio frequency (RF) technology has permitted the use of electromagnetic
radiation links as the major trunk channel for long distance communication.
 The use of microwave links has major advantages over cabling systems.
1. Freedom from land acquisition rights
 The acquisition of rights to lay cabling, repair cabling, and permanent access to repeater
stations is a major cost in the provision of cable communications.
 The use of radio links, that require only the acquisition of the transmitter/receiver station,
removes this requirement.
 It also simplifies the maintenance and repair of the link.
2. Ease of Communication over difficult terrain
Some terrains make cable laying extremely difficult and expensive, even if the land
acquisition cost is negligible.

Disadvantages of wireless communication

1. Bandwidth allocation is extremely limited
 The competition for RF bandwidth from various competing users leads to very strict
allocations of bandwidth.
 Unlike cabling systems, that can increase bandwidth by laying more cables, the radio
frequency (RF) bandwidth allocation is finite and limited.
2. Atmospheric effects
The use of free-space communication results in susceptibility to weather effects, particularly
rain.
3. Transmission path needs to be clear
 Microwave communication requires line-of-sight, point-to-point communication. The
frequency of repeater stations is determined by the terrain.

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  Care must be taken in the system design to ensure freedom from obstacles.
 In addition, links must be kept free of future constructions that could obstruct the link.
4. Interference and efficiency of propagation
 The microwave system is open to RF interference.
 The various propagation models used to understand the effect of terrain and weather are
many, and are used to aid the setup and properties of the antennas (height, gain, power etc...)
5. Restrictive Costs
The cost of design, implementation and maintenance of microwave links is high.

Electromagnetic Spectrum for various Communication services

Frequency Wavelengt
Classification Uses
Range h

Very low Long Distance point-point

10-30 kHz 30-10 km
Frequencies (VLF) communications

Long Distance point-point

Low 30-300 communications, Marine, Navigation,
10-1 km
Frequencies(LF) kHz Power Line carrier communication and
Broadcast

Power Line carrier communication,

Medium 300-3000 1000-100
Broadcast, Marine communication,
Frequencies(MF) kHz meters
navigation and harbour telephone

High 100-10 Moderate and long range

3-30 MHz
Frequencies(HF) meters communication of all types, broadcast.

Short distance communications, TV

Very High 30-300 and FM broadcast, Data
10-1 meters
Frequencies(VHF) MHz communication, Mobile and
Navigation systems.

Short distance communications, TV

Ultra High 300-3000 and broadcast, Radar, Mobile and
1-0.1 meters
Frequencies(UHF) MHz Navigation and microwave relay
systems.

Super High Radar, Navigation and microwave

3-30 GHz 10-1 cm
Frequencies(SHF) relay systems.

Extremely High 30-300 Radar, Satellite, Mobile, Navigation

1-0.1 cm
Frequencies(EHF) GHz and microwave relay systems.

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 MICROWAVE COMMNUNICATION
 Electromagnetic waves on the frequency range of 1 GHz to 30 GHz are referred to as
microwaves.
 Several signal channels are modulated into micro-wave carrier frequencies and transmitted to
the repeater stations spaced 50 to 70 km apart.
 As microwaves travel only on line-of-sight paths, the transmitter and receiver should be
visible to each other. Hence, it is necessary to provide repeater stations in between the
terminal stations at about 50km intervals.
 Repeater antennas are placed on roads and hilltops so that there will not be any obstruction in
the line of sight between the repeater antennas. This system is called ‘Line of sight
microwave link’.
 As microwave communication offers a large transmission bandwidth, many thousands of
telephone channels along with a few TV channels can be transmitted over the same route
using the same facilities.
 Normally carrier frequencies in the 3 to 12 GHz range are used for microwave
communication.
 The transmitter output powers can be low because highly directional high gain antennas are
used.
o The general block diagram of line of sight transmission system is shown in Fig.
o The base signal is first conditioned using conditional circuits.
o The conditioned signal is amplified using amplifiers to increase the signal strength.
o The signal is fed into modulator to produce a frequency modulated wave.
o This signal is mixed with local oscillator signal.
o The output from the mixer is intermediate frequency (IF) wave and is fed into the
transmitter where the IF wave is transferred into microwave range using microwave
carrier.
o Then it is transmitted through the antenna after amplification.
o The receiver separates the IF signals and demodulates to recover the original data or
message.

Fig. Block diagram of a Microwave communication system

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 o Presently, microwave communications are widely used for telephone networks, in broadcast
and television systems and in several other communication applications by services, railways,
etc.,
Advantages:
 Large bandwidth for communication
 No cables are used
 Multiple available channels
 Repeaters are placed at greater distance
 Applicable for satellite communication
Disadvantages:
 Line-of-sight is required
 Expensive towers and repeaters are used
 Signal absorption by atmosphere
 It will suffer from attenuation or noise
Applications
 Applied for medical purposes
 Used in Radars for detecting purposes
 Used in personal communication system (PCS), Wireless local area network(WLAN) etc.,

SATELLITE COMMNUNICATION
 The satellite is essentially a microwave station placed in orbital space.
 The broadcast signals are beamed up to the satellite from an earth station through the directional dish
antenna that is synchronized to the position of the satellite, a device called transponder is used in the
satellite to receive the weak signals are amplified.
 The amplified further retransmit the signal back to another earth station in a different location on the
earth.
 The earth stations typically transmit their signals to satellites on carrier frequencies ranging from 5.92
to 6.43 GHz band called the uplink frequency.
 The satellite transponders convert these signals to a range from 3.7 to 4.2 GHz band. These
frequencies are referred to as downlink frequencies.
 In this orbit, the satellite is made to travel at a velocity equal to the rotation of earth in order to
maintain a fixed position relative to a point above equator. The general diagram is shown in Fig.

 The satellites are generally classified as passive and active types.

 A passive satellite simply reflects a signal back to earth and there are no gain devices on-board to
amplify the signal.

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 On the other hand, an active satellite receives, amplifies and retransmits the signal back towards earth.
Orbital Patterns
 Once launched, a satellite remains in orbit because the centrifugal force caused by its rotation around
the earth is counter-balanced by the earth’s gravitational pull.
 The closer to earth the satellite rotates, the greater the gravitational pull, and greater the velocity
required to keep it from being pulled to earth.
Low Altitude Satellites
 Close to earth (150 to 500km in height) travel at approx 28,500km/Hr.
 At this speed, it takes approx 90minutes to rotate around the entire earth.
 Consequently, the time that the satellite is in the Line of sight (LOS) of a particular earth
station is 15 minutes or less per orbit.
Medium Altitude Satellites
 9,500 to 19,000 km in height have a rotation period of 5 to 12 Hrs and remain in LOS of a
particular earth station for 2 to 4 Hrs per orbit.
High Altitude Satellites
 High altitude, geosynchronous satellite is a satellite which is placed at a height of 35,786 km
from the earth’s surface and has an orbital velocity equal to that of the earth’s.
 A geosynchronous satellite that lies on the earth’s equatorial plane is called as the geo-
stationary satellite.
 A geo-stationary satellite remains in a fixed position with respect to a given earth station and
has 24 hrs availability time.
 Three geostationary satellites spaced 120° apart can cover the whole world.

Based on the area of the coverage, the orbits are classified as

1. Polar orbit
--When the satellite rotates in an orbit that takes it over the north and south poles, it is called
polar orbit.
2. Equatorial Orbit
--When the satellite rotates in an orbit above the equator, it is called an equatorial orbit
3. Inclined orbit
--Any other orbital path is called an inclined orbit.
Satellite System
A satellite system, consists of three basic sections,
 The uplink (transmitting earth station)
 The satellite transponder
 The downlink (receiving earth station)
Typical frequencies for telecommunication services in a satellite system are 6/4 GHz and 14/12 GHz,
Where 6 and 14 GHz represent uplink frequencies and 4 and 12 GHz represent downlink frequencies.

Uplink Model:
A typical earth station transmitter consists of

o IF modulator
 It converts the input base band signals to either an FM, or a PSK modulated
intermediate frequency.

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 o An IF-to-RF microwave up converter
 It translates the IF to appropriate RF carrier frequency.
o A high power amplifier (HPA)
 It provides adequate output power to propagate the signal to the satellite
transponder.
o and a Band Pass Filter

Satellite Transponder: (The transponder is an RF-to RF repeater)

 A Satellite Transponder consists of
o a Band Pass Filter(BPF)
o An input low noise amplifier(LNA)
o A frequency translator
o and a high power amplifier

Downlink Model:
A typical earth station receiver consists of
o an input BPF
 it restricts the input noise power to the LNA
o an LNA

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 o and an RF-to-IF down converter
 it is a mixer-BPF-combination which converts the received RF signal to an IF
frequency.

Communication Satellites
 INTELSAT (USA based International Telecommunication Satellite Organization which
provide services to 119 member countries)
 INSAT (Indian Satellites which provide services to Indian region)
Advantages:
 It provides Point to multipoint communication
 Offers telecommunication links which includes telephone, TV, telegraphy, telex, FAX, video
conferencing, video text, digital transmission services, etc.,
 Global village (GPS)
Disadvantages:
 There is a large time-delay of 250 millisecs between the transmission and reception of a
signal.
 The malfunctions in the satellite are highly difficult to correct.
 The initial cost involved is quite large.

OPTICAL TRANSMISSION
The principle behind new communication systems are
(i) To improve transmission fidelity
(ii) To increase the data rate
(iii) To increase the transmission distance between relay stations.
14 15
Optical frequencies lie in the range 10 to 10 Hz . A fiber can carry approximately 10 million TV
channels.
 In optical fiber communication, electromagnetic waves in the optical frequency region are
used as the carrier.
 The message to be transmitted is converted into a suitable electrical form by the electrical
transmit section.
 This electrical signal is allowed to modulate the light output from the optical source, which
may be either a Light Emitting Diode (LED) or an Injection Laser Diode (ILD).

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  The modulated light is launched into the optical fiber which is the communication channel
linking the transmitter with the receiver.
 At the receiving end, the input optical signal is converted into suitable electrical variations by
the optical detector, which may be either a PIN photodiode or Avalanche phototdiode.
 These electrical variations are converted to the original message form in the electrical receive
section and given to the destination.

Optical Fibre:
 An optical fibre is a piece of very thin (hair-thin), highly pure glass , with an outside cladding
of glass that is similar, but because of a slightly different chemical composition, has a
different refractive index.

 The simplest optical fiber consists of a central cylindrical core of constant refractive index n 1
and a concentric cladding surrounding the core of slightly lower refractive index n 2 .
 An optic fiber cable is quite similar in appearance to the coaxial cable system. This type of
fibre is called step index fiber, whose core diameter is in the range of 2 to 200 µm, as the
refractive index makes a step change at the core-cladding interface.
 In Graded index fiber, the refractive index gradually reduces from the centre to the outside of
the fiber cross-section. These were initially easier to manufacture.
Total internal reflection
If a light ray travelling in the core of higher refractive index is incident at the core-cladding
interface with an angle of incidence, with respect to the normal, greater than the critical angle, it will
be reflected back into the originating dielectric medium, i.e. core, with high efficiency (around 99%).
This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.

Advantages of Optical fiber Communication:

 Enormous potential bandwidth
 Small size and weight
 Free from Electromagnetic Interference

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  Provides high degree of signal security and cross talk between parallel fibers is avoided.
 Highly reliable and easy to maintain.
 Flexible, compact and extremely rugged.
 Low cost line communication.
 High tolerance to temperature
Disadvantages of Optical fiber Communication:
 Connections and taps are more difficult to make than for copper wire
 Fiber is not as flexible as a copper wire.
Applications of Optical fiber Communication:
 Computers
 LAN
 Industrial Electronics
 Telecommunications

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES:
1. Circuit Switching
 Circuit Mode is the most familiar type of switching to most people.
 In a circuit switched network, the communication pathway between two users is fixed for the
duration of the call and is not shared by other users.
 Although several users may share one physical line by using equipment that support
frequency division multiplexing.
 In Circuit Mode, a communication is obtained between two users by establishing a fixed
pathway.
 The route is established after the calling initiates the call setup procedure by giving the
network the addresses.
 During the connection, the circuit is equivalent to a physical pair of wires connecting the two
user link that is associated with connection oriented network.
 This kind of connection is required because the sensitivity of delay natured by voice calls.
 A long setup required by this connection must be compensated by relatively long call hold
time. Therefore circuit mode is not suited for data calls.
2. Packet Switching
 Packet mode is for data communications which are featured by bursty traffic.
 Physical channels are not dedicated to a specific end to end connection and they may be
shared by many end to end logical connections.
 Packet switching is suitable for delay insensitive traffic.
 Packet is a subdivided unit of transmission data.
 The receiver is responsible for reassembling the original message from incoming packets.
 The logical path through which the packet is switched, is fixed by different addresses that the
network recognizes.
 Packets are sent to a network node by the user host and then they are forwarded through the
network from node to node until they are delivered to the destination node.
 The communication is approached through a Virtual Circuit.
 There are many services available on ISDN and they require different bearer services and
switching facilities.

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 OVERVIEW OF ISDN:

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network – “A network that provides end to end digital
connectivity, used for supporting a wide range of services which includes
 Telephony (voice and music)
 Data (telemetry, E-mail and alarm)
 Text (telex, teletex and videotext)
 Image (Facsimile, TV conferencing, video phone)
It also provides supplementary services like
 Direct Dialing In
 Call Wait and
 Call Hold etc.,
The evolution of ISDN is based on two important technological developments
(i) Digital transmission
(ii) Digital switching
Architecture of ISDN
 It consists of
o Common physical interface
o ISDN central office
o Digital Subscriber Loop
o ISDN Channels and
o Integrated digital network

Common physical interface

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  In an ISDN, all devices such as Digital telephone, Alarm, Computer terminal, Videotext,
Facsimile, PBX and even a LAN can be connected to the transmission line using the common
physical interface.
 It essentially provides DTE-DCE connection, where DTE is Data Terminal Equipment and
DCE is Data Communication Equipment.

ISDN central office

 It connects the numerous ISDN subscriber loop signals to the IDN.
 It provides subscribers the access to circuit switched networks, packet switched networks,
databases and other services.
Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) and ISDN Channels
 The DSL is the connection between common physical interface and the ISDN central office.
 In ISDN, this is one or two twisted pairs of copper cable or a fiber optic link that provides full
duplex digital transmission.
 It has two different ISDN channel structures
o Basic channel structure
o Primary channel structure
 Both the channels are constructed from the following channels
o B-channel (64kbps)
o D-channel (16 or 64 kbps)
o H-channel (384, 1536 and 1920 kbps)

Some of the advantages of an ISDN line over a standard telephone line are:
 Digital service – should have less errors
 Connection is fast – direct connection with no dialling
 Higher bandwidth – less time downloading material
 Able to use ISDN for more than one task e.g. surf and telephone
 Permits use of newer technologies e.g. video phone
 Streaming video or audio without disruption
 Video conferencing - multiple recipients
 Multiple users
 Because it's a digital service, ISDN offers excellent line quality compared to a rather noisy
analogue line.
 ISDN connections are made in typically less than a second - unlike modems and analogue
lines which require 30 to 60 seconds before any data can be transmitted.
 Voice, data and video can all be sent over a single ISDN line
Limitations of ISDN

 ISDN is more expensive to install than a standard telephone.

 ISDN is more expensive to rent per month than a standard telephone line.
 An engineer has to fit the system in your home.
 Not all exchanges have ISDN enabled.
 If all you require is a telephone service, then the standard analogue service is fine.
 It costs money to convert your telephone line back should you decide to revert to an analogue
service.
Applications using ISDN Smart Networks
Based on these kinds of networks, we can achieve different services for different customers
for minimum investment:

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  Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Private network interconnection
 Telecommunicating(work at home)
 Videotext
 Call waiting - automatic call in case of no answer
 Caller’s identity by different ring tone
 Personal Mailbox
 Electronic directory and PC to PC screen sharing
CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

 A basic cellular communication system consists of three parts. They are,

 A mobile unit
 A cell site
 A mobile telephone switching office

Mobile unit:

 A mobile telephone unit consists of a control unit, a transceiver, and an antenna system.

Cell Site:

 The cell site Provides interface between the MTSO and the mobile units. It has a control unit,
radio cabinets, antennas, a power plant, and data terminals.

MTSO:

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  The switching office, the central coordinating elements for all cell sites, contains the cellular
processor and cellular switch. It interfaces with telephone company zone offices controls call
processing and handles billing activities.

 The radio and high-speed data links connect the three subsystems. Each mobile unit can only
use one channel at a time for its communication link. But the channel is not fixed; it can be
any one in the entire band assigned by the serving area, with each site having multichannel
capabilities that can connect simultaneously to many mobile units.

 The MTSO is the heart of the cellular mobile system. Its processor provides central
coordination and cellular administration.

 The cellular switch, which can be either analog or digital, switches calls to connect mobile
subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to the nationwide telephone network.

 It uses voice trunks similar to telephone company interoffice voice trunks.

 It also contains data links providing supervision links between then processor and the switch
and between the cell sites and the processor.

 The radio links carries the voice and signaling between the mobile unit and the cell site.

 The high speed datalinks cannot be transmitted over the standard telephone trunks and
therefore must use either microwave links or T-carriers (wire links). T-carriers carry both
voice and data between the cell site and the MTSO.

Difference between Wired Communication and Wireless Communication

  Wired Communication   Wireless communication

Network uses wires to
1 1 Network uses radio waves
communicate
Comparatively difficult to
2 Easy to deploy 2
deploy
3 Systems are immobile 3 Convenient for movement
Cost less when compared to
4 Expensive 4
wired
5 Single user 5 Multiple user
6 Better transmission speed 6 Comparatively low speed
It is also known as guided
7 7 It is known as unguided media
media
Does not contain physical
8 within physical boundary 8
boundary
9 Easy to troubleshoot 9 Difficult to troubleshoot
1 1
Greater Bandwidth Bandwidth is limited
0 0

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