A certain material was dried under constant drying conditions and it was found that 2 hrs

are required to reduce the free moisture concentrations from 20% to 10%. How much
onger would be required to reduce the free moisture to4%. Assume that no constant rate
oeriod is encountered. Here all are wetbasis.
It is desired to dry sheet material from 55% to 4% moisture content. The sheets are 125
em by 140 cm by 5 cm. The drying rate during constant rate period is 1.5 g/(cm*.h). The
ritical moisture content is 26% and the equilibrium moisture content is negligible. If the
material is dried from both the sides and has a bone-dry density of 4000 kg/m', estimate

the time required for drying assuming the falling rate to belinear.
1000 kg (dry mass) of non porous solid is dried under constant drying conditions with an
air velocity of 0.75 m/s. The area of drying surface is 55 m. If the initial rate of dryingis
.3 g/(m.s), how long will ittake to dry a material from 0.15 to 0.025 kg water/ kg dry
olid? The critical moisture content is 0. 125 kg water/ kg drysolid. Assume that the
alling rate is linear. The equilibrium mnoisture content may be assumed to be zero. Ifthe
air velocity is increased to 4 m/s, what will be the anticipated saving in drying time?
Assume that the rate of evaporation in constant rate period is proportional to the air
elocity raised to the power of 0.80.
A 100 kg bath of granular solids containing 30% moisture is to be dried in a tray dryer to
16% moisture by passing a current of air at 350 K across its surface at a velocity of 1.8
m/s.if the constant rate of drying under these conditions is 0.7x 10° Kg/(m*.s) andthe
eritical moisture content is 15%, calculate the dryingtime.
Drying surface = 0.03 m°/Kg dry weight
 A wet solid is to be dried from 35% to 10% moisture under constant drying conditions in
S hrs. If the equilibrium moisture content is 4% and the critical moisture content is 14%,

how long will it take to dry solids to 6% moisture under same conditions?
A countercurrent plate absorber is to be installed for scrubbing of an air mixture
containing 5% ammonia byvolume. The scrubber is fed with water containing 0.002
moleNH per mole of water. The scrubbing water flows atthe rate of mole water per
1

mole of air. It is necessary to absorb 85% of ammonia present on the gas by operating the
absorber at 20 °C.

Mole NH3
.MoleMole NH3 /mole H20
Calculate the concentration of NH3 in the outgoing liquid and estimate number of stages
necessary for this operation.
A gasabsorber has to be designed to handle 900 cubic nmeters per hour of coalcontaining
P% (by volume) benzene. Coal gas enters at a temperature of 300K and 805 mmHg 95%
of benzene should be recovered by thesolvent. Thesolvent enters at 300 Kcontaining
0.005 mole-fraction of benzene and has an average molecular weight of 260. Calculate
he circulation rate of solvent per second, if the column is to be operated at 1.5 times
minimm L. Equilibrium data is:
Y X
0.125-
1+y* 1+X
Y is mole ratio of benzene to dry-gas.
X is mole ratio of beuzene to solvent.
A mixture containing 10% (mole) solute and rest inert is fed to a packed tower inwhich
90%of the solute is absorbed. Solute free water used for absorption contains 5% (mole)
solute when it leaves the tower atthe bottom. Ifthe equilibrium relationship is
Ye=0.05Xe and Hy=0.5 m and Hx=0.4m, what is the heightof the packedsection.
An air- ammonia mixture containing 5% ammonia by volume is absorbed in water in a
packed column operated at 20°C and I atm pressure so as to recover 98% of ammonia.
che inert gas flow rate in the column is 1200 kg/hr.m, Calculate,
a. The minimum mass velocity of water forthis column.

. The numberof transfer unitsin the column takingthe operating liquid rate to be 1.25
times the minimum.
. The height of packed tower taking the Kc to be 128 kmol /(h)(m^) (atm). The
relationship for equilibriumin the column is y=1.154x, where y and x are in mole
fractionunits.
|A packed tower is designed to recover 98% C02 from a gas containing 10% CO2 and
90% air using water. A relation y=14x can be used in equilibrium conditions where y is
(kgCO2/kg dry air) and x is (kgCO2/kg water). The water to gas rate is kept 30% more
than the minimum value. Caleulatethe height of the tower if (HTU)oG is 1 meter.
5000 kg/hr of SO2- air mixture containing 5% by volume SO is to be scrubbed with
200000 kg/hr of water in a packed tower. The exit concentration of SO2 is reduced to
0.15%. The tower operated at 1
atm. The equilibrium relationship is givenby:
Y
30X.
Y =mole SO2/ mole air.
X= mole SO2/ mole water.
If the packed height of the tower is 420 cm, estimatethe height of Transfer Unit.
It is desired to absorb 95% of acetone by water from a mixture of acetone and nitrogen
containing 1.5% of the component in a countercurrent tray tower. Total gas inputis 30
kmol/hr and water enters the tower at the rate of 90 Kmol/h. the tower operates at 27°C
and Iatm. The cquilibrium relation is Y =2.53 X. Determinethe nunmber of idcal stages
necessary for the separation using
a. Graphical method
b. Kremser analysis method.
 It is required to remove 99% of the solute C from a solution of C in G by usinga 'pure'
solvent L in a counter-current cascade. The fecd containing 12% C in the mixturc entersthe
column at the bottomat the rate of 6000kg/h. Thesolvent entersat the top at a rate of 7685
kg/hr.

(a) Write downthe cquation of operatingline.

(b) Determine the numberof trays required to perform the separation if theoverall tray
efficiency is 40%. The equilibrium relation is linear, y = 1.32x, where y = (kg C perkg
C-frcc L) and x = (kg C per kg C-frce L)
In a laboratory experiment, the solute A is being absorbed from a mixture with an insoluble
gas in a falling film of water at 30°C and a total pressure of 145 bar. The gas phase mass transte
cocfficicnt at this givcn gas vclocity is cstimatcd to be 90.3 (kmole/hr)/(mf .kmole/m"). It is
known that 13.6% of the total mass transfer resistance lies in the gas phase. At a particula
section of the apparatus, the mole fraction of the solute in the bulk gas is 0.065 and the interfacial
concentration of the solute in the liquid is known to be x=0.00201. The equilibrium solubility of
the gas in water at the given temperature is
P=3.318 x 10 x*
Where P is the partial pressure of A in the gas in mnm Hg and x* is the solubility of A in water in
mole fraction.
Calculate (a) the absorption tlux of the gas at the given section of the apparatus.

(6) the bulk liquid concentration at that section of the apparatus.

(c) the overall liquid phase mass transfer coctficient

(d) the individual and overall gas phase driving forces in terms of AP and Ay.
Ina typical chemical process,component A is desorbed from am aqueous solution into an
air stream in mass transfer tower at a certain operating temperature and pressure. Ata
particular pointin the tower, analysis report shows that,
PaG12mmHg.
CA4 Kmole/m3
Overall MTC = Ko=0.269 kmol A/(h)(m2(atm).
f henry's law is applicable to this system and 56% of the total M>T resistanceis
..
encountered in the gas film, Calculate:
. kg

. k
Molar Flux, NA
In amass transfer apparatus operating at I atm, the individual M.T.C have the following
values.
k 22 kmol/(h)(m*)(Ax).
ky= 1.07 kmol/(h)(m*)(Ay)
The cquilibrium composition of gas and liquid phascs arc characterizcd by Henry's law.
p= 008x 10° x
mmllg.
1. Determine the overall Masstransfer cocfficients Kx andKy.
2. How many times the diffusion resistance of the liquid phase differs thatof the
gascous phase.
 The cquilibrium distribution of a solute A between air and water at low concentration at a
particular temperature is given below.
y = 1.2x

At a certain point in a mass transfer device, the concentration of solution A in the bulk air
is 0.04 mole fraction and that in the bulk aqucous phase is 0.025. In which direction does
the transport of the solution A occur (i.e. from the gas to the liquid or from the liquid to
the gas)? Calculate the overall gas-phasc and the overall liquid-phasc driving forces for
mass transfer?

At the same point, the local individual mass transfer coefficients for the transport of A
are, k = 7.2 kmol/(h(m)(Ay) and k, = 4.6 kmol/(h(m)(Ax). Caleulate:

(a) The interfacial concentrations in both the gas-phase and the liquid-phase;
(b) The overall mass transfer coefficients Kx, and Ky;
(c) The local mass flux, Na.

Which resistance controls the role of mass transfer?

 Calculate rate of mass transfer and F type of mass transfer coefficient for naphthalene cylinder with
diameter 75mm and length 60cm. The carbon dioxide gas is flowing perpendicular to the cylinder. The
vapor pressure at the surface of the naphthalene at 373 K is 1.33kN/m2.
Data:T=373K,
P-101.325kN/m,
Dynamic viscosity=19*105 Pa.s,
Density of cO=1,449 kg/m, C = Molar density=0.3267 kmol/m
Diffusivity =8.224*10 m?/s,
Velocity of gas is 6m/s,
Sh 0.43+0.532 Re0.5Sc0.31
Where Sh-(F.d}/{C.DAa)
Calculate the convective MTC in a wetted wall tower for the transfer of C%Hg in to CO2at
0C. The gas velocitythrough the columnis l.25 m/sec. The diameter of the column is
0.16 m. Assume that benzene concentration in CO2is very low.
Data: density (CO;)= 1.966 kg/m
CO2) = 1.35*10* kg/m.sec
DAB 5.2810 m/sec
 pure
A large volume of water at 26.1°C is flowing parallel to a flat plate of solid benzoic
acid, where L=0.244 m in the directionof flow. The water velocity is 0.061 m/sec. The
solubility of benzoic acid in water is 0.02948 kgmol/m The diffusivity of benzoic acid is
1.245*10 m/sec. Calculatethe MTCki and the fluxNA.
p = 996 kg/m*
8.71*10* Pa.sec
The solution is very dilute x=l.0
Stream of air at 100 kPa pressure and 300 K is flowing onthe top surfacc of a thin flat
are:
heet of solid naphthalene of length 0.2 m with a velocity of 20 m/sec. the other data
Mass diffusivityof naphthalene vaporin air=6*10° m/sec
Kincmatic viscosityof air = 1.5*10 m/sec
Concentration ofnaphthalene at the air-solid naphthaleneinterface = 1*10°kmol/m*.
 Ammonia is being absorbed in water from a mixture of Nitrogen (B). The partial pressure
ofthe solute in the bulk gas in 40 mmHg and that of the gas-liquid interface is negligibly
small. Diffusion occurs through a stagnant filmofthickness Imm. The total pressure is 1
atm and thetemperature is 25°C. Diffusivity of NH3 in N2 is 0.23 cm/sec. Calculatethe
absorption flux of NH3 as well as the mass transfer coefficientske ky,Ke, andF.
The gas phase mass transfer coefficient for the evaporation of a drop of ethyl alcohol in a
stream of air at 300K and 1.2 bar pressure is, ke= 2.4 x 10°kmol/(sec.m*.mmHg).
a. Calculate the vallues of mass transfer coefficient_if the driving force is expressed in
terms of difference in
(i) mole fraction of alcohol in the gas phase
(i) mole fraction of alcohol
(iii) concentration of alcohol in kmol/m*
b.Estimate the thickness of the stagnant gas film.

Given: Diffusivity of alcohol in air = 0.102 cm/ see.

Vapor pressure of Aleohol = 0.0877 bar at 300K.
18. Calculate the time required for sublimation of 3g of naphthalene trom a
naphthalene ball of mass 4g kept suspended in a large volume of air (stagnant)
at 45 0C and 1.103 bar pressure.
DAB = 6.92 x 10-6m2/sec.
OA = 1140 kg/ m3.
Its sublimation pressure at 45 0C is 0.8654 mmHg.
Molecular weight of naphthalene = 128.
17. Mass Transfer occurring from a sphere of naphthalene having a radius of
10mm. The sphere is in a large volume of still air at 52.6 0C and 1 atm absolute
pressure. The vapor pressure of naphthalene at 52.6 0C is I mmHg.
The diffusivityof naphthalene in air at 00C is 5.16 x 10-6 m2/sec. Calculate the
rate of evaporation of naphthalene from the surface in (Kg mole)/ (Sec.m2).
l6. A sphere of naphthalene having a radius 2 mm is suspended in a large
volume of air at 318K and 1.01325 x 105 Pa (1 atm). The surface temperature
of the naphthalene can be assumed to be at 318K and its vapor pressure at318K
s 0.555 mm Hg. The DAB of naphthalene in air at 318K is 6.92 x 10-6m2/sec.
Calculate the rate of evaporation of naphthalene from the surface.
15. Amnmonia is diffusing through a stagnant mixture consisting of 25%
nitrogen and 75% Hydrogen by volume at 0 0C and 1 standard atmospheric
pressure. Calculate the rate of diffusion of ammonia in (g mole)/ (cm2 sec)
through a gas film of 0.03 cm thick, the partial pressure of ammonia across the
film being 100 and 50 mmHg respectively.
13. Two large vessels are connected by a tube 5 cm in diameter and 15 cm
in length. Vessel 1 contains 80% N2 (A) and 20% 02 (B). Vessel2 contains 20%
N2 (A) and 80% 02 (B). The temperature is 20 0C and thetotal pressureis
atm. Calculate
Steady state flux and the rate of transport of N2 from vessel 1 to 2.
Ihe same quantities=
for 02.
Given: DN2 02 0.23 cm2/sec at 316K and 1atm.
-
|2. Sodium Chloride at 18 OC is diffusing trough a stagnantfhlm of water
.5 mm thick when the concentrations at the opposite ends of the film are 25
and 15 wt% respectively. The density of 25 and 15 wt% solutions are 1025
and 1012 Kg/m3 respectively. Determine the diffusivity of NaCl through water.
Whatwill bethe diffusivity at 30 OC?
The rate of diffusion of NaCl is 1.76 x 10-6 Kmol/m2 sec.
l1. Ethanol (A) -
Water (B) solution in the form of a stagnant film 2 mm
thick at 293K is in contact at one surface with an organic solvent in which
ethanol is soluble and water isinsoluble. Hence NB =0. At a point 1,
the concentration ofethanol is 16.8 wt% and the solution density is (p1) isequal
to 972.8 Kg/m3. At point 2, the concentration of ethanol is 6.8 wt% and (p2) is
equal to 988.1 Kg/m3. The diffusivity of ethanol is 0.740 x 10-9 m2/sec.
Calculate the steady state flux,NA.
10. Calculate the amount of acetic acid (A) in 2 hours acrosS a film on
non-diffusing water (B) solution lmm thick at 17 0C when the concentration
on opposite side to the film are 9 and 3 weight% acid respectively.
The diffusivity of acetic acid in solution is 0.95 x 10-9 m2 Pa/sec.

Data: At 17 OC
Density of 9% solution = 1012 Kg/m3.
Density of 3% solution = 1003 Kg/m3.
Molecular weight of Acetic acid = 60.
Molecular weight of Water= 18.
. A glass tube of mm wasfilled with acetone to within 2.3 cm of the top
1

and maintained at a temperature of 18.8 OC in a gentle current of air.

The position of liquid surface was increased with a travellingmicroscope.
After 80 min, the level had fallen by 0.148cm.
Calculate the DAB of acetone in air.
Data: Vapor Pressure of acetone at 18.8 OC = 170 mmHg.
BarometricPressure: 765.5 mmHg.
Molecular weight ofacetone: 58.1.
PL) = 0.789 g/c.
B.
A tube ofsmall diameter was filled with acetone having densityof 790 kg/m3
upto 1.1x 10-2 m from top and maintained at a temperature of 20 0C
in a gentle current of air. After 5 hours, the level of the liquid fall to 2.05 x
10-2 m from thetop. Calculate the value of diffusivity of acetone in air if the
arometric pressure was 750 mmHg.
Vapor Pressure of acetone at 20 0C is 180 mmHg.
R= 0.08206 atm.m3/ Kmol.K
4. A test tube, 1.5 cm in diameter and 12 cm tall,
is partly filled with a solution of alkaline pyrogallate.
The depth of the empty space above the solution is 5 cm.
The temperature iss 250C and the total pressure is 1 atmosphere.
Air may be assumed to contain 21% O2 and 79% N2. The diffusivity
of 02 in N2 at the given condition is 0.21l cm2/s.

i.Calculate the rate of absorption of oxygen from air in the

solution at steady state if air flows gently over the open end
of the test tube.
3. A volatile organic compound benzene costing 45 Rs per kg,
us stored in a tank 10 m diameter and open at top. A stagnant air flm 10 mm
tchick is covering the surface ofthe compound beyond which the compound is
absent. If the atmospheric temperature is 25?, vapour pressure of the compound
is 150 mmHg, its molar diffusivity is 0.02 m2/hr, calculate the loss of benzene
in Rs/day.
7. Ihe diffusivity of the gas-pair 02-CCl4 is determined by observing the
steady-state evaporation of CCI4 (liquid) into a tube containing O2.
The entire system is held at constant temperature and pressure.
Both the gases are assumed to be ideal and 02 is stationary.
The distance between the CCl4 (liquid) level and top of the liquid level is 0.171
m. The total pressure on the system is 100.658*103 N/m2 (755 mmHg) and the
temperature is 273 K. The vapour pressure of CC4 is 4.399*103 N/m2
(33 mmhHg) at that temperature. The cross-sectional area of the tube is
0.082*10-3 m2. After steady-state is attained, 0.0208*10-6 m3 of CCI4 (liquid)
evaporated in a 36*103 second period. What is the diffusivity of gas-pair
CCI4-02. Assume specific gravity of liquid CC4 as 1.59.
6. Ammonia gas (A) is diffusing through unitorm tube 0.10 m
long containin-----g N2 gas (B) at 1.01325*105 Pa pressure and 298 K.
At point 1, (P_A1) = 1.013*104 Pa and at point 2, (P A1) = 0.507*104 Pa.
The diffusivity DAB=0.230*10-4 m2/sec.

Calculate the fluxNA.

Repeat for NB.
5. In an 02-N2gas-mixture at T atm and 25X, the Concentration of
02 at two planes 3 mm apart are 10 and 20 volume%, respectively.
Calculate the rate of diffusion expressed as (kgmole 02)/(m2.sec)
for the case where there is equimolar counter-diffusion takes place.

Data: DA3=0.206*10-4 m2/sec.

R= 0.08206 (atm.m3)/(kgmole.K)
2. Calculate the rate if diftusion of water vapour from a thin layer of water
atthe bottom of a well 6 m in height to dry air flowing over the top of thewell.
|Assume the entire system is at 298 K and atmosphere pressure.
If the well diameter is 3 m,find out the total weight ofwater diffused per
second from the surfaceofthe water in the rell.
The diffusion coefficient of water vapour in dry air at 298 Kand atmospheric
pressure is 0.256*10-4 m2/sec. The partial pressure of water vapour at 298 K
is 0.0323*10-4 kg/m2.