Samortin, France Dorothy D.

DVM-1B

Chapter 1-Learning Activities

Understanding History

I. Brush Up
Differentiate the following terms and give examples to support your answer.
1. Primary sources vs. secondary sources.
- Primary sources are immediate, created during the time period being studied or
were created from people who had a direct connection with the event.
Examples: Autobiography is a self-written biography of one’s life.
Photographs are glimpse of a particular second in time.

- Secondary sources are often based on primary sources, which adds a layer of
interpretation and analysis on a historical event or phenomenon.
Examples: Newspaper may contain both descriptions of historical events as well
as analysis or comparison to contemporary ones.
Film Review, an evaluation on a film's overall quality and decide whether
or not it is worth a view.
2. Internal Criticism vs. External criticism
- Internal Criticism is that part of the historical method which determines the
credibility of the context contained in a document.
Example: For example, if the document in question are Rizal’s letters, you ask if
the handwriting was Rizal’s.

- External Criticism is that part of the historical method which determines the
validity or authenticity of a particular document.
Example: Some of the dates found in the books of the Bible are conflicting with
the actual times of historical events that are known to have happened in the time
claimed in the books of the Bible and the names associated with them, i.e.,
Isaiah.
3. Archives vs. Museum
- Archives is the collection of historical records or the place where these records
are kept. It contains primary source documents to show the function of that
person or organization.
Example: The National Archives of the Philippines - an agency of the Republic of
the Philippines that is given a tasked of collecting, storing, preserving, and
 making the government archival documents and other primary materials relating
to the country's history and development accessible.

- Museum are institutions that manages and protects the collection of artifacts and
other artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific value; which are displayed for the
public to see.
Example: The National Museum of Fine Arts, formerly known as the National Art
Gallery, is an art museum in Philippines. It houses a collection of paintings and
sculptures by classical Filipino artists such as Juan Luna, Félix Resurrección
Hidalgo and Guillermo Tolentino.
4. Do you consider electronics or digitized sources as primary sources? Support your
answer.
- Yes. Digitization made it easier for everyone to access collections from libraries,
archives and museums; the copies or translations of an original document, which
is a primary source, is still considered as a primary source. This is because the
credibility and authenticity of the document did not change but had only been
duplicated.

II. React to the statement.

1. History is inescapable.
- The past, present, and future are all connected. Without the one, the other two
won’t be possible. It is relevant to study and understand history because it tells
us the stories and legacies of people and the world itself. History helps us widen
our knowledge about our origins, to appreciate and embrace them, as they are
part of us.
2. All people are living histories.
- We are who we are because of history. We live under the influences of the past,
our languages, our customs and cultures, our principles and our perspective of
our surroundings, and the technologies we innovate. Like what Penelope J.
Corfield, a historian, lecturer and education consultant, history is not just ‘useful’,
it is essential.
3. History is to the man race whereas memory is to each man.
- Both are essential and useful in building oneself. Memory is owned; it is
treasured individually. History is interpreted; it keeps on getting revised as time
goes by; it should be understood; so we could come up with a thorough
interpretation of what had happened in the past for us to be in this present.
III. Let’s know them
Why is Herodotus considered as the “father of History”? Describe his life, works, and
achievements. Then post his photo inside the box.

a. His life and achievements:

Herodotus was born at Halicarnassus, a Greek city on Asia Minor's coast, about 484
B.C., or maybe a few years earlier. His family was wealthy and possibly aristocratic, but
they were drove off from the city by a tyrant. He spent several years on the island of
Samos and is supposed to have returned to Halicarnassus at a later period to help
overthrow the tyrant, but he did not remain.
Herodotus spent several years of his early manhood traveling. One early trip was to
the Black Sea, later he went to the coast of Syria, then land to the ancient city of
Babylon, and on his way back he may have traveled through Palestine to Egypt,
probably after 455 B.C. It is possible that he went on his travels primarily as a trader, for
in his writings he shows great interest in the products and methods of transport of the
countries he describes. He inquired the customs and traditions of the lands through
which he passed and collected a great store of information.
About 450 B.C. Herodotus went to live for a time in Athens. During his stay there he is
said to became close with the poet Sophocles. After a time, Herodotus migrated to the
Athenian colony of Thurii in Southern Italy, which he remained for the rest of his life.
The date of his death is uncertain; the latest events he mentions in his writings took
place in 430 B.C., and it is usually supposed that he died not long afterward.
He is well known for his work The Histories, which provides a detailed description of the
Greco-Persian Wars. He is known as "The Father of History," a title bestowed upon him
by Cicero, an ancient Roman orator.
Sources: "Introduction" to vol. 1 of W. W. How and J. Wells, A Commentary on
Herodotus (2 vols., 1912; rev. ed. 1928), James A. K. Thomson, The Art of the
Logos (1935), Stephen Usher, The Historians of Greece and Rome (1969), Michael
Grant, The Ancient Historians (1970), A. T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire:
Achaemenid Period (1948), and A. R. Burn, Persia and the Greeks: The Defence of the
West (1962).
b. His life works:
Herodotus spent his whole life working on a single project called "The Histories," a
chronicle of the origins and execution of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–479 B.C.). (The
current definition of the word "history" comes from Herodotus' writings.) "The Histories"
was, for the most part, a description of the conflicts.
Source: History.com Editors. (2018, August 21). Herodotus. HISTORY.
(https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/herodotus)
Samortin, France Dorothy D.
DVM-1B

CHAPTER 2: Learning activities

Analysis of Sources

I. Words to Know
Define the following terms based from your own understanding (not exactly copied from
the text).
1. Analysis
- It is a process of examining and investigating by taking systematic steps in
collecting data to understand something. The result may support a known theory
or may become a new knowledge to be studied.
2. Content
- It refers to the main idea of the text. It can be explained and supported with
specific information to make it more truthful.
3. Context
- It refers to the supporting details of a text to understand it more. Such as the
settings, the circumstances and background, these could be of help in clarifying a
particular idea.
4. Point of View
- It is the narrator’s perspective. It indicates who is the person talking or telling a
story. There are three primary types of point of view: the first-person point of
view, the second person point of view, and the third person point of view.
5. Historical Significance
- Understanding what are the relevant details of a particular historical event. It
could be a person, a circumstance, or a profound work, which can impact the
development of our history.
II. Brush Up
1. Differentiate contextual analysis from content analysis.
- Contextual analysis examines whether the source is credible. The background of
the event, the background of the author, and the type of source must be
surveyed. While in the content analysis, it examines whether the information is
logical or factual. The main idea is pinpointed and has specific information that
can prove or support the main idea.
2. What is the main purpose of examining or evaluating primary source?
- To encourage us to find answers and understand more underlying questions
about history because primary sources are not like other sources. It motivates us
to study and compare different points of view of different sources to gain a
deeper meaning of the past.
3. As a history Student, why is it more important to read primary sources that secondary
sources? Support your answer.
- Primary sources are a first-hand account of an event, which makes it more
credible than any sources because the person who had experience and had
witnessed the happenings is the origin. As a history student, I can find
information in primary sources that is not on secondary sources. Since
secondary sources are revised, it is merely about the interpretation of the
historian. Also, it is fascinating as primary sources are incomplete that it kindles
your curiosity and drives you to find answers to questions.

III. Shape Up Your Mind

Paste or mount inside the box images of three primary sources using purpose or point
of view of the author. Briefly describe the images.

Rizal informing A list of Rizal’s

Maria that her son needs while in
Morris has arrived. Dapitan. ‘Magtiis-tiis ka
muna’, Rizal
writes to sister
Maria.
Samortin, France Dorothy D.
DVM-1B

Chapter 3.1
Historical Sources for Assessment and Analysis

Essay: Direction. Give a concise explanation/discussion on the following items.

1. Is the account of Pigafetta a credible source of the first voyage? Why or why not?
• Yes, it is. Since Antonio Pigafetta was the diarist of the expedition to the Spice
Islands headed by Ferdinand Magellan, he was also on the subsequent trip
around the world after Magellan died in the Philippines. He witnessed the events
of that period. This account was the first extensive and descriptive observation
on the people, their lives, languages, as well as the geographical data he
gathered and wrote about throughout the voyage. It somehow cleared questions
about the Philippines’ history and other countries they went to; the report written
by Pigafetta reveals and proves that even before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, the natives were already highly civilized.

2. Were there any biases made by Pigafetta that would sugar-coat or cover up what had
really happened in past? Why do you think so?
• Yes, there was. Pigafetta was a devoted servant of Magellan, his captain. He
seemed to become the right hand of Magellan during the expedition. The account
focused on his commander’s activities; he characterized him in a positive light
and never portrayed him in a negative way. Pigafetta was also relieved that the
natives were pagans rather than Muslims since they were much more resistant to
Christianization; this shows how he biased Christian views beliefs because he
was a Christian himself.

3. Based on the account, did Magellan really circumnavigate the world first?
• No, because he died at the hands of the native Filipinos in 1951. But he is often
credited as the first person to have circumnavigated the world; he was the
mastermind behind the voyage. And this became a huge part of understanding
history; a historian stated that his journey was 'the greatest sea voyage [was]
ever undertaken, and the most significant.' The first person to circumnavigate the
world has never been proven, but some say it was either Enrique, a slave and a
Malay member of the expedition, or Juan Sebastian Elcano, who took command
of the journey after Ferdinand Magellan's death.
4. “Magellan discovered the Philippines.” Is the term “discovery” appropriate to describe
the arrival of Magellan in our country? Why or why not?
• Yes, it is still appropriate to use the term "discovery" to describe Magellan’s
arrival in the Philippines since he did discover our islands and the people.
Indeed, it is true that before they even set foot in our country, there were already
inhabitants who discovered the island, the natives. But if it hadn't been for him,
we might not have been known to the rest of the world. For example, if you come
across this café to hang out in, it does not necessarily indicate that you were the
first to notice it; nevertheless, if you shared it with your friends who were unaware
of the café, you were the first to discover among you. Though, the term
"rediscovery" might be more appropriate and fitting, logically
5. What is the significance of Magellan’s Voyage?
• It changed the world. It contributed a lot to the world’s history, including our
country, the Philippines. We gain a deeper understanding and pride because of
our ancestors’ bravery and civilization at those times. Also, by traveling east to
west, they proved that the earth is round, and they were the first individuals to
sail the Pacific Ocean, which was a risky and arduous voyage for them.
Magellan’s Voyage contributed to Europeans' understanding of the universe and
has left a lasting effect on the fields of space exploration and astronomy.
Samortin, France Dorothy D.
DVM-1B

Chapter 3.2
Customs of Tagalog

Essay: Explain the important concepts of the following:

1. Political Organization of the Tagalogs
Barangay is a tribal gathering ruled by the chief; the chief is called datu. He
governs the people in wars, and he is highly respected; whoever dares to offend him
and his family is punished. His subjects pay tributes to him, which are called buwis. He
is also the chief executive, lawmaker, and judge. So, after the umalohokan explains and
announces new laws, the datu consults with a council of elders. Laws were either
customary or written, which dealt with various subjects, and if found guilty of crimes,
they are either punished by paying a fine, torturing, or by death. And the Trial of Ordeals
is in charge of assessing an accused's innocence by assigning them the number of
ordeals to undergo. There were also alliances called sangduguan and conflicts between
barangays settled by violence.
2. Economic Organization of the Tagalogs
The Philippines before used gold tiles to pay their commodities and we don’t
usually trade with barters. They also had three castes that time: Maharlica (Nobles),
Aliping Namamahay (Commoners), and Aliping sa Guiguilid (Slaves). Maharlica is born
free; they do not pay taxes, and they accompany the datu in war. Aliping Namumuhay
serves their masters, and they can have their properties. Aliping sa Guiguilid is those
considered to be slaves and can be sold off. So, if a Maharlica marries a slave, their
children are divided, and they would either inherit their mother's or father's status.
Women had the right to inherit property, engage in commerce and industry, and
rise to barangay chieftain if no male successor during that time. They can name their
child, and men walk behind them as a sign of respect.
The land area was divided, especially the irrigated portions, and any individual
that clears any land area may sow in it. Chiefs' fishery had set boundaries and
designated parts of rivers for market use.
3. Cultural Practices and Traditions of the Tagalogs
The Philippines is rich in superstitions and beliefs, natives used to believe in the
existence of the number of gods whom they worship, and Bathala is whom they
especially worship. The natives then established a place at the chief's residence where
the tribe meets to celebrate festivals because there were no temples or sacred places
beforehand. Priestesses such as the babaylan or katalona worked as mediums,
communicating with evil spirits, which were believed to cause diseases. The natives
showed respect for animals and plants. They say there were twelve demon priests, and
some famous folk beliefs nowadays existing are the osuang or aswang, mancocolam or
mangkukulam, magtatangal or manananggal, and mangangayoma or naggagayuma.
We are still superstitious as before, wherein we find omens in events. Amulets and
charms were popular too.
Men were monogamous in general; their wives were called asawa, while
concubines were labeled as friends. Courtship begins with paninilbihan, and if the man
wins the parents, he satisfies several conditions. He gives dowry, pay the
panghihimuyat, pay the parents himaraw and bribes the relatives sambon. After that,
there is pamamanhikan, where the man brings his parents to meet with the bride's
parents to negotiate and finalize the plans. The babaylan officiates the wedding, and
uncooked rice is tossed to them after. In the event of a divorce, if they depart to marry
someone else, all of the other's belongings will be returned.
Pre-colonial Filipinos used to carve stones, gold, or ivory called likha or larawan
to keep the memories alive of the dead. In Taytay, Palawan, the bones of dead
ancestors were placed under the house to ward off thieves. Mourning for a deceased
chief is called laraw, wherein it is peaceful and notable. On the ninth night after the
death of a person, a celebration is held called pasiyam, in which a play called tibaw is
staged. If someone died in murder, the relatives would not end the mourning until
getting vengeance. In burying the dead, the corpse would be placed beside its house
and mourned for four days. After that, it will be placed on a boat that will act as a coffin
and will be guarded by a slave. The grief of the relatives of the deceased is followed by
eating and drinking.
They have this tradition wherein when a woman experiences her first
menstruation, she is blindfolded for four days and four nights and is confined in a house.
Then at the end of the period, the katalona takes, bathes, and washes her hair and
removes the bandages from her eyes. The purpose of this is for the woman can have a
better and peaceful teenage life, and they believe that this will bring her good luck to her
future marriage.